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BS Grewal.
BS Grewal.
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Infinite series occur so frequently in all types of problems that the necessity of studying
their convergence o r divergence is very important. Unless a series employed in an
investigation is convergent, it may lead to absurd conclusions. Hence it is essential that the students
of engineering begin by acquiring an intelligent grasp of this subject.
9.2 SEQUENCES
(1) An ordered set of real numbers, a, Ag, Ag, . .
., a, is called a sequence and is
denoted by (a. ). If the number of terms is unlimited, then the sequence is said to be an infinite
sequence and a, is its general term.
For instance (i) 1, 3, 5, 7, ..., (2n-1), ..., (ii) 1, 1/2, 1/3, ..., 1/n
,
... ,
(iii) 1 ,-1,1,-1, ...,(-1)- 1, ... are infinite sequences. (2) Limit. A sequence is said to
tend to a limit I, if for every e > 0, a value N of n can be found such that la -1
1 < e for n N.
We then write Lt (an) = l or s imply (a.) →l as
n →0.
(3) Convergence. If a s equence (a) h as a finite limit, it is called a convergent
sequence. If ((,) is not co
nvergent, it is said to be divergent.
In the above examples, (ii ) is convergent, while (i) and (ii) are
divergent.
) Bounded sequence. A sequence (a) is said to be bounded, if there exists a
(4
uch that a, <k for every n.
number k s
(5) Monotonic sequence. The sequence (a) is said t o i ncrease steadily or to
decrease steadily according as an +
12 a
, or anul sa,, for all values o . Both increasing and
f n
decreasing sequences are called monotonic sequences.
A monotonic sequence always tends to a limit, finite or infinite. Thus, a
sequence which is monotonic and bounded is c
onvergent.
(6) Convergence, Divergence and Oscillation. If Lt (an) = l is finite
and unique then the sequence is said to be convergent.
365
100
366
HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
If Lt (an) is infinite (+ -), the sequence is said to be divergent.
If Lt (an) is not unique, then ( Q.) is said to be oscillatory.
1-2/n S
olution. (i) L
t
-=1/3 which is finite and unique. Hence the sequence (a,) is
3+1/n convergent.
a +
+n
PROBLEMS 9.1
5. a
= 1/2
6. a, = 1+(-1)
8. a = 2n.
9.3 SERIES
Example 9.2. Examine for convergence the series (i) 1 + 2 +3 + ... +n +
... Oo. (vi) 5- 4-1 +
5- 4-1 + 5-4-1 + ...
+
Lt sp=Lt n(n 1) +0. Hence this series is divergent.
2 (ii) Here
s, = 5-4-1+ 5-4-1+ 5-4-1+...n t erms
= 0,5 or 1 according as the number of terms is 3m, 3m + 1, 3m + 2.
Clearly in this case, s, does not tend to a unique limit. Hence the series is
oscillatory.
1
INFINITE SERIES
367
Examples 9.3. Geometrie series. Show that the series 1 ++ 2 + 73 + ... to (i)
converges if I rl <1, (ii) d
iverges i f r21, a
nd (iii) oscillates i frs-1.
Solution. Let
1 +r+r2 + ... + ph=1 <1, Lt r = 0.
S =
Case I . When
r
2
1
1.- 1-r
so that Lt sn=
1
1- Also
en 1-1 . the series is convergent. Case II. (i) When r>1, Lt p >
.
and
ph-1
1 Also
= so that Lt → os
hen r = 1, then s = 1 + 1 + 1..... +1=n
r-1 -1 1-1 .. the series is divergent. (ii) W
Lts →00 ... The series is divergent. Case III. (i) When r = - 1, then the
series becomes 1-1+1-1+1-1... which is an oscillatory series. (it)
When r<-1, let r=-p so that p> 1. Then r = (-1)" pa
1- 1-(-1)"p" as Lt p" → S = =
PROBLEMS 9.2
3. 6 - 10 + 4 + 6 - 10 + 4 + 6 - 10 + 4 + ... ..
+ ... 09.
(V.T.U., 2006)
tres. Each time the ball hits the
1-2 2.3 3.4 5. A ball is dropped from a height h me
ground, it rebounds a distance r times the
distance fallen where 0<r<1. If h = 3 metres and r = 2/3
, find the total distance
travelled by the ball.
The truth of the following properties is self-evident and these may be regarded as
axioms :
1. The convergence or divergence of an infinite series remains unaffected by the
addition or removal of a finite number of its terms; f or the sum of these terms
being the finite quantity does not on addition or removal alter the nature of
its sum.
2. If a series in which all the terms are positive is convergent, the series remains
convergent even when some o r all of its terms are negative ; for the sum is
clearly the greatest when all the terms are positive.
h
3. T e convergence or divergence of an infinite series remains unaffected by
multiplying each term by a finite number.
1. An infinite series in which all the terms after some particular terms are
positive, is a positive term series. e.g., -7-5-2 +2 + 7 + 13 + 20 + ... is a
positive term series as all its terms after the third are positive.
2. A series of positive terms either converges or diverges to +
6; for the sum of its
first n terms, omitting the negative terms, tends to either a finite limit or + o.
368
HIGHEA ENGINEEAING
HEMATIOS
MAT
no
tu
Hence L p = 0 i s a necessary b
ut not s ufficient condition f or c onvergence of
non
21 Obs. The above result leads to a simple test
tu
for divergence : If L n 0, the s eries E
u, must b
e
divergent.
96 COMPARISON
TESTS
I. If t wo p
ositive t erm series Eu, a
nd Du, be
such that (1) Ev, converges,
(i i) u
. So, f or a
ll v alues of n, t hen L
u,
also c onverges. P
roof. S
ince Ev, is convergent,
Lt (0; + V+ Vy + ... + Un) = a finite
quantity k ( say) Also since u, sv, U, S U , ---, U,
SUR
Adding, U++ ... + un Sv + Vy + ... +
un
Lt (u, +1, + ... + 0,5 Lt (0, +2, + k.
... + vn) =
nt
Hence the series Su, also converges.
reater than a fixed number m,
Obs. If, however, the relation Su, holds for values of re g
then the first m terms of both the series can be ignored without affecting their convergence or
divergence.
II. If two positive term series Eu, a nd E v, b e
such that: ( i ) Ev, d
i verges,
(ii) u
, 2u, f or all values of n, then E
u also
diverges. I ts proof is similar to that of Test I. I II. L
imit form If two p
ositive t erm series
Eu, and Lu, b e such that
Lt
= f inite q
uantity (+0
), then Łu, a nd E
u,
converge or d iverge t ogether.
1-1 <E
|
<€
for nam
forn 2
m
INFINITE SERIES
369
Or
e
-En-l<
for
n2m
or
Also from
(1),
€, i.e., u, <(1 + E
«m <l + )v, for
all n.
[By (2)
Lt (uz + ug + ... + u
n)<(1 + €) Lt (0; + V2 + ... +on)
ence Zu, is also convergent. Case II. When EU,
= (1 + €)k H
is divergent, t hen
Lt (0, + vg + ... + vn) 100 Also from
(1) 1- Esm or u.>
(1 - £)u, for all n
dx
A positive ter
m series f(1) + f(2) + ... + f(n) + ...,
ecreases as n increases, converges or div erges
where f(n) d
according as the integral
5 f(x)
dx
...(1) is finite or infinite.
n+1 f( 1)+ f( 2) + ... + f( n)2 (**f( x) dx 2|( 2) +
f( 3) + ... + f(n +
1)
$2
1
f(x) dx 28m+
- f(1)
1
2
n
1
n+
X
3
Fig. 9.1
Hence if integral (1) is finite, so is Lts . Similarly, from the first inequality, we see that if the
integral (1) is infinite, so is Lts. But the given series either converges or diverges to + , i.e., Lts, is
either finite or infinite as n +
.
Hence the result follows.
,ne 7P2P
Solution. By the above test, this series will converge or diverge according as
is finite or infinite.
370
HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Ifp71,
ALT
P
m
+
1
x
m
. finite
*, i.e
for p > 1
P- 1'
o dac
Ifp = 1, ox =
Obs. Application of comparison tests. Of all the above tests the limit formi is the most useful.
To apply this comparison test to a given series Eu , the auxiliary series Ev, must be
so chosen that Lt(ul) is non-zero and finite. To do this, we take v. equal to that
term of u, which is of the highest degree in 1/n a
nd the convergence or
divergence of .. is known with the help of the above series.
(iii) 1 + -
209
Lt –
Lt n =
2-1/n
2-0 n+ Un
n = (1 + 1/n)(1 + 2/n) (1
+0)(1+0)
both Xu, and Eu, converge or diverge
= 2, which is finite and non-zero -
together. But Ev, = X1/n2 is known to be convergent. Hence Zu, is also
convergent.
(ii) Here
re
(iii) He
z
- webm
=
1. Lt =
e
= Lt =
=1.70 1 1+1/n ) + (1+1/n)" Now since Xv, is divergent, therefore Lu, is also
+
divergent.
INFINITE
SERIES
371
est t he c onvergence o
Example 9.6. T f
the s eries :
3
-
1
()
Cu
(V.T. U. ,
2008) ( i)
-
(iii)
(V. T.U
.,
2
000
S)
V2" +1
2n
8n?
28n?
2
81
IT
1
both Eu, and Eu, converge or diverge
together. But Lun = 21 In is known to be
divergent. Hence Lu, is also divergent.
(ii) When x < 1, comparing the given
series Eu, with Eun = x",
we get
Lt Un = Lt
n +1 But
Xv, is
n Un n " +%* 2 )
hen x >
convergent, so Zu i s also convergent. W
1, comparing zu, with Zw, Ex-", we get
Lt Un Lt (_1__
* = Lt -
=
Lt =
1: 321 → O as n
→]
[:: 72 → O as n
→ 0]
0 Wnn
h=
++-1
n
11--2n
ti) Here
V
1+1/2
--*1-0)",(1:18) Un=
(*)***, we get
Taking
(i)
(log na
(iv)
(p > 0) n(log n)p
(P.T.U.,
2010)
_ ( n +
1) -12 /n[(1
+1/n) – 1/ (n) S
olution. (i) We have u, = "
(n + 2)3 - 1 m3/(1+2/n)3
- 1/n?)
372
HIGHER ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
) 13 ore
=
3!
3
n
5.no
=
51,4
Lt Un = Lt 1--
Since . 3!
...=10 1 Un n
(log n
U
2372
225/4
(:
p= 5
/4 > 1)
onverges by p-series. Hence
Since 1/n5/4 c by
comparison test, Eu, also converges.
(iv) Let
1.
1
- ...oo
.T.U. , 2000)
(J.N
2
+
+... 09
3.
1
.
1.2
2. 3.
+2+... 3.4
5.6
(Cochin,
2001)
t
+
=
(P.T.U.,
2009)
*
1.3
3.5
5.7
INFINITE
SERIES
373
T
2PP
2 3.5.7
+ ... 00
.U
(V.T ., 2009
S)
0. 1.3.5
5.7.9
3 4 5 6
itz+27+ 64+
smania, 2000
(O
S)
724+1
13.
Nina +1) – n] (V.T
.U
., 2010;
P.T
.U., 2009)
14.
1963 + 1)
- n]
.T
(P .U
., 2007 ;
Rohtak 2003)
WIWOW!
Ven* + 1) –
Jen* – 11
18. F (+ 1) -
J.N. T.U
.,
2003)
Vn log n
+ 273 -
(n
1
Let the two series beginning from the particular term be u, +1, +
u, + ... and u,
+1, +1, +... If uzcu, uz Uz...
ų v Ug Up
U2 + 3
113 + ...
then
4, +
H2 + Ug + ... =
u Wuy
Hence, if Ev, converges, Eu, also
converges.
u ya Vg Du '"1* 2
*13*
****
Obs. A more convenient form of the above test to apply is as
follows:
Xu, converges i f ( 1) Eu converges and ( i i) f rom and after a
particular term
om> 11 7+1
, Un + 1
9.9
D'ALEMBERT'S
RATIO TEST* In a
positive t erm series
Lun if
Lt "n+1
= 2
, t hen t he series converges f or a
and d
<1 iverges f or å >
1
.
S CON
1 -
Un
Case I. W
hen Lt "n+1
.
=1<1
BILLO
Led
1
IIS
un
442 443 42 44 4g us to
+r+ p2 + pod + ....) u g ug u ug ug u
= , which is finite quantity. Hence Eu, is
convergent.
IS COD
[:
r< 1]
n Lt On+1
Case II. Whe
=2> 1
→
In
Here
2= Lt = Lt
== Lt =
Un n (n+1) 1 n . (1 +1/n) T
hen for all values of p, 1
1 and diverges for p < 1. Hence A = 1
= 1; whereas 21/nP converges for p >
both for convergence and divergence of Lu, which is absurd.
Oly. 2. It is important to note that this test makes no reference to the magnitude of unlu,
but concerns only with the limit of this ratio.
For instance in the series 1 +*++-+...++ ..., the ratio n+1=1 <1 for all finite values of n, but
tends
2 3 4
72
un
1 to
n+ unity as n o. Hence the Ratio test fails although this series is
divergent.
62
INFINITE SERIES
375
1+1)
un_= Lt -
Lt - n
+
+
(n
72
+
2
[1 + 2/n
= Lt
1/n) x 2 = r-2
n
+
1
72
/
1
→
1+1/ n
TIL
-1
1
(ii) Here
Un+
un 1
-2
2
-2 +1
2+1 +1 2h+ 2n +1 -2
L ui n 1
-0 2+0 1 1
.,
by Ratio test, Lu, converges for x > 1 i.e
nUn+1 1+0 2-0 x x Thus
for x < 1 diverges for x > 1. But it fails for x = 1.
When x=1,
= Lt 4
Lt un
2
= Lt -2=170
n6n
+
2
+1
n
+
• Xu, diverges for x = 1. Hence the given series converges for x<
1 and diverges for x 21.
Lt -
un
n!
+ 12 + 1)
(n
Lt OnX
2
227
n
U
+1
72
72
(n + 1)!
ndo
= Lt
+ 1) = e. Lt (n + 1) +
(n
- L1 (1) 2009 - 1:(0:4)*. n = 1)
- 4 (2+4)**-+9)= e. Le (n + 1) + (i) Given series in Iv.
= Here 19 - MA SOFTW=(1+4
7
00
+
Un
n! na
+ 1 ) +
(n
(n + 1 )!
Lt Un = 1 n+ Un + 1
= e, which is > 1. Hence the given series is convergent.
1
N
/
376
HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
( i i) 1
1
a+ +
1
5+1
1 +2 (Q ) 6+ 1) (26+ 1)
1) ( 2a + 1
+
+ 1
(a ) (2 1) (0+ 1) (26 + 1) (36+1)
a + 1) ( 3a +
+ ...
in
1
1 +
n+1)
=
+
3
(1 + +1 = Lt
n7x+*+!
31 +3"
t:
+1 → O as n + ]
= Lt
IR
1+1 +1) Also
+1
= 1 if x > 1. n un
+1 :
1+x/n by Ratio test, Xu, converges for x < 1 and fails for x>1.
=+ = + = + ... +og, which is divergent.
1 1 1 When x = 1, u =
Hence the given series converges for x < 1 and diverges for x 2 1. (ii)
222
PROBLEMS 9.4
1. XT23
3.
1+
+
+
.T.U., 2006)
(J.N
2
- tas + 10
5
n(n-1) (n - 2
)
5. 1+2+3+4++ ...
2! 3!
(Kurukshetra, 2005)
(Rohtah, 2005)
/
7713
Kerala, 2005)
in +1
9.
"
(P.T.U., 2006)
(Madras, 2000)
2
3.4
2 .4
3.5.6
2.4.6
b+... (V.T.U., 2010) 3.5.7.8
201012. (09+(12) +(3:
12.
3.5.7)
INFINITE SERIES
377
13. 1
12 22 12.22 32 1.3.5 * 1.3.5.7.9
- +...
(Delhi, 2 002)
4 18
4.12 18.27
4.12.20 1 8.27.36
ta i oo
adras, 2
(M 000)
(J . N
. T
. U. , 2006)
3D ***
(2n-1
)
(V. T. U. , 2
004)
3.6.9...
3 5 2.4.7.10... (3n+1) 3n+2 191.1+0(1+a) (1 + 20) (1 + a)(1+20) (1 +
30)
1+B (1+B) (1 + 2B) (1+B) (1 + 2B) (1 +33)
or if,
+... or if, Lt n
QIT
In
Un
1
>
p(p- 1)
2n
=1>
Lt
p-1)
p(
2n
in
1
+1 J
L
f Lt
(2) Logarithmic test. In the positive term series Zu, i n
logm
=k,
Obs. 1. Logarithmic test is a substitute for Raabe's test and should be applied
when either n occurs as an exponent i n u lunt, or evaluation of
Lt becomes
easier on taking logarithm of u, /unt
Obs. 2. If u/u.. does not involve n as an exponent or a logarithm, the series
Lu, diverges.
54.7... (3n +
Example 9.11. Test for convergence the series 6
1) n (va
ton (V.T.U., 2009; P.T.U., 2006 S) 1 . 2.. .n
* 12
2
()
x2n.
In
1
_
-
. 4.7...(3n+
4) n+1
1.2...(n +
1)
1+1 1 3n+4 x
3 + 4/n
x
_4.7... (3n+1)
un
1
+1 1.2...n LtUm-
Un
+1 3x
n
Thus by Ratio t est, the series converges for --> 1,
i.e. , for xs
and diverges for
x >
But it fails
for
*** ventes converges for 3: > 1,
1.2., for <<
* and diven
Now
No
w
xpand b
[E y Binomial T
heorem)
--15--+
+...
Lt nl -
which <1.
39n
Thus by Raabe' s iverges. Hence
test, the series d the
given series converges for x < į and
diverges for x 2 j.
( n
um ! [2(n
+ 1)]! *2 (2n + 1) (2n+2) 1 2(2n +
1) 1 (ii)
Here
Un +1 ((n + 1)!) (2n)! **2(n + 1) (n +
1)
2 22n+1 2 12(2+1/n
) 1
-4 n-
2 Thus by Ratio Test, the series converges
tun+in+ 1 + 1/ 7
for x2 < 4 and diverges for x2 >4. But fails for x2 = 4.
n 11
(2
When x2 = 4,
When xo
= 4,
Center - 1) = -( 2
* 2-1) -
--1
=n
Un + 1
)
2n +
2
Un + V (2n+2 Lt
nun-1)= 11
Thus by Raabe's test, t he series diverges. Hence the
given series converges for x2 <4 and diverges for x2 > 4.
l linn
Ca
1)"+ *"
"x" (n +
n"
Now
Un+
1
(1+1/n)"
1
log"n_= log
n log
|1+
- 12
-
Un +1
In
272
2n
3,2+...
POOL
nu
2
series converges for 1/x > 1, i.e ., for x < 1, and diverges for x > 1.
But it fails for x = 1. . . let us try the Raabe's test.
Lt na
S(n + 1) (n + y) ( (n + a) (n + B)
= Lt n n2=
-1% =
Lt n
* I
n(1 + y = 0.- B)+y-aß
n + n(a +B) + aß
(1 + Y-C-B) + (
= Lt
=1+y-a-B
1
1
+ (a +B)
+
Thus the series converges for 1 + y-a-B > 1, i. e., f or y> Q + B and diverges for y<a
t
+ B. But it fails for Y= + B. Since u, lun does not involve n a s an exponent or
a logarithm, the series Xu, diverges for y=a + B.
Hence the series converges for x< 1 and diverges for x > 1. When x = 1, the
series converges for y> a+B and diverges for y Sa+B.
PROBLEMS 9.5
Test the following series for convergence
112**********
(Mumbai, 2009)
1
(V.T.U., 2008
; J.N.T.U., 2003)
23 3.4 4.5
(Raipur, 2005)
1r 1.32, 1.3.5 3
2.4 2.4.6
* + ... . (x >0)
7. 1
1
3
(V.T.U., 2007; Raipur, 2005)
1.3 25 1.3.5 x +2.4.5 +2.4.6.7
+ ... 0. (x > 0)
9. 1 +
+ ... 00 (x > 0)
2!
12.52
12.62.92
19. a+x
(a + 2x)
(a + 3x)
11:
1
2
3!
ala+1) 2 a( a +
1)(a + 2) 3 0,X > 0). 14.
+ ... (a, b > 1+ 7*+B[b+
1) ** + 3(6
+ 1)(b + 2)
380
HIGHER ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
TO
n7093
sau a fost
in
Lt (u) n = Lt -
(1+1 nyn
which is < 1. Hence the given series is
convergent.
noo
(J.N.T.U.,
2006)
m 3+3++(99**+()*2* =
.6630) (6) 3 (1) 4 19.29
(V.T.U.,
2006)
*See footnote p.
144.
INFINITE
SERIES
381
n
+1
Solution. (i ) A
fter leaving the first term, we
find that
*", so that
n + 2)
Lt
(1+1 / n (u)n
= Lt
n+ 1+27n .
: By Cauchy's root test, the given series converges
for x < 1 and diverges for x > 1.
n+1
When x = 1, 4,
1
n+
(1+2+)
1)
n+
nos ei
11
Lt nin=1
n
: Lt u == +0. Since u, does not tend to zero, &u, is
divergent. Thus the given series converges for x < 1 and
diverges for x 2 1. (ii) Here (alt) = 0
t (un)n = Lt 1+1. 1 *= Lt
. L
[*. Lt nin=1]
n in
• The given series converges for x <
1 and diverges for x > 1. When x = 1, u =
4 * * - - [1 + 1)
Taking Taking on L. (4.) = + (1+ 1)* = e 40
and finite. - By comparison test both Eu,
and Lu, behave alike.
1). Eu, also diverges. Hence the
But Ev, = 2 is divergent (: p=
given series converges for x <1 and diverges for x 2 1.
=
= e = 0 and finite.
7000)
n n
+ 1) 2+1
'
n +1
(iii) Here
n+1
PROBLEMS 9.6
2.
1
(P.T.U.,
2005)
L
(log n)
3.
(P.T.U.,
2010)
+ ... + (> 0)
2
34
[(2n + 1) x)"
20
72
+1
(V.T.U., 2007)
382
HIGHER ENGINEERING
HEMATICS
MAT
9.12 ALTERNATING
SERIES
and
or as
Lt u n
70, the given series is oscillatory.
n → The given series is u, -u, +
uz-u, +
... Suppose
Lt un = 0
n → Consider the sum of 2n terms. It
can be written as
82n = (uq- u
n) + (ug- ) + ... +
(uan-1-42n)
San = 4,- (uz - ug) - ( 44 - ug) ... - Uan By virtue of (1),
the expressions within the brackets in (3) and (4) are all positive. . It follows
from (3) that s. is positive and increases with n. Also from (4), we note that
sy always remains less than u Hence s., must tend to a finite limit. Moreover
Lt Sun+1 = Lt (S2n + Ulin +1)= Lt San + 0
Thus Lt sn tends to the same finite limit
whether n is even or odd. Hence the given series is
convergent. When
0, Lt San Lt S2n+1. The given series is
Lt Un
oscillatory.
[by (2)
2012
s
Also Lt un = Lt (1/ \n) = 0. Hence by Leibnitz's rule, the given
series is convergent. (ii) The terms of the given series are
alternately positive and negative and
3 2n +
2n + 1_ "nun-1" 2n2n - 24nin -
1)
-6 <0 for n > 1.
t. e.,
n
.
2n
=1+0
3 un
2n + <un-1 for n > 1. Also Lt un
= Lt Hence by
Leibnitz's rule, the given series is oscillatory. (iii) T
he
terms of the given series are alternately positive and negative.
., log (n + 2) > log (n + 1)
Also n + 2 >n+1, i.e
i.e.,
(i )
(- 1
)^-1
2
(-1)" -
tema
(i i)
<x< 1.
2n - 1
n(n- 1)
n =
2
Solution. (i) The terms of the given series are alternately positive and
negative; each term is numerically less than its preceding term.
1 -
Un-1
2n - 1
2n- 3* (2n-1)(n-3)
But
Lt u = L
t -1 = Lt -
which is not zero. n
n - 2n - 1 - 2 - 1/n 2 H
ence the given series is
i. e
.,
(: 0<x<
1)
PROBLEMS 9.7
22!
RSO
6
11
16
21 26
2.1--13 +
elhi, 2002
...co. 3. 51" (D )
4. Ž (-19-
5.
-+... (Osmania, 2003) 6. 1-2 3
-45.. 7. 1–2 **** *r**.**, (=<). (Cochin, 2005) & į
se non
. . . . . =0 <<1). 10. (è love
2) - (hopa) (lang ) - (it loss) -
2004
(V.T.U., ; Delhi,
2002)
1+*+
... is known to be
convergent,
CONVERSE
384
HIGHER ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
Again, since the alternating
series 1 -
+
-
+* - ... is convergent, and the series of
absolute values
+
+
+... is divergent, so the original series is conditionally
convergent.
2
3
4
5
The s eries
bsolutely c onvergent if L
is a t
<I,
and i s d
ivergent if
Lt
1! > 1. This t est fails w
hen the limit
is unity.
=(-1
i
-1 n n +1 )
1 7
-1
n
2(n +
1)
20.1.1)2 =
(-19- 1a, (Say).
Then
ana
i.e.
(1)
(-1)n-1
12
2n-1
=
n(log n)
1
= 0
n7 2n-1 = 0
This is an alternating series of which terms go on decreasing
and Lt 4, = Lt
. by Leibnitz's rule, Eu,
converges.
1 1 1 The
series of absolute terms is 1 + + + ...
3 57
un +1
= 1, then by Ratio test, the series (1) converges, when lx is
numerically less than 1, i.e.,
_* and
1
Lt
Lt - n+ 1+1/n
I
= | X
72 +
by Ratio test the given series converges for | x | <1
and diverges for | x | > 1.
en sem
386
HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
n
-
C
LE
i.e
., f or-1>1-2 >1 or x <
0 and x > 2.
Let us examine the series for x = 0 and x = 2.
Hence the given series converges for x < 0 and < > 2.
. U. , 2010)
(V.T
(-1)"
+1
= (-191-1 -
Solution. We have u,
LLLLLLLL
n+ 1 )
(2 n
+ 3)
1)
+1
J(2
n +1)
N00
2+1/n
2 + 3/ n
)
-
- Lt x = 0
Here Lt Un+1 =
Lt |
nunn n n - 1)! non Hence the series
converges, whatever be the value of x. (2)
Convergence of logarithmic
series
The
series x
-
+-18
...cis convergent for
– 1<x51.
IL DET LE
n
nn n+
1 ( 1
n +1
no
1+1/n
(- 1)"+1
+1 Here
n Lt
"n+1 = Lt (1) **
=-* Lt =-* Lt
n
converges for | *
|<1.
n(n- 1)... (n-r)
n(n-1)... (n-1+1) =
Her
e
r-land
U,=
(-1)!
n
+1
1+1
ner +1 Lt
= Lt.
X= Lt | rur 00
10 T
--1
1.
* = -x for r> n +
nvergenc
e : 6 EV
(-12-1
(-1)=1
E
STER
(Rohtak,
2006 S)
1. Test the following series for conditional convergence :
(1)
Vh sin 2x sin 3x 2. Prove that the series sin x
-... converges
absolutely.
3
3
73 3. Test the following series for conditional
convergence :
( 01-11-1
1_1 1.3 1.3.5 P
2P 3P 4P
2 2.4 2.4.6***
+ ... 00
388
HIGHER ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
GE
D? 4. Discuss the absolute convergence of (1)
(Hissar, 2
005
S)
Vas
+1)
Veep
+1)
(38
+1)
5. Find the nature of the series
(V.T.U. ,
2009)
1-2
. T
(P .U
., 2009 S;
V.T
.U., 2008)
12
(a)
=
72
First see whether the given series is (i) a series with
terms alternately positive and negative;
(i) a series of positive terms
excluding power series ; or (iii) a power series.
For alternating s eries ( i) , apply the Leibnitz's rule (8 9.12).
For s eries ( i i), first find u
, and if possible evaluate Lt u, If Lt u, 70, the series
is divergent. If Lt u, = 0, compare Eu, with 21/ nand apply the comparison tests ($ 9.6).
If the comparison tests are not applicable, apply the Ratio test (8 9.9), If Lt u lu =
1, i.e. , the ratio test fails, apply Raabe's teat (8 9.10). If Raabe's test fails for a similar reason,
apply Logarithmic test ($ 9.10). If this also fails, apply Cauchy's root test (8 9.11).
For the p
ower s eries (ii) , apply the Ratio test as in $ 9 .14. If the Ratio test fails,
examine the series as in c ase (i i) above.
PROBLEMS
9.9
1-
Nnt1
n=1
4
+1
123 1+12 +213 1 +
1
314
& Livi* 2: V2
3*3*
1+
1
2+
2
3 + 13
8.
5272
n
(2n-12
gn
INFINITE
SERIES
389
11.
(3x +
5)" (n
+ 1)!
12.
(x +
2)"
3 n
6-1
9"
log 72
14. (-1)"
sin
nx
12-1 V3
1
14 = 1
1-1 + ..... (V.T.U.,
2003)
16
.
33-1
- in l og n) (log log n)
4-1 53
7
4
9.17 UNIFORM
CONVERGENCE
Let
...
(1)
be an infinite series of functions each of which is
-
an
d
s(v) = Lt
isla– 6,6) 1
=
1-2 for 1 x | <1 6*1-" which will be < e, if | x |" <e
(1 - 1)
or
1-1 1- x
Choose N such that l x IN= € (1 - x)
N = log (€ (1 - x))/ l og | * | Evidently N increases with the
increase of | x | and in the interval - Sxs, it assumes a maximum value N = log
(ε/2l og į at x = { for a given €.
Thus | s(x) – $(x) | <ą for all n 2 N' for every value of x in the
interval (1,1). Hence
the geometric series converges
uniformly in the interval (-1,3).
$
1
Obs. The gcometric series though convergent in the interual (1, 1), is not uniformly
convergent in this interval, since we cannot find a fixed number N for everyx in this interval
6. N given by ( ) --> as
1)..
390
HIGHER ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
9.18 WEIERSTRASS'S
M-TEST*
A series E u, (x) i s u
niformly convergent in an i nterval (a, b ) , if t here exists
a c onvergent series E M, o f positive c onstants such that u n (x) | SM for all values o f x i n ( a, b) .
Since SM is convergent, therefore, for a given € > 0, we can find a
number N, such that s-S1 <for e very n > N here s = M, + M, + ... + M, +
, w Mn + 1 + ... and
sn= M, + M, + ... + M.
This implies that | Mn+1+Mn +2 + ... <e for
every n > N. Since 1 u(x) | SM,
Un+1(x) | +un+ 2(x) + ... I S un+ z(x)] + | Un+
2(x) + ...
SM + ... <e for every n > N. s(x)-s, (x) | <ɛ for every n > N,
1+M+2+
where s(x) is the sum of the series Eu, (x). Since N d oes not
depend on x, the series Eu, (x) converges uniformly in (a,b). Obs. Eu, (x)
is also absolutely convergent for everyx, since 14,(x) | SM
Example 9.22. Show that the following series converges uniformly in any interval: (1) 5
cos nx (Andhra, 1999) ( ii) - 3.42
values
2)
non +
na + 2n
Since
IS COD
no
=1
.. by M-test, the given series is uniformly convergent for all real values
of x and p > 1.
* Named after the great German mathematician Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897) who made basic
proximation theory, Differential geometry and Calculus of variations. He
contributions to Calculus, Ap
was also one of the founders of Complex analysis.
INFINITE
SERIES
391
s
Hou
-ZS Lit
e
i. e.,
[ [u(x) + Uz (x) + .. .) dx = 4(x) dx + Luz(x) dx +... I II. If
Eu (x) is a convergent series having continuous derivatives of its terms, and the series Lu ( x)
tiated term by term
converges uniformly, then the series can be differen
Solution.
* 1 s 1 for O5xs1
for 0 <x< 1. But SM
is a convergent series.
i.e.,
li (23dx = E(L dx) - 2 (71* ** dx) = 2 ->
0+1)
Imp. Obs. There is no relation between absolute and uniform convergence. In fact, a series
may converge absolutely but not uniformly while another series may converge uniformly but not
absolutely.
For instance, the series
1 1 1 *2 +1
= ... can be seen to converge uniformly but not absolutely, while the
series 212 +2 22 +3
3
+
2+1
... can be shown to converge absolutely but not
uniformly.
11.
PROBLEMS 9.10
1. Se
22
Nin2
6
sin *
sin 2x
sin 3x
sin 4x
.U., 2003; Andhra,
(P.T
2000)
COS X
cos 30 cos 52
s
in 2x 4. sin se
2
4
sin 3x
313
sin 4x
47
t COS 5
22
8. Show that
W
9. Prove
that
+ ... converges uniformly in the interval x 20 but not absolutely. 3+2 4+ 2
)
(a
cos(x 2 +
n2x)
n2 + 2)
=]
11. Show that
()
2
** dx = 1 -3.31*5.51
7.71 ***
271 + ..co;
(w)
sin ne
100=2
2. (2n -
134
mu
PROBLEMS 9.11
(a) p>0
(6) p <
1
(c) p
>
1
) psl.
(d
2. The
series
(2x)"
converges
if
)-15x31
(a
(c) -2 <<2
*
IA
21/2*313 414
+ ..
1 1 1 1 (c)
3 +4
2
+ ...091 (d)
x+2 +3 +4 + ... as where
<1.
(c) divergent.
(a) convergent (6) oscillatory
sta +...is
+ is
(a)
oscillatory
(c) divergent
) conditionally convergent (d) absolutely convergent.
(6
INFINITE SERIES
393
10.
un
(α) Στη 1
6) Σ.
,
20
+ 1
n(n + 1)
-1) n=0 11.
(n If Eu is a convergent series of positive terms, then Lt un i s
(a) 1
(6) + 1
(c)0
(d) 0. 12. Geometric series 1 +*+ *2 + ... + -1+ ...co
(a) converges in the interval .......
(6 ) converges uniformly in t he interval ......,
(V.T .U., 2010)
15. A sequence (a) is said to be bounded, if there exists a number k such that for
every n ,
a
i s.. 16. The series 2-5 + 3 + 2-5 + 3-5+ ... is....... (Convergent etc.)
2
эр 24 Р.
1
to
(V.7
.U.
2009)
31. Every absolutely convergent series is
necessarily
(a) divergent
)
(6
convergent (c) conditionally convergent
(a) none of
these.
(a)
divergent
(b)
convergent
(c)
oscillatory
d) none of
these.
(V.T. U. ,
2010)
(c) oscillatory
(d) none of
these.
(a) convergent (b) divergent
Š 1_ is
convergent.
(True or
False)
2 (log n)