PERIODONTOLOGY

SEMESTRAL EXAM

• Written exam list of questions

1. Chemical dental biofilm control in gingivitis prevention. Agents.

2. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy of Plaque-induced gingivitis. Agents.
3. Medication treatment of Non-plaque-induced gingivitis.
4. Topical therapy of Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Administered agents.
5. Systemic therapy of Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
6. Additional systemic therapy in patients with periodontitis and systemic diseases and
conditions. Agents.
7. Additional topical therapy in patients with periodontitis and systemic diseases and conditions.
Agents.
8. Topical medication treatment of periodontal pocket. Agents.
9. Topical medication treatment in Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis. Agents.
10. Systemic antimicrobial therapy of Chronic periodontitis. Agents.
11. Additional systemic therapy in Chronic periodontitis.
12. Systemic therapy of Aggressive periodontitis.
13. Systemic therapy of Refractory periodontitis.
14. Systemic therapy of Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis.
15. Systemic therapy of Gingival, Periodontal and Pericoronal abscesses.
16. Topical therapy of Gingival, Periodontal and Pericoronal abscesses.
17. Medication treatment of Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions.
18. Host modulation in periodontitis - mechanisms, indications, agents.
19. Topical treatment of traumatic oral lesions. Agents.
20. Topical treatment of specific infections of the oral mucosa. Agents.
21. Topical treatment of fungal infections of the oral mucosa. Agents.
22. Systemic treatment of micotic infections of the oral mucosa. Agents.
23. Topical treatment of viral infections of the oral mucosa.
24. Systemic treatment of viral infections of the oral mucosa.
25. Topical treatment of oral lesions in vesiculobullous mucocutaneous diseases.
26. Systemic and topical analgesic therapy of oral lesions.
27. Systemic medications associated with surgical periodontal procedures - anti-infectious,
analgesic, anti-inflammatory.
28. Periodontal dressings and tissue adhesives. Indications and agents.

• Oral exam list of questions

1. Periodontal tissues - topographic anatomy and functional characteristics.

2. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of gingiva. Gingival-dental junction.
3. Alveolar process of maxilla and mandible - morphology, blood supply, nerve supply, functions.
4. Root cementum - structure and function as part of periodontium.
5. Periodontal ligament - structure and function.
6. Etiology of periodontal diseases - current concept.
7. Dental biofilm (definition, formation, microbial composition, inter-bacterial relationships,
maturation).

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8. Natural factors favoring plaque retention in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
9. Iatrogenic factors favoring plaque retention in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
10. Bacterial flora - pathogenic and beneficial, virulence and abilities of the periodontal
microorganisms for direct and indirect tissue damage.
11. Characteristics of bacterial plaque in different types of periodontal diseases.
12. Microbiology of periodontal diseases - suspect periodontal pathogens, criteria for
pathogenicity, microbial complexes, mechanisms of pathogenic action.
13. Supra- and subgingival calculus - genesis, topography, etiologic significance.
14. Pathogenesis of periodontal diseases - modern concept for initiation and progression of
inflammatory-destructive diseases of gingiva and periodontium.
15. Pathogenesis of periodontal diseases - effectiveness of inflammatory response - vascular and
cellular aspects.
16. Immune response in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Mechanisms and factors of connective
tissue and alveolar bone destruction.
17. Risk factors in etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
18. Pathomorphology of gingivitis and periodontitis.
19. Current classification of periodontal diseases and conditions - gingival diseases.
20. Current classification of periodontal diseases and conditions - periodontitis.
21. Current classification of periodontal diseases and conditions - acute gingival and periodontal
diseases.
22. Current classification of periodontal diseases and conditions - endodontic-periodontal lesions,
mucogingival conditions.
23. Examination of periodontium - methods, instruments, devices.
24. Clinical features of gingival tissues in inflammation - color, contour, texture, volume and
consistency of marginal gingiva and interdental papilla - determination and diagnostic
significance.
25. Clinical examination of periodontal pocket - principles, measurements, recordings,
instruments.
26. Examination methods of gingival tissues, based on the bleeding symptom. Diagnostic
significance.
27. Examination methods of periodontal pockets, based on the bleeding symptom. Diagnostic
significance.
28. Probing depth - interpretation of measurements of gingival and periodontal pocket.
29. Clinical attachment loss - measurements, recordings, interpretation of data.
30. Gingival recession (retraction), width of attached gingival tissues - measurements, clinical
significance. Diagnostic significance.
31. Gingival crevicular fluid - origin, composition, functions. Biochemical examination of crevicular
fluid - examination methods, diagnostic significance.
32. Radiographic diagnosis of periodontal diseases - methods, radiographic bone loss criteria.
33. Morphology of bone defects, measurements. Decision making for therapy based on the defect
morphology.
34. Microbiological diagnosis of periodontal diseases - methods, diagnostic significance.
35. Additional examination in the diagnosis of periodontitis in individuals with systemic diseases
and conditions.
36. Epidemiology of periodontal diseases - goals. Distribution and severity of gingivitis and
periodontitis.
37. Risk factors, determinants and predictors of periodontal diseases. Risk assessment.
38. Oral-Hygiene evaluation. Epidemiological and clinical indexes - criteria, grades, application and
significance.

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39. Epidemiological and clinical indexes for gingival and periodontal status - criteria, grades,
diagnostic significance.
40. CPITN situation analysis (Community periodontal index of treatment needs) - clinical
procedure, criteria, grades, significance.
41. Principles of prevention of periodontal diseases: cares for development of resistant
periodontal structures, dental plaque control, and screening.
42. Professional debridement in the prevention of periodontal diseases - goal, instruments,
phases and recalls.
43. Personal plaque control. Significance, effectiveness, potential for damage of hard tissues,
gingiva and oral mucosa.
44. Personal mechanical plaque control in healthy periodontium / peri-implant structures and
diseases - methods and products.
45. Personal interdental plaque control in healthy periodontium/periimplant structures and
periodontal diseases – means and procedures.
46. Supra- and subgingival irrigations, effectiveness in prevention and treatment of gingivitis and
periodontitis.
47. Chemical control of bacterial deposits - rationale, indications and contraindications.
48. Products for chemical dental biofilm control - types, application, effectiveness, and adverse
effects.
49. Gingivitis associated with dental biofilm only - etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, evolution,
treatment, and prognosis.
50. Gingivitis, associated with dental biofilm and local factors - etiology, clinical features,
evolution, treatment, prognosis.
51. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis - etiology, clinical and pathomorphological features, diagnosis.
52. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis - evolution, treatment, and prognosis.
53. Gingivitis modified by endogenous hormones: puberty-associated gingivitis - clinical features,
diagnosis, treatment, prognosis.
54. Gingivitis associated with dental biofilm and modified by endogenous hormones: menstrual
cycle-associated, climacteric-associated, oral contraceptive-associated - clinical features,
diagnosis, and treatment.
55. Gingivitis associated with dental biofilm and modified by endogenous hormones: pregnancy-
associated - clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Prevention.
56. Gingival lesions in mucocutaneous diseases - diagnosis, evolution, prognosis.
57. Allergic gingivitis - allergens, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment.
58. Gingivitis in specific bacterial and viral infections (syphilis, gonorrhea, virus Herpes simplex,
HIV-infection) - clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis.
59. Chronic periodontitis - clinical features, clinical diagnosis, evolution, prognosis.
60. Chronic periodontitis - treatment plan, considerations and phases.
61. Cause-related periodontal therapy - goals, approaches and periodontal instrumentation
technique.
62. Systemic antimicrobial therapy of periodontal diseases - rationale, indications.
63. Topical antimicrobial therapy of periodontal diseases - rationale, indications.
64. Modulation of host response in periodontitis.
65. Treatment of periodontal pocket in initial therapy - scaling and root planing, curettage - goal,
curettage-principles, effectiveness. Indications and contraindications.
66. Limitations of pocket instrumentation. Decision making for open flap debridement in
periodontal therapy,
67. Re-evaluation after cause-related periodontal therapy - goals, significance, interpretation of
measurements.

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68. Effectiveness of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Healing of periodontal pocket.
69. Corrective phase of the treatment plan in periodontitis - planning of surgical periodontal
therapy.
70. Indications for resective gingival surgery of periodontal pocket - external and internal bevel
gingivectomy, gingivoplasty. Limitations and contraindications.
71. Indications for resective techniques for bone defect treatment - resective osseous surgery,
odontoplasty.
72. Regenerative periodontal therapy - concept, bone filling, guided tissue regeneration.
73. Splinting of periodontally compromised teeth in periodontal therapy. Indications and
techniques.
74. Supportive periodontal therapy - goals, diagnostic criteria, recalls for supportive visits.
75. Assessment and control of etiologic and risk factors in supportive therapy.
76. Diagnosis, prediction and prevention of recurrence and progression of periodontal diseases.
77. Prognosis of periodontal diseases - determination criteria, treatment considerations according
to prognosis.
78. Aggressive periodontitis - etiology, clinical parameters, characteristics, clinical course and
prognosis.
79. Prepubertal periodontitis - etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, evolution, prognosis.
Treatment.
80. Localized juvenile periodontitis - etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, evolution, and prognosis.
Treatment.
81. Generalized juvenile periodontitis - etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, evolution, and
prognosis. Treatment.
82. Rapidly progressive periodontitis - etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, evolution, prognosis.
Treatment.
83. Refractory periodontitis - etiologic and risk factors, clinical parameters, diagnosis. Treatment.
84. Periodontitis associated with systemic diseases and conditions - diabetes, blood disorders, etc.
85. Periodontitis modified by environmental factors and patient behavior - medication, smoking,
etc.
86. Periodontitis associated with genetic disorders: Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, Down syndrome -
pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, evolution and prognosis. Treatment.
87. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis - etiology, clinical features, prognosis, treatment.
88. Acute periodontal conditions - abscesses. Etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, resolution.
89. Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions. Pathogenesis, clinical features, differential
diagnosis, treatment.
90. Trauma from occlusion - definition, concept, clinical features, treatment.
91. Implant interface, structure of peri-implant mucosa and peri-implant bone.
92. Peri-implant mucositis - definition, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention.
93. Peri-implantitis - definition, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention.
94. Structure biology of the oral mucosa.
95. Oral mucosa examination - local (lesion types) and systemic status, clinical and additional
methods.
96. Oral mucosa lesions associated with trauma - diagnosis, treatment.
97. Infectious lesions of the oral mucosa: necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis - aetiology, clinical
features, diagnosis, evolution, prognosis. Treatment.
98. Micotic stomatitis - clinical features, diagnosis, evolution, prognosis. Treatment.
99. Denture-related stomatitis - clinical features, diagnosis, evolution, prognosis. Treatment.
100. Gonococcal stomatitis - clinical features, diagnosis, treatment.

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101. Oral mucosa lesions associated with viral infection: Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster - clinical
features, diagnosis, and treatment.
102. Aphthous oral lesions. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis - clinical features, diagnosis,
evolution and prognosis. Treatment.
103. Oral mucosa lesions associated with systemic diseases - clinical features, diagnosis,
evolution, and prognosis. Treatment.
104. Oral mucosa lesions in acute infectious diseases - clinical features, diagnosis, treatment.
105. Oral mucosa lesions with allergic etiology - clinical features, diagnosis, treatment.
106. Erythema multiforme - etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, evolution and prognosis.
Treatment.
107. Lichen planus - etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, evolution and prognosis. Treatment.
108. Leukoplakia - etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, evolution and prognosis. Treatment.

Sofia,
October 2015
Head of Department:
/Professor Dr. Chr. Popova, MD/

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