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Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
Occurrence of GVF
GVF
2
dE Q dQ Q dA dy dz
= 2 - 3 + +
dx gA dx gA dx dx dx
GVF Equation
dE dz dA dy
= -Sf , = -So , =T
dx dx dx dx
2
Q dQ Q dy dy
- Sf = 2 - 3 T + - So
gA dx gA dx dx
2
dy TQ Q dQ
- Sf = -So + 1- 3 + 2
dx gA gA dx
GVF Equation
dQ
0 If there is no lateral inflow
dx
dy So - Sf
= 2
dx Q T
1-
gA 3
dy So Sf
2
dx 1 Fr
Classification of Flow Profiles
Flow profiles are classified according to
yn<yc
Steep S
Classification of Flow Profiles
M profiles
y > yn Zone 1
So > Sf Fr < 1 dy/dx >0
y > yc (M1)
Zone 2
yn > y >yc So < Sf Fr < 1 dy/dx < 0
(M2)
y < yc Zone 3
So < S f Fr >1 dy/dx >0
y < yn (M3)
Classification of Flow Profiles
M1
Zone 1
yn
M2
yc Zone 2
M3
Zone 3
y >yc Zone 1
So > Sf Fr < 1 dy/dx >0
y >yn (S1)
Zone 2
yc > y >yn So < Sf Fr < 1 dy/dx < 0
(S2)
y <yn Zone 3
y <yc So < S f Fr >1 dy/dx >0
(S3)
Classification of Flow Profiles
S1
Zone 1
yc
S2
yn Zone 2
S3 Zone 3
x
Computation of GVF
y A P R T D v Fr 1- Fr 1-Fr2 Sf So -Sf x x
4.0
4.5
1 Fr 2
2 2
nQ v
Sf = Fr 2 = x y
AR 2 / 3 gD So - S f
A
D= y = y2 – y1
T
Sketching Flow Profiles
1. Plot the channel slope with an exaggerated scale
2. Compute for yn for each reach and plot the normal
depth line throughout the entire channel.
3. Compute for ycfor each reach and plot the normal
depth line throughout the entire channel.
4. Locate all possible control sections/points.
5. Starting from the control depth at each section, trace
a possible surface profile.
6. Identify any formation of hydraulic jump and its
location
Control Sections/Points
Control sections are the locations with known
depth/characteristics. It provides boundary conditions
that determines the water surface profile