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DRUG SUMMARY TABLE - Anticoagulantes y Antiagregantes
DRUG SUMMARY TABLE - Anticoagulantes y Antiagregantes
DRUG SUMMARY TABLE - Anticoagulantes y Antiagregantes
ders
Bertram G. Katzung, Marieke Kruidering-Hall, Anthony J. Trevor+
DRUG SUMMARY TABLE: Drugs Used for Anticoagulation &for Bleeding Disorders
Subclass Mechanism of Action Clinical Applications Pharmacokinetics Toxicities, Drug Interactions
Anticoagulants
Heparins
Venous thrombosis, pulmonary
Bleeding (monitor with aPTT,
Complexes with antithrombin III • embolism, myocardial infarction,
protamine is reversal agent) •
Unfractionated heparin irreversibly inactivates the coagulation unstable angina, adjuvant to Parenteral administration
thrombocytopenia • osteoporosis with
factors thrombin and factor Xa percutaneous coronary intervention
chronic use
(PCI) and thrombolytics
LMW heparins (enoxaparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin): more selective anti-factor X activity, more reliable pharmacokinetics with renal elimination, protamine reversal only partially effective, less risk of
thrombocytopenia
Fondaparinux: effects similar to those of LMW heparins
Direct factor X inhibitors
Venous thrombosis, pulmonary
Binds to the active site of factor Xa embolism, prevention of stroke in Oral administration • fixed dose, no
Rivaroxaban Bleeding • no specific reversal agent
and inhibits its enzymatic action patients with nonvalvular atrial routine monitoring (factor Xa test)
fibrillation
Apixaban and edoxaban: similar to rivaroxaban, they differ in half lives and P450 interactions.
Direct thrombin inhibitors
Bivalirudin and argatroban: IV Both: Bleeding (monitor with aPTT)
Anticoagulation in patients with
Bivalirudin, argatroban, and Bind to thrombin’s active site and administration
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
dabigatran inhibit its enzymatic action Idarucizumab (Fab fragment binds
(HIT)
Dabigatran: oral administration &reverses effect of dabigatran)
Coumadin anticoagulant
Venous thrombosis, pulmonary
Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase Bleeding (monitor with PT, vitamin K1
embolism, prevention of Oral administration • delayed onset
and thereby interferes with production is a reversal agent) • thrombosis early
Warfarin thromboembolic complications of atrial and offset of anticoagulant activity •
of functional vitamin K-dependent in therapy due to protein C deficiency •
fibrillation or cardiac valve many drug interactions
clotting and anticlotting factors teratogen
replacement
Thrombolytic drugs
Reteplase, tenecteplase: similar to alteplase but with a longer half-life
Streptokinase: bacterial protein that forms a complex with plasminogen that rapidly converts plasminogen to plasmin. Subject to inactivating antibodies and allergic reactions
Antiplatelet drugs
COX inhibitor
Dose required for antithrombotic effect Gastrointestinal toxicity, nephrotoxicity
Nonselective, irreversible COX
is lower than anti-inflammatory dose • hypersensitivity reaction due to
inhibitor • reduces platelet production Prevention and treatment of arterial
Aspirin (see Chapter 36) • duration of activity increased leukotrienes; tinnitus,
of thromboxane A2, a potent thrombosis
is longer than pharmacokinetic half-life hyperventilation metabolic acidosis,
stimulator of platelet aggregation
due to irreversible action hyperthermia, coma in overdose
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GP IIb/IIIa)
Inhibits platelet aggregation by
Used during PCI to prevent restenosis Bleeding, thrombocytopenia with
Abciximab interfering with GPIIb/IIIa binding to Parenteral administration
• acute coronary syndrome prolonged use
fibrinogen and other ligands
Eptifibatide, tirofiban: reversible GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors of smaller size than abciximab
ADP receptor antagonists
Ticlopidine: older ADP receptor antagonist with more toxicity, particularly leukopenia and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Prasugrel: newer drug, similar to clopidogrel with less variable kinetics, activation primarily by CYP3A4
Ticagrelor: reversible ADP receptor antagonist that does not require activation
PDE and adenosine uptake inhibitor
Prevention of thromboembolic
Inhibits adenosine uptake and inhibits
complications of cardiac valve Headache, palpitations,
phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes
Dipyridamole replacement • combined with aspirin Oral administration contraindicated in congestive heart
that degrade cyclic nucleotides
for secondary prevention of ischemic failure
(cAMP, cGMP)
stroke
Cilostazol: similar to dipyridamole
Drugs used in bleeding disorders
Reversal agents
Increases supply of reduced vitamin
K, which is required for synthesis of Vitamin K deficiency, reversal of Severe infusion reaction when given
Vitamin K1 (phytonadione) Oral or parenteral administration
functional vitamin K-dependent excessive warfarin anticlotting activity IV or IM
clotting and anticlotting factors
Protamine: Cationic form is acidic protein administered parenterally to reverse excessive anticlotting activity of unfractionated heparin.
Clotting factors
Infusion reaction, hypersensitivity
Factor VIII Key factor in the clotting cascade Hemophilia A Parenteral administration
reaction
Plasma and purified human clotting factors: available to treat other forms of hemophilia
Desmopressin: vasopressin V2 receptor agonist increases concentrations of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII (see Chapter 37)
Antiplasmin drugs
Competitively inhibits plasminogen Thrombosis, hypotension, myopathy,
Aminocaproic acid Excessive fibrinolysis Oral or parenteral administration
activation diarrhea
Tranexamic acid: analog of aminocaproic acid
aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; COX, cyclooxygenase; GP, glycoprotein; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
Date of download: 06/18/19 from AccessMedicine: accessmedicine.mhmedical.com, Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.