1.

Definitions of frontal area

The total surface area of the front of a vehicle that is exposed to air flow

2. Definitions of engine displacement

Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal
combustion engine in a single movement from top dead centre (TDC) to bottom dead centre (BDC). It is
commonly specified in cubic centimeters (cc), liters (l), or (mainly in North America) cubic inches.

 Engine displacement = π/4 * (cylinder diameter)2 * stroke * number of cylinders

3. Definitions of GVW

Gross Vehicle Weight is the combination of curb weight plus payload (including driver and fuel) or the
total weight of the vehicle, including passengers, fuel, cargo and attachments.

4. Brake horsepower

(Bhp) A measurement of the actual usable power (not calculated power) measured at the
Output shaft (usually the crankshaft) rather than at the Driveshaft or the wheels.

5. Importance of pv diagrams.

 . To calculate the work done by the system

6. Stroke ratio

In a reciprocating piston engine, the stroke ratio, defined by either bore/stroke ratio
or stroke/bore ratio - are terms which are used to describe the relationship ratio between the diameter
of the cylinder bore, and the length of the piston stroke - within its cylinders.

7. Square engine.
An engine in which the stroke is equal to the cylinder.

8. What is an over square engine.

A piston engine is over square or short stroke if its cylinders have a greater bore (width, diameter) than
stroke (length of piston travel).

9. long stroke engine

in reciprocating piston engine whose bore diameter is smaller than the stroke; a relatively long stroke
produces higher low-end torque at the cost of increased piston speeds and reduced revving ability.
10. Friction horsepower

(FHP) The amount of power consumed by an engine in driving itself. It includes the
power absorbed in mechanical Friction and in driving auxiliaries plus, in the case of four-
stroke engines, some pumping power.

11. Firing order.

The firing order is the sequence of power delivery of each cylinder in a multi-cylinder
reciprocating engine.

Firing orders of 6 cylinder engine. 1-5-3-6-2-4

1-6-5-4-3-2
1-2-3-4-5-6
1-4-2-5-3-6
1-4-5 -2-3-6

12. Dry weight (vehicle) 

Dry weight is a technical term that refers to the weight of a vehicle without any consumables,
passengers, or cargo.

13. Definitions of Kerb weight

is the total weight of a vehicle with standard equipment, all necessary operating consumables (e.g. motor
oil and coolant), a full tank of fuel, while not loaded with either passengers or cargo.

14. Gear ratio .

The gear ratio is the relationship between the numbers of teeth on two gears that are meshed or two
sprockets connected with a common roller chain, or the circumferences of two pulleys connected with a
drive belt.

15. overall gear ratio.

the ratio of engine revolutions to road wheel revolutions, producing road speed as the ratio of engine
speed (sometimes expressed as mph per 1000 rpm)

16. Overdrive.

1. a transmission speed which can be selected manually and gives a ratio of less than 1:1,
i.e. the transmission output shaft turns faster than the transmission input shaft
 2. a separate transmission installed in the (rear) drive train giving an overdrive reduction to
direct or direct and intermediate gears; usually selected electro-mechanically by means of
a button or switch located either in the instrument panel or at the gear lever

17. Final drive.

an assembly of gears in the back axle of rear-wheel drive vehicles and in the front axle of front-wheel drive
vehicles, comprising essentially the differential and crown wheel and pinion, which reduce the speed of
rotation and also change its direction

18. final drive ratio.

the ratio between the rotational speed of the propeller shaft or drive shaft and that of the driven road
wheel, the gear reduction being determined by dividing the number of teeth on the crown wheel or ring
gear by the number of teeth on the drive pinion

19. Why gear ratios are in geometrical progression.

The Gear ratios should be such that

1. During the shifting there should not be much change in acceleration.
2. It should be such that it brings the engine to lower SFC range for better fuel efficiency.

20. Max Power: Torque multiplied with speed gives you the value of power. Max power is the
acceleration attained by having maximum force at the wheels.

21. Max Torque: The maximum acceleration which can be attained at some value of torque, that value is
called as Max Torque. So pushing the accelerator hardly won’t give you much results if the vehicle has
attained it’s maximum torque.