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Research On Sleep Deprivation Among Filipino Teenage Students
Research On Sleep Deprivation Among Filipino Teenage Students
Group 4
Fernandez Timothy
Parza, Audrrey
CHAPTER I
1
Introduction
It is largely believed that a student’s sleep schedule affects how well their
academic performance is. It was found out that, sleep deprivation, although not
apparent early on, would prove to be a huge, and significant factor for a student’s
test marks (Segall, 2001). This could possibly be related to stress, a major root of Commented [1]: (Segall, 2001) Retrieved from Sleep
On It
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200103/sl
is sleep deprivation (Latha, 2007), another generally accepted factor for a steep eep-it
Commented [2]: (Latha, 2007) Retrieved from
decline in academic performance levels. This could be back up by a study that
states that poor sleep has a negative impact on a teen’s morning mental faculties
knowledge during a review session for a test (PT Staff, 2004). It can be said that Commented [4]: (PT Staff, 2004) Retrieved from Did
You Know?
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200412/di
with less stress from sleep deprivation, which is usually achieved by having a d-you-know-0
It is stated that, the neurochemical waste that remains in the brain gets removed
after a good rest (Chance, 2001). It also stated that, stress, as speculated earlier, Commented [5]: (Chance, 2001) Retrieved from The
Brain Goes to School
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200109/th
does indeed affect our mental capacity as stress destroys brain cells. e-brain-goes-school
of 11p.m. (Richter, 2015). A case with a direct conflict to the 8-hour sleep time
that a teen needs, preferably a few more hours. During a poll, about 75% of
students sleep less than eight hours a day and among these, the Grade 12 students
2
only has a 3-percent rate that reported they sleep enough, 8-10 hours a day
traced back to a messed up circadian rhythm (NSF, N.d.), an internal biological Commented [6]: (NSF, N.d.) Retrieved from What is
Circadian Rhythm?
https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/what-
clock that is controlled by our hypothalamus and generally dictates how long and circadian-rhythm
schedule where they have later sleep and wake times. Teenager’s circadian
rhythm shifts from preferring morning activity to evening active times (American
Academy of Pediatrics [AAP], 2014). This has been tightly tied with adolescents’
lifestyle, especially that of which revolves around the use electronics. Children
with various kinds of electronics available within their bedroom or close to their
bedroom have shown to have later sleep times which then results to sleep
yet fully understood by scientists, many studies have been able to link sleep as an
important factor in various mental functions. This is why sleep deprivation can
Studies have shown that a lack of sleep can negatively affect one’s ability to focus
and one’s alertness (NSF, n.d.). Studies have also been able to show that sleep
deprivation can hinder the brain’s ability to obtain and retain information (Lim &
Dingles, 2012) as well as its ability to make decisions. Sleep deprivation is also a
3
These studies are well documented and supported, other studies (Kilgore,
2010) have also shown that sleep deprivation can significantly affect a person’s
ability to reason and learn, going a step further, Alhola and Polo-Kantola (2007)
have found that sleep deprivation has negative effects on reaction time, memory
which can then translate into adolescence and may cause false diagnosis of
ADHD.
However, these studies were conducted mostly on adults, who require less sleep
than teenagers. Thus. there came upon the idea to focus on finding out the effects
different?
The study would be able to help students, teachers and faculty, and future
Students
would be able to adjust their habits to be able to reach an optimal state as much as
Teachers
For teachers and faculty, they would be, as the management and decision
makers, able to make major changes that would improve the system being
Future Researchers
ever there is a need to add additional details to future studies related to sleeping.
More specifically, for researchers focusing on the same area of ethnicity as the
The study will focus on finding out the reasons of lack of sleep on junior
high school students of Mary the Queen School of Malolos. The expected age
parameter for this experiment would be between 12 to 19 to take into account all
5
possible ages of students in Junior High School. This age range still fits in to that
as well. This will also include the strictness on which their sleeping schedules are
set, the various social events that might otherwise force them to not follow their
However, the paper would not look into deeper biological aspects of each
individual which includes their hormonal level, blood pressure, acidity, etc. as it is
There is a severe lack of statistics and data native to the country. As such,
most of the data and information used in this research relies on foreign researches
(mainly America.) This might in turn cause some discrepancies in data obtained
due to clashes with cultural perspectives. This will be, however, accommodated
by clarifying things during the interview process and carefully cross-analyzing the
Chapter II
Theoretical Framework
Relevant Theories
This theory greatly revolves around the process regarding sleeps role in
the formation of memories. A considered foundation for this theory are the
various studies regarding sleep deprivation that turned with results wherein the
subjects have shown a decline in their ability to retain memories (Cherry, 2018). Commented [8]: (Cherry, 2018) Retrieved from
Psychology of Turning Short-Term Memories Into
Long-Term Ones https://www.verywellmind.com/what-
The human brain goes through two stages to consolidate, the process of is-memory-consolidation-2795355
stabilizing a memory trace after acquisition (The Human Memory, n.d.), Commented [9]: (The Human Memory, n.d.) Retrieved
from Memory Consolidation http://www.human-
memory.net/processes_consolidation.html
memories. The first being the input of memories into the short-term memory
storage that has a faster a learning rate but a lower rate of retention. Meanwhile,
during the storage of memory into short-term, the brain is slowly working towards
transferring these short-term memories into a long-term storage that, while it has
slower retention rate, can store memories for a longer period. This process
activating memories stored in the short-term storage until it becomes a part of the
long term-storage. This is due to the fact that without the constant stream of new
input of memories going on, the brain is able to process the transfer of memories
more effectively and efficiently (Born & Wilhelm, 2004). Commented [10]: (Born & Wilhelm, 2004) Retrieved
from System consolidation of memory during sleep
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC327861
Clean-up theory of sleep. 9/
It has been found out that the human brain has a system, the glympathic
This process is more evident during sleeping periods or sleep-like periods of the
brain (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2013). Commented [11]: (National Institutes of Health [NIH],
2013) Retrieved from How Sleep Clears the Brain
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-
matters/how-sleep-clears-brain
7
the flushing of the toxins. This fluid has been found out to move faster during
unconscious periods basing on an experiment conducted on mice (Cherry, 2018). Commented [12]: (Cherry, 2018) Retrieved from How
Sleep Cleans Up the Brain
https://www.verywellmind.com/how-sleep-cleans-up-
The reason as to why this fluid flushes out toxins during sleep faster is because the-brain-2795924
the pathways in the brain becomes larger by about 60% during sleep. The process,
flushing toxins, occurs only during sleeping periods because the brain couldn't be
2013). The beta-amyloid protein, as said earlier, is commonly found on people Commented [13]: (Hamilton, 2013) Retrieved from
Brains Sweep Themselves Clean Of Toxins During
Sleep https://www.npr.org/sections/health-
with and is one of the main reasons for Alzheimer’s disease. These protein form shots/2013/10/18/236211811/brains-sweep-
themselves-clean-of-toxins-during-sleep
up a plaque that blocks the pathways to ensure that the brain’s ability related to
memories work properly (BrightFocus Foundation, N.d.). Commented [14]: (BrightFocus Foundation, N.d.)
Retrieved from Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary
Tangles https://www.brightfocus.org/alzheimers-
Restoration theory of sleep. disease/infographic/amyloid-plaques-and-
neurofibrillary-tangles
It has been hypothesized that the human body uses sleep to repair and
restore its physical condition. However, according to other researches and studies,
the human body does not actually heal itself from injuries or decrease a sleep
deprived person’s ability to play sport (Psychology Summaries, n.d.). Commented [15]: Untraceable
Commented [16]: Link taken down.
The theory itself is divided into two parts; there is one that is focusing on
short-wave sleep while the other focuses on Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.
It has been proposed that while short-wave sleep focuses on restoring the physical
body, REM sleep focuses on restoring the functions of the brain (Cook, 2012). Commented [17]: (Cook, 2012) Retrieved from 5)
Functions of Sleep: Restoration Theory
https://revisepsychology.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/5-
However, there has been a lot of criticisms for this theory. On an functions-of-sleep-restoration-theory/
experiment done by Peter Tripp, he tried not sleep for 201 hours. Slowly, his
Gardner who did not sleep for 260 hours showed less severe results as compared
to Tripp’s results (Davies, 2015). Commented [18]: (Davies, 2015) Retrieved from
Restoration theories of sleep
https://getrevising.co.uk/grids/restoration_theories_of_s
leep
Summary of Theories
theory of sleep, clean-up theory of sleep, and repair and restoration theory of
sleep. The information consolidation theory of sleep explains how sleep helps the
human brains in storing memories for a longer period of time. The researchers
assume that students who sleep according to the preferred sleeping duration (8-10
hours) will have a better time recalling information that they have learnt
throughout the day. On the other hand, students, who even though did extensive
reviews, that lack sleep will not be able to easily recall the memories.
Clean-up theory of sleep explains how the human brain flushes out toxins
that build up in it during sleep or sleep-like state. The researchers believe that, as
the toxins cause harm in the human brain’s ability to store memories, people who
lack sleep, therefore having less time flushing out toxins, would have a harder
The restoration theory of sleep explains how the human brain uses sleep to
repair and restore itself. The researchers assume that as people accumulate minor
injuries in our brain as we live our daily lives, therefore deteriorating a human’s
and other negative emotions that they might have otherwise experienced during
the day.
The researchers believe that these three theories would be of great help on
due to its popularity and effects on sleeping. According to Medical News Today
product known to keep a person energized as such 42% of Americans use caffeine
caffeine may also contribute to sleep loss, according to the Philippine Council for
Health Research and Development (2014), even a moderate dose can prevent an
morning tiredness and restless sleep (Banks, Coates, Kohler, Watson, 2017).
Caffeine consumption increased the risk of morning tiredness in children from 6th-
10th grade by 1.8 times (Orbeta RL, Overpeck MD, Ramcharran D, Kogan MD,
Ledsky R., 2006). Studies have found that higher amounts of caffeine
Watson, 2016).
The effects of caffeine were found to be able to last for quite some time,
significantly distorts sleep. Even at 6 hours before sleep, caffeine intake reduced
sleep by more than 1 hour (Drake, Roehrs, Roth, Shambroom, 2013). Research
also shows that the consumption of caffeine can disrupt your circadian rhythm,
primarily human cellular circadian clocks. Caffeine can delay the human
circadian clock in vivo ad lengthen the period of the human circadian clock in
Stress. Stress affects your life in many ways, even negative things can
affect sleep. You're lying down, you're worried and you're feeling anxious, so it's
impossible for your brain to be relaxed and have no worries in your mind to fall
asleep. It is no wonder that people use the words "using sleep over something" it
says that you can lose your privilege to sleep in exact time because on the
something that more important than sleeping. That's the reason also why people
who suffer from medical (chronic) stress day in and out sleepless, lacking sleep
Unfortunately, this kind of rotation will only continue to get worse. If you
don’t or you can’t sleep enough time at night, your body will improve the levels
of stress hormones. The brain chemicals linked with deep sleep are the same ones
that tell the body to stop the production of stress hormones. The outcome is when
you don’t sleep well, your body keeps producing out those hormones The next
day, you feel more stressed, tired, indisposed, etc.; after another night, you find it
harder to fall asleep, and so on. Even worse, stress hormones peak in the
11
afternoon and early evening just when you should be lying down and preparing to
sleep.
The more you feel exhausted, the less you will focus on your work and
People with high, long-term stress levels have a higher risk of heart
issues, and more. They are more likely to grind or cool their teeth, which can lead
to dental problems.
That is why it is very important if you feel overwhelmed, to try different ways of
According to AWA Kellner (2010) it says that stress can affect the growth
of every individual it can start in learning then followed by physical and cognitive
changes it can also affect the environmental pollution and the industrial activities
research can help local authorities in establishing plans for remediation in order to
A study shows that we can experience poor memory, poor retention, and
and/or social conflict, flu is increased, and acne gets worse (The Partnership,
2016).
one’s life in many ways, even negative things can affect sleep. When one is lying
12
down, one is worried and one is feeling anxious, so it's impossible for one’s brain
to be relaxed and have no worries in one’s mind to fall asleep. It is no wonder that
people use the words "using sleep over something" it says that one can lose one’s
privilege to sleep in exact time because on the something that more important
than sleeping. That's the reason also why people who suffer from medical
(chronic) stress day in and out sleepless, lacking sleep quality, and it hard to
function in the next day. People with high, long-term stress levels have a higher
risk of heart disease, depression, high blood pressure, a poor immune system,
abdominal issues, and more. They are more likely to grind or cool their teeth,
Technology. Technology has long since taken over the sleeping patterns
of most teenagers. It would not be strange to see a teenager stay up past their
sleep time just to lurk on social media or play video games. With the sudden
laptops, televisions, etc. produce blue light that slows down a human’s melatonin
Although adults can also have as much exposure to blue light as teenagers,
it can be seen that teenagers are affected by it more severely. The reason for this
is that, even with the same exposure level, there is difference in the physiological
13
level as teenagers experience a shift in their circadian rhythm; thus, worsening the
compared to the redder and warmer tints of light that the sun provides. The human
eye has special cells called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
(ipRGCs) that signals the pineal gland to start producing melatonin once the
teenagers having said that they spend most of their time on social media.
Anxiousness is the leading emotion that teenagers feel and this can be seen as a
direct relation to the high exposure rate of teenagers to gadgets and therefore, blue
According to Lohmann (2018), it has been found out in a study that when
teens are asked about their problems, the topic of school work will come up and
(Stanford News, 2010). Students who get occupied with so much homework can
14
be distanced from their family and friends which could then lead to isolation and
eventually depression (Oxford Learning, 2016); which can be traced back to the
first chapter stating that depression can be a cause of infinite loop between sleep
homework per grade level.” There has also been studies that suggests that
homework more than the suggested 10-minute per grade level schema is
between sleep deprivation and school work has also greatly affected as, according
community that a maximum of 140 minutes should be the level of homework that
students should take home (Canapari, 2012). This would in turn work in tandem
sleep was more emotional when faced with stressing situations. Also, the
impacted by lack of sleep. This mean that when teen lacks sleep they ill tend to be
already have a hard time controlling their emotions due to the underdeveloped
prefrontal cortex (the part of the brain that controls self-regulation). Teens who
have enough sleep will be able to handle stressful situations better than those that
do not.
Other than teen’s behaviour, lack of sleep and depression also has a
who are not getting the required amount of sleep has a higher risk of depression
and suicide attempts compared to those that gets enough sleep. The study showed
that in almost 28,000 high school students that were surveyed, 38 percent is in
risk of feeling sad and lost for each hour of sleep lost while 58% is in risk of a
suicide attempt. Teens who goes to bed earlier were less likely to have depression
lack of sleep, studies have also indicated that a lack of sleep or sleep deprivation
Louca and Short (2014) tested this by having a control group of male participants
aged 14 through 18 take a series of mental tests over two days under normal
sleeping conditions to set a baseline for their average performance, however at the
third night the participants were kept away the entire night before taking the same
mental tasks as they did the nights before. The researchers found that the
participants had slower response times, made more errors and had more lapses in
their attention. This study shows that adolescents cannot perform at their optimal
16
However, research indicates that it is not merely the quantity of sleep that
is necessary, but the quality as well. According to Stefánsdóttir (2015) the quality
of sleep affects some aspects of cognitive function, this was more significantly
shown during the stroop test which aims to measure attentiveness. This research
also concluded that lack of sleep or sleep deprivation affects cognitive function
sleep is associated with poorer cognitive function. Further, their study claims that
“it is well established that sleep plays a vital role in brain maturation and in the
learning”. Their study also says that adolescent males who sleep 8 hours or more
demonstrate a higher overall cognitive performance over those who sleep 8 hours
or less.
Physical Health. During a person’s sleep is the time when one’s body
recover and heal injuries and other damages and replenishes energy while doing
daily activities. According to Thomas, Sleep plays an important role in our mental
“The biggest thing is the release of melatonin. Your heart rate slows, your
breathing shallows, your blood pressure goes down. All those things are a good
situation for you to be able to heal , for you to be able to move bad toxins out of
Lack of sleep makes your immune system weaker and it also slows down
the healing process of an injury. Lack of sleep will be physically seen when a
Research Paradigm
stress, or schoolworks are the independent variables while the amount of sleep,
and therefore including the physical and mental state of the student, is dependent
on these factors.
Schoolworks
Caffeine
Amount of Sleep
Technology
Stress
18
Definition of Terms
Lack of Sleep. The term designates a sleeping time of fewer than seven
hours in correspondence to the minimum sleeping time of eight hours required for
adolescence can start as early as nine, as noted in the article earlier (PT Staff,
2018).
School Activities. When the researchers refer to the term school activities,
Chapter III
Methods of Research
Research Design
reasons as to why junior high school students of Mary the Queen School of
The data that are used in this research are from other recently published
studies and the answers from the interviews with the respondents. The approach
that was used is qualitative, where qualitative data was obtained through
researchers opted to choose at least a single student from all sections and one for
each gender.
The respondents are from ages 12-17 and may or may not be exhibiting the
junior high school students of Mary the Queen School of Malolos, who are all
The participants were chosen because they fit the bracket of students
to preparation for their college lives. They are also chosen under the idea that it
would be highly probable that they would have experienced the causes of sleep
Research Instrument
The research will be divided into two parts. The first part will be focused
on acquiring basic details that would affect the influence of sleep deprivation on
the respondents. This would include how much sleep the respondent has, the
respondent’s daily intake of caffeine, how high the respondent’s stress level is, the
respondent’s nicotine consumption, and how often the respondent uses gadgets
before bedtime. This will be asked in such a way that the respondent would need
to rate their answers between numbers 1 to 5; with 1 being the lowest and 10
The second part of the interview will focus on finding out how the earlier
said factors could affect their daily lives. It will also contain questions where the
respondents will have to compare themselves when they are in a state where they
Nicotine) and the state where they are free of those factors.
For the data gathering, the researchers will ask the participants to give the
researchers a small amount of their time. The researchers will then start off by
one another. Those that have similar answers will be further looked on if it is
untrue or reliable. The reasons as to why they lack sleep will be compared to one
another to see if there are any similarities or if the differences are extreme. The
effects of lack of sleep will be then compiled, answers that have been repeated
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24
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25
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