Chapter 17- Two-Port and Three Port Networks

Exercises

Ex. 17.4-1
R a Rc 25(100)
R1 = = = 10 Ω
R a + Rb + Rc 250
R b Rc (125)(125)
R2 = = = 12.5 Ω
R a + Rb + Rc 250
R a Rb 100(125)
R3 = = = 50 Ω
R a + Rb + Rc 250

Ex. 17.5-1
1
−Y12 = −Y21 =
21
Y11 + Y12 =
1
42
⇒ Y11 =
1
42
− −1 =
21 ( )3
42
Y22 +Y21 = 10.5 ⇒ Y22 =
1
10.5 21 ( )
− − 1 = 1/ 7

1 −1
Y = 
41 21 
 1 1
 − 21 7 

V1 42 (21+10.5)
Z 11 = = = 18 Ω
I1 I2 = 0
42 +31.5
V2 10.5(63)
Z 22 = I1 = 0 = =9Ω
I2 73.5
V1
Z 12 = Z 21 = I1 = 0 =6Ω
I2

10.5 42(10.5) 18 6

Since I = I 2 , then V1 = I2 = 6 I2 ⇒ Z= 
73.5 73.5 6 9 

17-1
Ex. 17.6-1

I1 1
Y11 = =
V1 6
I 1
Y21 = 2 = − = −.167
V1 6

I1
Y12 = = 0.0567
V2
I2
Y22 = = 0.944
V2

Ex. 17.7-1
I 2 = 6 i, V2 = (9 + 1) i = 10 i, V1 = 1i

I2 6i
h 22 = = = 0.6 S
V2 10 i
V1 i
h12 = = = 0.1
V2 10 i

V1 = 1 i
V1 10
I1 = i + = i
9 9
V 44
I2 = 5 i − 1 = i
9 9
Therefore
V1 i
h11 = = = 0.9 Ω
I1 ( )
10 i
9

h 21 =
I2
=
( )
44 i
9 = 4.4
I1 ( )
10 i
9

17-2
Ex. 17.8-1
2 −1   2 1  12 6
 15 5 4 1 1 5 5   
Y= and ∆Y = − = S ⇒ Z = 30  =
 −1 2  75 50 30 1 2  3 4 
 10 5   10 15

Ex. 17.8-2
 2/5 1 
 − ( −1/10 ) −
( −1/10 )   4 10 
T= =
 1/ 30 2 /15  1/ 3 4 / 3
 − −1/10 −
 ( ) ( −1/10 ) 

Ex. 17.9-1
1 12  1 0 1 3
Ta =   , Tb =   and Tc = 
0 1 1/6 1  0 1

1 12  1 0  3 12  1 3  3 21 
Ta Tb Tc =    Tc = =
1/ 6 1   0 1 1/ 6 3 / 2 
0 1 1/ 6 1      

Problems

Section 17-4: T-to-T1 Transformations

P17.4-1

17-3
P17.4-2

P17.4-3

− z21 I1 −I2 z21

I2 = ⇒ Ai = = (forward current gain)
z22 + R L I1 z22 + R L
V1 z11 I1 + z12 I 2 z A I z z
R in = = = z11 − 12 i 1 = z11 − 12 21 (input resistance)
I1 I1 I1 ( z22 + R L )
V2 Ai R L
V2 = − I 2 R L = Ai R L I1 and V1 = R in I1 ⇒ Av = = (forward voltage gain)
V1 R in
RL
∴ Ap = Ai Av = Ai2
R in

17-4
P17.4-4
First, simplify the circuit using a ∆-Y transformation:

R
R eq = R1 || = 5 || 20 = 4 Ω
3
Mesh equations:
30 = 18 I −10 I 2
50 = 10 I − 20 I 2
Solving for the required current:
30 −10
50 − 20 −100
I= = = 0.385 A
18(−20) − (−10)10 −260

P17.4-5

17-5
Section 17-5: Equations of Two-Port Networks

P17-5-1

Z 12 = 6 Ω
Z 11 − Z 12 = 12 Ω ⇒ Z 11 = 18 Ω
Z 22 − Z 21 = 3 Ω ⇒ Z 22 = 9 Ω

I1 1
Y11 = = S
V1 V =0 14
2

I1 −6 I 2 1
Y12 = = = − S = Υ 21
V2 V1 = 0
(6+12) V2 21
I2 V2 / 7 1
Y 22 = = = S
V2 V1 = 0
V2 7

1 −1 
 14 21
Υ=
− 1 1 
 21 7 

P17.5-2

 2− j 4 − j4 
Z = 
− j 4 + j 2 

17-6
P17.5-3

I1 I2
Y11 = and Y 21 =
V1 V2 = 0
V1 V2 = 0

I1 + I 2 I+I I
V1 = and 1 2 + 2 = bV1
G1 G1 G2
so
I1 = (G1 − (b −1) G2 ) V1 = −1 V1 and I 2 = (b −1) G2 V1 = 3 V1
Finally
Y11 = −1 S and Y21 = 3 S
Next

I1+I 2 −I 2
V2 = and V 2 =
G3 G2

I1
Y12 = = −G 2 = − 1 S
V2
V1 = 0

I2
Y 22 = = G2 + G3 = 4 S
V2
V1 = 0

P17.5-4
Using Fig. 17.5-2 as shown:

−Y12 = −Y21 = 0.1 S or Y12 = Y21 = −0.1 S

Y11 = 0.2 − Y12 = 0.3 S
Y22 = 0.05 − Y21 = 0.15 S

P17.5-5
Y12 = −10 µ S = Y 21
Y11 +Y12 =13.33 µ S
Y11 = 23.33 µ S

Y 22 + Y 21 = 20 µ S ⇒ Y 22 = 30 µ S

17-7
P17.5-6

V1
Z 11 = = 3 + j 3 − j 2 = (3+ j ) Ω
I1 I2 = 0

V2 − j 2 I1
Z 21 = = = − j2 Ω
I1 I2 = 0
I1

V1
Z 12 = = − j2 Ω
I2 I1 = 0

V2
Z 22 = = − j2 Ω
I2 I1 = 0

P17.5-7

Z 11− Z 21 = 4  4 s +1

 ⇒ Z 11 = 4 + 1 =
Z 21 − Z 12 = 1  s s
s
2 s 2 +1
Z 22 − Z 21 = 2 s ⇒ Z 22 = 2 s + 1 =
s s

P17.5-8
Given:
 s +1 
−1 
Y=  s
 
 −1 s +1

Try a π circuit as shown at the right.

Y12 = −1s
s +1 s +1 1
Y11 = ⇒ Y11 +Y12 = −1 =
s s s
Y 22 + Y 21 = ( s + 1) − 1 = s

17-8
P17.5-9
Given: Try :
 s + 2s + 2
2
1 
 s 2 + s +1 s + s +1 
2
Z= 
 1 s 2 +1 
 s 2 + s +1 s 2 + s +1 

From the circuit, we calculate:

1
Cs
( R2 + L s ) R2 + L s L C R1 s 2 + ( R1 R 2 C + L ) s + R1 + R 2
z 11 = R1 + = R1 + =
1 1 + R2 C s + L C s2 L C s2 + R2 C s + 1
+ R2 + L s
Cs

Comparing to the given z 11 yields:

LC =1 
  R1 = 1 Ω
R2 C = 1  
 R2 = 1 Ω
L C R1 = 1  ⇒ 
R1 R 2 C + L = 2   L =1 H
  C = 1 F
R1 + R 2 = 2 

Then check z 12 , z 21 and z 22 . The are all okay. If they were not, we would have to try a different
circuit structure..

P17.5-10
It is sufficient to require that the input resistance of each section of the circuit is equal to Ro, that
is

Then
R (2 R + Ro )
Ro = ⇒ Ro = R ± 4 R 2 + 4 (2 R 2 ) = R ± 3 R = ( 3 −1) R
3 R + Ro

17-9
Section 17-6: Z and Y Parameters

P17.6-1

V1 (b + R1 )
i=− and I 2 = − V1
R1 R1 R 2
 b + R1 + R 2 
I1 = − I 2 − i =   V1
 R1 R 2
 

I1 b + R1 + R 2 I2 (b + R1 )
Y11 = = and Y21 = =−
V1 V2 = 0
R1 R 2 V1 V2 = 0
R1 R 2

I 2 = − I1
V2
V2 = R 2 I 2 ⇒ I2 =
R2

I2 1 I1 1
Y22 = = and Y12 = =−
V2 V1 = 0
R2 V2 V1 = 0
R2

P17.6-2

 v1 = (1 + 3) i1 = 4 i1
i2 = 0 ⇒ 
 v 2 = 3 i1
therefore
z 11 = 4 Ω and z 21 = 3 Ω

 v1 = 3 (α i 2 + i 2 )

i1 = 0 ⇒ 
 v1 = 3 (α i 2 + i 2 ) + 2 i 2
therefore
z 12 = 3 (1 + α ) and z 21 = 5 + 3α
Finally,
 4 3(1+α ) 
Z=  
3 5+3α 

17-10
P17.6-3
Treat the circuit as the parallel connection of two 2-port networks:

The admittance matrix of the entire network

can be obtained as the sum of the admittance
matrices of these two 2-port networks

1 0   2 s − s  1+ 2 s − s 
Y= + =
 2 1  − s 2 s   2− s 1+ 2 s 

When i1 ( t ) = u ( t ) :
 2 s +1 s 
 1  1   1
V1 ( s )    V1 ( s )  −1    s − 2 2 s +1 s
Y  = s ⇒ V ( s )  = Y s =
V2 ( s )  0   2   
0 3 s 2 + 6 s +1  
    0 
so
( S − 2) 1  −6 −1.25 7.25 
V2 ( s ) = =  S + + 
S (3 S + 6 S +1) S + 1.82 S + 0.184 
2
3

Taking the inverse Laplace transform

1
v2 (t) =  −6−1.25 e −1.82 t + 7.25 e − 0.184 t  t ≥0
3

17-11
P17.6-4

1
KVL:
2
( i1 − v 1 ) + 2 v 2 + v 2 − v 1 = 0
KCL: i1 − v 1 = 4 v 1 + 2 v 2

 i1 − 5 v 1 v1 2
 i 1 = 3v 1 − 6 ⇒ z 11 = = Ω
i1 = 3v1 − 6 v 2   2 i1 9
 ⇒ 
i1 = 5 v1 + 2 v2  i = 5 i1 + 6 v 2 + 2 v ⇒ z = v 2 = − 1 Ω
1 3
2 21
i1 18


1 13
KVL: v 2 = 1 v1 + v1 + 5 v1 = v1
2 2

v2
KCL: i2 = + 5 v1 = 2 v 2 + 5 v1
12

 13  1
i 2 = 2  v1  + 5 v1 = 18 v1 ⇒ z 12 = Ω
2  18
and
2 
i 2 = 2 v 2 + 5  v 2  = 2.769 v1 ⇒ z 22 = 0.361 Ω
 13 

17-12
P17.6-5

v1
KCL: i1 + i 2 =
R1
KVL: − R 2 i 2 − b v1 + 0 − v1 = 0

Then
b +1  1 b +1 R 2 + R1 ( b + 1)
i2 = − v1 and i1 =  +  v1 = v1
R2  R1 R 2  R R
  1 2

so
i2 b +1 i1 R 2 + R1 ( b + 1)
y 21 = =− and y 11 = =
v1 R2 v1 R1 R 2

1
KVL: R 2 i1 + v 2 = 0 ⇒ i1 = − v2
R2

 1 
KCL: v 2 = R 3 ( i1 + i 2 ) = R 3  − v 2  + R3 i 2
 R2 
 

Then
i1 1  R3  i2 1 1
y 12 = =− and v 2 1 + = R3 i 2 ⇒ y 22 = = +
v2 R2  R 2  v2 R3 R 2
 

17-13
Section 17-7: Hybrid Transmission Parameters

17.7-1

V1 34 V1 5
B= = = 6.8 Ω since − I 2 = = V1
−I2 V2 = 0
5 2+ 4||10 34

I1 10+ 4 10
D= = = 1.4 since I2 = − I1
−I2 V2 = 0
10 10 + 4

V1 12 10
A= = = 1.2 since V2 = V1
V2 I2 =0
10 10+ 2

I1 1
C= = = 0.1 S
V2 I2 =0
10

17.7-2
V2 = 0
so
V1 = ( R i + R1 || R 2 ) I 1
therefore

V1
h11 = = R i + R1 || R 2 = 600 kΩ
I1
V2 = 0

KVL:
R1 Ri
I2 + I1 = −A I1
R1 + R 2 Ro
therefore
I Ri R1
h 21 = 2 = −( A + ) = −106
I1 Ro R1 + R 2
V2 = 0

17-14
 I 1 = 0 ⇒ vi = 0 ⇒ A vi = 0
so
V2
I2 =
R o ( R1 + R 2 )
therefore
I2 R o + R1 + R 2
h 22 = = = 10−3
V2 R o ( R1 + R 2 )
I 1 =0

Next,
R1
V1 = V2
R1 + R 2
therefore
V1 R1 1
h12 = = =
V2 R1 + R 2 2
I 1 =0

P17.7-3
Compare : to
V 2 = n V1 V1 = h11 I 1 + h12V 2
I 1 =−n I 2 I 2 = h 21 I 1 + h 22V 2

Then h11 = 0, h 22 = 0, h12 = 1 and h 21 = 1

n −n

P17.7-4
R2 R3
V1 = ( R1 + R 2 || R 3 ) I 1 ⇒ h11 = R1 +
R 2 +R 3
R2 R2
I2 = − I 1 ⇒ h 21 = −
R 2 +R 3 R 2 +R 3

V2 1
I2 = ⇒ h 22 =
R 2 +R 3 R 2 +R 3
R2 R2
V1 = V 2 ⇒ h12 =
R 2 +R 3 R 2 +R 3

17-15
P17.7-5

I 2 = 0.1 v and v = 950 I 1

so I 2 = 95 I 1

V1
h11 = = 50 + 950 = 1000 Ω
I1
V2 = 0

I2
h 21 = = 95
I1
V2 = 0

I1 = 0 ⇒ v = 0

V1
h12 = =0
V2
I1 = 0

I2
h 22 = = 10−4 S
V2
I1 = 0

Section 17-8: Relationships between Two-Port Parameters

P17.8-1
Start with
 I = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
Y parameters:  1 and H parameters: 
 I 2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2  I 2 = h 21 I1 + h 22 V2
Solve the Y parameter equations for V1 and I 2 to put them in the same form as the H parameter
equations.
−1
−Y11 V1 = I1 + Y12 V2  −Y 0  V   −1 Y12   − I1  V   −Y 0  −1 Y12   − I1 
⇒  11   1  =  ⇒  1  =  11 
−Y21 V1 + I 2 = Y22 V2  −Y21 1  I 2  0 Y22   V2   I 2   −Y21 1 
0
 Y22   V2 

 1  1 
Y12
− 0 −
 −1 Y12   Y11  −1 Y12   Y11 
−1
 −Y 0  Y11
∴ H =  11  0  =  Y   =
Y22   Y21

 −Y21 1   Y22   21  0 Y12Y21 
− Y 1 Y Y22 −
Y11 
 11   11

17-16
P17.8-2
 Z 22 Z 12   6 2 
 ∆Z − ∆Z  14 −14 
First ∆Z = (3)(6) − (2)(2) = 14 . Then Y =   = .
 − Z 21 Z 11   − 2 3
 ∆Z ∆Z   14 14 

P17.8-3
1 Y12 
Y −
Y11  10 −1 
First ∆Y = (0.1)(0.5) − (0.4)(0.1) = .01 S . Then H =  11  = .
 Y21 ∆Y   4 0.1
Y Y11 
 11

P17.8-4
 1 Y12 
 Y - Y   2 0.8 
First ∆Y = (0.5)(0.6) − (−0.4)(−0.4) S . Then H =  11 11
 =
 Y21 ∆Y   −0.8 0.28
Y Y11 
 11

Section17-9: Interconnection of Two-Port Networks

P17.9-1
Y12 = Y21 = − 1 S
3
4 − 1 
Y22 = 0 − Y21 = 1 S 3 3
3 Ya = 
− 1 1 
Y11 + Y12 = 1 S ⇒ Y11 = 4 S  3 3
3

Y12 = Y21 = −1 S 3 −1 
2
Y11 + Y12 = 1 S ⇒ Y11 = 3 S Yb =  
2 2  −1 4 
 3
Y21 +Y22 = 1 S ⇒ Y22 = 4 S
3 3

 ( 4 + 3 ) − 4  17 −4 
 3 2 3  6 3
Y= =
 −4 5   −4 5 
 3 3   3 3

17-17
P17.9-2
Admittance parameters: Transmission parameters:

 10 −6   8 44 
  6 6 
Y =  44 44  T= 
 −6 8   1 10 
 44 44   6 6 

 20 −12 
 
Yp = Y + Y =  44 44 
 −12 16 
 44 44 

108 792 
 36 36 
TC = T ⋅ T' =  
 18 144 
 36 36 

P17.9-3
1 
 s + s −s  G1 + G 2 −G 2 
Y =   +  
−s 1 
+s  −G 2 G 2 + G 3 
 s  

17-18
Verification Problems
VP 17-1

 75 
V1 = 50   I 2 = 15 I 2
 175+ 75 

V1
Z 12 = = 15 Ω
I2 I1 = 0

 1 1 
I1 =  +  V1 = 0.028 V1
 50 125 

V1
Y11 = = 28 mS
I1 V2 = 0

Y11 ≠ 24 mS, so the report is not correct.

VP 17-2

V1 = (2 + 0.2 s ) I1  Z 11 = 2 + 0.2 s =0.2 ( s +10)

⇒
V2 = (0.1 s) I1  Z 21 =0.1 s

Z 22 = 2 + 0.2 s and Z 12 = 0.1 s

∆Z = (2 + 0.2 s )(2 + 0.2 s ) − (0.1 s)(0.1 s) = 0.01(3 s 2 + 80 s + 40)

17-19
  Z11 ∆Z   2( s +10) 0.1(3 s 2 +80 s + 40) 
Z Z 21   
T= 
21
= s s 
 1 Z 22   2 ( s +10) 
Z 0.1 s
 21 Z 21   s 

This is not the transmission matrix given in the report.

Design Problems

DP 17-1

We will need to find R and R1 by trial and error. A Mathcad spreadsheet will help with
the calculations. Given the restrictions R ≤ 10 Ω and R1 ≤ 10 Ω we will start with
R = 10 Ω and R1 = 10 Ω :

R1 := 10 R := 10
14⋅ 20 14⋅ R R⋅ 20
Ra := Rb := Rc :=
14 + 20 + R 14 + 20 + R 14 + 20 + R

( Rb + 2) ⋅ ( Rc + 20)
Rin := R1 + Rin = 14.279
Rb + 2 + Rc + 20

The specifications cannot be satisfied. R and R1 are at their maximum values but
R in needs to be larger. Reducing either R or R1 will reduce R in .

17-20
DP 17-2
Need VA + VB for balance
R1 V R2 V
= (1)
R1 + R 3 R2 + R4
R3 V R4 V
= (2)
R1 + R 3 R2 + R4

R1 R 2
Dividing (1) by (2) yields: = .
R3 R 4

DP 17-3
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
and V2 = − I 2 R L ⇒ I 2 = h 21 I1 − h 22 R L I 2
I 2 = h 21 I1 + h 22 V2
Next
I2  1  IL I  1 
= h 21  ⇒ Ai = = − 2 = − h 21 
I1  1 + h 22 R L  I1 I1  1 + h 22 R L 
   
We require
 1  79  RL 
79 = 80   ⇒ 1 +  =1 ⇒ R L = 1.013 kΩ ≅ 1 kΩ
 1 + h 22 R L  80  80 × 103 
 
Next
V2
I2 = − = h 21 I1 + h 22 V2 ⇒ V2 (h 22 + 1/ RL ) = − h 21 I1
RL
Substituting this expression into the second hybrid equation gives:

h12 (−h 21 )
V1 = h11 I1 + I1
(h 22 + 1 )
RL
The input resistance is given by

R in ≈ h11 − h12 R L h 21 (since h 22 << 1 )

RL
Finally
R in = 45 − (5 ×10−4 )(103 )(80) = 5 Ω < 10 Ω

17-21
DP 17-4
4(12) 8(8)
Z 11 = 2 + = 5 Ω and Z 22 = =4Ω
4 + 12 8+8

 4  V
V2 = 8  I1  = 2 I1 ⇒ Z 21 = 2 =2Ω
 4 + 12  I1 I2 =0

Similarly Z 12 = 2 Ω

Thèvenin: Z T = Z 22 = 4 Ω so for maximum

power transfer, use R L =4 Ω

2
 Vs 
 
2
PRL =   = 89.3 W ⇒ Vs = 37.8 V
4

17-22
DP 17-5
The circuit consists of 4 cascaded stages. Represent each stage by a transmission matrix
using:

1 Z ( s )  1 0
T=  T=
0 1  Y ( s ) 1

 1   L1 s 
1 1
Ta =  C 1 s 

Tb =  L1 C 2 s + 1 

0 1  0 1 

 1 0  1 0

T =  C3 s
 Td =  1 
1 1
 L 2 C 3 s + 1   R L 

 L1 C 1 s C3 s L1 C 1 s 
1 + × 
L1 C 2 C 1 s + C 1 s R L L 2 C 3 s + R L
2
L1 C 2 C 1 s + C 1 s 
2

T = Ta Tb Tc Td = 
 C3 s 
 1 
 RL L2 C 3 s + RL 

17-23