Chapter 14, Solution 1.: = ω) (, where

Chapter 14, Solution 1.
Vo R jωRC
H (ω) = = =
Vi R + 1 jωC 1 + jωRC
jω ω 0 1
H (ω) = , where ω 0 =
1 + jω ω 0 RC
ω ω0 π ω
H = H (ω) = φ = ∠H (ω) = − tan -1  
1 + (ω ω0 ) 2 2  ω0 
This is a highpass filter. The frequency response is the same as that for P.P.14.1
except that ω0 = 1 RC . Thus, the sketches of H and φ are shown below.
H
1
0.7071
0 ω0 = 1/RC ω
90°
45°
0 ω0 = 1/RC ω
R 1 1 R
H (ω) = = = , where ω0 =
R + jωL 1 + jωL R 1 + jω ω 0 L
1 ω
H = H (ω) = φ = ∠H (ω) = - tan -1  
1 + (ω ω0 ) 2  ω0 
The frequency response is identical to the response in Example 14.1 except that
ω0 = R L . Hence the response is shown below.
1
0.7071
0 ω0 = R/L ω
φ
ω0 = R/L
0° ω
-45°
-90°
(a) The Thevenin impedance across the second capacitor where Vo is taken is
R
Z Th = R + R || 1 sC = R +
1 + sRC
1 sC Vi
VTh = Vi =
R + 1 sC 1 + sRC
ZTh
+
+ 1
VTh Vo
− sC
−
1 sC Vi
Vo = ⋅ VTh =
Z Th + 1 sC (1 + sRC)(1 + sCZ Th )
Vo 1 1
H (s) = = =
Vi (1 + sCZ Th )(1 + sRC) (1 + sRC)(1 + sRC + sRC (1 + sRC))
1
H (s) =
s R C + 3sRC + 1
2 2 2
(b) RC = (40 × 10 3 )(2 × 10 -6 ) = 80 × 10 -3 = 0.08
There are no zeros and the poles are at

- 0.383
s1 = = - 4.787
RC
- 2.617
s2 = = - 32.712
RC
1 R
(a) R || =
jωC 1 + jωRC
R
Vo 1 + jωRC R
H (ω) = = =
Vi R R + jωL (1 + jωRC)
jωL +
1 + jωRC
R
H (ω) =
- ω RLC + R + jωL
2
R + jωL jωC (R + jωL)

(b) H (ω) = =
R + jωL + 1 jωC 1 + jωC (R + jωL)
- ω 2 LC + jωRC
H (ω) =
1 − ω 2 LC + jωRC
Vo 1 jωC
(a) H (ω) = =
Vi R + jωL + 1 jωC
1
H (ω) =
1 + jωRC − ω 2 LC
1 R
(b) R || =
jωC 1 + jωRC
Vo jωL jωL (1 + jωRC)

H (ω) = = =
Vi jωL + R (1 + jωRC) R + jωL (1 + jωRC)
jωL − ω 2 RLC
H (ω) =
R + jωL − ω 2 RLC
(a) Using current division,

Io R
H (ω) = =
I i R + jωL + 1 jωC
jωRC jω (20)(0.25)
H (ω) = =
1 + jωRC − ω LC 1 + jω(20)(0.25) − ω2 (10)(0.25)
2
jω5
H (ω) =
1 + jω5 − 2.5 ω 2
(b) We apply nodal analysis to the circuit below.

0.5 Vx
Vx Io 1/jωC
+ −
Is R jωL
Vx Vx − 0.5Vx
Is = +
R jωL + 1 jωC
0.5 Vx
But Io = 
→ Vx = 2 I o ( jωL + 1 jωC)
jωL + 1 jωC
Is 1 0 .5
= +
Vx R jωL + 1 jωC
Is 1 1
= +
2 I o ( jωL + 1 jωC) R 2 ( jωL + 1 jωC)
I s 2 ( jωL + 1 jωC)
= +1
Io R
Io 1 jωRC
H (ω) = = =
I s 1 + 2 ( jωL + 1 jωC) R jωRC + 2 (1 − ω 2 LC)
jω
H (ω) =
jω + 2 (1 − ω2 0.25)
jω
H (ω) =
2 + jω − 0.5 ω 2
(a) 0.05 = 20 log10 H

2.5 × 10 -3 = log10 H
H = 10 2.5×10 = 1.005773
-3
(b) - 6.2 = 20 log10 H

- 0.31 = log10 H
H = 10 -0.31 = 0.4898
(c) 104.7 = 20 log10 H

5.235 = log10 H
H = 10 5.235 = 1.718 × 10 5
(a) H = 0.05
H dB = 20 log10 0.05 = - 26.02 , φ = 0°
(b) H = 125
H dB = 20 log10 125 = 41.94 , φ = 0°
j10
(c) H(1) = = 4.472∠63.43°
2+ j
H dB = 20 log10 4.472 = 13.01 , φ = 63.43°
3 6
(d) H(1) = + = 3.9 − j1.7 = 4.254∠ - 23.55°
1+ j 2 + j
H dB = 20 log10 4.254 = 12.577 , φ = - 23.55°
1
H (ω) =
(1 + jω)(1 + jω 10)
H dB = -20 log10 1 + jω − 20 log10 1 + jω / 10
φ = - tan -1 (ω) − tan -1 (ω / 10)
The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.
HdB
0.1 1 10 100 ω
1
20 log 10
-20 1 + jω / 10
1
20 log10
-40 1 + jω
φ
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-45° 1
arg
1 + jω / 10
-90°
1
arg
1 + jω
-135°
-180°
50 10
H( jω) = =
jω(5 + jω)  jω 
1 jω1 + 
 5 
HdB
40
20 log1
20
10
0.1 1 100 ω
 
 1   
-20 20 log  1
 20 log 
 jω   jω 
 1+ 
-40  5 
φ 1
0.1 10 100 ω
-45° 1
arg
1 + jω / 5
-90°
1
arg
-135° jω
-180°
5 (1 + jω 10)
H (ω) =
jω (1 + jω 2)
H dB = 20 log10 5 + 20 log10 1 + jω 10 − 20 log10 jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 2
φ = -90° + tan -1 ω 10 − tan -1 ω 2

HdB
40
34
20
14
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-20
-40
φ
90°
45°
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-45°
-90°
0.1(1 + jω )
T ( w) = , 20 log 0.1 = −20
jω (1 + jω / 10)
The plots are shown below.
|T| (db)
20
0 ω
0.1 1 10 100
-20
-40
arg T
90o
0 ω
0.1 1 10 100
-90o
1 + jω (1 10)(1 + jω)
G (ω) = =
( jω) (10 + jω) ( jω) 2 (1 + jω 10)
2
G dB = -20 + 20 log10 1 + jω − 40 log10 jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 10

φ = -180° + tan -1ω − tan -1 ω 10

GdB
40
20
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-20
-40
90°
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-90°
-180°
50 1 + jω
H (ω) =
25  jω10  jω  2 
jω1 + +   
 25  5  
H dB = 20 log10 2 + 20 log10 1 + jω − 20 log10 jω
− 20 log10 1 + jω2 5 + ( jω 5) 2
 ω10 25 
φ = -90° + tan -1 ω − tan -1  
1 − ω2 5 
HdB
40
26
20
6
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-20
-40
90°
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-90°
-180°
40 (1 + jω) 2 (1 + jω)
H (ω) = =
(2 + jω)(10 + jω) (1 + jω 2)(1 + jω 10)
H dB = 20 log10 2 + 20 log10 1 + jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 2 − 20 log10 1 + jω 10
φ = tan -1 ω − tan -1 ω 2 − tan -1 ω 10
HdB
40
20
6
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-20
-40
φ
90°
45°
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-45°
-90°
jω
G (ω) =
2
 jω 
100(1 + jω)1 + 
 10 
GdB
20 log jω
20
0.1 1 10 100
jω ω
− 40 log
-20 10
-40
20 log(1/100)
-60
φ
arg(jω)
90°
ω
0.1 1 10 100
1
-90° 1 arg
arg 1 + jω
2
 jω 
-180° 1 + 
 10 
(1 4) jω
G (ω) =
(1 + jω)(1 + jω 2) 2
G dB = -20log10 4 + 20 log10 jω − 20 log10 1 + jω − 40 log10 1 + jω 2
φ = -90° - tan -1ω − 2 tan -1 ω 2

GdB
20
0.1 1 10 100
-12 ω
-20
-40
φ
90°
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-90°
-180°
4 (1 + jω 2) 2
G (ω) =
50 jω (1 + jω 5)(1 + jω 10)
G dB = 20 log10 4 50 + 40 log10 1 + jω 2 − 20 log10 jω
− 20 log10 1 + jω 5 − 20 log10 1 + jω 10
where 20 log10 4 50 = -21.94
φ = -90° + 2 tan -1 ω 2 − tan -1 ω 5 − tan -1 ω 10

GdB
20
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-20
-40
-60
180°
90°
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-90°
jω
H (ω) =
100 (1 + jω 10 − ω2 100)
H dB = 20 log10 jω − 20 log10 100 − 20 log10 1 + jω 10 − ω2 100
 ω 10 
φ = 90° − tan -1  
1 − ω2 100 
HdB
40
20
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-20
-40
-60
φ
90°
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-90°
-180°
10 (1 + jω − ω2 )
N(ω) =
(1 + jω)(1 + jω 10)
N dB = 20 − 20 log10 1 + jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 10 + 20 log10 1 + jω − ω2
 ω 
φ = tan -1   − tan -1 ω − tan -1 ω 10
1 − ω2 
NdB
40
20
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-20
-40
180°
90°
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-90°
jω (1 + jω)
T(ω) =
100 (1 + jω 10)(1 + jω 10 − ω2 100)
TdB = 20 log10 jω + 20 log10 1 + jω − 20 log10 100

− 20 log10 1 + jω 10 − 20 log10 1 + jω 10 − ω2 100
 ω 10 
φ = 90° + tan -1 ω − tan -1 ω 10 − tan -1  
1 − ω2 100 
TdB
20
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-20
-40
-60
φ
180°
90°
0.1 1 10 100 ω
-90°
-180°
20 = 20 log10 k 
→ k = 10
A zero of slope + 20 dB / dec at ω = 2 

→ 1 + jω 2
1
A pole of slope - 20 dB / dec at ω = 20 
→
1 + jω 20
1
→
1 + jω 100
Hence,
10 (1 + jω 2)
H (ω) =
(1 + jω 20)(1 + jω 100)
10 4 ( 2 + jω)
H (ω) =
( 20 + jω)(100 + jω)
A zero of slope + 20 dB / dec at the origin 

→ jω
1
→
1 + jω 1
1
→
(1 + jω 10) 2
Hence,
jω
H (ω) =
(1 + jω)(1 + jω 10) 2
100 jω
H (ω) =
(1 + jω)(10 + jω) 2
The phase plot is decomposed as shown below.
φ
90°
arg (1 + jω / 10)
45°
0.1 1 10 100 1000 ω

-45° arg ( jω)  1 
arg  
1 + jω / 100 
-90°
k ′ (1 + jω 10) k ′ (10)(10 + jω)
G (ω) = =
jω (1 + jω 100) jω (100 + jω)
where k ′ is a constant since arg k ′ = 0 .
k (10 + jω)
Hence, G (ω) = , where k = 10k ′ is constant
jω (100 + jω)
1 1
ω0 = = = 5 krad / s
LC (40 × 10 -3 )(1 × 10 -6 )
Z(ω0 ) = R = 2 kΩ
 ω0 4 
Z(ω0 4) = R + j  L − 
 4 ω0 C 
 5 × 10 3 4 
Z(ω0 4) = 2000 + j  ⋅ 40 × 10 -3 − 
 4 (5 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -6 ) 
Z(ω0 4) = 2000 + j (50 − 4000 5)
Z(ω0 4) = 2 − j0.75 kΩ
 ω0 2 
Z(ω0 2) = R + j  L − 
 2 ω0 C 
 (5 × 10 3 ) 2 
Z(ω0 2) = 2000 + j  (40 × 10 -3 ) − 
 2 (5 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -6 ) 
Z(ω0 4) = 2000 + j (100 − 2000 5)
Z(ω0 2) = 2 − j0.3 kΩ
 1 
Z(2ω0 ) = R + j  2ω0 L − 
 2ω0 C 
 1 
Z(2ω0 ) = 2000 + j  (2)(5 × 10 3 )(40 × 10 -3 ) − 
 (2)(5 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -6 ) 
Z(2ω0 ) = 2 + j0.3 kΩ
 1 
Z(4ω0 ) = R + j  4ω0 L − 
 4ω0 C 
 1 
Z(4ω0 ) = 2000 + j  (4)(5 × 10 3 )(40 × 10 -3 ) − 
 (4)(5 × 10 )(1 × 10 ) 
3 -6
Z(4ω0 ) = 2 + j0.75 kΩ
1 1
(a) fo = = = 22.51 kHz
2π LC 2π 5 x10 −9 x10 x10 −3
R 100
(b) B= = = 10 krad/s
L 10 x10 −3
ωo L 1 L 10 6 10 x10 −3
(c ) Q= = = 3
= 14.142
R LC R 50 0.1x10
At resonance,
1
Z = R = 10 Ω , ω0 =
LC
R ω 0 ω0 L
B= and Q= =
L B R
Hence,
RQ (10)(80)
L= = = 16 H
ω0 50
1 1
C= = = 25 µF
ω0 L (50) 2 (16)
2
R 10
B= = = 0.625 rad / s
L 16
Therefore,
R = 10 Ω , L = 16 H , C = 25 µF , B = 0.625 rad / s
Let R = 10 Ω .
R 10
L= = = 0.5 H
B 20
1 1
C= = = 2 µF
ω0 L (1000) 2 (0.5)
2
ω0 1000
Q= = = 50
B 20
Therefore, if R = 10 Ω then
L = 0.5 H , C = 2 µF , Q = 50
jω 1/jω
Z
1 jω
1 jω
Z = jω + +
j ω 1 + jω
 1  ω 2 + jω
Z = j ω −  +
 ω  1 + ω2
Since v( t ) and i( t ) are in phase,

1 ω
Im(Z) = 0 = ω − +
ω 1 + ω2
ω4 + ω2 − 1 = 0
-1 ± 1+ 4
ω2 = = 0.618
2
ω = 0.7861 rad / s
Select R = 10 Ω .
R 10
L= = = 0.05 H = 5 mH
ω0 Q (10)(20)
1 1
C= = = 0.2 F
ω0 L (100)(0.05)
2
1 1
B= = = 0.5 rad / s
RC (10)(0.2)
Therefore, if R = 10 Ω then
L = 5 mH , C = 0.2 F , B = 0.5 rad / s
XL
X L = ωL → L=
ω
R ωR 2πx10 x10 6 x 5.6 x10 3

B= = = = 8.796 x10 6 rad/s
L XL 3
40 x10
Since Q > 10 ,
B B
ω1 = ω0 − , ω 2 = ω0 +
2 2
ω0 6 × 10 6
B= = = 50 krad / s
Q 120
ω1 = 6 − 0.025 = 5.975 × 10 6 rad / s
ω2 = 6 + 0.025 = 6.025 × 10 6 rad / s
Q 80
Q = ωo RC → C= = = 56.84 pF
2πf o R 2πx5.6x10 6 x 40x10 3
R R 40 x10 3
Q= → L= = = 14.21 µH
ωo L 2πf o Q 2πx 5.6 x10 6 x80
1 1
(a) ωo = = = 1.443 krad/s
LC −3 −6
8x10 x 60x10
1 1
(b) B= = = 3.33 rad/s
RC 5x10 3 x 60x10 − 6
(c) Q = ωo RC = 1.443x10 3 x 5x10 3 x 60x10 −6 = 432.9

At resonance,
1 1 1
Y= 
→ R = = = 40 Ω
R Y 25 × 10 -3
Q 80
Q = ω0 RC 
→ C = = = 10 µF
ω0 R (200 × 10 3 )(40)
1 1 1
ω0 = 
→ L = = = 2.5 µH
LC ω0 C (4 × 10 )(10 × 10 -6 )
2 10
ω0 200 × 10 3
B= = = 2.5 krad / s
Q 80
B
ω1 = ω0 − = 200 − 2.5 = 197.5 krad / s
2
B
ω1 = ω0 + = 200 + 2.5 = 202.5 krad / s
2
1
ω0 = = 5000 rad / s
LC
1
Y(ω0 ) = 
→ Z(ω0 ) = R = 2 kΩ
R
1  ω0 4 
Y(ω0 4) = + j C−  = 0.5 − j18.75 kS
R  4 ω0 L 
1
Z(ω0 4) = = 1.4212 + j53.3 Ω
0.0005 − j0.01875
1  ω0 2 
Y(ω0 2) = + j C−  = 0.5 − j7.5 kS
R  2 ω0 L 
1
Z(ω0 2) = = 8.85 + j132.74 Ω
0.0005 − j0.0075
1  1 
Y(2ω0 ) = + j  2ω0 L −  = 0.5 + j7.5 kS
R  2ω0 C 
Z(2ω0 ) = 8.85 − j132.74 Ω
1  1 
Y(4ω0 ) = + j  4ω0 L −  = 0.5 + j18.75 kS
R  4ω0 C 
Z(4ω0 ) = 1.4212 − j53.3 Ω
1 L  1 
jωL(R +  + jωLR  R + j(ωL −
) )
1 jω C C   ωC 
Z = jωL //( R + )= =
jωC 1 1 2
R+ + jω L R 2 + ( ωL − )
jω C ωC
L 1 
ωLR 2 +  ωL − 
C ωC 
Im(Z) = =0 
→ ω 2 ( R 2 C 2 + LC) = 1
2 1 2
R + ( ωL − )
ωC
Thus,
1
ω=
LC + R 2 C 2
1 R − jωL
Y + jωC = jωC + 2
R + jωL R + ω2 L2
At resonance, Im(Y) = 0 , i.e.

ω0 L
ω0 C − =0
R 2 + ω02 L2
L
R 2 + ω02 L2 =
C
2
1 R2 1  50 
ω0 = − = -6 −
 
LC L2 (40 × 10 )(10 × 10 )  40 × 10 -3 
-3
ω0 = 4841 rad / s
(a) B = ω 2 − ω1 = 2π(f 2 − f1 ) = 2π(90 − 86) x10 3 = 8πkrad / s
1
ωo = (ω1 + ω 2 ) = 2π(88) x10 3 = 176π
2
1 1 1
B= 
→ C= = = 19.89nF
RC BR 8πx10 3 x 2x10 3
1 1 1
(b) ωo = 
→ L= = = 164.4H
LC ω2 o C (176π) 2 x19.89x10 − 9
(c ) ωo = 176π = 552.9krad / s
(d) B = 8π = 25.13krad / s
ωo 176π
(e) Q= = = 22
B 8π
(a) L = 5 + 10 = 15 mH
1 1
ω0 = = = 1.8257 k rad/sec
LC −3 −6
15x10 x 20x10
Q = ω0 RC = 1.8257 x10 3 x 25x10 3 x 20x10 −6 = 912.8
1 1
B= = = 2 rad
RC 25x10 20x10 −6
3
(b) To increase B by 100% means that B’ = 4.
1 1
C′ = = = 10 µF
RB′ 25x10 3 x 4
C1C 2
Since C′ = = 10µF and C1 = 20 µF, we then obtain C2 = 20 µF.
C1 + C 2
Therefore, to increase the bandwidth, we merely add another 20 µF in

series with the first one.
(a) This is a series RLC circuit.
R = 2+ 6 = 8Ω, L =1H, C = 0.4 F
1 1
ω0 = = = 1.5811 rad / s
LC 0.4
ω 0 L 1.5811
Q= = = 0.1976
R 8
R
B= = 8 rad / s
L
(b) This is a parallel RLC circuit.
(3)(6)
3 µF and 6 µF 
→ = 2 µF
3+ 6
C = 2 µF , R = 2 kΩ , L = 20 mH
1 1
ω0 = = = 5 krad / s
LC (2 × 10 -6 )(20 × 10 -3 )
R 2 × 10 3
Q= = = 20
ω0 L (5 × 10 3 )(20 × 10 -3 )
1 1
B= = = 250 krad / s
RC (2 × 10 )(2 × 10 -6 )
3
(a) Z in = (1 jωC) || (R + jωL)
R + jωL
jωC R + jωL
Z in = =
1 1 − ω2 LC + jωRC
R + jωL +
jωC
(R + jωL)(1 − ω2 LC − jωRC)
Z in =
(1 − ω2 LC) 2 + ω2 R 2 C 2
At resonance, Im(Z in ) = 0 , i.e.

0 = ωL(1 − ω2 LC) − ωR 2 C
ω2 LC = L − R 2 C
L − R 2C 1 R2
ω0 = = −
LC C L
(b) Z in = jωL || (R + 1 jωC)
jωL (R + 1 jωC) jωL (1 + jωRC)

Z in = =
R + jωL + 1 jωC (1 − ω2 LC) + jωRC
(-ω2 RLC + jωL) [(1 − ω2 LC) − jωRC]

Z in =
(1 − ω2 LC) 2 + ω2 R 2 C 2

0 = ωL (1 − ω2 LC) + ω3 R 2 C 2 L
ω2 (LC − R 2 C 2 ) = 1
1
ω0 =
LC − R 2 C 2
(c) Z in = R || ( jωL + 1 jωC)
R ( jωL + 1 jωC) R (1 − ω2 LC)

Z in = =
R + jωL + 1 jωC (1 − ω 2 LC) + jωRC
R (1 − ω2 LC)[(1 − ω2 LC) − jωRC]
Z in =
(1 − ω2 LC) 2 + ω2 R 2 C 2

0 = R (1 − ω2 LC) ωRC
1 − ω2 LC = 0
1
ω0 =
LC
Consider the circuit below.
1/jωC
Zin
R1 jωL R2
(a) Z in = (R 1 || jωL) || (R 2 + 1 jωC)
 R 1 jωL   1 
Z in =   ||  R 2 + 
 R 1 + jωL   jωC 
jωR 1 L  1 
⋅ R 2 + 
R 1 + jωL  jωC 
Z in =
1 jR 1ωL
R2 + +
jωC R 1 + jωL
jωR 1 L (1 + jωR 2 C)
Z in =
(R 1 + jωL)(1 + jωR 2 C) − ω2 LCR 1
- ω2 R 1 R 2 LC + jωR 1 L
Z in =
R 1 − ω2 LCR 1 − ω2 LCR 2 + jω (L + R 1 R 2 C)
(-ω2 R 1 R 2 LC + jωR 1 L)[R 1 − ω2 LCR 1 − ω2 LCR 2 − jω (L + R 1 R 2 C)]

Z in =
(R 1 − ω2 LCR 1 − ω2 LCR 2 ) 2 + ω2 (L + R 1 R 2 C) 2

0 = ω3 R 1 R 2 LC (L + R 1 R 2 C) + ωR 1 L (R 1 − ω2 LCR 1 − ω2 LCR 2 )
0 = ω3 R 12 R 22 LC 2 + R 12 ωL − ω3 R 12 L2 C
0 = ω2 R 22 C 2 + 1 − ω2 LC
ω2 (LC − R 22 C 2 ) = 1
1
ω0 =
LC − R 22 C 2
1
ω0 =
(0.02)(9 × 10 -6 ) − (0.1) 2 (9 × 10 -6 ) 2
ω0 = 2.357 krad / s
(b) At ω = ω0 = 2.357 krad / s ,

jωL = j(2.357 × 10 3 )(20 × 10 -3 ) = j47.14
j47.14
R 1 || jωL = = 0.9996 + j0.0212
1 + j47.14
1 1
R2 + = 0.1 + = 0.1 − j47.14
jωC j (2.357 × 10 3 )(9 × 10 -6 )
Z in (ω0 ) = (R 1 || jωL) || (R 2 + 1 jωC)

(0.9996 + j0.0212)(0.1 − j47.14)
Z in (ω0 ) =
(0.9996 + j0.0212) + (0.1 − j47.14)
Z in (ω0 ) = 1 Ω
We find the input impedance of the circuit shown below.
1
Z
jω(2/3) 1/jω
1/jωC
1 3 1
= + jω + , ω=1
Z jω2 1 + 1 jωC
1 jC C 2 + jC
= -j1.5 + j + = -j0.5 +
Z 1 + jC 1+ C2
v( t ) and i( t ) are in phase when Z is purely real, i.e.
C
0 = -0.5 + 
→ (C − 1) 2 = 1 or C = 1F
1 + C2
1 C2 1
= 2 = 
→ Z = 2 Ω
Z 1+ C 2
V = Z I = (2)(10) = 20
v( t ) = 20 sin( t ) V , i.e. Vo = 20 V
jω 1 1 jω 1
(a) 1 || jω = , 1 || = =
1 + jω jω 1 + 1 jω 1 + jω
Transform the current source gives the circuit below.
jω 1 +
jω + 1
I 1 + jω Vo
1 + jω − 1 + jω
−
1
1 + jω jω
Vo = ⋅ I
1 jω 1 + j ω
1+ +
1 + jω 1 + jω
Vo jω
H (ω) = =
I 2 (1 + jω) 2
1
(b) H (1) =
2 (1 + j) 2
1
H (1) = = 0.25
2 ( 2)2
(a) This is an RLC series circuit.
1 1 1
ωo = → C= = = 11.26nF
LC ω2 o L (2πx15x10 3 ) 2 x10 x10 −3
(b) Z = R, I = V/Z = 120/20 = 6 A
ωo L 2πx15x10 3 x10 x10 −3

(c ) Q= = = 15π = 47.12
R 20
Vo R 1
H (ω) = = =
Vi R + jωL 1 + jωL R
H(0) = 1 and H(∞) = 0 showing that this circuit is a lowpass filter.

1
At the corner frequency, H(ωc ) = , i.e.
2
1 1 ωc L R
= 
→ 1 = or ωc =
2 ωc L 
2 R L
1+  
 R 
Hence,
R
ωc = = 2πf c
L
1 R 1 10 × 10 3
fc = ⋅ = ⋅ = 796 kHz
2π L 2π 2 × 10 -3
1
R ||
jωC
H (ω) =
1
jωL + R ||
jωC
R jωC
R + 1 jωC
H (ω) =
R jωC
jωL +
R + 1 jωC
R
H (ω) =
R + jωL − ω 2 RLC
H(0) = 1 and H(∞) = 0 showing that this circuit is a lowpass filter.

4
At dc, H(0) = = 2.
2
1 2
Hence, H(ω) = H(0) =
2 2
2 4
=
2 4 + 100ωc2
4 + 100ωc2 = 8 
→ ωc = 0.2
4 2
H(2) = =
2 + j20 1 + j10
2
H(2) = = 0.199
101
In dB, 20 log10 H(2) = - 14.023
arg H(2) = -tan -110 = - 84.3°
Vo jωL
H (ω) = =
Vi R + jωL
H(0) = 0 and H(∞) = 1 showing that this circuit is a highpass filter.
1 1 R
H (ωc ) = = 
→ 1 =
2  R 
2 ωc L
1+  
 ωc L 
R
or ωc = = 2πf c
L
1 R 1 200
fc = ⋅ = ⋅ = 318.3 Hz
2π L 2π 0.1
jωRC jω
H ′(ω) = = (from Eq. 14.52)
1 + jωRC jω + 1 RC
This has a unity passband gain, i.e. H(∞) = 1 .

1
= ωc = 50
RC
j10ω
H ^ (ω) = 10 H ′(ω) =
50 + jω
j10ω
H (ω) =
50 + jω
Chapter 14, Problem 52.
Design an RL lowpass filter that uses a 40-mH coil and has a cut-off frequency of
5 kHz.
R
ωc = = 2πf c
L
R = 2πf c L = (2π)(10 5 )(40 × 10 -3 ) = 25.13 kΩ
ω1 = 2πf 1 = 20π × 10 3
ω2 = 2πf 2 = 22π × 10 3
B = ω2 − ω1 = 2π × 10 3
ω2 + ω1
ω0 = = 21π × 10 3
2
ω0 21π
Q= = = 11.5
B 2π
1 1
ω0 = 
→ L =
LC ω02 C
1
L= = 2.872 H
(21π × 10 ) (80 × 10 -12 )
3 2
R
B= 
→ R = BL
L
R = (2π × 10 3 )(2.872) = 18.045 kΩ
1 1 1
ωc = 2πf c = → R= = = 265.3kΩ
RC 2πf c C 2πx 2x10 x300x10 −12
3
1 1
ωo = = = 10 krad / s
LC (25 × 10 )(0.4 × 10 − 6 )
−3
R 10
B= = = 0.4 krad / s
L 25 × 10 -3
10
Q= = 25
0.4
9.8
ω1 = ωo − B 2 = 10 − 0.2 = 9.8 krad / s or f1 = = 1.56 kHz
2π
10.2
ω2 = ωo + B 2 = 10 + 0.2 = 10.2 krad / s or f2 = = 1.62 kHz
2π
Therefore,
1.56 kHz < f < 1.62 kHz
(a) From Eq 14.54,

R
s
R sRC L
H (s) = = =
1 1 + sRC + s LC
2
R 1
R + sL + s2 + s +
sC L LC
R 1
Since B = and ω0 = ,
L LC
sB
H (s) =
s + sB + ω02
2
(b) From Eq. 14.56,

1 1
sL + s2 +
sC LC
H (s) = =
1 R 1
R + sL + s2 + s +
sC L LC
s 2 + ω02
H (s) =
s 2 + sB + ω02
(a) Consider the circuit below.
I R I1 1/sC
+
+
Vs 1/sC R Vo
−
−
1  1
R + 
1  1 sC  sC 
Z(s) = R + ||  R +  = R +
sC  sC  2
R+
sC
1 + sRC
Z(s) = R +
sC (2 + sRC)
1 + 3sRC + s 2 R 2 C 2
Z(s) =
sC (2 + sRC)
Vs
I=
Z
1 sC Vs
I1 = I=
2 sC + R Z (2 + sRC)
R Vs sC (2 + sRC)
Vo = I 1 R = ⋅
2 + sRC 1 + 3sRC + s 2 R 2 C 2
Vo sRC
H (s) = =
Vs 1 + 3sRC + s 2 R 2 C 2
 3 
1  s 
RC
H (s) =  
3 2 3 1
s + s+ 2 2 
 RC R C 
1 1
Thus, ω02 = or ω0 = = 1 rad / s
R C2
2
RC
3
B= = 3 rad / s
RC
(b) Similarly,
R (R + sL)
Z(s) = sL + R || (R + sL) = sL +
2R + sL
R 2 + 3sRL + s 2 L2
Z(s) =
2R + sL
Vs R R Vs
I= , I1 = I=
Z 2R + sL Z (2R + sL)
sLR Vs 2R + sL
Vo = I 1 ⋅ sL = ⋅ 2
2R + sL R + 3sRL + s 2 L2
1  3R 
 s
Vo sRL 3 L 
H (s) = = =
Vs R 2 + 3sRL + s 2 L2 3R R2
s +
2
s+ 2
L L
R
Thus, ω0 = = 1 rad / s
L
3R
B= = 3 rad / s
L
1 1
(a) ω0 = = = 0.5 × 10 6 rad / s
LC (0.1)(40 × 10 -12 )
R 2 × 10 3
(b) B= = = 2 × 10 4
L 0 .1
ω0 0.5 × 10 6
Q= = = 250
B 2 × 10 4
As a high Q circuit,
B
ω1 = ω0 − = 10 4 (50 − 1) = 490 krad / s
2
B
ω 2 = ω0 + = 10 4 (50 + 1) = 510 krad / s
2
(c) As seen in part (b), Q = 250

Consider the circuit below.

Ro
+
1/sC
+
Vi R Vo
−
sL
−
 1  R (sL + 1 sC)
Z(s) = R || sL +  =
 sC  R + sL + 1 sC
R (1 + s 2 LC)
Z(s) =
1 + sRC + s 2 LC
Vo Z R (1 + s 2 LC)
H= = =
Vi Z + R o R o + sRR o C + s 2 LCR o + R + s 2 LCR
R (1 + s 2 LC)
Z in = R o + Z = R o +
1 + sRC + s 2 LC
R o + sRR o C + s 2 LCR o + R + s 2 LCR

Z in =
1 + sRC + s 2 LC
s = jω
R o + jωRR o C − ω2 LCR o + R − ω2 LCR
Z in =
1 − ω2 LC + jωRC
(R o + R − ω2 LCR o − ω2 LCR + jωRR o C)(1 − ω 2 LC − jωRC)

Z in =
(1 − ω2 LC) 2 + (ωRC) 2
Im(Z in ) = 0 implies that
- ωRC [R o + R − ω2 LCR o − ω2 LCR ] + ωRR o C (1 − ω2 LC) = 0

R o + R − ω2 LCR o − ω2 LCR − R o + ω2 LCR o = 0
ω2 LCR = R
1 1
ω0 = = = 15.811 krad / s
LC (1 × 10 )(4 × 10 -6 )
-3
R (1 − ω2 LC)
H=
R o + jωRR o C + R − ω2 LCR o − ω2 LCR
R
H max = H(0) =
Ro + R
 1 
R  2 − LC 
or H max = H(∞) = lim ω  =
R
ω→ ∞ R o + R RR o C
+j − LC (R + R o ) R + R o
ω 2
ω
1
At ω1 and ω2 , H = H mzx
2
R R (1 − ω2 LC)
=
2 (R o + R ) R o + R − ω 2 LC (R o + R ) + jωRR o C
1 (R o + R )(1 − ω2 LC)
=
2 (ωRR o C) 2 + (R o + R − ω2 LC(R o + R )) 2
1 10 (1 − ω2 ⋅ 4 × 10 -9 )
=
2 (96 × 10 -6 ω) 2 + (10 − ω2 ⋅ 4 × 10 -8 ) 2
10 (1 − ω2 ⋅ 4 × 10 -9 ) 1
0= −
(96 × 10 -6 ω) 2 + (10 − ω2 ⋅ 4 × 10 -8 ) 2 2
(10 − ω2 ⋅ 4 × 10 -8 )( 2 ) − (96 × 10 -6 ω) 2 + (10 − ω2 ⋅ 4 × 10 -8 ) 2 = 0
(2)(10 − ω2 ⋅ 4 × 10 -8 ) 2 = (96 × 10 -6 ω) 2 + (10 − ω2 ⋅ 4 × 10 -8 ) 2
(96 × 10 -6 ω) 2 − (10 − ω2 ⋅ 4 × 10 -8 ) 2 = 0
1.6 × 10 -15 ω4 − 8.092 × 10 -7 ω2 + 100 = 0

ω4 − 5.058 × 10 8 + 6.25 × 1016 = 0
 2.9109 × 10 8
ω2 = 
 2.1471 × 10 8
Hence,
ω1 = 14.653 krad / s
ω2 = 17.061 krad / s
B = ω2 − ω1 = 17.061 − 14.653 = 2.408 krad / s
1 jωC
(a) V+ = V, V− = Vo
R + 1 jωC i
Since V+ = V− ,
1
V = Vo
1 + jωRC i
Vo 1
H (ω) = =
Vi 1 + jωRC
R
(b) V+ = V, V− = Vo
R + 1 jωC i
Since V+ = V− ,
jωRC
V = Vo
1 + jωRC i
Vo jωRC
H (ω) = =
Vi 1 + jωRC
This is a highpass filter.
jωRC 1
H (ω) = =
1 + jωRC 1 − j ωRC
1 1
H (ω) = , ωc = = 2π (1000)
1 − j ωc ω RC
1 1
H (ω) = =
1 − j f c f 1 − j1000 f
1 Vo
(a) H (f = 200 Hz) = =
1 − j5 Vi
120 mV
Vo = = 23.53 mV
1 − j5
1 Vo
(b) H (f = 2 kHz) = =
1 − j0.5 Vi
120 mV
Vo = = 107.3 mV
1 − j0.5
1 Vo
(c) H (f = 10 kHz) = =
1 − j0.1 Vi
120 mV
Vo = = 119.4 mV
1 − j0.1
For an active highpass filter,
sC i R f
H (s) = − (1)
1 + sC i R i
But
10s
H(s) = − (2)
1 + s / 10
Comparing (1) and (2) leads to:
10
C i R f = 10 
→ Rf = = 10MΩ
Ci
0.1
C i R i = 0.1 → Ri = = 100kΩ
Ci
1 Rf
Z f = R f || =
jωC f 1 + jωR f C f
1 1 + jωR i C i
Zi = R i + =
jωC i jωC i
Hence,
Vo - Z f - jωR f C i
H (ω) = = =
Vi Zi (1 + jωR f C f )(1 + jωR i C i )
This is a bandpass filter. H(ω) is similar to the product of the transfer function
of a lowpass filter and a highpass filter.
R jωRC
V+ = Vi = V
R + 1 jωC 1 + jωRC i
Ri
V− = V
Ri + Rf o
Since V+ = V− ,
Ri jωRC
Vo = V
Ri + Rf 1 + jωRC i
Vo  R f   jωRC 
H (ω) = = 1 +  
Vi  R i   1 + jωRC 
Rf 1
It is evident that as ω → ∞ , the gain is 1 + and that the corner frequency is .
Ri RC
(a) Proof
(b) When R 1 R 4 = R 2 R 3 ,
R4 s
H (s) = ⋅
R 3 + R 4 s + 1 R 2C
(c) When R 3 → ∞ ,
- 1 R 1C
H (s) =
s + 1 R 2C
Rf 1
DC gain = = 
→ R i = 4R f
Ri 4
1
Corner frequency = ωc = = 2π (500) rad / s
R f Cf
If we select R f = 20 kΩ , then R i = 80 kΩ and
1
C= = 15.915 nF
(2π)(500)(20 × 10 3 )
Therefore, if R f = 20 kΩ , then R i = 80 kΩ and C = 15.915 nF

Rf
High frequency gain = 5 = 
→ R f = 5R i
Ri
1
Corner frequency = ωc = = 2π (200) rad / s
R i Ci
If we select R i = 20 kΩ , then R f = 100 kΩ and
1
C= = 39.8 nF
(2π)(200)(20 × 10 3 )
Therefore, if R i = 20 kΩ , then R f = 100 kΩ and C = 39.8 nF
This is a highpass filter with f c = 2 kHz.

1
ωc = 2πf c =
RC
1 1
RC = =
2πf c 4π × 103
10 8 Hz may be regarded as high frequency. Hence the high-frequency gain is

− R f − 10
= or R f = 2 .5 R
R 4
1
If we let R = 10 kΩ , then R f = 25 kΩ , and C = = 7.96 nF .
4000π × 10 4
Vo (s) Y1 Y2
(a) H (s) = =
Vi (s) Y1 Y2 + Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
1 1
where Y1 = = G 1 , Y2 = = G 2 , Y3 = sC1 , Y4 = sC 2 .
R1 R2
G 1G 2
H (s) =
G 1 G 2 + sC 2 (G 1 + G 2 + sC1 )
G 1G 2
(b) H ( 0) = = 1, H(∞) = 0
G 1G 2
showing that this circuit is a lowpass filter.
R = 50 Ω , L = 40 mH , C = 1 µF
Km Km
L′ = L 
→ 1 = ⋅ (40 × 10 -3 )
Kf Kf
25K f = K m (1)
C 10 -6
C′ = 
→ 1 =
KmKf KmKf
1
10 6 K f = (2)
Km
Substituting (1) into (2),

1
10 6 K f =
25K f
K f = 0.2 × 10 -3
K m = 25K f = 5 × 10 -3
LC LC
L′C′ = 
→ K f2 =
K f2 L ′C′
(4 × 10 -3 )(20 × 10 -6 )
K =
2
f = 4 × 10 -8
(1)(2)
K f = 2 × 10 -4
L′ L 2 L′ C
= K 
→ K 2m = ⋅
C′ C m C′ L
(1)(20 × 10 -6 )
K =
2
= 2.5 × 10 -3
m
(2)(4 × 10 -3 )
K m = 5 × 10 -2
R ′ = K m R = (12)(800 × 10 3 ) = 9.6 MΩ
Km 800
L′ = L= (40 × 10 -6 ) = 32 µF
Kf 1000
C 300 × 10 -9
C′ = = = 0.375 pF
K m K f (800)(1000)
R '1 = K m R 1 = 3x100 = 300Ω
R ' 2 = K m R 2 = 10 x100 = 1 kΩ
Km 10 2
L' = L= (2) = 200 µH
Kf 10 6
1
C
C' = = 10 = 1 nF
K m K f 108
R ' = K m R = 20 x10 = 200 Ω
Km 10
L' = L= (4) = 400 µH
Kf 10 5
C 1
C' = = = 1 µF
K m K f 10x10 5
50 x10 3
R ' = K m R = 50 x10 3 → R= = 50 Ω
10 3
Km 10 6
L' = L = 10 µH → L = 10 x10 −6 x = 10 mH
Kf 10 3
C
C' = 40 pF = → C = 40 x10 −12 x10 3 x10 6 = 40 mF
KmKf
L and C are needed before scaling.
R R 10
B= 
→ L = = =2H
L B 5
1 1 1
ω0 = 
→ C = = = 312.5 µF
LC ω0 L (1600)(2)
2
(a) L′ = K m L = (600)(2) = 1200 H
C 3.125 × 10 -4
C′ = = = 0.5208 µF
Km 600
L 2
(b) L′ = = 3 = 2 mH
K f 10
C 3.125 × 10 -4
C′ = = = 312.5 nF
Kf 10 3
Km (400)(2)
(c) L′ = L= = 8 mH
Kf 10 5
C 3.125 × 10 -4
C′ = = = 7.81 pF
KmKf (400)(10 5 )
R ′ = K m R = (1000)(1) = 1 kΩ
Km 10 3
L′ = L = 4 (1) = 0.1 H
Kf 10
C 1
C′ = = = 0.1 µF
K m K f (10 )(10 4 )
3
The new circuit is shown below.
1 kΩ
+
I 1 kΩ 0.1 H 0.1 µF 1 kΩ Vx
−
(a) Insert a 1-V source at the input terminals.
Ro
Io R 1/sC
V1 V2
+ − +
+
1V
− 3Vo sL Vo
−
There is a supernode.
1 − V1 V2
= (1)
R sL + 1 sC
But V1 = V2 + 3Vo 
→ V2 = V1 − 3Vo (2)
sL Vo V2
Also, Vo = V 
→ = (3)
sL + 1 sC 2 sL sL + 1 sC
Combining (2) and (3)

sL + 1 sC
V2 = V1 − 3Vo = Vo
sL
s 2 LC
Vo = V (4)
1 + 4s 2 LC 1
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) gives

1 − V1 Vo sC
= = V
R sL 1 + 4s 2 LC 1
sRC 1 + 4s 2 LC + sRC
1 = V1 + V = V1
1 + 4s 2 LC 1 1 + 4s 2 LC
1 + 4s 2 LC
V1 =
1 + 4s 2 LC + sRC
1 − V1 sRC
Io = =
R R (1 + 4s 2 LC + sRC)
1 1 + sRC + 4s 2 LC
Z in = =
Io sC
1
Z in = 4sL + R + (5)
sC
When R = 5 , L = 2 , C = 0.1 ,
10
Z in (s) = 8s + 5 +
s
At resonance,
1
Im(Z in ) = 0 = 4ωL −
ωC
1 1
or ω0 = = = 1.118 rad / s
2 LC 2 (0.1)(2)
(b) After scaling,

R′  → K m R
4Ω 
→ 40 Ω
5Ω 
→ 50 Ω
Km 10
L′ = L= ( 2 ) = 0 .2 H
Kf 100
C 0.1
C′ = = = 10 -4
K m K f (10)(100)
From (5),
10 4
Z in (s) = 0.8s + 50 +
s
1 1
ω0 = = = 111.8 rad / s
2 LC 2 (0.2)(10 -4 )
(a) R ′ = K m R = (200)(2) = 400 Ω
K m L (200)(1)
L′ = = = 20 mH
Kf 10 4
C 0.5
C′ = = = 0.25 µF
K m K f (200)(10 4 )
The new circuit is shown below.
20 mH
a
Ix
0.25 µF 400 Ω 0.5 Ix
(b) Insert a 1-A source at the terminals a-b.
a V1 sL V2
Ix
1A 1/(sC) R 0.5 Ix
At node 1,
V1 − V2
1 = sCV1 + (1)
sL
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V2
+ 0 .5 I x =
sL R
But, I x = sC V1 .
V1 − V2 V2
+ 0.5sC V1 = (2)
sL R
Solving (1) and (2),

sL + R
V1 = 2
s LC + 0.5sCR + 1
V1 sL + R
Z Th = = 2
1 s LC + 0.5sCR + 1
At ω = 10 4 ,
( j10 4 )(20 × 10 -3 ) + 400

Z Th =
( j10 4 ) 2 (20 × 10 -3 )(0.25 × 10 -6 ) + 0.5( j10 4 )(0.25 × 10 -6 )(400) + 1
400 + j200
Z Th = = 600 − j200
0.5 + j0.5
Z Th = 632.5∠ - 18.435° ohms
(a)
1 1 (G + jωC)(R + jωL) + 1
= G + jωC + =
Z R + jω L R + jω L
jωL + R
which leads to Z=
2
− ω LC + jω(RC + LG) + GR + 1
ω R
+ j
Z(ω) = C LC (1)
 R G  GR + 1
− ω2 + jω +  +
L C LC
We compare this with the given impedance:
1000( jω + 1)
Z(ω) = (2)
2
− ω + 2 jω + 1 + 2500
Comparing (1) and (2) shows that
1
= 1000 
→ C = 1 mF, R/L = 1 
→ R=L
C
R G
+ =2 
→ G = C = 1 mS
L C
GR + 1 10 −3 R + 1
2501 = = → R = 0 .4 = L
LC 10 −3 R
Thus,
R = 0.4Ω, L = 0.4 H, C = 1 mF, G = 1 mS
(b) By frequency-scaling, Kf =1000.
R’ = 0.4 Ω, G’ = 1 mS
L 0.4 C 10 −3
L' = = = 0.4mH , C' = = = 1µF
K f 10 3 K f 10 − 3
C
C′ =
KmKf
ω′c 200
Kf = = = 200
ω 1
C 1 1 1
Km = ⋅ = -6 ⋅ = 5000
C′ K f 10 200
R ′ = K m R = 5 kΩ, thus, R ′f = 2R i = 10 kΩ
1 10 −6
1µF 
→ C' = C= = 0.1 pF
K mKf 100 x10 5
5µF 
→ C' = 0.5 pF
10 kΩ → R ' = K m R = 100x10 kΩ = 1 MΩ
20 kΩ → R ' = 2 MΩ
The schematic is shown below. A voltage marker is inserted to measure vo. In

the AC sweep box, we select Total Points = 50, Start Frequency = 1, and End
Frequency = 1000. After saving and simulation, we obtain the magnitude and
phase plots in the probe menu as shown below.
We let I s = 1∠0 o A so that Vo / I s = Vo . The schematic is shown below. The circuit

is simulated for 100 < f < 10 kHz.
The schematic is shown below. A current marker is inserted to measure I. We set

Total Points = 101, start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 10 kHz in the
AC sweep box. After simulation, the magnitude and phase plots are obtained in
the Probe menu as shown below.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set Total Points = 50,
Start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 100. After simulation, we obtain the
magnitude response as shown below. It is evident from the response that the
circuit represents a high-pass filter.
The schematic is shown below. We insert a voltage marker to measure Vo. In the
AC Sweep box, we set Total Points = 101, Start Frequency = 1, and End
Frequency = 100. After simulation, we obtain the magnitude and phase plots of
Vo as shown below.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Points =
101, Start Frequency = 100, and End Frequency = 1 k. After simulation, the
magnitude plot of the response Vo is obtained as shown below.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set

Total Points = 1001, Start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 100k. After
simulation, we obtain the magnitude plot of the response as shown below. The
response shows that the circuit is a high-pass filter.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set

Total Points = 1001, Start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 100k. After
simulation, we obtain the magnitude plot of the response as shown below. The
response shows that the circuit is a high-pass filter.
The schematic is shown below. We type Total Points = 101, Start Frequency =
1, and End Frequency = 100 in the AC Sweep box. After simulating the circuit,
the magnitude plot of the frequency response is shown below.
L
C
R
1 1 R2
f0 = −
2π LC L2
R 400 10 7 1 1 1016
= = , = =
L 240 × 10 -6 6 LC (240 × 10 -6 )(120 × 10 -12 ) 288
R 1
Since <<
L LC
1 10 8
f0 ≅ = = 938 kHz
2π LC 24π 2
R 1
If R is reduced to 40 Ω, << .
L LC
The result remains the same.
1
ωc =
RC
We make R and C as small as possible. To achieve this, we connect 1.8 k Ω and 3.3 k Ω
in parallel so that
1.8x 3.3
R= = 1.164 kΩ
1.8 + 3.3
We place the 10-pF and 30-pF capacitors in series so that

C = (10x30)/40 = 7.5 pF
Hence,
1 1
ωc = = = 114.55x10 6 rad/s
RC 1.164x10 3 x 7.5x10 −12
1
(a) f0 =
2π LC
When C = 360 pF ,
1
f0 = = 0.541 MHz
2π (240 × 10 -6 )(360 × 10 -12 )
When C = 40 pF ,
1
f0 = = 1.624 MHz
2π (240 × 10 -6 )(40 × 10 -12 )
Therefore, the frequency range is

0.541 MHz < f 0 < 1.624 MHz
2πfL
(b) Q=
R
At f 0 = 0.541 MHz ,
(2π )(0.541 × 10 6 )(240 × 10 -6 )

Q= = 67.98
12
At f 0 = 1.624 MHz ,
(2π )(1.624 × 10 6 )(240 × 10 -6 )

Q= = 204.1
12
Ri L
V1 Vo
+
+
Vi C1 C2 RL Vo
−
−
Z2 Z1
1 RL
Z1 = R L || =
sC 2 1 + sR 2 C 2
1 1  sL + R L + s 2 R L C 2 L 
Z2 = || (sL + Z1 ) = ||  
sC1 sC1  1 + sR L C 2 
1 sL + R L + s 2 R L C 2 L
⋅
sC1 1 + sR L C 2
Z2 =
1 sL + R L + s 2 R L C 2 L
+
sC1 1 + sR L C 2
sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2
Z2 =
1 + sR L C 2 + s 2 LC1 + sR L C1 + s 3 R L LC1C 2
Z2
V1 = V
Z2 + R i i
Z1 Z2 Z1
Vo = V1 = ⋅ V
Z1 + sL Z 2 + R 2 Z1 + sL i
Vo Z2 Z1
= ⋅
Vi Z 2 + R 2 Z1 + sL
where
Z2
=
Z2 + R 2
sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2
sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2 + R i + sR i R L C 2 + s 2 R i LC1 + sR i R L C1 + s 3 R i R L LC1C 2
Z1 RL
and =
Z1 + sL R L + sL + s 2 R L LC 2
Therefore,
Vo
=
Vi
R L (sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2 )
(sL + R L + s 2 R L LC 2 + R i + sR i R L C 2 + s 2 R i LC 1 + sR i R L C 1
+ s 3 R i R L LC 1 C 2 )( R L + sL + s 2 R L LC 2 )
where s = jω .
Ri L
V1 Vo
+
+
Vi C1 C2 RL Vo
−
−
Z2 Z1
 1  sL (R L + 1 sC 2 )
Z = sL ||  R L + = , s = jω
 sC 2  R L + sL + 1 sC 2
Z
V1 = V
Z + R i + 1 sC1 i
RL RL Z
Vo = V1 = ⋅ V
R L + 1 sC 2 R L + 1 sC 2 Z + R i + 1 sC1 i
Vo RL sL (R L + 1 sC 2 )
H (ω) = = ⋅
Vi R L + 1 sC 2 sL (R L + 1 sC 2 ) + (R i + 1 sC1 )(R L + sL + 1 sC 2 )
s 3 LR L C 1C 2
H (ω) =
(sR i C 1 + 1)(s 2 LC 2 + sR L C 2 + 1) + s 2 LC 1 (sR L C 2 + 1)
where s = jω .
B = ω2 − ω1 = 2π (f 2 − f 1 ) = 2π (454 − 432) = 44π
ω0 = 2πf 0 = QB = (20)(44π )
(20)(44π)
f0 = = (20)(22) = 440 Hz
2π
1 1
Xc = =
ωC 2πf C
1 1 10 -9
C= = =
2πf X c (2π )(2 × 10 6 )(5 × 10 3 ) 20π
X L = ωL = 2πf L
XL 300 3 × 10 -4
L= = =
2πf (2π )(2 × 10 6 ) 4π
1 1
f0 = = = 1.826 MHz
2π LC 3 × 10 -4 10 -9
2π ⋅
4π 20π
R  4π 
B= = (100)   = 4.188 × 10 6 rad / s
L  3 × 10 -4 
1
ωc = 2πf c =
RC
1 1
R= = = 15.91 Ω
2πf c C (2π )(20 × 10 3 )(0.5 × 10 -6 )
1
ωc = 2πf c =
RC
1 1
R= = = 1.061 kΩ
2πf c C (2π )(15)(10 × 10 -6 )
(a) When R s = 0 and R L = ∞ , we have a low-pass filter.
1
ωc = 2πf c =
RC
1 1
fc = = = 994.7 Hz
2πRC (2π)(4 × 10 3 )(40 × 10 -9 )
(b) We obtain R Th across the capacitor.
R Th = R L || (R + R s )
R Th = 5 || (4 + 1) = 2.5 kΩ
1 1
fc = =
2πR Th C (2π )(2.5 × 10 3 )(40 × 10 -9 )
f c = 1.59 kHz
Vo R2
H (ω) = = , s = jω
Vi R 2 + R 1 || 1 sC
R2 R (R + 1 sC)
H (ω) = = 2 1
R (1 sC) R 2 + R 1 (1 sC)
R2 + 1
R 1 + 1 sC
R 2 (1 + sCR 1 )
H (ω) =
R 1 + sCR 2
The schematic is shown below. We click Analysis/Setup/AC Sweep and enter

Total Points = 1001, Start Frequency = 100, and End Frequency = 100 k.
After simulation, we obtain the magnitude plot of the response as shown.
e at + e - at
(a) cosh(at ) =
2
1 1 1  s
L [ cosh(at ) ] =  +  = 2
2  s − a s + a  s − a2
e at − e - at
(b) sinh(at ) =
2
1 1 1  a
L [ sinh(at ) ] =  −  = 2
2  s − a s + a  s − a2
(a) f ( t ) = cos(ωt ) cos(θ) − sin(ωt ) sin(θ)

F(s) = cos(θ) L [ cos(ωt ) ] − sin(θ) L [ sin(ωt ) ]
s cos(θ) − ω sin(θ)
F(s) =
s 2 + ω2
(b) f ( t ) = sin(ωt ) cos(θ) + cos(ωt ) sin(θ)

F(s) = sin(θ) L [ cos(ωt ) ] + cos(θ) L [ sin(ωt ) ]
s sin(θ) − ω cos(θ)
F(s) =
s 2 + ω2
s+2
(a) L [ e -2t cos(3t ) u ( t ) ] =
(s + 2 ) 2 + 9
4
(b) L [ e -2t sin(4 t ) u ( t ) ] =
(s + 2) 2 + 16

Chapter 14, Solution 1.: = ω) (, where

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Chapter 14, Solution 1.: = ω) (, where

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Chapter 14, Solution 1.

Chapter 14, Solution 3.

(b) RC = (40 × 10 3 )(2 × 10 -6 ) = 80 × 10 -3 = 0.08

There are no zeros and the poles are at

Chapter 14, Solution 4.

R + jωL jωC (R + jωL)

Vo jωL jωL (1 + jωRC)

Chapter 14, Solution 6.

(a) Using current division,

(b) We apply nodal analysis to the circuit below.

Chapter 14, Solution 7.

(a) 0.05 = 20 log10 H

(b) - 6.2 = 20 log10 H

(c) 104.7 = 20 log10 H

H dB = 20 log10 4.472 = 13.01 , φ = 63.43°

H dB = 20 log10 4.254 = 12.577 , φ = - 23.55°

Chapter 14, Solution 9.

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

Chapter 14, Solution 11.

H dB = 20 log10 5 + 20 log10 1 + jω 10 − 20 log10 jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 2

φ = -90° + tan -1 ω 10 − tan -1 ω 2

The plots are shown below.

G dB = -20 + 20 log10 1 + jω − 40 log10 jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 10

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

H dB = 20 log10 2 + 20 log10 1 + jω − 20 log10 jω

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

H dB = 20 log10 2 + 20 log10 1 + jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 2 − 20 log10 1 + jω 10

φ = tan -1 ω − tan -1 ω 2 − tan -1 ω 10

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

Chapter 14, Solution 16.

Chapter 14, Solution 17.

G dB = -20log10 4 + 20 log10 jω − 20 log10 1 + jω − 40 log10 1 + jω 2

φ = -90° - tan -1ω − 2 tan -1 ω 2

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

G dB = 20 log10 4 50 + 40 log10 1 + jω 2 − 20 log10 jω

where 20 log10 4 50 = -21.94

φ = -90° + 2 tan -1 ω 2 − tan -1 ω 5 − tan -1 ω 10

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

H dB = 20 log10 jω − 20 log10 100 − 20 log10 1 + jω 10 − ω2 100

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

N dB = 20 − 20 log10 1 + jω − 20 log10 1 + jω 10 + 20 log10 1 + jω − ω2

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

Chapter 14, Solution 21.

TdB = 20 log10 jω + 20 log10 1 + jω − 20 log10 100

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

Chapter 14, Solution 22.

A zero of slope + 20 dB / dec at ω = 2 

Chapter 14, Solution 23.

A zero of slope + 20 dB / dec at the origin 

Chapter 14, Solution 24.

The phase plot is decomposed as shown below.

0.1 1 10 100 1000 ω

where k ′ is a constant since arg k ′ = 0 .

Chapter 14, Solution 25.

Z(ω0 4) = 2000 + j (50 − 4000 5)

Z(ω0 4) = 2000 + j (100 − 2000 5)

Chapter 14, Solution 26.