Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Water Supply Storage
Water Supply Storage
Water Supply Storage
90
7.1 Introduction
The following storage and distribution systems are described in the Fact Sheets:
Storage
— concrete-lined earthen reservoir;
— reinforced concrete reservoir;
— elevated steel reservoir;
— ferrocement tank.
Distribution
— public standpost;
— domestic connection;
— small flow meter.
These lists are not exhaustive, but have been selected as being most relevant to small,
community water-supply systems. Of the storage options reviewed, the concrete-lined
earthen reservoir is the only system that is suitable for storing raw water, and the O&M of
such a system should consider the possibility that a raw water source will be used. A water-
lifting method to get the raw water to the storage reservoir may be necessary and this
should also be considered in the O&M implications. In many cases, a concrete-lined
earthen reservoir can be used instead of open concrete reservoirs.
Flow meters are only discussed in general, and no comparison is made between types
and brands, because this is outside the scope of this manual. However, the decision to
install flow meters has important operational and organizational implications.
Material selection
The type of material chosen for the pipes and accessories will determine the mainte-
nance activities that will be needed. Both polyvinyl chloride (PVCu) and polyethylene
(PE) are used in drinking-water networks, but PE is more commonly used for smaller
diameter pipes and with lower water pressures. It comes in rolls that are 50 m or 100 m
long and is more flexible than PVCu. PVCu comes as pipes 6 m in length and up to 300
mm in diameter (sometimes more). Commonly, more accessories are available for PVCu
than for PE, but PVCu is more easily fractured by poor handling and laying techniques.
However, when properly installed, PVCu pipes need hardly any maintenance, except for
controlling leaks.
Asbestos cement pipes are made with external diameters from 100 mm to over 1000
mm. They are not suitable for use with high water pressures, but they are relatively cheap.
Asbestos cement pipes cannot be installed in aggressive soils, since they are susceptible
to corrosion. Because of their rigidity, asbestos cement pipes require careful handling
when they are installed, to avoid damaging them.
In areas with high water pressure (above the local standard pressure), pressure-re-
ducing valves should be considered to reduce the amount of water lost to leakage. For
water pressures greater than 1.25 Mpa (about 127-m head of water) metal pipes should
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be used. Metal pipes should also be used if they are to be laid on the surface and exposed
to sunlight. The following are some features of metal piping and accessories:
— metal pipelines are generally sensitive to corrosion;
— galvanized-iron pipes are supplied in diameters of up to 4 inches (100 mm nomi-
nal bore), and steel pipes are supplied in larger diameters;
— ductile iron pipes are similar to steel pipes, but they are more resistant to corro-
sion;
— cast iron has good resistance to corrosion and is used for accessories, such as con-
nectors and valves, but it is hard and breaks more easily than ductile iron.
Galvanization gives some protection against corrosion, but most metal pipes need to
have internal and external protection. Examples of internal protective linings are epoxy
resin and cement mortar. Bituminous lining should be avoided because of possible health
risks. All internal coatings must be carried out during the manufacturing process, but
relinining or replacing the piping should be part of O&M activities. External protective
coating is beneficial when pipes are laid in corrosive soil conditions. Examples of materi-
als used in external coating include zinc oxide, bitumen paint and polythene sleeving.
External coating is usually applied during manufacture, but polythene sleeving can be
applied when laying the pipe.
1
The IFFIC/AIT has good information on ferrocement and related technologies. Contact FFIC/AIT, P.O.
Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand.
LINKING TECHNOLOGY CHOICE WITH OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
92
Daily
— check the water quality at intake;
Occasionally
— repair the valve; Washer, spare valve. Wrench, spanner, screwdriver.
— repair the lining. Clay, loam, plastic sheeting, cement, Wheelbarrow, spade, hoe, chisel,
sand, gravel, etc. hammer, trowel, bucket, etc.
Annually
— inspect the lining.
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Jordan (1984).
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Regularly
— clean the surrounding area. Broom, machete, hoe, etc.
At least monthly
— open and close the valves.
Occasionally
— repair the valve; Washer, spare valve. Wrench, spanner, screwdriver.
— repair the screen; Plastic or copper screen, wire. Pliers, wrench, tin cutter.
— repair the concrete lining. Cement, sand, gravel, additives. Trowel, spade, bucket, wheelbarrow,
ladder, rope.
Annually
— clean and disinfect the reservoir. Chlorine. Brush, broom, bucket, ladder.
At least monthly
— open and close the valves;
Occasionally
— repair faulty valves; Washer, spare valve. Wrench, spanner, screwdriver.
— repair the screen. Plastic or copper screen, wire. Pliers, wrench, tin cutter.
Binnually
— clean and disinfect the reservoir. Chlorine. Brush, broom, bucket, ladder.
Annually
— paint the reservoir. Anticorrosive paint. Paintbrush, ladder.
Initial cost: In Kenya in 1993, a 20 m3 tank with a roof cost US$ 420 (US$ 21 per m3;
Cumberlege & Kiongo, 1994). In the South Pacific Islands in 1994, 5.5–12 m3 tanks cost
an average of US$ 50 per m3 (Skoda & Reynolds, 1994).
Range of volume: From 1 m3 to over 80 m3.
Range of depth: Usually, between 1.5–3.0 m.
Area of use: Anywhere that inexpensive storage is needed.
Manufacturers: Ferrocement tanks are built on-site by many organizations, craftsmen
and building contractors, and can even be factory made.
Caretaker. Clean the reservoir and its surroundings, open and close taps and valves.
Water committee. Supervise the caretaker, organize repairs.
Mason. Repair the ferrocement.
External support. Check water quality, motivate and guide local organization.
Basic skills. Technical skills. Highly qualified.
Regularly
— clean the surroundings. Broom, machete, hoe, etc.
At least monthly
— open and close the valves.
Occasionally
— repair the valve; Washer, spare valve. Wrench, spanner, screwdriver.
— repair the screen; Plastic or copper screen, wire. Pliers, wrench, tin cutter.
— repair the ferrocement. Wire, mesh, cement, sand, additives. Chisel, hammer, steel brush, trowel,
spade, bucket, pliers.
Biannually
— clean and disinfect the reservoir. Chlorine. Brush, broom, bucket.
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98
1
Jordan (1984).
7. STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
99
also collect the fees for water use. Sometimes, water vendors are allowed to fill their tanks
at public standposts at special rates, for resale to people living farther away.
Daily
— test the tap; Jar, bucket, can, etc.
Occasionally
— repair or replace the tap valve; Rubber or leather washer, gland seal, Spanners, screwdriver, pipe wrench.
Teflon tape, flax, spare valve.
— repair the fence; Wood, steel wire, nails. Machete, pliers, hammer.
— repair the tapstand, apron or drain; Wood, nails, cement, sand, water, etc. Hammer, saw, trowel, bucket, etc.
— repair the piping. Pipe nipples, connectors, elbows, oil, Pipe wrench, pipe cutter, saw, file,
Teflon tape, flax or plumbing putty. pipe threader.
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Jordan (1984).
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101
Daily
— check that the tap closes properly Jar, bucket, can, etc.
and does not leak;
Occasionally
— repair or replace the valve; Rubber or leather washer, gland seal, Spanners, screwdriver, pipe wrench.
Teflon tape, flax, spare valve.
— repair the valve stand, apron Wood, nails, cement, sand, water, etc. Hammer, saw, trowel, bucket, etc.
or drain;
— repair the piping. Pipe nipples, connectors, elbows, oil, Pipe wrench, pipe cutter, saw, file,
Teflon tape, flax or plumbing putty. pipe threader.
Monthly
— read the meter; Notebook, pencil.
Annually
— clean the strainer. Spanners, screwdriver.
Occasionally
— replace the meter; Spare meter, Teflon tape or flax. Spanners, pipe wrench.
— check the accuracy of the meter; Water. Spanners, piper wrench, calibrated
meter, nipples.
— repair the meter and calibrate it. Depends on the model of water meter. Meter workshop with calibration rig.