2010 First International Conference on Pervasive Computing, Signal Processing and Applications

An Intelligent Anti-jamming Frequency Hopping System

Xiang-Yi Meng, Ran Tao, and Lin-Na Jia

Department of Electrical Engineering
Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing, China
mxy0827@bit.edu.cn

Abstract—This paper proposes an integrated intelligent anti-

jamming scheme for frequency hopping (FH) system based on
the modern signal processing, including the algorithms for
jamming recognition and jamming suppression. Without
increasing the bandwidth and hopping rate, the proposed
scheme can improve the robustness of the FH system against
various jamming.

Keywords-frequency hopping system; jamming recognition;

jamming suppression

I. INTRODUCTION
The frequency hopping (FH) system has good anti-
jamming performance due to its hopping carrier frequency
under the control of the pseudorandom code. So the system
can evade the narrow-band jamming to a certain extent. But
the anti-jamming performance will become worse when it
encounters the wide-band blocking jamming and the
follower jamming.
In order to resist the follower jamming, American
Sanders Company proposed the shortwave differential
frequency hopping (DFH) system [1] in 1995, which
introduced the correlation of the pre and post FH signals to
increase the hopping rate. However, it may be attacked by
the narrow-band jamming due to the correlation among
hopping channels, and also face the influence of the wide-
band blocking jamming simultaneously.
At present, the anti-jamming performance of the FH
system is improved by the active method, which contains
the improvement of the modulation method and the increase
of both the FH bandwidth and the hopping rate. However,
the improvement of the modulation method causes the
problem about the compatibility with the original system.
The increase of the FH bandwidth results in the increasing
consumption of the pace spectrum resource inevitably. High
hopping rate increases the complexity of the modulation and
demodulation of the system.
In this paper, we propose an integrated intelligent anti-
jamming FH system by jamming recognition and
suppression based on the modern signal processing. The
proposed algorithm can improve the anti-jamming
performance without the increase of bandwidth and hopping
rate. In section Ċ, the structure of the intelligent anti-
jamming FH system is established. The algorithm for the
jamming recognition and deterministic jamming suppression
are described in section ċ and section Č, respectively.
Figure 1. Structure diagram of the intelligent anti-jamming FH system
Finally, the effectiveness of the two algorithms and the
feasibility of the intelligent anti-jamming scheme are verified
by simulations in section č.
II. INTELLIGENT ANTI-JAMMING SCHEME
The structure of the intelligent anti-jamming FH system
is shown in Fig. 1. At the receiver of the FH system, we
establish an intelligent anti-jamming module, including
jamming recognition module, jamming suppression module,
jamming suppression effect evaluation module, and adaptive
frequency hopping (AFH) [2] module.
III. JAMMING RECOGNITION ALGORITHM
In this paper, the considered Narrow-band jamming
includes single tone jamming, noise amplitude modulation
(NAM) jamming, noise frequency modulation (NFM)
jamming, amplitude shift keying (ASK) jamming, frequency
shift keying (FSK) jamming, and phase shift keying (PSK)
jamming while the wide-band jamming includes wide-band
noise jamming, wide-band comb jamming, and wide-band
sweep rate jamming.
The proposed jamming recognition algorithm can be
divided into three steps. Firstly, we remove the FH signals
in order to eliminate the influence of the FH signals on the
jamming signals. Secondly, we discriminate the narrow-
band jamming from wide-band jamming based on the
bandwidth estimation. Finally, we identify the concrete type
of jamming to realize the jamming recognition.
A. Feature extraction for narrow-band jamming
The parameter Ra V a2 / P a2 [3] is used to distinguish the
constant envelope jamming from the non-constant envelope

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DOI 10.1109/PCSPA.2010.259
10.1109/PCSPA.2010.155
jamming, where ȝa and V a2 are the mean value and variance R fm max{PR (D )} / PR (D )
D
of the jamming envelop, respectively. The parameter
where PR(Į) is the accumulation of the Radon transform of
J max max | FFT [acn (m)]2 / N s | [4] is used to separate the NAM
the spectrogram. The values of Rfm has good effect on the
jamming from the ASK jamming, where Ns is sequence recognition of the wide-band sweep rate jamming with
Ns
length and acn (m) a j (m) / ma  1 , in which ma ¦ a ( m) / N
j s
higher chirp rate.
n 1

and aj(m) is the instantaneous amplitude of the jamming. C. Program for jamming recognition
We also introduce the parameter ȝf [5] defined by According to the above analysis, an efficient and rational
flow of jamming recognition is proposed as shown in Fig. 2.
Pf E{| J (k ) |4 } / {E[| J (k ) |2 ]}2
IV. JAMMING SUPPRESSION ALGORITHM
where J(k) is the instantaneous frequency of the jamming.
The parameter ȝf not only takes good effect on separating A. Suppression of Single Tone Jamming
the single tone jamming from the PSK jamming, but also The single tone jamming can not be rejected by the
discriminates the NFM jamming from the FSK jamming to filtering in the frequency domain as common due to the
a certain extent. But it can not deal with the case when the reason that the single tone jamming and the FH signals may
modulation index of the NFM jamming is 0.2 and the FSK be in coincidence in the frequency domain.
jamming has four spectrum peaks. To solve the problem at low JSR, we should firstly make
In order to solve the above problem, we propose a sure which hop channel is interfered by the single tone
parameter Rv ¦ J u (k ) /  mR  mL  1 where jamming. Then, we filter the single tone jamming in the
J u ( k ) t 0.5 frequency domain as common. After de-hopping, if the peak
J u (k ) | J ( k ) | / max(| J ( k ) |) , mL min (k ) , mR max (k ) . The of the spectrum for the jammed channel is low enough or the
J u ( k )t0.5 J u ( k )t0.5
kurtosis of the spectrum is low enough, the FH signals are
parameter Rv reflects the compactness of the spectrum peak filtered owing to the coincidence and furthermore the hop
and it can be utilized to separate the NFM jamming with a channel is used for the demodulation. If not, the FH signals
low modulation index from the FSK jamming. are not coincident with the jamming and the demodulation
Furthermore, we set Rp to separate the FSK jamming results are used directly. The realization diagram of the
from the PSK jamming, which can be written as Rp = Pm /Bw improved filtering algorithm is depicted in Fig. 3.
where Bw is the normalized 3dB bandwidth of the jamming The received FH signal

and Pm is the normalized peak of the average spectrum after FH signal elimination in the time-
frequency domain
the FH signal elimination. The value of Rp for the non- Bandwidth estimation Bw
frequency modulation jamming is almost larger than the Y N
Bw<TBw
ones for the frequency modulation jamming. Narrow-band jamming Wide-band jamming

B. Feature extraction for wide-band jamming FH signal elimination

in the time and
Y ( Fss ! TF ) &
(Dmax 90D )
N

frequency domain comb (Rf ! Tf 1)&

Y N
For the wide-band jamming, we use the parameter Y Ra ! Ta N
(Dmax z 90D )
Low (Rfm ! Tm1)&
N Y
Y J !T N sweep (Dmax z 90D )
Nt 1 max J
rate

¦ ( P (n)  P (n))
ASK NAM N (Rf !Tf 2)&
Y High
2
Fss s s / Nt Y Rp !Tp N (Rfm !Tm2) sweep
rate
unknown noise
n 0 Y Pf ! TP1 N
(P f  TP 2 )
Y N
ST PSK &( Rv ! Tv )

to extract the wide-band comb jamming , where Nt is the NFM FSK

L
length of Pqt(n) and Ps (n) Pqt (n)  ¦ Pqt (n  i ) / (2 L  1) , in Figure 2. Jamming recognition flow in the FH system
i L

which Pqt(n) is the average spectrum after the FH signal Use the hop
channal to
elimination and L is the width of moving average window. Yes
demodulate

In order to identify the wide-band sweep rate jamming, Jamming

recognition
Hop channel
judgement
Filtering in the
frequency domain
De-
hopping
Low peak or
low kurtosis

we introduce the parameter R f max{RT (u ,D )} / RT (u ,D ) No Demodulate

u ,D directly

where RT(u,Į) is the Radon transform of the spectrogram [6].

The parameter Rf can be used to extract the wide-band
Figure 3. Diagram of the improved filtering algorithm
sweep rate jamming from the received FH signals. But it
should be noted that the value of Rf becomes smaller with
the increase of the chirp rate due to the reason that the
higher chip rate results in more times repeat in the sampled
bandwidth and more peaks in the Radon transform domain.
In order to solve the above problem, we set
Figure 4. Diagram of the time domain elimination based on the FRFT

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Figure 5. Deterministic jamming suppression flow in the FH system
Aiming at the side lobe leakage problem in the frequency
domain, a jamming suppression algorithm based on the
cancellation in the time domain is used. The amplitude of the
jamming is derived from the value of the spectrum peak and
the initial phase of the original signal can be derived from
the bi-spectrum estimation of the new sinusoidal signal [7].
Furthermore, the jamming signals can be eliminated from the
received FH signals using the reconstructed signals.
B. Suppression of Wide-Band Sweep Rate Jamming
As a generalization of the Fourier transform, the
fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is more suitable for
processing the nonstationary signals [8]. Compared with the
filtering in the Fourier domain, the filtering in the optimal
fractional Fourier domain (FRFD) can enable significant
reduction of the error for certain types of noise and
degradation [9], such as sweep rate jamming. Using the
filtering in the FRFD, the sweep rate jamming can be
suppressed effectively at low JSR.
Similar to the single tone jamming, the wide-band sweep
rate jamming in the FRFD also has large side lobe leakage at
a high JSR. Thus, we propose a cancellation algorithm in the
time domain based on the FRFT and the bi-spectrum
estimation, which is depicted in Fig. 4. Above all, we can
describe the flow chart of the deterministic jamming
suppression in the FH system as shown in Fig. 5.
V. SIMULATIONS
In the simulations, the working frequency band of the FH
system is 208-224MHz, the FH rate is 12.5K/s, the number
of hopping frequency is 32, and the narrow-band modulation
is 4FSK. At the demodulation stage, the sampling frequency
is 16MHz, and every frame data contains six hopping
frequency. The types and corresponding parameters for
different kinds of jamming are given in Table ĉ.
Based on the simulations at different SNR and different
JSR, we set the optimum thresholds of the above
characteristic parameters as follows: TBw=0.06, Ta=0.19, TȖ=
50, Tp=130, Tȝ1=1450, Tȝ2=200, Tv=0.09, TF=0.49, Tf1=10.5,
Tm1=12, Tf2=3.5, and Tm2=3.5. The simulation results for
jamming recognition over 500 Monte Carlo realizations are
illustrated in Figs. 6 (a) and (b). We can find that the
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recognition probability of different kinds of jamming can
almost approach to 95%. So the proposed algorithm is of
high robustness against different JSR and SNR.
According to the jamming suppression algorithm for the
deterministic jamming in the FH system, we obtained the
BER performance through the Monte Carlo realization for
50000 times at different SNR and JSR. Tables Ċ and ċ
present the BER of the FH system pre and post the
suppression against single tone jamming and wide-band
sweep rate jamming.
From the simulation results, we can find that the
proposed suppression algorithm for the deterministic
jamming is of good robustness against different JSR.
However, due to the incorrect jamming recognition, the BER
pre and post suppression at a low jam-to-signal ratio is close,
even equal to each other.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an intelligent anti-jamming module in the
FH system is proposed, including the jamming recognition
algorithm and the deterministic jamming suppression
algorithm. In the jamming recognition process, three new
parameters are set besides the traditional parameters for
further classification of different kinds of jamming. The
proposed algorithm can result in the recognition probability
of different kinds of jamming approach to 95%. In the
jamming suppression process, a novel method based on the
time domain cancellation algorithm and the improved
filtering in the transform domain is proposed for different
JSR. In the future work, we can engage in the algorithm of
the nondeterministic jamming suppression in the FH system
and the realization of the jamming suppression effect
evaluation module and the AFH module.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the Ministerial Natural
Science Foundation of China under Grant No.41001020201.
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[3] Y T Chan, L G Gadbois, P Yansouni. “Identification of the
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[4] A K Nandi, E E Azzouz. “Automatic analogue modulation
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[5] A K Nandi, E E Azzouz. “Algorithms for automatic modulation
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[6] E Magli, G Olmo, L L Presti. “Pattern recognition by means of the
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[9] M A Kutay, H M Ozaktas, O Ankan, L Onural. “Optimal filtering in [10] L Qi, R Tao, S Y Zhou, Y Wang. “Detection and parameter
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TABLE I. LIST OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF JAMMING

Jamming types Jamming parameters
Narrow Single tone jamming {CW}
band Modulation jamming {NAMǃNFM}
jamming
Shift keying jamming {2ASKǃ4ASKǃ2FSKǃ4FSKǃBPSKǃQPSK}
Wide-band noise jamming Bandwidth {30%—100%} (FH bandwidth)
Wide Number of comb {2ˈ4ˈ6ˈ8ˈ10ˈ12ˈ14ˈ16}
band Wide-band comb jamming
jamming Comb modulation Any modulation of the narrow-band jamming
Wide-band sweep rate jamming Chirp rate {0.5ˈ1ˈ1.5ˈ2ˈ2.5ˈ3ˈ3.5ˈ4} (25/12K*FH bandwidth)
TABLE II. BER PRE AND POST SINGLE TONE JAMMING SUPPRESSION
BER Pre and JSR=0dB JSR=5dB JSR=10dB JSR=15dB JSR=20dB JSR=25dB JSR=30dB JSR=35dB JSR=40dB
Post Suppression
SNR= Pre 0.0118 0.0214 0.0210 0.0232 0.0227 0.0218 0.0237 0.0298 0.0452

-15dB Post 0.0118 0.0214 0.0099 0.0077 0.0063 0.0064 0.0056 0.0072 0.0071

SNR= Pre 0.0086 0.0143 0.0148 0.0142 0.0128 0.0150 0.0143 0.0178 0.0312

-10dB Post 0.0086 0.0027 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SNR= Pre 0.0072 0.0161 0.0145 0.0158 0.0159 0.0154 0.0155 0.0179 0.0326

-5dB Post 0.0011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE III. BER PRE AND POST WIDE-BAND SWEEP RATE JAMMING SUPPRESSION
BER Pre and Post JSR=0dB JSR=5dB JSR=10dB JSR=15dB JSR=20dB JSR=25dB JSR=30dB JSR=35dB JSR=40dB
Suppression
SNR= Pre 0.1483 0.1622 0.1738 0.1849 0.2047 0.2096 0.2199 0.2342 0.2793

-15dB Post 0.1476 0.1424 0.1368 0.1348 0.1467 0.1397 0.1398 0.1383 0.1433

SNR= Pre 0.0131 0.0350 0.0553 0.0712 0.0815 0.1031 0.1148 0.1308 0.1853

-10dB Post 0.0073 0.0058 0.0048 0.0059 0.0057 0.0083 0.0056 0.0069 0.0063

SNR= Pre 0.0008 0.0228 0.0476 0.0641 0.0726 0.0907 0.1027 0.1165 0.1627

-5dB Post 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

JSR=0dB SNR=0dB
1 1

0.99 0.99

0.98 0.98

0.97 0.97
recognition probability
recognition probability

0.96 0.96

0.95 0.95 ST
ST
NAM NAM
0.94 0.94
NFM NFM
ASK ASK
0.93 0.93
FSK FSK
0.92 PSK 0.92 PSK
noise noise
0.91 comb 0.91 comb
sweep sweep
0.9 0.9
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
SNR(dB) JSR(dB)

(a) (b)
Figure 6. Dependence of recognition probability for different kinds of jamming (a) versus JSR (b) versus SNR

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