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APL 102

Applications of Phase Transformations

Concepts: T-T-T Curve, Nose temperature, Coarse- & fine- pearlite, Annealing, Normalizing,
Quenching, Tempering, Bainite, Martensite

Lecture 41
 Recap
IIT Delhi Phase transformations
Nucleation rate Growth
 f *  H d  Growth of particle whose size r > r* : Jumping of atoms
 
 kT 
I  N t s*  e  

Probability of forward jump is much more

Transformation rate  f (Nucleation rate, Growth rate)

Fraction transformed as f(t)

dX 
T  f (I , U )
dt
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The best way to obtain information on transformation fraction

and rate of transformation as f(T) is through..

T-T-T (time-transformation-temperature) curve

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TTT diagram of Liquid to solid

transformation
 TTT Diagram for liquid-to-solid transformation
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T What is going to be
U T the microstructure
L for 1, 2 and 3?
Stable liquid
Tm
I Under
Cooled liquid 1
2 Coarse
Fine grained grained
crystals crystals

β
3
Glass

log t
 Phase transformations in Steel, Fe-Fe3C diagram
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Peritectic Eutectic L
L+→ 1493ºC L →  + Fe3C

L+ 
0.1 %C  2.06 1147ºC

Eutectoid  + Fe3C
 →  + Fe3C
Pearlite 723ºC


0.025 %C  + Fe3C
T →

Fe Fe3C
0.16 0.8 4.3 6.7
%C →
 TTT diagram for eutectoid steel (0.8% C)
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Stable austenite
723

What is this
temperature called? 550

Nose temperature

unstable
austenite
 TTT diagram for eutectoid steel
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Stable austenite
T

U
coarse
pearlite

fine pearlite
I

unstable
austenite
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Source: W.D. Callister

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Coarse pearlite Annealing Furnace cooling

Fine pearlite Normalizing Air cooling

IIT Delhi Phase transformations in Steel, Fe-Fe3C diagram

Austenite to Bainite Transformation

(Portion below the nose of C curve)
IIT Delhi Bainite
Coarse Pearlite Short needles of Fe3C embedded in
plates of ferrite
Fine Pearlite

Bainite C diffuses only to short distances

10 µm

0.2 µm

UPPER BAINITE LOWER BAINITE

(High Temperature) (Low Temperature)

Austempering
 TTT diagram for eutectoid steel
Stable austenite
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QUENCHING

 rapid
   '
cooling

′: martensite (M)

Extremely rapid, no C-curves

unstable
Ms : Martensite start austenite
Ms
temperature
A+M
Mf : Martensite finish Mf
temperature M
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What is the important feature of

martensite transformation?

Diffusionless transformation
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Question for thought
The hard and brittle martensite is of little commercial
importance, so what to do???

Tempering of martensite

Heating of quenched martensite to some intermediate

temperature to allow the trapped C to come out and
increase the toughness of steel
 Tempering
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Heating of quenched steel below the eutectoid temperature, holding

for a specified time followed by air cooling.

tempering
       Fe C
3
T<TE
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Tempering (contd.)

+Fe3C PEARLITE

A distribution of fine particles of Fe3C in  matrix known as

TEMPERED MARTENSITE.

Hardness more than fine pearlite, ductility more than martensite.

Hardness and ductility controlled by tempering temperature and time

Higher T or t -> higher ductility, lower strength
 Tempered Martensite
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Ferrite Cementite
Ref.: W. D. Callister
 Announcement
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 Buffer lab: Will happen today 14th Nov for all remaining requested students

 Updated Lab marks & Minor 1 & 2, Quiz 1 & 2 marks (PMT):
Will be uploaded by 15th Nov. Last date for informing discrepancies 21st Nov.
E-mail with a picture of the mark (subject: Re: APL 102…)

 Updated Attendance will be uploaded by 17th Nov.

 Major exam: 20th Nov., 10:30 am to 12:30 pm; LH – 121 & LH – 308
Syllabus: Complete (Topics covered from Lecture 1 till Lecture 42)