Manual CN Latest

L.D.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CIRCUIT AND NETWORKS (2130901) semester-3 (EE)
DATE:_____________
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
AIM: To verify the superposition theorem in the given network.
APPART US:
SR.NO Name Of Appartus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
THEORY:
The superposition theorem states that in any linear network containing two or more sources, the response in
any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by individual sources acting alone, while
the other sources are non-operative; that is, while considering the effect of individual sources, other ideal
voltage sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit across
their terminals.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Connection are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure given above.
Page No:_________
L.D.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CIRCUIT AND NETWORKS (2130901) semester-3 (EE)
1. Vary the supply voltage VS1 & VS2 and take the corresponding reading I from the ammeter.
2. Now VS2 is short circuited. Vary VS1 & take the corresponding reading I1 from the ammeter as
shown in figure .2
3. . Now VS1 is short circuited. Vary VS2 & take the corresponding reading I2 from the ammeter as
shown in figure .3
Finally Verify whether I = I1 + I2
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Page No:_________
 LAB QUESTIONS:
 LAB ASSIGNMENT:
 ANSWERS SPACE:
Page No:_________
Faculty Sign:___________________
Page No:_________
DATE:____________
EXPERIMENT:
Thevenin’s Theorem.
AIM: To verify Thevenin’s Theorem for given network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SR.NO Name Of Appartus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
THEORY:
Thevenin’s theorem states that any network containing active and/or passive element and one or more
dependent and/or independent voltage/or current sources and be replaced by an equivalent network
containing a voltage source (Vth or Voc) and a series resistance (called Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
Rth).
Figure given above illustrates concept of thevenin’s theorem.
Figure shows that given network is replaced by thevenins equivalent which contains a voltage source Voc
or Vth and a thevenins equivalent resistance RTH.
Voc orVth:
This voltage is called open circuit voltage .It is the voltage between open circuited load terminals.
So Voc=Vth=VAB with RL open circuited.
Page No:_________
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per fig (1)
2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say 30V).
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through the branch of interest i.e. AB (ammeter reading).
4. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the fig (2).
6. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 30V.

7. Note down the voltage across the load terminals AB (Voltmeter reading) that gives Vth.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
Page No:_________
9. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the fig (3).
10. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say V = 30V).
11. Note down the current (I) supplied by the source (ammeter reading).
12. The ratio of V and I gives the Rth.
 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:
 PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1) The internal resistance of a source is 2 Ohms and is connected with an External load of 10 Ohms
resistance. What is Rth ?
2) In the above question if the voltage is 10 volts and the load is of 50Ω. What is the load current and
Vth?
 LAB ASSIGNMENT: For Given Circuit Find Out Current From 1kilo Ohm Using Thevenin
Theorem. Consider RPS2= 20 V
Page No:_________
 ANSWERS SPACE:
Faculty Sign:________________
Page No:_________
EXPERIMENT:-
VERIFICATION of NORTON’S THEOREM
AIM: To find the Norton’s equivalent circuit from the given circuit.
APPARATUS :
S.NO. Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
THEORY:
Norton’s theorem states that any two terminal linear network with current sources, voltage sources and
resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a
resistance. The value of the current source is the short circuit current between the two terminals of the
network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals with all the
energy sources are replaced by their internal resistances
PROCEDURE:
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 1 given above.
2. Vary the supply voltage and take the corresponding reading from the ammeter.
3. Now connect the circuit diagram in figure2 in bread board (Removing the load resistor and shorting the
terminals).
Page No:_________
4. Vary the supply voltage as done in step 2 and note down the corresponding IN from the ammeter.
5. Find out the RN (same as previous practical) and draw the Norton’s Equivalent circuit.
 OBSERVATION TABLE:

1) If the internal resistance of a source is 5 Ω and is connected with an External load of 25 Ohms
resistance. What is RN?
2) In the above question if the voltage is 20V and the load is of 50 Ohms, What is the load current
and IN ?
 LAB ASSIGNMENT: For Given Circuit Find Out Current From 1kilo Ohm Using Norton
Theorem. Consider RPS2= 20 V
Page No:_________
 ANSWERS SPACE:
Page No:_________
EXPERIMENT:-
VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
 AIM: To prove Maximum Power Transfer theorem practically
 APPARATUS :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 THEORY:
The power transferred from a supply source to a load is at its maximum when the resistance of the load is
equal to the internal resistance of the source. On the other words" A resistive load will be consumptive
maximum power from the supply when the load resister is equal to the equivalent (Thevenin) network
resister"
RL = Rth ……. For maximum power transfer. And IL is,
A graph of RL against P is shown in Figure, the maximum value of power which occurs when RL = Rth.
Page No:_________
 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure above. From the circuit, we can note that Rth=100 ohm and
Vth=5V.
2. Change the value of RL in steps as shown in table.
3. Measure the voltage "VL" and current "IL" and record it in the table.
4. Plot the curve of the power against the load resistance and determine the maximum power.
5. Compare between the theoretical and practical results.
 OBSERVATION TABLE:

1) Where maximum power transfer is applicable?
2) Can this theorem used for electrical power transmission system ? justify your answer.
 LAB ASSIGNMENT: For Given Circuit Find Out RL
Page No:_________
 ANSWERS SPACE:
Page No:_________
Page No:_________
EXPERIMENT:-
VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM
 AIM: To verify reciprocity theorem for the given circuit.
 APPARATUS :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 THEORY:
This theorem permits in to transfer source from one position in the circuit to another and may be stated as
under. In any linear bilateral network, if an e.m.f E acting in a branch causes a current ‘I’ in branch ‘Y’ then
the same e.m.f E located in branch ‘Y’ will cause a current I in branch. However, currents in other branches
will not change.
 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the fig (1).
Page No:_________
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through 15O ohm resistor (ammeter reading).
4. Reduce the output voltage of the signal generator to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Disconnect the circuit and connect the circuit as per the fig (2).
7. Note down the response (current, IL1) through 100 ohm resistor (ammeter reading).
8. Reduce the output voltage of the signal generator to 0V and switch-off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit.
 OBSERVATION TABLE: for circuit 1 and circuit 2

1) Application of reciprocity theorem?
2) Advantages of reciprocity theorem?.
ANSWERS SPACE:
Page No:_________

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L.D.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CIRCUIT AND NETWORKS (2130901) semester-3 (EE)

Finally Verify whether I = I1 + I2

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

6. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 30V.

9. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the fig (3).

 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

 PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

S.NO. Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

 PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

S.NO. Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

RL = Rth ……. For maximum power transfer. And IL is,

 PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

 LAB ASSIGNMENT: For Given Circuit Find Out RL

S.NO. Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Connect the circuit as per the fig (1).

 OBSERVATION TABLE: for circuit 1 and circuit 2

 PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

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