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8 EnergyBalanceofSolarCollectors PDF
8 EnergyBalanceofSolarCollectors PDF
8 EnergyBalanceofSolarCollectors PDF
Welcome!
Mohamad Kharseh
E-mail:m.Kharseh@gmail.com
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Not all of solar radiation hits the sloped surface can be used:
qu = S⋅ Ap − ql
q l = U l ⋅ A p ⋅ Tpm − Ta ( )
Tpm = Mean temperature of absorber plates
Ta = Ambient air temperature
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q l = qt + q b + qs
ql = U l ⋅ Ap ⋅ (Tpm − Ta )
U l = Ut + U b + Us
qu
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1 λ
Ub = =
R3 δ b
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Similarly, the heat transfer coefficient for the collector side is:
2 ⋅ L3 ⋅ (L1 + L2 ) λ
Us = ⋅
L1 ⋅ L2 δs
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( )
f = 1 + 0.089 ⋅ α a − 0.1166 ⋅ α a ⋅ ε p ⋅ (1 + 0.07866N )
N = number of covers
C = 520 ⋅ ( 1 − 0.000051 ⋅ β ); 0 ≤ β ≤ 70
2
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
εp = emissivity of plate
100
e = 0.43 ⋅ ( 1 − ) εg = emissivity of glass (0.88)
Tpm
αa = convection coefficient of ambient air (W/m2K)
νwind =Wind speed of ambient air (m/sec)
β = collector tilt (degree) 10
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( (
qu = Ap S − U l Tpm − Ta ))
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Absorber Cross-section
The useful heat gained by the absorber plate can be divided into:
1. the heat gained from the area above the tube
2. the heat gained from the fin
tube fin
W-Do
W
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The useful heat transfer rate to the fluid in the absorber cross-section is:
qu′ = [F ⋅ (W − Do ) + Do ] ⋅ [S − U l (Tb − Ta )]
tanh[m ⋅ (W − Do )/ 2]
F=
m ⋅ (W − Do )/ 2
Hyperbolic
tangent
Do= tube outer diameter
W = distance between tubes
Where m is :
Tb = local absorber temperature above the bond
m = (Ul/λpδp)½
λp = thermal conductivity of absorber plate
δp = thickness of absorber plate 14
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qu′ = [F ⋅ (W − Do ) + Do ] ⋅ [S − U l (Tb − Ta )]
To relate this expression to the local fluid temperature that results from
this heat transfer, the collector efficiency factor, F’, is introduced:
U0 1
F' = =
Ul 1 1
WU l +
U l ⋅ [F (W − Do ) + Do ] πDi α f
qu′ = F ′ ⋅ W ⋅ [S − U l (Tf − Ta )]
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dy
y
Number of tube in
the absorber plate
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Ul ⋅n ⋅W ⋅F '
- y
Tf (y)-Ta -S/U l m ⋅c p
=e
Tfi -Ta -S/U l
Ul ⋅ Ap⋅F'
-
Tfo -Ta -S/U l m ⋅c p
= e
Tfi -Ta -S/U l
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The heat removal factor, which relates the actual heat gain
to the maximum heat gain, is define as:
Ul ⋅ Ap
mc p
− F' ⋅
m ⋅Cp
FR = 1 − e
U l Ap
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qu = Ap ⋅ FR [S − U l (Tfi − Ta )]
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U0 1
F' = =
Ul 1 1
WU l +
U l ⋅ [F (W − Do ) + Do ] πDi α f
U l = Ut + U b + Us
−1
Ut =
N
+
1
+
(
σ ⋅ Tpm
2
)(
+ Ta2 ⋅ Tpm + Ta )
+ − + ⋅ ε
C Tpm − Ta
e αa 1 2 N f 1 0.133 p
⋅ + −N
T + ε p + 0.00591⋅ N ⋅ α a εg
pm N f
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(
qu=m c p T fo -T fi )
– The instantaneous collector efficiency is the ratio of the
useful heat gain to the incident solar radiation:
ηi=
qu
=
( )
m c p T fo -T fi FR
= [S-U (T -T )]
L fi a
Ap I T Ap I T IT
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[Tfi-Ta/IT]⋅103 [K⋅m2/W]
The efficiency curve yields a straight line since FR, (τα) and Ul are
fairly constant for a collector type when the flow rate is constant
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Example
Casing: Cover:
Material: glass
Length = 2.4m
N = 1
Width = 1.2m
αc = εc = 0.84
δb = 25mm n2/n1 = 1.526
λb = 0.036W/mK
Heat carrier:
Absorber:
Fluid: water
Length = 2.3m
Width = 1.15m m = 15kg/h
δp-c1 = 25mm Ti = 293 K
δp = 0.5mm hf = 205W/m2K
λp = 237W/mK
αp = 0.9
Ambient:
εp = 0.1
D0 = 13.4mm Ta = 273 K
Di = 12.4mm Va = 5 m/s
W = 143mm
Kδc = 0.03
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Assignment 2
Useful heat gained by the collector and collector efficiency
1. Determine the best slope angle of your solar collector, for your
region, that produces the maximum energy.
2. Annual & monthly available solar energy on sloped surface in your
region.
3. Annual & monthly useful heat gained by one square meter of solo
collector.
4. Monthly solar collector efficiency.
5. annual average solar collector efficiency
Using following Assumption:
W=0.143 m, Do=0.0134, Di=0.0123, δb=0.05, δs=0.025,
δp=0.001, λinsulation=0.045, λp=237 and the flow rate is 0,004
kg/s
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τ ⋅α
(τα ) =
1 − (1 − α )ρd
qu = Ap ⋅ FR [S − U l (Tfi − Ta )]
− F' ⋅ l p
U ⋅A
U0 1
mc p m ⋅Cp F' = =
FR = 1 − e Ul 1 1
U l Ap WU l +
U l ⋅ [F (W − Do ) + Do ] πDi α f
U l = Ut + U b + Us
−1
Ut =
N
+
1
+
( 2 2
)(
σ ⋅ Tpm + Ta ⋅ Tpm + Ta )
2N + f − 1 + 0.133 ⋅ ε p
C Tpm − Ta
e αa 1
⋅ + −N
T ε p + 0.00591⋅ N ⋅ α a εg
pm N +f 27