HUNGARY

PA S T A N D PR E S E N T :

HI STORY FROM THE M AGYAR CONQUE ST

T O T HE PRE SE N T TIM E .

W I TH A SK TE CH O F HU N GARI AN LI TE RA T U RE .

E M E R I C S Z A BA D,
L A
T E SE C R E T ARY
U N D E R T H E H U N G A B IA N N AT ION A
L G O VE RN M E N T O F 1849

E DIN BU R G H
A DA M A N D C H A R L E S BL A C K .

M D CCCLIV .
M U RRAY A N D G I BB , P R I N T E RS , E DI N B U RG H .
6L
-‘
Z MT o m l

E DWA R D W . L ANE , E SQ , M A .
,
. M D,
. .

THE F OLLOWIN G PAGE S A BE IN S C RI BED

AS A
M E M O R IA L OF F R I EN DSHIP .
 PRE FA CE .

T H E followi ng page s are th e su b stan ce of materials for

a d et ail ed hi story collection of which
of H u ngar y, the
I co mm nc d tw o y r ago i n L n d n ; nd w hich
e e ea s o o a

w ere fr m va i u
, o onsider ti n c mpre se d into th
r o s c a o s, o s e

s mall st comp as s p s ible

e H vin g had t my disp l
o s . a a os a

a ll th e r so r c s w hich c u ld h a e b n ob t i n d i
e u e o v ee a e n

B da-P th th chief bj ct i n iew w to r cord

u es ,
e o e v as e

w i th m
- tt nti n t histo ical tru th than to any
ore a e o o r

att cti ns f f rm— ll th fact n d b o d incid n t

ra o o o a ose s a r a e s

w i th ou t w hich n o tru pict r c o ld h v been gi n e u e u a e ve

o f the gene al phy i gnomy f Hu n gari an s ci ty

r s o o o e

th o g h o t th v ri o
r u u ph e f its existen c
e a us as s o e.

N ext t th n r w n d bi as d hi to i
o e f P y
a ro a se s r es o ra

a n d K at n w ho amply dr w
o a, p n th e a ly h e u o e r c ro

n icle of H ng r y H u n i an hi tory gai n d m t ar

rs
g u a ,
s e os

by th l ab s f G bh a di En g l n d F ssle ; thou gh
e ou r o e r ,
e , a e r

th e sel tt r w ks re ch a ct i ed m
a e or by th ei a ra er s or e r

c mp a ati ly lib l tr tment f th bj t th

o r ve er a ea o e su ec , an

by ny important ddi tion t th stock f hist ric l

a a s o e o o a

kn w l dge p op ly c ll d N i th
o e r er n
y w so a e . or s er e a ne

light imp arted in th mo t r cent hi t ry by H rv th e s e s o o a ,

wh oh d the advantage
a f availi ng h imsel f f th o o e
 vi P R E FA CE .

librar ies and archives of Vi nna T he best guid e .

1
es

f H ungari an hist ic l w r iti ng it mus t b e obse rved

or or a , ,

the Cam u J m con taini ng the Dietal A cts f

s a ,
o

th A n te-H ap b r
e p i od an d the H is to i D
erip lo s, r a
g s u

mati e mbraci n t h chi f d cu men ts of th l 6 th e

ca,
g o e e

and 1 7 th c en t ri e u s.

H aving been abl t a ai l myself of source w hi ch e o v s

seem to h av been nkn wn to the historians bov

e u o a e

n am d the foll owin p w i ll b e fou n d to con t in a

e , g g a es

so m n ewe and i mp rt n t facts A s regar ds th

o a . e

divisi ns followed in thi book the gu iding r l w as

o s ,
u e

th e in ternal c nn ecti on of o n ts ; the space all ow ed e ve

to ch period being m as r ed ou t accordi ng to it

ea e u s

i p rt n ce T he l t t w enty fi e year s i ncl ding th

m o a .
- as v ,
u e

l t w ar are as might b xpected tr ated t m

a e , , e e , e a co

p rati vel
a
y g re ater l en g th .

H w f r th e main bj ct i n vi w —the r epres n t

o a o e e e a

tion of the br oad f at res f Hu n gari an histor y — h

e u o as

bee n accompli h d i f th reader to j u dge

s e ,
s or e .

E di nbu rgh, Ja nuary 1 2, 1 8 5 4 .

It may b e mentioned th at th e archi ves of

1
B u da were long
si nce carri ed away b y th e cou r t to th e A ustr ian cap i tal and ar e
, ,

of course, not easily accessi ble .

 CON T E N T S .

PAR T I .

F IR ST P E RI O D — 8 8 9-l 3ol .

C H A P TE R I .

H UN G ARY FR OM T HE MA G Y AR C ON QUE S T TO THE IN T RO D UC T IO N

OF C H RISTIAN I T Y .

Introductory R emar ks Origin of th e M agya s A r pad leader f

. r . o

th e C onq u es t C ompact of th e Invaders R eligion T he C n

. . . o

q u es t.Poli cy of A r p ad Decay of E u opean S oci ety M ag) ar

. r . e

check ed b y O th o t h e Gr eat F ir st C onver ts to C h ris tian ty Pp 1 -8

. i , .

C HA PT ER II .

Ti RE IG N or T H E ARPAD DYN ASTY ( 1 00 0-1 3 0 1

m
Policy of Stephen R eligious M eas u es D efeat of t h e H eathe n
. r .

Par ty D eath of Stephen Stephen s Su ccessors Crus aders in

. .
’
.

R eig n of C ol eman C oleman s Su cce s o s R eig n of ’

H u ng ary . . s r .

A ndr ew I I Pr ovi sions of t he Gol den Bull In a ion f th e

. . v s o

Tartars A ccession of Ladis laus I V I nter nal Di s ensions Death

. . s .

of A ndrew I I I S tate of S oci ety d uri ng fi rs t p eri od

. Pp 9 -26 , .
 SE CO N D PE RI O D .

C HAP TER III .

m om T H E C O M M E N C E ME N T or T H E RE IG N or T H E AN JO U DY N A s T r ,

T o T H E BA TTL E or W ARN A ( 1 30 1

Wars of th e C r own . C haracte r of th e A nj ou R u l e. A ccess ion of

L ou is s u r na med th e G
Ve ni ce
r eat. Invades Italy . War wi t h .

G randeur of H ung ar y u nder oui s M ary r own ed u een of L . C Q

H u ng ary Sig is mu n d r oc ai med
. P
ing of H u ng ary Bajazet I In l K . .

vades M o davi a and W a lac i a l S igis mu n d E ect ed E m eror of l h . l p

G
er many A ert E ected i ng of H u ng ary
. lb irt of l adi s au s K B h
. L l
l
ca l ed Post u mus h
Peace conc u ded wi t t h e ur ks. ou n ter efi ort s l h T C .
'

of th e o e Pp
Batt e of War ns Deat of Wladi slaus ,
. l Pp 27 -4 3 . h .

T H I RD P E RIO D .

C HA P TER IV .

FROM T H E C OMME N CE ME N T or T H E RE IG N or T H E H U N Y A DI S T O
T H E BA TT LE or MOHA C S ( 1 4 4 4

P otect o ate of John H unyadi Ladis laus Titu lar King Siege of
r r . .

Belgr ade Death of Ladis laus Pos thu mus C ostello s Characte
. .
’
r

o f M att h i as M at thi as d efeats th e T u ks D u p l i ci ty of Pop e Piu

. r . s

II M att h ias Patr nag e of Lit e at r e

. W ar wi th th e H uss i tes
’
o r u . .

M att h ias C on q u es t of A u t ia Inte rnal S tate of th e C ountry

’
s r . .

T h e Po p e p ea ch es a C usade— F r ig h tful R esu lts Battle of M o

'

r r .

h acs— D efeat , Pp 4 4 -60 .

PAR T II — 1 52 6-1 850 .

PE RI O D I — 1 52 6 -1 6 1 8
. .

C HA P TER I .

TH E A PPE AR A N CE or T H E H AP SBUR G S—J OHN Z A POLr A —FE R DI

N A N D I — S OLI M A N T H E G RE A T— S I G ISM U N D Z A P OL r A — M A x r
.

MIL I A N I I .

H l pl St t f th C o nt y Z polya F li g ht Int r entio f ’

e es s a e o e u r . a s . e v n o
 CO N T E N T S

l
So iman Treaty of Peace b etween Ferdinand and Z apolya Death
. .

and C haracter of Z apolya T h e R eformati on its C h aract er

. : .

Sigi smu nd Z apolya s Par ty S oli man declar es in fav our of Sigi s
’
.

mu nd Z apolya M arti nus si ns R eg ent of Trans ylvania T agi

. . r c

E nd of M ar ti nassi us C haracter of M artinassi us h apot ence of

. .

Ferdi nand R eign of M aximi lian Progress f the R eformation

. . o .

R elig io us Tol erance of the T ur k Continuati on of the War Soli s. .

man hal ts b efor e Szig eth Z ri ny s H eroi c Defence D eat h of

.
’
.

S oliman Death of N ich olas Z ri ny Death f John Sigis mund

. . o

Z apolya, Pp 6 1 -89 .

C HA P T ER II .

BE G IN N IN G or R E Lte I ou s PE R sE c or I ON UN DE R R UD OLPH II —BISE

'
.

or Bocsx A Y — BE LIe Ious L IBE R T Y SE C UR E D BY T H E TRE ATY or

VIE N N A—MA TTHIAS .

Pr ogress of th e Ot tomans . G ran Sur r ender ed b y th e Turks De .

plorab le St ate of ransy vania T l . R emonstrances of th e Di et C uel . r

C ondu ct of Belgi oso Ste en Bocskay . ph enters H u ngary e tte r . L

of A chmet I to Bocskay . . Bocskay th e efender D of th e P
r ot estants .

T h e T reaty of Vi enna C . on du ct of M atth ias . D eath of R u do lph .

l
G enera R emar ks on th e P er i o d, Pp 90-1 04 .

SE CON D PE RI O D —1 6 1 8 -1 7 1 1

C HA PTE R III .

F I R DIN A N D IL —BE TE LE N c anon —F E R DI N A N D III .

-G E O R G E {R A
K OCZ Y — F E R D I N AN D Iv .
-1 6 5 5 .

S ur vey Pr esent Peri od Poli cy of Fer dinand Beth len s A lli

of t h e . .
’

ance wi t h t h e Pr otestants of A us t i a Frederic Crowned King f r . o

Bohemia Policy of James 1 King of E ngland Bethlen O ganis es

.
_
. . r

his A r my Tr eaty of U lm F eder ick R et eats from Prag u e

. . r r .

Treaty between F erdinand and Beth len N i cholau s E ste h a y . r z

E l ected Palati ne Deat h of Bethl en Character of Bethlen R a

. . .

koczy Defends th e Pr otestants Pp 1 05-1 1 9 , .

C HAP TER IV .

L E OPOLD I . A N D T O KO LI .

l eig n of L eo o p ld I . M ac hinati ons of the Jesuits Persec . ut io n of

X C ON T EN TS .

th e Pr otestants E meric T o kii li Defends th e Protestants T ko li s

. . o
’

Tr eaty with th e Porte T ii kii li s Speech War with A us tri a Pro .

’
. .

g r ess of th e W ar Butch e i es of C ar afla D i str ess of t h e Patr io ts

’
. r . .

Jos eph Cr owned Ki ng of H unga y T ii kiili s M anifest o E nglish r .

’
.

Diplomacy Peace of R yswi ck Tur key R enews the War Defeat

. . .

of th e T ur ks Peace of Car l owit C ha acter of T ii kii li E x il e

. z. r .

of T ii k ii li , Pp 120-14 8 .

C HAP TER V .

O
J SE PH I — FBA N CIS R AKOC Z Y— N E W WA R —ME DIA TION or E N G
.

LAN D AN D HOLL AN D—P E ACE or S Z A T H M A R

I
-l 7 l l
) .

Dis cour agmg State Bi h p A embl at Vi enn

of th e Co untry . s o s ss e a .

of P in e R ak P l m P l i ’
F t
or u n es y R k yr a
c ati n y fo cz . a ocz s r oc o . o c o

th C e t P g
our of th. W Pl i p t ntia y Lette of Q n
ro r ess e ar . en o e r r uee

An T h C nf en e B ok en U p Lette
ne . e o f an E ng li hm n
er c s r . r o s a .

R ak y L
o czt t t t h
’
se D t h G e
e nm en t
er S p eec oh of t h E ng u c ov r . e

li h E n oy t th e E mp
s v C onti n ti on f t h e Wa
o F eign er or . ua o r. or

Infl D th ni ation of th e H ap burg

u en ce. e Peace of S athma
ro z s s. z r.

C oncl ding R ema ks

u r Pp 1 4 9-175
, .

T H I RD P E RI O D — 1 7 1 1 1 8 25 .

C HAP TE R VI .

C H A R LE s v1 .
—MARI A-THE RE SA 1 7 1 1 -1 7

M eas ur es of C h le
Tr eaty of Pass ar owitz R el ig ious Pe s e
ar s VI . . I

c t ions
u e . D ath
of C har l es VI A ccessi on of M aria-Th er sa . e .

A ppeal of M ar i a-Th eresa Peace of Br eslau E vents of th e V ar . .

w i th Fr ede i ck th e G eat T h e Seven Years War R efor m: of ’

r r . .

M a ia r-Th er esa D eath of M ar i a -Th er e

.sa P p 1 7 6 -88 ,
. .

CH AP TE R VII .

JO SE P H II .
— LE O P OLD II .
—COR 0 N A T1 0 N or FRAN CIS 1.

FRE N C H WA R 80

Ch ar acte r of Jos eph 11 . H is U nwis e A tt em ts in H u ng ary p . Re

 CO N TE N T S . xi

monstr ance of th e Co unti es . Death Of J ph 11 C onfirmationos e .

of L aws by L eo o p l d 11 . Franci s 1 . and th e D i ets A ustr i an S tate .

Bank u pt r c
y, Pp 1 89-200 .

F O U RT H P E —
RI O D 1 8254 850 .

C HA P TE R VIII .

C ON T IN UA TI ON OF T H E RE I G N OF —
FRAN CI S L KA Z IN C Z Y —C O UN T

S Z E C HE N Y—E OLSCE Y — RE VI VAL IN LI TE RA T URE AND POLITI C S

-A C CE SS I ON OF FE RD IN AN D v .

R evi va Of l l p Lit y R efo m Of Kazin y Lead

th e N ati ona S ir i t . erar r s cz .

i ng i teW Of t hi
r E p och rsSp imen f P t y T he D t f
s . ec s O oe r . ie o

1 825 R fo m. f C o n t S ech eny C h a

e r s O te f C nt S e h y u z . r ac r o ou z c en .

C nf i n f C o nt S e h ny T h Diet f 1832 Sp h Of
o ess o s o u z c e . e O . eec

K ii l y D
cseb te n t
. h A ff i Of P la
e an d L din
og M mb f e a rs o . ea e er s o

th e D t F th e P o ee ding Of th e D et Kii lc y as an A t h
ie . ur r r c s i . se u or .

Death of Kii lc ey Poli cy Of M ette nich T h e D i t f 184 0

s . r . e o .

Sp e ch f S ch ny
e O ze e Pp 20 1-228
,
.

C H A P TE R IX .

T HE Q U E S T I O N S OF T H E D A Y — K O SS UT H A s A JO U R N AL IS T — T H E COM

M E R CIA L S Y S TE M OF A U S T RI A IN I T S BE AR IN G S ON H UN G AR Y

T H E D IE T OF 1 8 4 3—M E AS U RE S OF T H E G O VE R N ME N T T O P ARA

L Y Z E T HE C O UN T Y M UN IC I P ALI TIE S L I T E RA T URE ( 1 8 4 0

184 7 )

Q ue s ti o ns Of C onditi f th e Diffe ent Cl

th e Day . K th on O r as s es . oss u

as a J al i t T h e D i t f 1 84 3
our n s P . di ng f th D i t F e O . r ocee s o e e . or

mati on and Fail Of t h D e f i U ni A

u re i ti I fl en e ens ve on s s oc a on . n u ce

Of t h Pe t i H i l p
e P li y Of M ett e nich Sp ee h Of K s th
s r a . o c r . c o su .

N w R f m P ty
e e or Ad me t f Lit e at e L di ng W t
ar . van ce n O r ur . ea ri

in P o Sp i m f Vii m ty Poet y C h a t f
’
ers r se. ec en o r os ar s r . ar c er o

P t ii fi P t y Sp im n f P tOfi P et y A i nt M agy
’ ’
e s oe r . ec e s o e s o r . nc e ar

P t y C ollected b y J hn E dely Sp ecimen of A n i t Po t y

oe r o r . s c en e r

C ll ted b y J h E d ly W in S ng L h l nd h is H n T h
o ec o n r e . e o . e e a or . e

Last of th A pads T O th St k F m tion f A ademy f

e r . e or . or a o c o

Sci ence Lit ture R ep ted by A d my Q e ti n f th

. er a r es e n ca e . u s o s O e

Day P ph eci e f C o t S heny S i l Life i H ng y

. ro s O un z ec . oc a n u ar ,

Pp 229 -2 7 1
.
x ii C ON T E N TS .

C H A P TE R X .

TH E DIE T OF 1 8 4 7-8 —
N OMIN A TI ON
UN G ARI AN MIN IS T R Y OF A H

T HE RE F OR M L AW S— C OMME N C E ME N T OF IN TE R N AL TR O UBLE S
—CoN vOCA TI ON OF T H E DIE T A T PE ST H—OPE N WA R —PE STH
T AKE N BY T H E A U ST R I A N s
Programme Of th e Liberal s D ebates on th e A ddress E ffects of . .

th e N ews of Par is Kossu th s M oti on Discomfi t ur e Of th e Lo ds

’
. . r .

M ovement in Pes th N omi nation Of a H u ng ar i an M i nistry E s t er

. .

hazy and M eszaros E nergy of th e Lower H ou se Summary of . .

t h e R efor m L aws . L aws r ecei ve

Sancti on Joy Of th e
R oya l .

Peopl e Inter nal T bl

. Bl rou h I
es oody W ar in th e So ut
. nflu en ce .

o f Pan- Sclavis m P C . oli cy o f t h e ou rt Of Vi enna M an ifesto of .

Fer dinand Tr eachery Of th e A us trian O fi cers Di et O pened b y

. .

Palatine Trou bles in Tr ans yl ania Large Levy D ecr eed b y

. v .

Di et Dilemma Of the H nga i an M inistry D ebate on th e Italian

. u r .

Question Victori ea in th e South Debate on G ermany K os

. . .

su th s Sp eech on A us tr ia F or ei gn M i ss i ons Defensive Prepara

’
. .

t ions .Stat e of Pu bli c Fee li ng N ati onal C h aracter General . .

E x asp er ati on A pp eal Of Kos s uth

. Pr eparations at Bu da M ur . .

der Of Lamberg D efeat of th e Cr oats Vine M ountai ns of H un

. .

g ary Vintag eZ
. Festi vi ti es R esi g nat i on of C ount Batth yany O u t . . .

break at Vienna Batt le of Schwechat Inter ception of State

. .

Letters A spect of E ur ope A bdication of Fe dinan d G Orgei

. . r .

as C ommander M ani fes to Of F an ci -Joseph

. Cru elties in Tr an r s .

s yl vania Invasion of Windis chgratz Pesth taken b y th e A us

. .

t rians , P p 27 2-335.

C HA P TE R XI .

TH E DIE T IN D E BRE C ZIN — FU RT HE R E VE N T S OF T HE W A R —FIR S T

RUSSIAN SPR IN G -C A MP AIG N —DE T H R ONI Z A T I ON
IN VA SI ON — T H E
OF T H E H AP SBUR G S— SE C O N D RU SS I AN IN vA SI ON —E N D OF T H E

W A R —M AS SA C R E S A T ARAD —S U BSE QU E N T E VE N T S

T he Town Of Deb reczin O p e ations of Windischgr at z Proclama . r .

ti on of G Orgei Victory of Branit ko Battl e of Kalpona Battle

. z . .

of Szolnok R uss ian Invas ion an d Di p l omacy

. R emo nstr an ce of .

t h e Porte E x p ulsion of th e R ss ians

. T he Ser vians R epu lse d u . .

T h e N ati onal A rmy T h e S pr ing C amp ai gn R etr os pect of th e

. .

R evolu ti on Declarati on of Independence N ominati on of a M i

. .

n i str y Defeat of th e A us tr ian Ph enomena of a R evoluti on

. s. .

Delay of G Org ei A ust ian A pplication to R ussia Descr iption of

. r .
 CO N TEN TS . xiii
B u da. Buda St ming f B da C ha acter Of th e Cam
Sieg e of . or O u . r

paig n . C o nt N elrod Dis patch D b te i n th e B iti h Pa

u ess es
’
. e a r s r

liament . E gl i h Poli cy
n Ad n s of t h e R ussians
. Pr ogres s f
va ce . O

th e R ussians Frus tration f th Plan of War M e aros A ppeal

. o e . sz
’

to G ii rg ei Isolated R et eat of G ii g ei C haracte of Kossuth

. r r . r .

H ayn a s P ocl amati on R uss ian and A t ian C el ties Battl

‘
u r . us r ru . e

g edi n and Temesv G ii g ei Dictato

'

of S ze G ti g ei i n A r ad ar . r . r r

G
.

Su rr ender G Org ei S ur r ender of A rad

of . Bem and u yon i n .

W ll h
a ac i a Joy at th e a of H un gar y
. F ll
Surr ender of omor n . C .

E x ecu ti ons at A r ad aract er Of Damyani cs

. Ch E x ecutions at .

P hes t . T h e R efug ees C

onditi on of H u ng ar y s ince th e E nd of
.

t h e War oys Of th e
. J eo e P pl
ee i ng s of th e eo e . F
r es ent l P pl . P
State of E ur Ope, Pp 336 -4 1 5 .

AP PE N DIX .

N ote to P 1 26, . P 4 17
.
2 ORIG IN OF T H E M A GYA R S .

T he H ungarians, or Magyars, from w h om th e king

dom of Hu ngary recei ved its bou n d ari es, its name, an d
its l aws, cann ot b e said to h ave originated any distin ct
prin ciple Of Eu ropean civiliz ation : their chief merit
i s to have become, after su r vivi ng al l th eir cal amiti es ,
both desirou s and fit for its attainment T he be st .

monu ment, in fact, of this people, is its very existence,

s till stan di ng forth, after i nnu merabl e bl asts, like a

forest of oak tree s, deep rooted and green

- - .

T he settl emen t of th e Magyar s i n E u rope— th e last

s u ccessfu l in vasi on d u ri n th e m iddl ag es — th ou g h
g e

passed over almost in silen ce by the general ity of his

tor ian s, had a dee p and w orld w ide meaning
- T he
.

v ery date of th is remarkable conqu est i mpress i vely

attests th e w isd om of th e su p erh u man Pow er th at

u id es the mi grati on s Of man kin d

g .

T h e orig in of the Magyar s h as afforded to antiqu a

ri an s no s mall su bj ect Of c ontrov ersy . A ccording to
some, th ey are th e de scen dants Of the anci en t S cy

thia ns ; oth ers cl as s th em among th e T ur kis h tri be s ;

some preten d th at th ey are des cen ded from th e H u m ;

o th ers, a ai n, attempt to prove their Pa r tlu a n e xtrac

'

g
tion ; w hile th e great an tiq u ari an of H u ngary, S teph en
Horvath, finds no difficu lty in tracing back the pedi- r

ree Of th e Magyars to N oah M ore rece nt an d rac

g .
p
t ical i n q u iri es, h ow ever, en able u s safely t o throw aside
all v a u e Opini on an d mere etymological s pec ul ati on ;
g
an d w h oever r eads H u c s Tr a vels i n Tar ta ry, th at i s
’

at a ll a cqu ain te d w ith t h e ch aracteristics of the H u n

ar i an race, w ill fin d s u ffici en t e viden ce to concl u de

g
h
t at the Magy b l g to th M g l T
ar e on s ose o ibeu - artar tr s

w hich live, dow n to t he prese nt day scattered al ng

, o

th e con fines Of Chin a .

T he Magyars (th e idiomatic synonym for H u ng a

 ARPA D LE ADE R O F TH E C ON QUE ST . a

i
r an s, an d prob ably th e proper n ame of one of thei r

tr ib ) d i n by in ter n al di ss n ion from th ir n

es , r ve e s s e a

t ive desert fo n d a h ome for c ent ri es aro n d th

s, u u u e

Cau c u s and along the b rr n hor s f th Wolg

as , a e s e o e a.

A bo t th en d of th e n inth c nt ry th y s dden ly
u e e u e u

s tr ck th ir t nt n d pres d i rre i tibly fo w a d t

u e e s, a se s s r r o

t he ve y h ear t O f E r pe
r Wh t the f t might h av u o . a a e e

b en Of these w andering sheph erd h d an a m like

e s, a r

t h t f Ch lemagne still sw aye d the scep tr in P n

a O ar e a .

n oni a or rath er
: w h at th e f t might h av b een f a e e o
,

Christi n E r ope had the con qu est Of the Tu k pr

a u , r s e

ce d d th at Of the M gy rs i a q e tion on w hich it

e a a ,
s u s

we idle to p c late T he Invisibl Pow er h d

re s e u . e a

chos n his ow n ti m nd at the destine d moment

e e, a
,

thes A siatic n om des as if b orn e on th wi ngs of th

e a , e e

l w er e all at n ce n t co er t he wi de plain s
g a e, o see o v

w hich divide th e E astern emp r fr o m th at of th i e e

We t s .

Immedi t ly after c o sing th e a tern frontier (A D

a e r s e s . .

th e M gy r l cted for their chi f A pad th

a a s e e e r , e

s on of Al mos w h o c n d ct d them to the f onti e s

, f o u e r r o

H ngar y T he l tt r did n ot su vive to see the con

u . a e r

q est T h w hol body n der A rp d g idanc con

u . e e u a
’
s u e

s ist d Of bo t a milli on numberi ng mong th em

e a u , a

a b t tw o h n dr ed tho
ou n d w arri rs
u n d di id d u sa o ,
a v e

into seven tr ibe ach h aving its chi f s, e e .

T h e co n try w hich th y p rep a ed to take p ossessi n

u e r o

of an d t he c en tr l p
,
t Of w hich w then c lled P n
a ar as a a

n on i a w as br ok en u p i n to
,
m ll p ar t and i nh bit d s a s, a e

by r ace dissimila in orig in an d l angu ge ; as Sclav

s r a o

n i n s Wall achi n s
a ,
few H n s an d A var as w ll
a ,
a u s, e as

s ome G er man s B fo c mmen cing the c nqu e t. e re o o s ,

th Magyars entered i nto a c mp act which th ow

e o , r s

so me li ght on their gen eral ch ar cte This comp act a r.

4 C OM P AC T O F T H E IN VA DE RS .
—R E LIG IO N .

con s s e itd llow i ng p ints l st T h chi f pow er

of t he fo o : ,
e e

w s to b e h
a ditary i n the f mily Of A p ad w hile th
ere a r ,
e

p w Of the chi f f t h resp c tive t ib w as t b e

o er e s O e e r es o

h r dit ry l ; 2d E ch cce ive p i nc w blig d

e e a a so ,
a su ss r e as o e

t nd ern l c ti n b fo mi n t h e s pr me
o u
g o a a e e
g o e re s su u e

p w r ; 3d Tre n f ithles n s n th p t Of the

o e , aso or a s es o e ar

c hi f Of th st t w
e e to b p ni h d w ith b ni h ment
a e as e u s e a s ,

a n d i n th
,
c O f th
e chi fs Of th tri b with d th ;
ase e e e es, ea

4 th T h fru its f th c n q st w
, e o to b e divi d d ac
e o ue er e e

co ding t m ri t i n th e w o k of th conq e t N or
r o e r e u s .

did the e stern b b a i n di p tch thi solemn ag e

s ar r a s s a s r e

m n t w i th
e me e b l o th
a In th c ntre f
re v r a a . e e O a

ci cl w pl c d
r e as de el
a e f h ll ow d ston e
a ru v e ss o o e .

A ou n d it to d t he
r s mbl d chi f f the t ib s
o asse e e s O r e .

Th n A p d fi t ba ing h i m pi c d it w ith the

e r a , rs r s ar ,
er e

p in t f hi f lchion till the blood fl w d in t th

o O s a ,
o e o e

b in f t ne T h hief of the trib s follow d his

as o s o . e c s e e

ex a mpl i n s cc s ion till the ve l r k d w i th the

e u e s ,
sse ee e

w m bl
ar d E ch m n th n p t hi lip t th b w l
oo . a a e u s s o e o ,

a nd e fii n t h e mi n l d d h t t h y t t i fi d i n e r au
q u
g g g ,
e es e ,

th p e nc re sef th h i g he O n w hi h t h y w
e hipp d su , c e or s e ,

t he ir l mn p p t c n q
so e ur r di t g th
ose o o u er o e o e er .

Th ligi n f th e i n d w ill gi u d p r
e re o o se va ers ve s a ee e

i n ight in t th ir ch ar ct r T he first thing w m t

s o e a e . e ee

w i th in th i c e d i th e d c t i n
e r r e f th tw p in cipl
s o r e O e o r es .

Thi poi nt ffi ci ntly w it ho t th h l p f tym

s s su e , u e e O e o

l gic l di to ti n to th p nt l nd f the M gyars

o a s r o s, e are a o a .

I t n n w th w or d f r G od w
s e ,
o e the n me of t he o , as a

principle Of G o d — th omnipot nt B ing w h om they

o e e e

w hipped — w ho mini ters w e the t h n der the

or s se s er u ,

lightni ng and th stor m A m ny (mean ing intrig )

,
e . r a ue

w as t h e n me f the p ri ncipl e Of Evil

a o T he n xt im . e

p rt nt point Of beli f w as the immort lity of the o l ;

o a e a s u

hen ce th eir contempt of death as w ell as th f stivitie ,

e e s,
 THE CON QU E ST .
—P O LI CY OF A RPAD .

mingli ng gaiety wi th sadness, w hich ch ar acteriz ed th eir

fu n eral cer emonies, some tr aces of w hich r emain dow n
t o th e pre ent Their prie ts or s th y rs
s day . s , oo sa e ,

called T ltos w ere h ow ever f r fr m nj ying th

a , , ,
a o e o e

in fl en ce and au th o ity p os e s d by thi s

u de i n r s s e or r

Indi n society N or is this t b e w on dered at A

a . o .

p e ple w h in their l ng migration s h d exp i n ced

o o, o ,
a er e

e ve y ici i t d of f t ne and w ho aw lif in it

r v ss u e or u ,
s e s

n k dn es
a e nd aw f l r aliti es
s a w e e lik ly t hav
u e ,
r e o e

learned neith r t b e wed by the evil b ding n or t

e o a o s, o

c nfide i n th f ir promi s s of the so thsayer T h

o e a e o . e

r d e i nt ll ct an d fan cy of th
u e e e sh ph e d w w d es e r s as a e

on ly by th s bli me w king f n at e an d thei

e u or s o ur , r

s ac ri fic e w ere sff red to the elem nt o Th e n e s. e su ,

w h ose ll- ivifyi n g pow er th ey m st h ave d ply f lt

a v u ee e

aro nd the f osty C

u ca w a h ld in the highe t
r au s u s, s e s

r ver n ce
e e T t hi s b ight star f h eave n th M gy
. o r o e a ars

Off r d w hite st ed de med by th em th most p

e e e s, e e re

cions Of acri fices s .

A p d o n d e c nd ed w i th hi s f llow ers on th o
r a s o s e o se

w ide pl ai n w h ence A ttil f r c n t u ies befo

s, sw ay d a ou e r re e

tw parts f the gl b Mo t d xt ro s ho em n
o o o e. s e e u rs e ,

arm d w i th light
e p ars and lm t n rring b w s e a os u e o s,

t h ese i n a d e s fo
v ll w d t h i r
r lea der fl o vict ry ot e e
‘
ru o o

victory soon rend ri ng the ms l ma t rs f th land

,
e e v es s e O e

lyin g b et w een the Th i n d t h e D n be c yi ng e ss a a u ,

arr

at th e ame ti m s th eir de va t atio ns on th

e n h nd s ,
e o e a ,

to th e A d iatic an d on thr oth r tow ard th e G er

, ,
e e ,
s

man fron tie H avi ng achi e d th con qu e t A p ad

rs . ve e s , r

took u p h i esid n ce on ths r D an bi n isle C p l

e e u a ,
se e ,

though th e se t of the cou rt w B d o A ttelb g

a as u a r ur .

A ll th at i s kn ow n of the p licy of this f n d r f o ou e o

H u ngary i the divi ion f t he co nt y i nto s v al

s, s O u r e er

di stricts each Of th em bei ng ru led by a govern r f a

,
o o
6 DE C AY OF E U ROP EAN SO C IE T Y .

mili tary ch aract r A r p d h ad l o g city enough e . a a s sa a

to e lev t th higher cl asses of th vanq i h ed to the

a e e e u s

lev l f th e conq rors a policy t w hich may chiefly

e o ue ,
o

b e attr ib ted the n n-occ

u e nc e Of su b eq n t i n ter nal
o u rr s ue

r i i n s on th e p a t of th ab ri i n es Thi olicy
s
g g s
p
r e o .
,

h w ever w as f from bri nging bou t in H ng ry

o ,
ar a u a

th t imil ti n f r aces w hich w as accomplish d in

a ass a o o e

B itain in pit Of the contrar y policy p r s ed by th

r ,
s e u u e

No m n conq r r T h ca s s of thi differenc w il l

r a ue o . e u e s e

b e r f rr d to ft w a ds
e e e I n the year 907 A r pad
a er r .
,

di d nd w s cceeded by his son Z olt n T he l v

e , a a su a . o e

o f th eir n ew d min i on w as far f om cu rbin g th e pas

o r

i n f th M gyar f r di tant bloody ad nt r and

s o o e a s o s ve u e

pl nd r T he m t dari ng d eds w r u ndert ken by

u e . os e e e a

s ingl chi f d ring the reign f Z oltan and hi s c

e e s, u o s u

c s or T k ony w hich fill d u p th fi r t part of th

e s a s ,
e e s e

t nth c n tur y
e eT h e n r ated an d . p titio s po e e v su er s u

lati n of E rop e th ght t h M g r s to b e t he

p u o u
y ou e a a

e of G d di r ectly d roppe d d w n f om h
r v en ;
sc ou
g o ,
o r ea

th e v ry repo t f th ir ppr ch w as s ffici nt t

e r o e a oa u e o

d i th s n d i n t th
r ve ou a c Of m s n t i n s an do e r e e sse s ou a

d p th s f fo e t w hil th p i t i ncr ed th com

e o r s s, e e r es s eas e

m n p an ic by mingling in th ir lit ni
o th w ord e a es e s,

G od p ser ve u s fr m th Magyar I n h ort,

”
re o e s. s

E r pe still marting f om the w o nd f th N or

u o ,
s r u s O e

m n n d S ar c ns s emed to f ll a complet e pr y to
a s a a e ,
e a e

th e wi ld an d u n exp ected r av agers

es N r w th ere . o as

mu ch w rth p ing ; political

o ciety bein g in a tate
s ar so s

o f di sorgan i ti n t he h u r ch t rn w ith vi olent dis sen

za o ,
c o

i ns n d eve yw here st ong ymptom Of rottenness

s o ,
a r r s s

a n d dec ay Bloody f d in w hich i mpot n t p in ce

. eu s, e r s

n d de n er te vas al mi n l d in w ild est c onf ion us

a
g e
g a s s e ,

t r ne d G erman y a n d It ly in to
u h g c amp ; whil a a u e e

t he c ontrover y abou t th e u se Of u nl eavened b read i n

s
 M A GY A RS C HE CKE D BY O T HO T H E G RE A T .

the eu ch ar ist raise d by the Greek patriarch Photi s

, u ,

s till c ntinu e d to divid e the

o astern from the w e tern e s

ch r ch Thi s w a th fit time for these in tiabl

u . s e sa e

plu nde ers T he M gy rs little heedi ng the di p tes

r . a a s u

o f h u ch men desec rat ed alike R oman mon t i

c r
,
as er es

a n d Gr ee k ch u rch e r eady to u pp ort w h atever p arty

s, s

fi rst ked th eir aid T he irr ptions of the M gyar

as . u a s

w ere s i mu ltan eou sly f l t on t h shores f the B altic e e o ,

a mong the inhabitants of th A lps and at th very e , e

g t
a es Of C o n st an tin pl e T h e e m p er or s O f t he
o E st . a

a nd f G erman y w ere r epe t dly oblige d to p ur ch a

o a e se

m mentary peac e by heavy tribu tes ; b u t Germany

o
,

as m b e conc eiv d fr m h er ographic al p ositi n

y a
g e e o o ,

w as chiefly expose d t th r v e Of th ese n ew n ei h

g go e a a s

b o rs T he first ch eck nd ign l defeat the Magyars

u . a s a

su tai n e d i n G er man y w s d
s i ng the reign f O tho a ur o

th e Gr eat Having b n in vi t d by L u dolf son f

. ee e ,
o

O th o w ho w as at w ar w ith hi f ther the Magy r

,
s a ,
a s,

i n th e y ar 955 advan ced as fa

e th e w all s Of A gs
,
r as u

b rg w hen having been betr y d by hi m to w h s

u , ,
a e ,
o e

ai d th y h ad co mee th y w re tot lly defeat d by th, e e a e e

t p f the empero hu n dreds f them perishing in

ro o s o r, O
_

t he w aves of the L ech T h chr onicl es tel l s t h at . e u

o nly ev n M agyars u
s e ived this fatal b attle H aving s rv .

h d th ei ears nd n o e
a r t ff by command f th
a s s cu O o e

e mp they w ere sent d w n t he Rhine and Dan b

ero r, o u e

b ack to H u ngary to spre d their tal Of terror among ,

a e

th ose w ho rem ined at h ome A fter th i r arr iv l in

a . e a

H ngary th e infamy i nflicted po n them being attri

u ,
u

b te d to their cow dice the e seven u nf r t nates

u ar ,
s o u ,

w ith all th ir descend n ts w er e decl ar ed b r ft

e f a ,
e e o

t heir lib erti es con sig ned to sl avery an d as an e ternal

, , ,

e x mpl of the pu nish men t of c w ardice th ey w r

a e o ,
e e

call d M agy -l ak i a f l e Magyars This stigm

e ar e ,
. .
,
a s .
”
a
 8 F I RS T C ON VE R TS TO CH RIST IAN I TY .

con t nn e i
d to be attached to th em even d i ng the ur

ti me Of St Stephen w hen this ki ng di p sed of th m ,

s o e

as ser van t to t he cl oi ter Of St L a ar

s at G r an w h ens z us ,

th y received the n m of St L a ar es
e a e z uz .

With the reign Of G isa a n ew ep ch c mmen c d e o o e .

Thi prin ce w a marri d to th Prin cess Cha lotte Of

s s e e r

Tr n yl an ia w ho accomp nying h er f th e to Con

a s v , , a a r

stan ti n l e h ad th e e m b r ce d the Ch i ti an f ith

p o ,
r e a r s a ,

an d t w h om G ei a
o w d h i c on ve i n in 9 7 1
s o This e s rs o .

prince to k care to h ve h i s n Vaik b o ght u p in

o a s o r u

the Chri ti n r eligi n a w k accompli h d by St

s a o , or s e

A d lbe t to w h om m y chiefly b e
a r , c ibed the con a as r

ve rsion Of th e M a y r t th e w e tern ch h A d l s u rc
g a s o . a

bert w h had b n n mi n ate d by the Pope Bi h op of

, o ee o s

Pr g di s tisfied w ith th e m ll s cces f his ff rt

a u e, s a s a u s o e o s

to con ve rt the Boh mi n bandoned his l crativ

e a s, a u e

po t and w ent as a m nk to Rome inten ding th enc

s , o , e

to p oc eed t th e H oly L and

r o H vi ng ch nged h i . a a s

pur po e how ev r he pai ed t H ng y n d th

s , e , re r o u ar ,
a e

fi rst f it f his lab ur s w a th c n v rsi n Of the

ru o o s e o e o

yo ng P in ce Vaik aft w d know n by the name f

u r , er ar s o

S t S teph en .
10 PO LI CY OF ST E P HE N .

more to p rove ou r respect for hi m an d his su ccessors,

w h o w ill b e ch osen by th e G reat of th e re al m w e
,

ran t to h i m an d to th ose by w h om h e w ill b e su c

g
ceeded, our cr os s as an apos tolic si n an d iv th e m
g , g e

p ow er, as ou r vicege rents, to regu late and dispose of

e c cl esi astic al affair s at p resen t an d for th e ti me to

c ome
”1
. No soo ne r did th e apostolic cr ow n arri ve in
H u n gary, th an Valk w as cr ow ne d ki ng, u n der th e
n ame Of Steph en T he first care Of thi s ki ng w as to
.

con tinu e his ecclesias tical organiz ation, w hich con sisted
in the establi shmen t Of t he ar chbi sh op ric Of Gr an, the
n omin ation Of oth er bi shops, an d the r apid b u il din of
g
chur che s an d Cloi sters p ost lic ki ng Steph n
. As an a o ,
e

w as th e he d of the H u nga i an ch ch presidi ng

a r ur ,

over th e synod nd d termining cer tain cclesiastical

s, a e e

u sages.

Of mu ch more importance w ere his politic al mea

su res T he w h ol e cou ntry w as di vid ed i nto cou n ti es,
.

e ch o
a f them governed by a lo d lieu ten an t and a
r -

sh er i ff n omi n ated by th e c ro wn an arr an eme n t

g
w hich n e c e ssarily over thr ew th e p ow er for merly e n
j y d by th chi f Of th trib
o e e T h Offi ce f Vic oy
e s e es . e o er

w s rep s nt d by
a p l tine w h rved a th
re e e a a a , o se s e

medi t b etw een th e king nd the p ople

a or St phen a e . e

in tit t d l o a stat -co ncil con si tin g Of th b aron

s u e a s e u ,
s e s,

th e high cl gy an d t h middle cl
er ,
n bility e ass o , or

mi li te Th mi li te similar to the E nglish y

s. e se s, eo

m n ry enj yed th i r p ivil g s i n con eq n c e f th eir

a ,
o e r e e s ue o

milit ry servic fr om w hich e ven th e cl rgy w ere n t

a e, e o

ex empt Th n p ivil eged cl ass w as c alled JOhb a

. e u r

1
S ee H i stoir e des R evolu tions de H ongri e z on on donne u ne
ide é
j us te d e so n legi ti me g ou v er enement, a vec les M emoir es des

Pri nce R akoczy . A la H aye, I xx Ix ., vol.

M DCC J i . p . 5 .
 RE LIG I O US M E ASU RE S .

gi ones,
ter m applied at lat p i d to the se f
a a er er o r s,

th ou gh at th at t i me the l av s r serf w e re an en tir ly

'

s e o s e

di tinct class I th as embly f n bl c nvoked by

s . n e s o o es o

t h ki ng i n th e y
e 1 0 10 H ngary ceived i ts fi st
ear ,
u re r

w i tt en l w s kn w
r by th n me Of th D ecrete Of St
a ,
o n e a e

St ph n nd w hich c n i t d Of civil eccl iastical

e e , a o s s e , es ,

a n d c i min l st t te
r In d t o th e l tt r it w il l s ar a e ,
g a a u . re

b e no eh t o me nt i n th at tre son w as pr nou n ce d o

g u o , a

t h fi rst f
e i m nd p ni h d w ith d th or bani h
o cr es, a u s e ea s

men t P j ry w a ometi me s p n i h ed w ith the los

. er u s s u s s

Of a h an d or a h e y fi ne i n cattl
,
cir c mstanc av e, a u e

su fficien tly provi n th scar city Of mon y th ou g h c oin e

g e ,

w as stru ck in th e ign of thi ki ng re s .

T he me e d pted by St phen for the general

as u r s a o e

i ntrod cti n f th Ch i tian ligion w ere marked by

u o o e r s re

e xt me ty an ny and vi len ce L aw s w e n acted

re r o . er e

to th eff ct th at
e v y on ho ld fo sake his Old
e ,
e er e s u r

cr d n d mb ace th Chri ti n li gion nd that

ee a e r e s a re , a

tho e wh prov d ref ctory shou ld b pu ni hed w ith

s o e ra e s

sl av ry or b ni h me nt
e E nraged by this arbitr ary
a s .

pow er ex rci ed by the p op gat rs of the Christi n

e s r a o a

f ith w h e b rb a o s L atin w as nin telligi ble to their

a
,
os a r u u

e ar the p pl
s, con tinu ed to cling w ith tenaciou
eo e s

rever en c e to t h e Old rite s in timat ly c nnecte d w ith ,

s o e o

t h e me mory Of th ir an c tors nd d ter mi n d t e es , a e e o

def n d their liberty of con cienc at the r i k Of their

e s e s

lives T he spi it Of eb llion o n as med d ng r

. r r e s o su a a e

o u s sh ap nd l o d m rmu s w ere h ea d ain st t h e r r a

e, a
g u u

mona ch w h b sides th e
r ,
mp ti on Of fo eign ti tles
o, e as s u r

and di gn iti es i n trod c e d i noran t f ei n m n k t

g , g u or o s o

tyranni e v r th childr n f th ose w rr i rs w ho h d

s o e e e O a o a

seal e d th e c o n q e t f H n g y w i th t h i r w n blood
u s o u ar e o .

Stephen lli d w ith the G rman prince by hi m

, a e e s s ar

ria e w i th G isel a P rin c ess Of B av ari a fou n d no ditfi

g , ,
12 D EF E A T OF TH E HEA THE N PARTY .

cu lty in getting foreign m r cenaries to fight against e

h is di cont nted s bj ect

s n d th e soil Of H n ary w as
e u
g s, a u

for th e first ti me stained w ith blood he d in th name s e

Of r eli ion T h e fi rst d ci ive e n cou nt r b e tw een th e

g . e s e

adh e n t of the Old f i th an d th eir kin g t ok pl ace at

re s a o

Ves pr im w h ere fter a n g in ary b attl e th p eople

z , ,
a sa u ,
e

w ere d feate d eTheir leade Ku pa w tak n pri

. r, ,
as e

son er n d s n ten ced by th e kin

a e t o b e q ar tere d ; the
, g u

fou r p ar ts of h is body w ere s n t round a ti mu lu s e ,

as s

to con v r i n thr ou gh o t ev y p art of th c u nt ry

e s o
, u er e o .

Thi s at ocio s pi ce Of l did not hind r the See Of

r u e ze a e

R om fr m after w ard giving Steph en a pl ce in the

e o s a

catalogu f the aint T he terrible f t Of Ku pa

e o s s. a e

w as h w e er in ffici n t to mak e th e peopl embrac e

, o v
,
su e e

w h at th y did not u nd e tan d I n t h d d Of night e rs . e ea ,

grou ps met h ere and th r u nder the gr ves nd by e e, o a

th e sid Of the rivers p ou rin g ou t pr aye s to the old

e ,
r

I ten ch nting hymn to d p arted h eroe and im

s , a s e s,

lorin t h e w r ath Of H e ven on a pri n c e w h om th ey

p g a

cou ld n ot b u t re ar d a t h w r st Of tyr an ts It i s
g s e o .

needl ess t Ob rve th at the coercive me u res Of

o se ,
as

St ph n only ser ed t et rd the sp e d of Ch isti

e e v o r a r a r

an i ty i n H ngar y ; n d even th e n ext c n t

u y w it
a e ur

nessed me v stiges Of the n cie nt fai th

so e Time h ow a .
,

ever ma w l l xt enu ate the bl ame att ch e d t th

y
, e e o e a

n m of a you ng an d in expe ience d pri n c e act d u pon

a e r e

by btle and fan tical monks and the b enefits Of

su a ,

w ho e r eign far e xc eede d his si ns

s T he i n stitu tion s .

called into life by Stephen ur ived more th n eight s v a

hun d ed ye rs frau gh t w ith eve y vici it de Of f r

r a ,
r ss u o

tu n e ; in stitu tions which demoli shed as they now are , ,

are still su ffi ci n t i n me meas u re to p ar alyse th

e so e

hand f th A u str i n K is r despite hi cou rt -mar

s o e a a e , s s

tial an d his gibbets .

 A
DE T H OF ST E P H E N . 13

S t ph e ign nded w ith hi d th in the year

en s
’
re e s ea

1 0 38 A ll th ch nicl s ar lo d in th p i s of
. e ro e e u e ra e

t his p ri n c e ; om ext llin g the i mp ti l ity w ith w hich

s e o ar a

h t e t d th diff r nt
r ea e c f p pl th com
e e e r a es o eo e, o ers

m ndi ng hi s p tron ge Of l arni ng

e a When S t phen
a e . e

as cend d t h a n y th l gend he w e c t d
e o e ve ,
”
sa s e e ,
as s or e

by host f ngel w h fill d th air w ith hy mn fj y

a O a s, o e e s O o ,

g l a d i n t h ci ty f th i
e so r n e w comp ni on w hile t h
e o e a ,
e

flock he h d l ft n e rth w as s nk i nto d p m u n

a e o a u ee o r

i ng T h high n d l w i ch n d p
. e a ll t for three
o , r a oor , a sa

ye rs w e ping th d part r e f their king w hil th

a e e e u o , e e

sou nd f th e fi ddl
s o pip n d d m w e e h hed e, e, a ru r us .

Thi ai nted king how v r c ntin

s s ,
th legend e e ,
”
o u es e ,

w ho l y en tomb d t W i n b g c ommi ser te d th

a e a e se ur ,
a e

i
r ef f hi s p opl n d lo ! en l w r s en h ve i n g
e, a a e s e e e
g o
g o r

o v hi s t mb filling th i r w ith m i and pr ad

er o , e a u s c, s e

ing s w t od ee s nd Aft
ou r f ty-fiv y ar
a rou . er or e e s,

St S t ph e n w as di i nt err d a d w h n th m bl was
e s e ,
n e e ar e

t aken f om h i c ffin w e t f ag n ce r s
r s o filling th
s e r ra a o e, e

by t nd s w i th w nd d voti n C a ied to the

s a er a e a e o . rr

ch ch f St M ry th e c ffin w s pen d h i emain

ur o a ,
o a o e ,
s r s

w er e f n d t b e till f h an d lyi ng i n li mpid w t

ou o s re s ,
a er .

B t w n de f l it w s t se th t th
u o r u ai n t w n t d t h
a o e a e s a e e

ri ht h nd —thi t h A l m i h t y c d t di app ear

g a , g as
u e se o s

for his ow n gl ry ; an d h n c f th thi s d y i o v y e e or a s e er

ye ol mni ed by th f ithf
ar s e s e a u

T h e d ath of S teph n w ith o t l aving s cc

e e ,
u e a u es sor

to hi crow n g e r i se t n ew i n t n l t o bl s
s , av H is o er a r u e .

w idow G i l a t ri d t r ai se h er broth er P t
se e oto t h e er e

H ng i n thr n w hil the maj rity of th n bl

u ar a o e, e o e o es

r ll ie d ro un d A b o A p i nc f t h e bl r d Of
a
p a, a, a r e o oo

A p ad
r T h w a c ar ied n by these tw o i l s g v
. e r r o r va a e

an pp rt nity f t he i nt rf n c of th G e m n
o o u or e e re e e r a

e inp r r B t th e s dden d ath Of b oth th ese cl ai m

e o . u u e
 14 ST EP HEN ’
S SU CCESSORS .

an s t pu t an en l ; and A ndrew I an
d to the q u arr e
,
.

A padian pr ince w
r crown ed king in 1 04 7 T he
,
as .

re ign f this prince as w ell as th t f his thr ee i mm

O , a O e

diate S ccessors B la I S l omon an d G eiso I

u ,
e ffers .
,
o , .
,
o

n oth in of m ch impor t n c e xcept the captur f

g u a e, e o

Belg ade in 10 7 3 M e imp ort n t w as th e reign f

r , . or a o

L ad islau afterw rds c non i ed who w as crow ne d in

s
,
a a z ,

1 07 9 This prince ma ched his troops to Croatia an d

. r

D lmatia w hich provinc h nnexed to the H n

a , es e a u

g r
a i n c r w n an d si nali
a
g o d hi m,s lf in th e w ar a
g in t ze e a s

th e Cu man s an east r n t i be w hi ch had made n i n

, e r a

ro ad pon H nga y Bu t tho gh w arlike L disl

u u r u a au s
'
.
, ,

i b tter know n for hi pi ty an d Christi an zeal s

s e s e
, ur

p assi ng in the pow er of w on d r-w o king v n St e r e e

Steph n himself In n e Of his expeditions g in t

e . o a a s

t he G mau s (w e ar u t ld) it h appened that the in e o

v aders w ere pu t to fligh t an d fin din g th ems elve sorely ,

s

pre sed by th e t op Of L adislau s tried to check th e

s ro s
,

ar dou r f the p u s i t by thr w ing all th eir treasur es

o r u o

to th e grou nd T h ki ng p r ceiving th at his m n

. e e e

s topped in their c rs t g th r p th e strew n rich es ou e o a e u ,

t n d hi eyes u p t h a n an d 10 ! all the tr

ur e s ur o e ve , eas e

w as ch anged i nto ton s On another occasi n h is s e . o ,

m n r an sh ort Of w ter an d p ovisions w h n at St

e a r , e

L adi l aus w ords sp in g b g n to gu sh forth f m t h

s
’
r s e a ro e

so il nd all kind f game appeared in abu n dan ce in

, a s o

th e midst of th e camp th spear or arrow amply ,

- e

e n abl ing h is tr oop s t o sati fy th eir h u n ger w ith c ostly s

ve n i on sMore su b tantial than these w on ders w as

. s

th e con vocation Of th e die t in the year 1 0 92 w hic h ,

con sis ted n ot only Of b ar on an d bishops b u t al o f s , s o

the low er cl e gyr a n d h so called popu l r or low e

t - e a , r

n obili ty T h chi ef provisi ns of this diet kn ow n

. e o ,

u nder the name of the decr et m Of L adi sl au s are pr o u ,

 C RUSAD E RS IN H UN G ARY . 15

p rly divided into three part ref rring t the di str i

e s, e o

b tion of j stice an d the state f th cl e gy in par

u u , o e r

ti la
cu S ome f th e provisions r l ting t thi r der
r. o e a o s o

may ser ve to throw m light n t he t t f th

so e o s a e o e

cl rgy at that time F r exampl a pu ni hment w as

e . o e, s

e n act d a ai n st e ccl si astic f o nd ilty f k epin

e
g g e
g s u u o e

co n cu bi n s or Of steali n a or a h n It i n ot s
e ,
g g oos. e e .

t o b e w on dere d at th at a p rt Of th p ople still pr

,
a e e e

f rred si ngi ng th e an ci nt hymn s t thei r Ist n r th er

e e o e a

t h an liste n t o t he masses and s r mons of th ese h en e

s teali ng w orthies and th at t he ov r ei n f u n d it

g
,
s e o

n cessar y to en act a n e w law

e i nst t he e x r ci e f
ga a e s O

the Old rites L adi sla di ed in 1095 at j nct r

. us ,
a u u e

w h en H u ngary w th reaten e d w ith u tter r ui n fr m

as o

a q i nex p cted q arter the C s d

t
u e u — e u ru a e s .

These vast nd licen tio s mas Ses w hich at th e cry

a u ,

o f Peter t h H r mit h asten e d to depop u late E rope

e e u

bef re saving Jeru salem to k their way to t he H ly

o ,
o o

L n d th ro gh H ngary Many O f th em committe d

a u u .

d ed Of u nh e rd Of i len ce som c u ght by t h

e s a v o e, a e

char m Of th sprightly Hu ngarian d m el s ; and

s e a s

o thers enamou red of th e good H ngari an h am n d

,
u a

mu tton b etr y d s tr ong symptoms Of h aving mi stake n

, a e

th c o ntry Of th e Magya s fo th e l n d th t
e u
“ flow d r r a a e

w ith milk an d h oney H ng ry th s in dang r f ”

. u a , u e o

falling a prey to l oc ts h ad n d of a brave n d en us ,

ee a

lighten ed mon arch to ave it from thei ravag S ch s r es . u

aso erei n w as f u n d i n Coloman t h n ph w of S t

v e e e
g o ,

L adi lau ss .

T h fir t sw ar m w hich pas sed th rou gh Hu ng ry w s

e s a a

l d by P eter i n p rs n an d w as q i ckly follow ed by

e e o , u

ther hor des comman ded by Wal ter the Penniles

o
,
s,

C nt E mico nd P t r G otshalk E ach Of th e

ou
,
a e e . es

rece ded i n its mar ch by a goat an d a oose

p g ,
16 RE IGN O F CO L OM A N .

l d rs con ceived by them t be act ated by the divin e

ea e o u

Spirit A spectacl ch this c u ld n ot fail a may

. e su as o
,
s

b i mag in d t r e nd r the def nders f the C ross

e e , o e e o

ridi c l s i n thu ou y s Of r u de an d w a lik p pula

e e e a r e o

ti n
o Th ei rapacity h wever w as u ffici nt to thr w
. r ,
o , s e o

th w h l
e n t y i nto th e w ilde st c n f i on
o e cou Cl r o us . o o

m n p erc ivi ng the danger took th fi ld w i th s m

a , e , e e o e

tho an d f hi b e t sq ad n wh had littl cr ple

us s o s s u ro s, o
‘

e s u

in t amplin g u n der f t th sacre d goat n d go s

r oo e a o e

w i th th i r del d d f ll w r
e Y t vict y w s n ot o
u e o o e s. e or a s

e a ily t
s b w on v r these n di cipli n d b t n raged
o e o e u s e u e

a n d in n m bl m e Tho gh f q u ently s ccess

u e ra e ass s . u re u

f l in t n i ng cr ow d f pilgr ims in t
u ur he p f sl ai n
a o o a a o

the kin g w s y t on m ny ccas i n k pt t b y

a e a o o s e a a ,

f rc e d t tak
o helt w ithin th w all of f tre es
o e s er e s or ss ,

an d Oft n n e c itated to draw str en gth from d pair

e e ss es .

B t hi activity n d b av y at l ast tri mph ed v r

u s a r er u o e

e very di fficu lty an d H ng y w s r esc u ed f om being

,
u ar a r

pa c ll d o t nd t ken p
r e e si n of by t h e
u a foreig n a osses o se

adven t r u ers .

I n th y 1 099 C lom n c
e ear i d hi ar m int o a ar r e s s o

Cr ati w hich s g in t t he ru le Of hi b the

o a, ro e a a s s ro r

A l m ; n d ft r h avin g red c d t h p p l ati n t

os a a e u e e o u o o

Obedi n ce m r ch d to th xtrem s a-coast f D l

e , a e e e e e o a

m ti a ome pa, s t f w hich w e s bj ect t th r l Of

ar s o re u o e u e

V n ice e T h p o s ss ion f th ese p rts of D l mati a

. e s e O a a

i n olv d Hu nga y in w ar w ith th Venetian ep b

v e r a e r u

lic w hich as w ill b e ft w ards s n c ntinu ed w ith

, ,
a er ee , o ,

sh r t i nt rmi s i on
o dow n to the end Of the fou r te nth
e s s, e

ce ntu y r .

A n e en t of gr e t p romi e w as th alli an ce Of C lo
v a s e o

m n w ith th Nor m n con q

a Roger king of
e a u e r or , ,

Sicily ; the H ng i an king taki ng for his w if Eu ar e u

silla the dau ght r Of th e Neapolitan king Bu t th

,
e . e
 8 RE IGN OF A N D REW II .

se tt e rs l c iv d from th king a separat district

re e e e e ,

b ing be ide exempt d from man y t xes n d n

e , s s, e a a e

d w ed w ith p artic l ar pri ileges w hich r n dered th m

o u v ,
e e

independ n t Of th Vic r y or i od in gar d t

e e e o ,
va v ,
re o

l l aff ir
oca Simila p i ilege w er c nf r d by
a s. r r v s e o e re

Gei a on the S ekl

s o Sic u li w h are
z id t b er s , r o ,
o sa o e

th e d sc ndant of the H n s T he S kl w ho
e e s u . ze er s, se

d ty w as to g r d th fr ntiers f the co n t y and

u ua e o o u r ,

w h o c n tit te d the b r d
o s mili ti a h ad th ir t rito y
u o er ,
e er r

divided in to di t ic ts r se ts ( edri ) nd w ere divid d

s r o a s a
e , a e

i nt three r nks the w h l b ing r u l d by n chi f

o a , o e e e o e e

j dge c ll d Come Sic lo m T h e foll w ing y

u , a e s ou ru . o ear s

o f th tw lfth c ent y fille d

e e
p by t h rei n
g f ur , u e s o

St ph n III B l III an d Emerick ar m ked by

e e .
, e a .
, , e ar

th c onti nu an c
e f the V n ti n w r b t p sent n
e O e e a a , u re o

incidents dese ving f p r tic lar n tice

,
a
r o a u o .

Mor impor tant w as th reign Of A n d ew 11 w h

e e r ,
o

as cended th throne in 1 205 T he fi r t ct f t hi

e . s a o s

ki ng w th con q est f L odo me ia Halic p rt

as e u o r , or z, a a

o f G lli i f r m ly n d r t he r l f a R sian pri n c

a c a o er u e u e o us e.

N t s pecting th tr bl
o us l ting fr m th e t ou es r e su o e ex ra

ag n t p w er i en by h im t h i w i f t h d h t er
v a
g o v
g o s e, e au

o f th e ma gr v Of I t i a A ndr w by the dvic of

r a e s r , e ,
a e

th Pp
e t o t w i th a l arg
e, se ar my tou th e H ly e o o

L and n omi n ti g th B n call d B nk

, a n ic y of e a , e a o, v er o

H ngary While the H n g ri n king p ent hi tim

u . u a a s s e

i n C n t n tinopl an d aft rw ar d i n p r ti n r n d
o s a e, e s o e a o s ou

Mo n t T bor H ng ry b cam a c n f vi l nc
u a , u a e e s e e o o e e

nd api n at d by th e c ar l e nd n c n sti
a r
gg r e, a av e e ss a u o

t ti onal d min i tr ation f t h q u een f ign f v

’
u a s o e s ore a o ur

R oman emperor Trajan wh o called this provi nce Daci a T hese , .

inh abitants now called Wallachians ar e said to o we th eir i diom

, , ,

whi ch is si milar to th e L atin and Itali an to their conqu est b y ,

th e R omans . See G ebhar di G eschichte Siebenb ur gen .

 P ROV ISI ON S OF T H E GOLDEN BU LL . 19

it s as w ell as by th e extortions committed by the

e ,

oligar chy on t h eir i nf ri or Rec iving no s pport e s. e u

from th e kin g f Jeru al m A n drew r esolv d on r o s e ,

e e

t rnin g ho me
u On his rr ival in H u ng ry he h ad
. a a ,

th mortifi c ti n f findi ng i n addition t

e a o di affect d
o ,
o a s e

n obility r iv l t
,
a th t hr ne i n th e person f his
a o n
e o o so

Bel A the compl ain ts Of the nobles becam daily

a. s e

l d and n secret w s m de Of their determi nation

ou er, o a a

t o pp l to rms if no redress w er e affor d d f

a ea a th e or e

Vi lence c mmitted and no n w gu arantees given f r

o s o ,
e o

t he f t r u u th ki ng resolved to confirm th p ivil g s

e, e e r e e

o f th e c n try by ou n ew ch arter c all d T h G ld n

a , e e o e

B ll Thi t ok place in the year 1 222 T h chief

u . s o . e

provision Of this ch arter w e e s follows — l st That

s r a z ,

th e state s w er he ncef rth t b e ann ally convoked

e o o u

e ither nde th p sid ncy of the king or the p ala

u r e re e

tine ; 2d Th at no n oble man w as to b e rr e ted w ith

, a s

ou t b ei ng previ o sly tried n d legally sen t n ced ; 3 d

u a e ,

That n o c ntrib u ti n or t a w as t b e l vi d on th
o o x o e e e

p op ty Of th nobles 4 th That if call d t mili t y

r er e ,
e o ar

s er ic v beyond th frontie f the cou ntry they w e e

e e rs o , r

to b e p id by th e kin g ; 5th That hi gh Offi ces hou ld

a , s

n ei ther b e made h ereditar y n or iv en to f r i ne

g g o e rs

w ithou t th con sen t of th Di et e T h e most imp rt nt e . o a

point howev r w as a ticl 3 l st w hich c nf r ed on

, e ,
r e , o e r

t h e n obles t he right f app ali ng to rm in c f

o e a s as e o

an
y V i ol ti on f thae l w by th oc row n O th e p a s e . r

i i ns contain ed in this char ter refe t the emp

v s o r o ex

t i on Of th e l w r cl ergy f om the p ay men t

o e f t axe r O s

a n d tells an d to th e deter min ati on Of t he tith es to b e

,

p aid by th c l tivators of th soil Thi charter a

e u e . s
, s

may b s en is almost coeval w ith an d in its ten u re

e e , ,

v er y imilar t th Magn Ch rta f th barons Of

s o, e a a O e

E ngland ; though th benefi t Of the latter w ere in e s

20 IN VA SI ON OF T H E T A B T A R S.

E ngl nd soon e nj oyed by the great maj ority of the

a

people ; w hile in H ngary th Gold n B ll remain d u e e u e ,

dow n to a very recent date, the xclu sive in heritance e

of the n ble s T he c s Of this differe nce may b e

o . au e

f u n d in the su b se q u ent e en ts Of th e hi tory of both

o v s

co n tr i s
u In E ngl nd the c ommon s ro e to a d gree
e . a s e

o f i mpor tan ce in conseq en ce f the d ,

l p m nt of u O e ve o e

ind stry nd commerce w hich c l d not h

u a taken ,
ou a ve

place i n H ungary a pr y t i nce s nt w ar s b th fi om , e o s a o

'

t h e east an d the w est .

A n drew di d soon after th e p romu lgation Of th

e e

char ter nd w s cceed d by hi n B l IV T he

, a as u e s so e a .

begi nni ng Of this p in ce s r ign w as tr bl ed w ith

’
r e ou

i nter n l disse n ions ca d by the C mans w ho after

a s u se u , ,

ha i ng b n v n qui shed by S t L adi l a s settled in

v ee a s u ,

Hu ngar y b tween th bank Of th Theiss and M aro ch

e e s e s .

Bu t a gr at r an d q u it e n expe cte d d n er w hich

e
g e u a ,

th reat n ed Hun gary w i th t t r de tr cti on

e r ose from u e s u , a

th i nvas i n Of th T tars
e o Their lead r B t after
e ar . e a u,

having l i d w a te Pol nd and Sil i p ured w ith hi

a s a e s a, o s

innu me bl ban d int th h t f H ng ry In

'

ra e s o e e ar o u a .

t r n al di
e n si ons facilitated th
sse t i mp h f th e foe e r u O ,

a n d t he b attl f u gh t n th b nks Of the riv r S j

e o o e a e a o

( A D 1 24 1) ter min t d i n t he total defeat Of th

. . a e e

Hu ng i n T he T artar h rdes spre d w ith as ton

ar a s. o a

i hing api di ty thro ghou t the whole c u nt y w hich

s r u o r ,

in f w w k w as con ert d into a ch os f blood

a e ee s v e a o

a n d fl ame N ot con t n te d w ith w h olesal mas sacre

s. e e ,

th e T artar lead r d vis d snar es to de tr y t h li ves of

e e e s o e

th o e w h o u cc eded in m ki ng th ir e c pe into th
s s e a e s a e

recesses of the mou n tai n s an d th e depth s Of th f rests e o .

A mon g th ose w h per ish ed in the battle of S aj w a

o o s

t he H u n gari an c h an cell r w h carr ied with him th o , o e

seal of st ate Batu having got possession of the seal

.
,
 m a sron or T H E T A R TA RS . 21

cau sed a proclamation to be made in the name of the ‘

Hu ngarian king to w hich he affixed th r yal stamp

,
e o .

T he procl m ti on w as
a fbll w
a Do n ot b e afraidas o s

of th e bl dy h ou nds b u t r tu rn to you r hou ses

oo , e as

soon as p ossibl For alth o gh w e lost all o r ten ts

e. u u

and ou r ar my by su ff ring o r selves to b e s pr ised

e u ur ,

w e tru st to r egain all by th e h lp of G d Confide e o .

therefore in G od that he may allow u s to cut off the

,

he ads of our foes Tr s ting to this appeal the u ,

mi serable pe pl i ssu ed fr m their hidi ng-pl ces an d

o e o a ,

retu rned to their h omes T h e cu nning bar b rian first . a

cau sed th em to do the w rk of h ar ve t i n or der t o s o

s u pply hi hordes w ith provisions and then pu t them

s
,

to an in di cr i mi nate death
1
s .

T he ki ng Bel a i n the me antime su cce ded in mak

, ,
e

i ng h is w ay thr ou gh th e C a p thi an M n tains in to r a ou

A ustria ; b u t in stead of recei ing assi tan ce fr om th v s e

ar ch- du ke Frederick h e w as r taine d as a prisoner

,
e .

Havi ng pl dged three counties of H ngary to F re

e u

derick Bel w as allowe d to depart and took his w ay

, a ,

to D l mati a w h ere a f w troo ps rallied in hopes of

a , e

making he d agai nst the Tar tars and preventing th em

a ,

from penetrati ng farth er so th In the me an time u .

B tu w a s prompt in l avi ng Hu ngary in cou se

a s a e ,

u en ce of th e death of the T ar tar kh an w hich occu r

q ,

re n ce ren der d su p erfl u ous th e p rep ar ati ons f r w ar

e o

going on in D almatia King Bela th s took his w ay . u

back to Hu ngary where ll w as desolation an d as the

,
a ,

oe t says
p
It was hu mbli ng to tread
the welter ing field of the tombless dead,
’
O er

1
These horrible massacres are described i n hi s Carmen
M i serabile b y R oger B ishop of Grosswardein who was himself
, , ,
22 ACCE SSION or LA DISLA U S IV .

A nd see wor ms of th e earth and fowls of the air,

B easts of th e forests all gather ing there
All r egar ding man as their prey,

Bela w as s cceeded on the th rone by his son Ste

u

ph en i n th e yea 1 2 7 0 w h ose sh ort reign i s chi efly

, r ,

mark e d by his cce f l w ar against Otto ce king

su ss u a r,

of B ohemi the p oin t a, f c nten ti on betw ee n th es o o e

bellige ent kings bei ng th p sessi on of Styri L

r e os a. a

di lau I V s cc e de d S teph n and hi r ign w as

s s . u e e , s e so

f r i mportan t as b eing c nn cte d with th at of Ru d lph

a o e o ,

th e fou n d r of th e H apsb rg dynas ty

e Having gai ne d u .

th i mperi al crow n of G erman y R u dolph

e f A t ia , o us r

prep ared to h miliate his ival Ottoacer king of B

u r ,
0

b e mi a — this pri nc e sen di ng to do h omag to an em

,
e

or w h o it is said h d f r merly b ee n h is mast r of

p er , , , a o e

t he h orse B oth p arties w ere soon re dy for w ar

. a ,

R u dolph h avi ng su cceed d i n gaining over the H n e u

a i an kin g as h i lly i n st Ottoacer w ith w h om

g r
g s a a a ,

L adi l s h ad forme ly con cl d d a peace L adisl s

s au r u e . au ,

accor din ly l ed i n p rs n an au xil i ary ar my in to

g ,
e o

A u st i Soon afte th tw rmies engag d t L e

r a. r, e o a e a a,

in t h year 1 2 7 5
e Vict ry seemed to decl are t fir t
. o a s

f r Ottoacer Ru dolph being repeatedly i n i mminen t

o ,

d nge of losing his life w hen L adislau s made a bold

a r ,

o n se t w i th h is li gh t h ors n d at th e very m men t e, a o

tw of hi s men str ck Otto cer d ead

o uRu d lph th u a . o s

ain ed th e da L adi l a s r et u rni ng to H n gary s u

g y . u ,

c u se d his trophies to b e h ng on th steepl f the

a u e es o

chu r ch s as signs f his vict ry w hich establi hed th

e , o o ,
s e

p ow er a ft erw ar ds t o p rov e m os t d estr u c tive to th e w el

“
taken captive to the Tartar ca mp, and was a mong th e few wh o
at last escaped
 INTE RN A L mssnnsmN s . 23

fare of Hu ngaryign of this prin ce calle d

. T he re ,

t he C man w u be ides tro bled by mo t d vastating

, as, s , u s e

i ntern l diss n i ns c u sed by th e Cu man w h o

a e s o , a s, se

n mb ers w er e con tin al ly au men ted by fre sh arr i

u l
u
g va s

both from their ow n tribe a w ell as f om the T rt s r a ar s .

These in t rn l w rs so n r d ced H ngar y t th

e a a o e u u o e

s ame abj c t c n di ti n to w hic h i t h d b

e n b rou ht
o o
g a ee

d ing the Tar tar in v ion T he C mans in con

ur as . u ,

j ncti n w ith the T rtars contin d to ravage an d

u o a , ue

burn everything th t cam in th eir w ay and as n early a e , , .

all th beasts of b r d n w either car ied off or de

e u e ere r

t y d th e p e pl
s ro e , them elves w ere f ced to dr g
o e s or a

t he pl g h an d p erf m th e
ou ,
th er w or k u su al ly d n or o o e

by these animal ; when ce th e proverbial exp ression s

t thi day
o s T h pl gh of L adisl s
, e ou au .

P p Nicholas III w n t slow to avail hims lf f

o e . as o e o

th e di stressed st ate of th ki n g i n or der to acq i e n e u r u

c ntr ll d j r i diction ov th H ng i an hierar chy

o o e u s er e u ar ,

a cl aim w hich h
- n ev be n yi lde d by th king as er e e e s

of H n ar y A l t e w as acc rdin ly se n t t o H n
g u
g .
g e a o u

a y in 1 2 7 9 w ho
r t n i bl bj c t w t h c nv r
g o e o , e as se s e s e o e

i n of the C man s th gh by the synod of B da

s o u , ou u ,

w hich me t n d r hi pice ce t in law w e

u e s au s s, r a s re

n ct d en cr oachi n on th ki n g s prero ative O

’
n
e a e
g g e . e

o f th ese l w s f r i n t n c 4 fo b de t h
a , o king to levy s a e, r a e

t axe on chur ch pr op rty i n time of d n ger ; f th e

s e a ar r,

t he pr el t w re ex e mpted f om ll milit ry er vic

a es e r a a s e .

Thi yn d w h w v r di solved n d all i ts resol

s s o as , o e e , s ,
a u

tion c n c ll d w ith the excepti n of th en tm n t

s a e e , o e ac e

w hi h d cl r d th e A r chbi h p of G an (
c e a e St ygoni ) s o r or r a

p rim t f th kingdom
a e o e .

L adi l a s tho gh a gr eat p otector of the C man

s u , u r u s,

at l a t f ll a victi m to th i
s e f y in th y ar 1 2 90 e r ur e e .

Immediately after his death A n dr w I II w as c all d , e . e

 24 DE A TH or A N D R E W m .

to the t hrone being the las t A rpadian king of H un

,
ary Thi s p ri nce had to disp u te his throne w i th
g .

R u dolph of H ap b g w ho coveted the crown of s ur ,

H u ngary for hi son Al bert T he appearan ce how

s .
,

e ver of the H ngari n troop s before the gates of

,
u a

Vienna compelled th A u strian emperor to sue for e

pe ace w hich was cemented by a family alli ance A n

, ,

drew h aving espou sed A gnes daughter f A lbert ,

o .

T he A u strian ar chdu ke s on availed hi ms lf of th e o e

H ngarian force agai nst his noble rival A d lphus of

u s ,
o

Nassau w ith w hom he w s dispu ting the crow n of

, a

Germany In th b attle of G elheim near Worms

. e , ,

A dolph s l ost both v ictory an d life w hen th e H u n

u ,

garian arms w ere for th econd ti me seen to prop u p e s

t he br oken fortu nes of th e H ap sb ur s N or did this

g .

matri monial alli an ce w ith A u stri a secur e peace to

H ngary Pope Nichola IV w as bent u pon gaini ng
u . s .

the crown of St Steph en f r Ch arl es M artel son of o ,

Charles d A njou of Naples who pu t forw ar d hi s claims

’
,

to th e H u ngar ian crow n in vir tu e of his moth er ,

M r y daughter of king Stephen V While A n dr w

a , . e

a se mbl ed the n obles on t h

s plain of Racos the ma e ,

j y
o ri t of t h e c l er
gy h ea d e d by t h e A r chbi ho
, p o f s

Gran h eld an as embly t Ve prim in fa ou r of the

,
s a sz v

p apal pretender A mid these trou bles chiefly br u ght

.
,
o

ab u t b cl rgy Ch r l e Martel died occu r

o
y t he e a an,
s ,

r en c w hich did not secur A n d rew in th e u ndistur be d

e e

possession of his throne as the p pe soon pu t forward ,

o

a n ew candi date in th e person of Ch arl es R ob e t or

,
r ,

Car b er t neph e w to th e king of Naples

o ,
I n the .

meantime the l as t of th e A pads died on the first

, r

day f th e year 1 30 1 fr m the effects as is said of

o ,
o , ,

poison .

Thu s p assed aw ay the fi rst period of Hu nga ian r

26 S T A TE OF SOC IE TY D U R IN G F IRS T P E RIOD .

themsel es soon acq ainte d w ith this dead idiom th

v u ,
e

on ly vehi cl e f hi gh r
o ci al int r co s ; w hile the
e so e ur e

b u lk of the peopl w itho t g ow ing w i e by the

e, u r s r

t aching of th
e s m nk r m ine d in t he condition i n
e o s, e a

w hich t h y h ad b n i n th
e ee
p re-Ch i ti n era T he r s a . e

v t infl enc f th clergy as w ill b e se n continu d

as u e o e , e , e

b t litt l dimi ni h ed e ven t a v y recent d t

u e s nd
o er a e, a

w prod ctive of m ny n tion al di aster down t th

as u a a s s o e

en d of the seven tee nth cen t u ry .

 S E CO N D PE R I O D .

C H A PTE R III .

F R OM TH E C OM NCE M E NT OF T H E RE IGN OF T H E
M E

AN JO U DYN A STY T O T H E BATT LE OF W ARNA

,
l am
(

TH IS period thou gh far shorter than the precedi ng

,

o ne i ,
n o l ess cr ow de d w ith e ven ts b oth of n ation al
s

g lo y an d deep h u mili ation

r T h e m os t stri ki
.n g cir

cu ms tan ce h ow ever is th e an al gy su b sisti n b e t w een

, , g o

i ts begin ni n g an d i ts closin g scen e ; p ap al i n fl en c u e

w as th mean s of givi n
e t o H n ar y i ts first f eign or
g g u

king ; and pap al intrig e l st thi cou ntry a centu y

u o s ,
r

an d a h al f l ater b oth it s ki n an d i ts h on ou rs
g,
.

T h de th of the l ast of the A r p ds cou ld n ot b t

e a a u

prove f vour able to Car b ert of N ples w ho h d al

a o a ,
a

r ady u n der on e th e c eremony of c ron ation in C roa

e
g o

ti a,bef re the decease f A n drew I II Pope Bonif ce

o o . a

t h e VII I no w employed all th m ans at hi s comman d

. e e

i n f vo r of the A nj ou prin ce w ho at l ast ascended

a u ,

th thr n e of St Steph en
e o .
28 WARS or T H E C ROWN .

It w ill be Obser ved in th e cou rse of this period th at ,

after a fi erce civil w ar chi efly n ou r ish d by th e cl ai m , e

an ts to th throne H ngary rose to a deg ee of pow er

e ,
u r

su per i or to an of th t t f E ur ope ; th t in spite e s a es o

y a ,

of th e e xt rn l gr n de r e th e in tern l st te f th e
a a u , a a o

co ntry remained tationa y ; f rth r th t after h aving

u s r a e , a

sen t it s r mi s to th e
a ou th of It ly an d gai ne d d
e s a o

mini n o e Poland Hu ngar y fo n d he self all at

ov r , ,
u r

once be t by all the pl ag ues arising from the ru le f

se ,
o

w eak prin c s sel fish an d f mi ni ne regen cies an d li st

e , e
,

l ess ambitio s olig r ch T he mo t s rp ri sing cir

,
u a s. s u

cu mst n ce h w eve
a is to see H u ng y s on aft r ri e
,
o r, ar o e s

fr om amid ll th e e mi e i e and a t in al one ands s r s, su s a ,

u n pr ep are d th e Sh ock of e astern c nq er rs

,
w h ose o u o ,

very name w s suffi cient to terrify the most distan t

a

p arts of Eu rope .

T he clergy prompted by the see of Rom an d en

,
e,

co r aged by a p ap al l egate s nt t o H ng
u y did th i e u ar ,
e r

best to rai se Carob ert t the Hu ngari an th one This o r .

very cir c u mstance how ver incensed a l g portion ,

e , ar e

of the n bl es an d th y O ff red th
o , c ow n of St e e e r

Steph en to Wenc la s on of the ki ng of Bohemia e u , s ,

by virt e of his con ort Eli ab eth da ghter of the

u s z ,
u

l ast A r padi an king T he Bohemian prin c w as ao . e

cordingly crow n d w hen the pope appris d of the e , , e

fact fu lmine d over H ngary hi s spir it al thu nder

,
u u s,

smi ti ng w ith hi s b an b th Wencel u an d hi s o a s

adh eren ts Bu t this yo n g pri nce

. sist d by his u ,
as e

fath er dv n ced an ar my i n reply t th e w eap ons f

,
a a o o

Boniface and marchi ng n to Pesth soon di sp ersed

,
o ,

th e A nj ou f cti n H reu pon the pop ought the

a o . e e s

m istance of the empero A lbert of A u s tri a who r , ,

j ealou s Of th e pow er f Bohemia w a r dy to mingl o ,

s ea e

i n t he fr y A lbert accor dingly mar ch d an army

a . e
 C HA RA CTE R OF T H E ANJO U RULE . 29

into Hu ngary i n 1304 ; b u t before the camp aign was

over Wencelaus di spi rited by th e death of h is father
, , ,

and n t con fidi n in his ow n pow er made h is min d

o
g p ,
u

t o resign th e H ngar ian crow n u T his h wever w as .

, o ,

far from br inging peace to th e cou ntry T h e hosti le .

feelin g to Carob ert or iginating i n t he fact of h is bei ng

,

i mposed u pon the cou ntry by the mm by wh ich the ,

n obles thou ght themselves h u miliated contin ally in ,

u

crease d ti ll at len gth the states made an offer of th e

,

cr ow n to O th o of B a varia This prince havi ng en.

tered H u n gary i n di gu ise u nsu pp rted by ny mili

s , o a

tary force of his ow n his position soon became hope

,

less ; an d the nobles tired f the w ar with A lbert of

,
o

A us tr ia at last con sente d in the assembly held on th e

,

Racos pl in in the year 1 3 10 to acknowledge and

a ,

Carob er t king of H ngary u .

T he long reign of this fi rst for ign prince proved e ,

u pon th e w h l a ti me of peace
o e, T h e p as ions of . s

th e tu rb u len t n obles su bside d and the refin e d man ,

n ers of the ne w co u t soon su cceed ed in rec on ciling

r

an d gain in g th e sy mpath y of th mos t ambitious e

Next to l t
so me h ges in troduced in the
sa u ary c an

enal code a n ew state of thi n s w as manifested by

p , g
many r gu l ati ns in beh alfo f comm rc w hich len t a
e o e e,

cer tain sti m l us to the tow n s

u N ot less w or thy of .

re mark is t he f ct th t Car obert w as the fi t H u n

a ,
a rs

ari an king w h i ntr od c d a gold cu rr en cy silve

o u e r
g ,

being up to that ti me the only preciou s met l used for a

coinage S ch measu re ndo btedly tende d both to

. u s u u

r ai se the dor man t resou r ces of the cou ntry an d to ,

aw aken its in dol en t popu l tion a .

T h e practical mi nd of Carob ert w as h ow ever chi efly , ,

manifested by the way he tr affi cked in or der to pro

30 ACCE SSION or L o u I s SU R N A M E D TH E G RE AT .

c u recrow n for his children A cco ding to an gree

s . r a

ment mad betw een h im an d R bert ki ng of N ples

e o a ,

h i son A n drew IV w as to mar ry Joann a gr an d

s .
,

d ghter to the Neapolit n kin g w ith the promis of

au a , e

A n drew su cceedi ng to th th one Of N aples N l es e r . o s

h appy w a Carob rt in hi in ten tion tow a ds his th r

s e s s r o e

so n L is w ho w as p r mi d th e crow n of Polan d by
ou ,
o se

C imi kin g f th t c n try

as r, o a ou .

These f ct formed th chi f characteristics in C a

a s e e

ro bert s reign d r ing w hich tim th e cl rgy g in d

’
,
u e e a e

a n infl u en ce an d au th r i ty u n pr ece d n te d i n t h hi s o e e

tory of H u n g ry In th year 1 34 2 Car b ert di d

a . e ,
o e ,

being cceeded by his on L i um med th

su s ou s, s a e

G eat Thi prince s pas ed h is f th er i n stat sm n

r . s ur s a e a

Ship nd en gy b ing f temp as w arlike a hi

a er ,
e o a er s s

f ther s w as p cifi c F or th e exhibi ti on of his milit y

’
a a . ar

tal nts fi ne opportu nity w a pres nted by th e perfidy

e a s e

w hich h is br th e A n drew xperi n ced at Naplo r e e es .

B fore h i death the Ne polit n king c u ing hi

e s ,
a a ,
a s s

grandd ghter Joann t b e cr w ned pur p ly

au a o o ,
ose

excl ded h h b n d A n drew f m r c iving th

u er us a ro e e e

ro y l n cti n n the pl f hi mi n i ty Lou i

a u o ,
o ea o s or . s,

th kin g f H n gar y soon t k h c f h i

'

e o
p t us
u ,
oo u e a e o s

broth r remonstrating on th bj ect w ith th e pop

e , e su e

Cl ment VI th e real master of Naples w ho at last

e .
, ,

acknowledg d A n drew king the p apal protecti n

e as , o ,

h w ev h aving been Obtain d by th ai d f f w

o er , e e o a e

th o s n d merk
u a s.

In th e meanti me A n drew l d J oann his p r mi ed ,

e a o s

b id to the alt w ith n

r e picion of the tragic nd
ar , o su s e

th at w aited h im
a S l co rti s an d peci lly
. e ver a u er , es a

Charle D u ra o br other-in-law of J ann nd w h

s zz , o a, a o

f ign d a p a tic l ar attach ment t A n dr e w con spir d

e e r u o ,
e

to pu t him o t of the w ay A cc r ding t o the pl n

u . o a
 IN vA DE s ITA L Y . 31

c ncer ted by the conspirato s A ndrew w as in vite d t

o r , o

a h n ti ng-
u par ty in th Terr di L avor A fter th e a a. e

d y s sport w as over th pa ty put u p at the secl d d

a
’
.
,
e r u e

co nve n t Of A versa There A n drew w as hu rriedl y

.

ro use d and c ll e d o t
,
n der some pretext
a i n thu u ,
e

d rkn es of the n ight Scar cely had he l eft h is

a s .

c hambe w hen he w a assail d by a b an d of hired

r, s e

as sassin s T h e you ng an d vigo ou s pr in ce brav ly

. r ,
e

resi tin hi s as sai l an ts crie d for h elp n d su cceed d e

s
g , , a

in m kin g his w ay to th door w hich how eve

a h e , ,
r, e

fo n d b arred from w ithi n ; n d th us w hile J oann

u a ,
a

an d h e atten d ants w ere s nk in r eal or pr et n de d

r u e

Sl ee p the u n happy pr i nce w

, at l as t over pow ere d as

by hi mu derers w ho completed th eir bloody task

s r ,

by u spen di ng his body from the w i ndow f his

s o

c h mb ra e .

N O s ner did L ou i s learn thi frightfu l act w hich

oo s ,

i n pired w ith horror al mo t all th princes of E p

s s e uro e,

t h an h e wore to avenge the cr el d th of hi s broth

s u ea er .

A n rmy w as le vied ready f r e mbarkati on on th

a o e

A dri tic coast w hich he so n led in person in t th

a , o o e

h ear t of Italy reaching th territory of Naple in , e s

1 34 8 A fte a small
. istance by the Neapoli tan
r res

tr oop L ou i s army be r ing n th ir stan dar ds r

’
s, a o e a e
,

p e ntati n Of the mur d d A n dr ew q ickly r n

r se o ere ,
u e

d red th mselves mas te of th e w hol kingdom r

e e rs e ,
e

c lling to the memory of the i nh abitants the br v y

a a er

o f th e n s f T ancred so A ft o ome as u ran ces giv n . er s s e

by th p pe to s bmi t Joann a to d e investig ti n

e o u u a o

an d i mp r ti al p u n ishmen ta L o is ret rned to H u n ,

u u

ary l v in g h i t p n d t h c m m n d f t h
g e a
, s roo r e o a o s u e e

pal tin e L a ki who became t mporary governor f

a z ,
e o

N pl a B t h avi ng fo n d hi mself imposed u pon by

es . u u

Clement VL the H u ngarian ki ng reappeared in Italy

,
32 WAR W I TH VE N I CE .

i n 1350, w hen the cardinals sent by the p ope suc

ce eded i n appeasing L ou is W ith n w promises viz e , .
,

that if Joanna shoul d be foun d guilty then Louis ,

w ul d h ave f ll right to di po e of the Neap litan

o u s s o

c own
r T he affairs of the co nt y obliged Lou i again
. u r s

to ret rn to his re lm flat t i n g himself w ith the pro

u a , er

Spe c t of J oan n a s c n ict ion w ho all the w hil

’
o w as
v
, e

stayin g at A vignon hi di n g her c i me u n de r t he ch ai r

, r

of St P te r T he tri al of t he n f rt u n ate q en w s
e . u o ue a

acc r dingly p roceede d wi th ; n

o i s it necessar y to s y or a

that the j u dges fou nd n o gre t difficu lty in acq itting a u

h er .
1
T he plenipoten tiary of th e Hun garian king th e ,

bishop of Wesprem s on p roved reconciled to th e de

,
o

ci sion of th e co rt of Rome ; an d th e H un gari an

u

ar r i son s accor dingly s rr n dered the place s they h ad u e

g
occu pi d to retur n to th eir co n try
e ,
Bu t thou gh u .

indignant at the issu e f thi s c tastrophe L o is for o a

, u

bore to avenge his br oth r by a new expedi tion N0 e .

less u nfru itf l in th end tho gh of qui t a diff ren t

u e ,
u e e

n atu r e w as h is w ar w ith Ven ice

,
T he cau ses f th ese . o

h tilities w er e som town

os n th e coast of D almatia
e s o ,

an d e pe ci ally th e tow ns of J dr a an d Z ar d w hich

s a ,

pref rred the Hu ng r i n rule and w hich the V neti an

e a a , e

r epu bli c wou ld n ot relin q u i h A fter h avi ng u n der s .

g ne repe ted def ats and hu mili ations Venic at la t

o a e , e s

dr ew strength from desp air and t he l ong protr cte d , a

w ar en ded for Hu n gary w ith ou t resu lting in its terri

torial aggran di sement .

M ch more promising seeme d to b e the pr spects

u o

in the north A ccor ding to his promise C asi mir

.
, ,

1
A lmost historians Itali an and H ungarian pronounce
all , ,

Joanna an accomplice in her husband s murder H allam how

’
.
,

ever ( H i story of th e M i ddl e A ges vol i p ex pr esses , . . .

strong reasons for dou b t on that sub ect. j

 34 M AR Y CROWNE D QU E E N OF HU N GARY .

he x mpt d many of th m from paying taxes Lo i s

e e e e . u

d r ve n o le s c edit f the st bli hment f some

ese s s r or e a s o

high sch ol th e m t n ted of w hich w ere E nu f

er o s, os o

Kir ch n nd Gr V rd in
e - a oss a e .

Imm di t ly n th d ath f L o is his da ghter

e a e o e e o u , u

M ry w c wn d q n f H ng ry being th fir t
a as ro e u ee o u a ,
e s

f m l w h w o th
e a e w n of St St ph n
o re A s Ma y e cr o e e . r

w till in h
as s mi n ri ty th g en cy w as
er n tr ste d o ,
e re e u

t h o m th r Eli b th a cir c mstan ce prod ctive of

er o e za e , u u

m n y mi for t n e
a T h q en-r eg n t at on ce am
s u s. e ue e ,

b itio nd j al
us s a f the f rt n e of h er da ghte
e ou o o u u r,

a ttempte d t g i n n b n d d s w y v er th
o a c n try u ou e a o e ou ,
a

sch me in w hich he w as i ted by th palatine Gar a

e s as s s e .

I n th m n ti m Ce ti n d D lm t i
ea r se i n
e, pen r oa a a a a a o o

re b lli n c lli g t th H ng ian th on e Ch l

e o ,
a n o e u ar r ar es

D f N pl
u r azza n of th
o n f rtun te A n d w
a e s, so e u o a re .

I n th mid t of th se t ou bl
e s M y w m ie d e r es, ar as arr

t th
o m g av Sigi m n d f B an d n b g son f
e ar r e s u o r e ur , o

Ch rle I V mp r f G rmany and ki g f B

a s .
,
e er o o e n o 0

h mi a w h
e p i d t B hemi t gani
,
o re a re xiliary o o a o or se au

tr p s
oo Wh il Sigi m n d idl d aw y h i time in
. e s u e a s

B hemi Ch l f N pl s m d hi w y t th
o a, ar es o a e a e s a , a e

h d f n my t B d n d P th to the gr at
ea o a ar ,
o u a a es , e

co n t n ti n
s er f t h y ng q e n an d h
a o o m th e ou u e er o er .

Char l w a in th m antim procl imed king by

es s, e e e, a

h i p r ty n w hich occ i n Eli b th whi le s cr tly

s a ,
o as o za e , e e

h arb ri ng th d k t nmity con ey d to h im h r

ou e ar es e ,
v e e

w ar m c on g t l ti n H ving come t th r sol ti n

ra u a o s. a o e e u o

of d tr yi ng o d ng ous
es o iv l Eli ab th accom
s a er a r a , z e ,

n i d by t h p l tin G an d Bla i F ach

a a ar a s us
p a e e o
g e r ,

w it d p n th kin g in h i c s tl of B d ;
a e u o e n d w hile s a e u a a

Ch r l n picio s of e il w occ pied in m sing

a e s, u sus u v ,
as u a u

hi s g e ts F rgach t
u s ign l given by the p latin
, o , a a s a a e,

dr w his sw ord and infli cted a blow p on the ki ng

e u ,
 SI GISM UND P R O C LA IM E D K IN G or H U N GARY . 35

from th e effe cts f which he died a few days afterwar ds

o .

Having accompli h d this ct of wick dn ss Eli abeth s e a e e , z

an d M y res l ed to make a progres thro gh Cr ati

ar o v s u o a

a n d D l m ti h ping by th ir pr n ce t aw into
a a a, o e e se o e

obedi en c e the p r ti an s f th l i n p ri n ce B t n
a z o e s a . u o

soon e did th ey e nt r th
r e pr vin c es i n th e c omp any e es o

O f th p latin e an d F rgach th an they w e e su r p i sed

e a o ,
r r

by a body f t o ps l d by th B n H r thy T h
o r o e e a o va . e

p al tin an d F g ch w
a e fter a de perate r si t
or a e re, a s e s

an c hewn to pi c s w hil the yo ng q een and her

e, e e , e u u

moth r w er th r w n in t pri son

e e T h l tter did n ot
o o . e a

long rvive this verse of f t ne s me allege that

su re or u : o

sh edi ed f gri f f w d y after h er i mp i on men t

o e a e a s r s
,

W hil ccording to anoth

e, a r i on h e w as drown d er v e s , s e

by c omm nd of the g ve nor of D alm tia

a o r a .

Sigism nd w h d ring the dis t

u , occu ren ces
o, u se as r ou s r ,

w as p en ding h i time in B h emi

s at l as t aw k e from
s o a, o

his r veri e n l ni n
g t hes onf t n te f te e ar f hi e u or u a a o s

co n so t n d ar i
r , ad in B da at the h ad f n ar my
r ve u e o a ,

i ntending t m rch into C roati T o give mo e eff c t t

o a a. r e o

h is m as r t h state agre d u pon pr cl i mi ng hi m

e u es, e s e o a

ki ng f H nga y ; n d he w as accordin gly cr wn d

o u r a o e

i n 1 38 7 P oce ding at nc to Cr ati he enco n

. r e o e o a, u

t r ed n d d f ate d th tr oop s f the B n

e a e e nd r cued e o a ,
a es

his q e n w ho w
u e imprison d in th f t Of N vigrad
,
as e e or o ,

i n D al m ti w i th th as i t n c f th e V n ti n d mir l
a a, e s s a e o e e a a a

Bar b di c w ho t ok thi f t fr m th p arti ns f th

a o, o s or o e za o e

Neapolit n p in ce T h j y m nifested th o gh ou t
a r . e o a r u

th e w h ol c o n try t th e lib er ation of M ary w as oon

e u a s

f ll w ed by c l ami ti
o o f a n ew n at u rae o cc asi on e d by es o ,

th e irr pti n f th T k
u o B ja t I the fo r th
s o e ur s. a ze .
, u

e mp e or of th
r T rks h aving su bd ed A sia Minor
e u , u
,

began now to ppr ach th D n be ; aft r c o sing a o e a u e r s

w hich he i nvaded Moldavi a an d Wallac hi

,
provin ce a, s
36 E A JA Z E T I IN VA D E S M
. O LD A VIA AND WALLA CH IA .

un d er th e g sw a y of d an er
g H un ar y . T he sense Of

so on aroused a nu merous ar my Sigism n d , w i th which u

ma ch d gai nst th in v d r w hom b e defeat d nd

r e a e a e s, e a

c mp lled to retrace th i t p in to A sia B t bef

o e e r s e s . u or e

his r t r n h om after thi victory his w ife M y

e u e s , ar

di d w i th o t i u
e s e — irc mstance w hich p r mpt ed
u s , a c u o

VVl di l s th e J ag ll -ki ng f Pol an d an d h b n d

a s au , e o o us a

o f H d w ig sister of M y t m ke an attempt on t h
e , ar ,
o a e

Hu ng rian crown F m this diffic lty Sigi m n d

a . ro u s u

w a r liev ed by J hn T h an i a ar chbi h op Of Gr n
s e o s ,
s a ,

w h o app ear i ng w ith

,
l ar g f rc n the n orth rn a e o e o e

f on ti rs preven t d th e in vas ion Of th e P li h ki ng

r e ,
e o s .

Retu r ning home from his expe dition Sigismun d pro ,

ce ed d t e inflict ver p nishment on all w ho w re

o se e u e

su s pe cted of h avin b e n th adh erents i th er of e e

g e

Ch l s of Naples r f VVl di la s cau sing thirty-tw

ar e o o a s u , o

nobl led by an e min n t w ar ri or of th e n ame of

es, e

K n t to b e p t to de th ft r h aving indu ced them

o ,
u a ,
a e

by f i r promises to c me t B da
a o o u .

P blic discontent m n whi l contin ed d ily to in

u ea e u a

crease th gh rep e ed f r a w hile by th i mmin n t

,
ou r ss o e e

d nger f m the re- pp aran ce f the Tu rks on th fron

a ro a e o e

t iers H vi ng r eceiv d promise f bsidi s f m the

. a e a o su e ro

G k emp ror Man l nd trength n d by a b dy

ree e ue , a s e e o

o f Fren ch v l u n t h ad d by th e C o nt of N v rs
o e er s e e u e e ,

th ki ng d ter min e d
e p n m rching again t th in
e u o a s e

va ders E nt i ng B lg i Sigi mu nd pr p d t
. er u ar a, s e ar e o

l y siege to Nic poli w hic h w as garri s n d by th

a o s, o e e

Tu rks Bu t befo e th i g had prope ly b g n

. r e s e e r e u ,

B j et th en t Br s a g th e ed togeth er hi A i tic
a az ,
a u s , a r s s a

f r ce
o an d s dde n ly
s, ppeared within igh t of th
u a s e

Chri ti an camp T h tw o ar mies qu ickly eng g d

s . e a e ,

an d th e fi er c e b attl w hich at fir st seeme d f v u bl e, a o ra e

t the Christi ans

o nded i n a most Sign al vi cto y f r
, e r o
 S IGISM UN D E LE CT E D E M PE ROR OE GE RM AN Y . 37

th e llow ers of the Prophet

fo This defeat ,
w hich c ost the Ch ri ti n s more th an tw enty th o san d
s a u

men h as sometimes been attribu ted to the impatien c

,
e

Of the Fr en ch a xili r i s Sigism nd escaped al iv

u a e . u e,

an d cceede d i n m king his w y to C onstantinopl

su a a e,

i ntendi ng to proceed to It ly nd to ret r n by w ay a a u

of th A driatic to his w n ki ngdom Bu t w hile h e

e o .

w ro mi n on th e w aters th e r mou r of hi s h avi n

as
ga
g , u

p eri hed in the battl ( port perhaps clan de ti nely

s e a re s

cir cu l at d by hi s advers r i p re ad th r gh
e
) s n ou t a es oo s ou

t h w h ol e cou n try ; an d i n c on se qu en ce L adisl

e of
, ,
au s

Naples son of th u n f rt n ate Ch arl s w as c lled t

, e o u e , a o

t h H n gari an thron
e u Sca cely how ever h d this e. r
, ,
a

prince arr iv d in D al mati w h n Sigismu nd himself

e a, e

app d in his kingd m H soon su cceeded in d

ear e o . e e

featin g the p arty of th e Ne p lit n pri nce w h o aft r a o a ,

e

w r ds r turned to It l y
a e N ot tisfied wi th h aving
a . sa

d iv n hi s rival ou t f th co n tr y an d cr sh ed hi s
r e o e u ,
u

adher en ts Sigismu nd c ntin d most rigoro sly t

,
o ue u o

p uni h all those w hom h e u pected of being u nf

s s s a

v ou rab le to his c au se This sev rity gave rise to a . e

n ew plot c omprisin g th
, r chbi h p of G ran an d som e a s o e

o t h er Of the hi h n obl w hich en de d in the captu re es,

g
Of Si i m n d A ft r fo r m n th s captivi ty h ow
’
s e e e v r,
g u . u o ,

h e w as released chiefly by th e ff r ts of C ou n t Cilly

,
e o ,

a pow rf l oli ar ch w h se da h t r B ar b a a b e aft r er

e
g u
g ,
o u e

w ar d marri ed
s A fter th . ici it des of f rt ne ese v ss u o u ,

Sigi m n d continu e d t r le amid t cir cu mst n ce f

s u o u s a s o

co mp r tive pe ace
a a u ntil h e w l cted emperor of
,
as e e

G erm n y i n 14 10 an ev nt w hich th ough seemingly

a ,
e ,

h ighly au spicio pr ved mo t fatal to Hu ng ry

u s, o s a .

T hencefor th Sigi mu nd as mperor she we d littl

,
s , e
, e

c on cer n for the i nter ests of H n gar w hich w

y as con u ,

tinu ally harassed on th e one h an d by the irr u pti n s

, ,
o
 38 A LBE R T E LE CTE D KIN G OF HU NGARY .

of the T urks an d pn the oth r by Venice w hich

, ,
e , ,

t ied to w re t the sea-c ast f Dalmati from the H n

r s o o a u

ar i an cr ow n N w di c n ten ts acc or di n ly soon

g .
g e s o , ,

manife ted the m elve s

g i n t Si i m nd
g s w h o still
s a a s s u ,

fu r th r x p rat d th p blic min d by p w ni ng th

e e as e e e u a e

n or t he n di tric t
r f H n g y c lled the Zips to
s o u ar ,
a ,

Wladi l of P l n d in or d r to ec re hi m l f from
s au s o a ,
e s u se

trou ble in th at q rt r I n th mid t f th tro bles ua e . e s O es e u ,

Sigismun d cc eded to th c w n of Bohe mi w hich

su e e ro a,

h ad b come vac n t by the de th f ki g W en cesla s

e a a o n u .

Thi s e ent proved a sou rce f n ew dis ste t H n

v o a rs o u

g ary T.h e i n gl o r i o w r w g d by Sig i m u n d us

g ai n st a a e s a

the H s ite cost H ng y bl od an d tr e

u s s res w hil e
u ar o asu ,

t h e T b orites to
a v ng the tr ci s d th f Hu s
, a e e a o ou ea o s

n d oth r cr el ties r pe t dly broke in to H n y

a e u , g e a e u ar ,

an d ma k d th ei r w r w
e ith pp ll in d eva t ti n an d s a o
y g a a a

l ugh ter th s vi iting on thi n ation the ins of i ts

s a
,
u s s S

kings .

I n 14 3 7 Sigi mu n d di ed hi in gl i o s an d n f s , s or u u or

t n ate r ign as w il l b e se n gi ing r i e t new t o bles

u e ,
e , v s o r u

an d mi f rt n es s o Sigi m n d l ft by his c n d w if
u . s u e ,
se o e,

a da
ght
u n m d Eli er b th w ah w e m i d t o za e ,
o as arr e

A l b rt f A tri
e o T h th r aten ing t t
us a. f th e e s a e o e

n try g ested th n ec e i ty of h i n
g i t ru l d by av e
cou
g su e ss

a pow e f l nd manly a m in con equ enc of w hich

r u a r s e ,

A lbert w h o soon ,
cce d d t the c w n of G man y su e e o ro er

an d B oh emi w s el ect d by th Di t ki ng f H n
a, a e e e o u

ry Thi p i n c e sc a c ly s rviv d hi
s r c ron ati on r e e s o
g a . u

thr e ye rs an d hi
e a dd n de th pl nged Hu ngary
,
s su e a u

into new s a of t bl
a T he q e n-d w ag r
e r ou e s. u e o e

Eli beth w a t w k to pr id over the d tinies

za s oo ea es e es

o f a co nt y con tin lly threat n ed by th T u k ;

u r ua e e r s

an d a p ar ty cco dingly r se w hich att mpt d t

a r a o e e o

call Wladislau s king of Poland to the Hu ng ian , ,

ar
 B I RT H OE LAD ISLAU S CA LLE D P OSTH U M '

U S. 39

throne l A d pu tati n w as th refore desp tched to

. e o e a

Polan d inviting Wladi slaus to acc pt the cr w n of

,
e o

Hu nga y r B t sc r cely h ad th e en y re u a vo s

tur n ed w h en Eli ab th w as d li vere d of a on kn w n

, z e e s ,
o

by th n ame of L adi la s Po thu m

e Thi v nt
s u s us . s e e ,

as ma
y w l l b s epp o d w e t h c ause of
u n th er
se ,
as e a o

civil w r f stere d by th e n ei hb o ri n
a , p ow er T h s.
o
g g e u

queen a si ted from ab oad by th emp r or Fred i k

, s s r e e er c

o f A us t ia and i d d fr om w ithi n by th ar chbi hop

r , a e e s

Sechy and C ou n t Cilly c u d h r in f n t not y t i , a se e a ,

e s x

months Old to b e cr ow ned c yi ng him after wards

, , arr ,

a l ong w ith the crow n f St S t ph en t Fr de i k o e ,

o e r c

of A u st i a I n the meantim Wladi la s of Pol an d

r . e, s u

en te red H ngar y uand w as c row n d w i th th e con nt e se

, ,

o f a Di t convoked fo th t p r po e
e A w r th s r a u s . a u

commen ced bet w en H n ry n d Fred rick I V of

g e u a a e .

A us t i w ho t k the p a t of L adi l u P th m ;
r a, oo r s a s os u us

b u t after the l apse of tw o y ars Wl di l s an d F e , a s au re

derick gr ed to n mi tic ; the former more re dily

a e a ar s e a

g ivi n
g h i s c o n se n t i n r d r t o b bl
, e t o p ros eoc te e e a u

u n di s t b d a w ar ag inst the Tu rks w h had lre dy

ur e a ,
o a a

r epeatedl y f lt th e w i ht f h r d of John H n
'

g e t w e o e s o u

yadi ai vod of T an yl ania En co raged by the

, v r s v . u

Pope (E gen u t h Gre k e mp r r P l aeol g s

e e e e o a o u ,

a nd the de po t of S rvi s Wladisla s took th fi lde a, u e e

agai ns t the Tu rks dr i i n t h e m rep ate dl y from M l

g , v e o

davi a an d Wall chi a and w ati ng B ulgari a from th i r

,
r es e

h and s. B t th ou gh the Polish mon r ch was one

u a

of th e most active an d w a li ke p ri n c the p l m of r es, a

S ome h th at E liz abe th having convened the

c roniclers say ,

s tates told them th at th e ch i ld i n h er womb was as sh e beli eved

, , ,

a daugh ter and admonish ed them to look for a new ki ng able to

, ,

d efend th e cou ntr

y an d th at th i s p ort
,entous lan ua
g g e i ndu ced
t he nobles to invi te th e Polish ki ng .
40 PE AC E C ONC LUDE D WI T H THE T U R KS .

these victorie chi efly du e to H n yadi in w hom

s w as u ,

Wlad islau s fou nd a p w rf l u pport ag in t the ad o e u s a s

h en t of the infan t H ngari n prin ce

er s T he most u a .

si n al victory h w e i n d o e the T r ks w as the

g r
g ,
o ve , a e v r u

b ttl near Ni a an d th c ptu re f th t pl ce w hich

a e ss , e a o a a ,

cost the T rk s m ny th o u n d men beside se ve al of

a u sa ,
s r

th ir p sh as w h f ll int th e h an ds f th eir victors

e a ,
o e o o ,

an d w r c rri d t o B u da
e e a the u r tr phies f victory
e as s e o o

amid t th e accl am ti ons of th p eopl

s a Thi capit l was e e. s a

s o on h n r d w ith the p rese n ce of th

o ou e mb a ad rs e a ss o

O f th e Chri ti an prince w h o came t con gr tu l t th

s s, o a a e e

king on hi victory ove th in fid ls ; w hile A m rath

s r e e u

th e ltan di p tched t the same tim envoy su ing

su s a a e s,

f r pe ace to H ny di w h o lay en c mpe d n e r th e

o ,
,
u a ,
a a

t own of S eg din T h req e t of th e su lt n w as

z e . e u s a

g r an t d an d a t e ty of p
e , c e f or t w
r a ye ars w c n ea o as o

c l d
u d ien 1 3 4 4 i t s chi f p r vi i,
n b i n
g
— t h e e e o s o s e ,
v

ati n of B l g ar i a by th e T r ks — the s rren der

o u f all u u o

Christian prisoners— n d the rec gniti n of Wal lachia a o o

as b el n i n t t h e H ng r i n crow n T h e doc a a
g g o o u . u

m nt s of this tr ty w e d w n p in th e L tin an d
e ea re ra u a

T r ki h langu ge each f the

u s a p ctive parties
s, o res e

sw ing t i tly t b e v it on the G pel nd t he

ear s r c o o s r e os a

K r n Thi l tary rr n gement w i th a f e w hose

o a . s sa u a a o ,

u tm st f ry and ve whel ming p w r H ungary w as

o u o r o e

destined t feel for many centu i w s soon fru s

o r es, a

t r at d by th e in tr ig e
e f th se of Rome s t on fo t u s o e e , e o

i n H u ng y by C a di n l J li n
ar D ring the w hole
r a u e . u

tr n action (of this p c ) says th

a s th r of th e ea e , e au o

e
“
D cline an d Fall the c a din al l gat b er ed a r e e o s v
,

solemn sil n ce u n w illi n t pp r v an d u n bl e t

e
g , o a o e a o

o ppos th e c n n t of th king n d people B t the

e o se e a . u

diet w as n ot di s lved before Ju li n w as fortified by

s o e

th e w elcome i n telli genc e th at A n atoli a w as invaded ,

42 B TTA LE or WAR NA .

seash ore . It
thi s fatal spot that instead of
w as on ,

findin g a confederate fleet to second th eir Oper ations ,

they w ere alarmed by th e approach of A mur ath him

s elf w h
,
h ad issu ed from hi s Magn esi n solit de an d
o a u ,

transported the f rces f A sia to the def n ce Of E rope

o o e
'

u .

A ccor di ng to some wr iters th e G ree k e mper r had ,

o

been aw ed or sedu ce d to grant the passag of th Bos e e

h o n d an i n d libl stain of c orr u pti on is fi xe d

p ru ; s a e e

on th Genoese or th p p s nephew th C atholic

e ,
e o e
’
e

admir al w hose mer cen a y connivan ce b tr aye d the

,
r e

guard of the Hell esp n t From A dr ian ple the s ltan o . o u

advan ced by h as ty ma ch es at th e h ead of ixty th o

,
r ,
s u

san d m n ; an d w h n th
e c rdi nal and H nya di h ad
e e a u

t aken a n ear er su r y of th n u mber an d rde ve f the e o r o

Tu k these ar den t w arri rs proposed the tar dy

r s, o

an d i mpr acticabl e meas ure of a ret e at T he ki n g r .

alon e w resolve d t
as con qu er or di ; and h is esol o e r u

tion h d almost been crow ned w i th gloriou s and

a a

tr iu mph nt victo y T h T urkis h win g w ere broken

a r . e s

on th e fir st on se t ; b t t h ad v nt w s fatal ; and e
g u a a e a

the rash vict rs i n th heat of th pu r i t w re car

o , e e su ,
e

r ied w ay far from the ann oyan ce of the enemy or

a ,

th e pp rt of thei r f ien ds When A m rath beheld

su o r . u

th e flight of his sq dr n he desp ai red of hi s f rtu ne

ua o s, o

and th t f th e empi re A veteran j an i

a o y sei d his . z ar ze

horse bridle ; and h had th e magn n i mity t p rdon

’
s e a o a

a nd rew ar d t he ldi w h dared t p r ceive the so er o o e

terro and rr est th fli ght Of his sov reign A Copy

r, a e
'

e .

of th treaty a mon men t of C h isti an perfidy had

e , u r ,

b een dis played in th front of battle ; nd it i said e a s ,

th at th e s ltan in his dist es lifti ng hi s eyes an d hi s

u r s,

h an d to h eaven i mplore d the protecti n of the G od

s , o

of Tru th and call ed ,

n th e proph et J s hims lf too e us e ,

a enge th e i mpiou s mocker of hi s name an d r eligion

v
y .
 DE A T H OF WL A DISLA U S .

With inferior nu mbers and diso dered ranks the king r ,

of H n ary rus he d for w ards in th e confi d n c e of vic

g u ,
e

to y till his care r w stopp d by th e impen tr ble

r , ,
e as e e a

phal anx of the j ani arie If w e may credit th O tto z s. e

man ann al s hi s horse w as pi erc d by the j v lin of

,
e a e

A mur th h e fell among th e p ars f the i nfan t y

a : s e o r ,

an d a T rki h s ldi er pr cl i m d w i th a l o d voice

u s o o a e u ,

H nga i ns behold the head of yo r king T he

u r a ,
u

death of Wl disla s w as the ignal of th ir d f at On

a u s e e e .

his r et rn fi om an in t mp
u te p rsu it H ny di
'
e e ra u ,
u a

deplored h is error and the p blic lo he tr ve to u ss : s o

resc ue th e oy l b ody till h e w as over wh el m d by th

r a ,
e e

t m lt o s c ow d of the vict an d van q i h d and

u u u u r ors, u s e :

the l ast eff r ts of his c o r age w ere exer ted to a e th

o u s v e

remn n t f his Wall achi an c avalry

a o T en th o san d . u

Chr i ti ns w re slain in th e di a tr u s battle f W na

s a e s s o o ar .

T h e l os of the Tur ks more con iderable in n mb rs

s
,
s u e ,

bor a smaller proporti n to th ir t t l strength y t

e o e o a : e

the phil s phi c su ltan W

o o n t a h me d to c nf s th t as o s a o es a

h is r u in m st be t he c n equ en ce f a secon d an d
u o s o

si mil ar vi cto y A t h is c mman d a col u mn w as

r . o ,

ere ct e d on th spot w h ere Wladi l u s h ad fallen : b u t

e s a

the modes t i n sc ription i nstead f accu sing the rash ,

o

ness r ec o ded th e val ou r an d bew iled the mi sfor t n e

,
r , a u

of th e H n ar i an you th
” 1
g u .

1
The reader will observe here a sli ght mistak e on th e p ar t of
th e histor ian T h e H u ngar ia n y ou th Spoken of b y Gibb on w as
.

Wla dis lau s, king of Poland, the infant H ungarian pri nce L ad is
la us (P osthumus)bei ng then in the hands of Fr ederick of A ustria .
 T HI R D PE R I O D .

C H A PTE R IV .

F R OM TH E C OM M CE M E N T
EN OF T H E RE IGN OF T H E
H U N Y A DI S T O T H E B A TT LE OF M OH A C S ( 1444

T H E su ccess at Wam a, th ou gh not foll ow ed u p by

th e Moh amme dan con qu er or, l eft H u ngary i n a state
of al most en tir e h elpl e ssn e ss O f the t w o r ival kings .

w h o h ad hi th erto exh au ste d the stre ngth of th e cou n try,

on e la
y d e a d on th e field of b attle, w hil e th e oth er ,

L adi sla u s, son Of A lber t, w as in the h ands of the

empe r or Fr eder ick, w h o, u n der t he p retext of the

mi nority of h is v ignty h
w ar d, pired to th e
'

as so ere

self N w f ction th s r se W hil differ n t ar med

. e a s u a o ,
e e

ban ds r ckl of the f te f the co nt y began th

, e ess a o u r ,
e

w ork of pl n d r an d dev tation

u T h Di t h w eve
e as . e e , o r,

m t n th pl in Of R k o n omin tin g JO H N HU N YA D I
e o e a a s, a

Go e P tecto
v r nor or In t he ath he to k
ro r o o ,

H ny di promi ed t w at h over th kingdom to k p

u a s o c e , ee

th l w s hi msel f an d n ot to allow th eir i nf i ngem n t

e a ,
r e

by others — great promises indeed at su ch a tim , ,

e,
 P R OT E C T OR A T E OF JOH N HUN YADI . 45

bu t amply g u arantee d an d firlfilled by the pr obity an d

bravery of his virtu ou s spirit On the p aternal side .

Hu nyadi i s said to have been of Wallachian ori gin ,

h eriting from h i s moth er s side t he su rn ame of Cor
’

v i nns T o a like mixtu re of blood H u ngary ow es

.

many of h er h er oes H i s ru lin g p as sion w as love of

.

h i s cou n try, the enemies of w hich d eeply and Ofte n

felt th e w eigh t of his n at u r al r u de sen se of j u stice .

Having r estore d order at home, th e protector t urned

h is arms again st Fr ede rick, w h o soon after felt com
elle d to de cl are L adi sl au s of fu ll a e at hi s ei htee nt h
p g g
year, besides restoring some portions of th e cou n try
o cc u pie d by hi s ar ri son s F eeli n t h u s sec u re fr o m
g g .

th e w est, H u n yadi directe d hi s e ffor ts agai nst the

e n emy of Chr isten dom ; an d n ot w aitin for th e assi s t
g
an ce spoken of i n th e assemblie s of Fl an ders an d

Ger man y, th e pr ote ctor su ddenly p assed the Dan u be,

h ping to
o en hil battling w ith Sk n
g g A
a m u rath w
e e a

derb eg Spi h ow v
. pp i d th G nd Vi i
e s, e er , a r ze e ra z er

o f the dv n c f th H ngar i n s
a a e o A m r th th er e u a . u a e

u p n w i thdr w f om his f mer antag n i t nd tu rned

o e r or o s , a

all hi s f r ce ag i n t H n y di w h o th
o s a h t k
s n by u a ou
g e , , a

s rp ri s acce pt d b ttl e t R i om o Bl ckbi d -pl ai n

u e,
g ( e a
) a ez a r

i n S ervi a T h fight b g n t n on an d th e l gh
. e e a a o , s au

te w r c r i d on duri ng many h r b tw n m n
as a r e ou s e ee e

e q lly b av n d q lly nc r g d by h p
ua r e a ef ua e ou a e o es o

victo y T he sq d on f rming th H nga i an c nt

r . ua r s o e u r e re ,

led n by H ny di
o si ted t h e ol li n
u
g m a
ss , f
r et h s r a es o e

j ni ie that c mp d th m in b dy f the n my
a z ar s o ose e a o o e e .

T h p ashe f A n toli an d R meli a f ll w i th ir

as o a a ou e re

s i stib le f ry u p n th l ft w ing f th ch mpi n

u o ef e o e a o s o

th C ros w h
e th o gh
s, pelled and d iv n f m posi
o, u re r e ro

ti n t po iti n lli d g in an d ag in T h cl h
o o s o ,
r a e a a a . e as

o f arms an d th e r oar of cannon contin u e d thro gh u t u o

 46 PR OT E CT O R A TE OF J OH N H U NY A DI .

h l ight till th e first beams of the rising sun

t he w o e n ,

illumi ned the pl ain w here th e Mu ss lman host lay u

arous i n amid th l au htered hosts of th eir Chris ti an

c
g g e s

a dvers ri s T he g e ter part of the stragglin g forces

a e .
l
r a

of th Hu ngarian s w r e cu t off in their homewar d

e e

r te reat as the de p ot
,
f Ser via di sco r ag ed by t h
s o , u e

d fe t of Hu nyadi h a te ned to ackn ow ledge the s

e a ,
s u

p m cy of the Cresc nt and t rned his sw ord gainst

re e e , u a

hi f rmer conf derat s

s o T he protector hi mself in hi
e e .
,
s

lonely w ander ing w ll nigh fell into the hands of s, e

th ee Tu rki sh h orsemen
r H i d un tless cou r ge and . s a a

great physical strength saved him T wo of his pu r .

s rs one after the oth r w ere tr u ck dead t h is f e t

ue ,
e , s a e ,

w hil the thir d satis fied w i th the golden cr

e ,
w hi h oss c

th pr otector wore on hi b re ast h astily took to fligh t

2
e s
, .

T h e soul of Hu ngary w as thu saved an d the p c s

, e u

liar ity Of H un yadi sc ap v e ri se to th e yi

’

g n s e
g f e a sa o

cert in chronicler th t J hn who lived in Chri t

a s, a o , s ,

w as saved by th cro
”
e s s.

R estored to th n ti on H u nyadi tu rned hi s rm e a , a s

a ai n st G i kr of B h m i w h aided by ome H n
g s a o e a, o, s u

ari n n bl in f t d th H n ri n fron ti w hil

g a o es,
g es e; e e u a a e rs ,

O n the other h an d he took c re t have the vacant

,
a o

bishoprics filled by eccl i stics w ell know n for their es a

p t i tism h aving c r ge en gh in spite f his ther

a r o , ou a ou , o ra

bigoted feelings boldly t as rt th e right of investi

, o se

tu re a ainst th e S ee f R ome L di l m w hil

g a s au s e an e o .
, ,

a ttai ned h is maj rity an d w as crowne d king of B oh emi a

o ,

a t Pr ag ue in 14 52 .

l T h e Ottoman force i s sai d to have consi sted of men ,

the H u ngarian of something mor e th an T h e loss of th e
la tter was more th an
T he reader hi story will here b e
of S cottish re minded of

King R ober t the Bru ce and the Br ooch of L orn .

 LADISLAUS TI T ULA R KIN G . 4?

A fter hi s coronation, L adislaus, w ho was, in fact,

n othin m ore th an titu l ar kin g, j eal ous and afr aid of
g
the pow er of H u nyadi, ch an ge d h is title of protector to
that of generali ssimo ; at the same time adding to th e
ar mori al b ear in s of th at b rave w arri or a li on ras p
g g n
a crow n . H u nyadi, however, cared li ttle for su ch
distin ctions as cou ld be bestow ed by the h an ds of i m
potent kings Tacitur n and enthu siastic, h e brooded
.

over th e fu tu re of hi s c ou n try, pon dere d over th e

e vent u alities o f a n e w w ar , w hich h e de eme d u n avoid

able w ith Mah omet II, w h o w as b ou n d by a treaty of

peace ending w ith the year 14 53 and r evolved

s chemes of de fe n ce agai n st appr oachin dan er A
g g . s

t he fi rst provision of se cu rity, h e set himself to the

task of cemen t in g an d organiz i ng th e j arrin g politic al
el ements of th e c ou n try ; aw in g in to ob e di e n ce th e

most tu mu ltu ou s assemblies w i th his ru de b u t hear t

stir ri ng el oq u en c e N o a dversary dared open ly oh
.

st ru ct hi s p ath , an d n o favour ite cou ld mi sl ea d hi s

so u n d j u d men t St ernne ss an d in crease d se verity

g .

began to mark all his measu re s, as if b e anticipated

th e su dde n d ow n fall of the E as t . N or w as th ere ti me
for temp oriz in g . C on stan tinople fell, an d n o sooner
h ad t he O ttoman con qu eror sati ated his eyes w i th the
sight of th e tr ophi es of th e G ree k emperor s, th an hi s

foll ow ers h ad already su bdu e d t he greater p ar t of

Servia There, n ot far from th e Hu n gari an frontier s,
.

Hun yadi fell u pon F irnsb eg, w ho commanded the

Tu rkish vanx rou ted his lin es, an d took him prisoner .

Mahomet ther eu pon, instead of advanci ng, began to

r etr e at ; w hil e H u ny ad i, retu rn in g h ome c rowne d w ith

lau rels, n arrow ly escaped the homi cidal designs of the

Cillys an d G ar as, ambiti ous an d u np atri otic h eads of
famili es, conspicu ous for th eir h atred and en vy of the
48 SI E GE OF B E LGR A DE .

fortu ne of the great prote ctor Mahomet, however, .

did n ot forget thi s defe at H e prep are d th ere .

after i ncessan tly for the i n vasi on o f H u n ar , dete r

g y
min ed take at w h at v r co t the f rtr
to , f B l e e s , o e ss o e

rad e w hich f m i ts po i t i n on th ro b nk f t h s
g , , o o e a s e

D an be f rm d the b lw rk of th H ng i n fron
u ,
o e u a e u ar a

ti er . Th M l man t nts oon c v e d th plai n

e u ssu e s o er e s

rroun di n th t t ron h ld w hil t hae n i hb

s in
su
g g g g o ,
e e o ur

e minen ces w re v yw h re occ pi d by th i batterie

e e er e u e e r s,

recen tly i mpr v d by E r pean kill o e u o s .

T h gene ral assa lt beg n i n J ly

e T h M slem
u a u . e o

a r till er y after cann n de of om day b ldly p

,
a o a s e s, o a

ro ched th e w all f th f r tre ; an d th j

s o n i ari e e o ss e a z
p a s,

min gling th c y of A ll h w i th th e r ar of t he a
”
e ro

un f rc d th ir w ay in t h
s, o e mid t f
e v ll y of fi re e s o o s
g e

o red n th m fr m t he r mp rts t th oy a a ver

p u
p u o e , o e

gates A t this critical j nctu H ny di c tt ring

. u re, u a , s a e

t h l ng li ne f r med T r ki sh ve
e o o ls th t fl ted n
a u s se a oa o

t h D n be
e ffect d n en tran c in t th f r t
a u , e e a t e o e o re ss a

the h d of an r my ea cc mp ani d by th F nci c n

a ,
a o e e ra s a

f i r C pi t n w h ose l h d mbled t ge th
'

r a a s ra ,
z ea a asse o er

a p mi c ro b dy f som th nd C ad
s u ou s o o e ou sa r us ers .

Mahomet inf m d of th entry f H yadi g v th

,
or e e o un , a e e

ord r for e mo e deadly as sau l t

a T he si ge c n tin d
r . e o ue

for more th an mon th T he Tu rk a t l ngth m d . s a e a e

t h eir w ay to th e r ampar ts over th bodi f th e es o e

s lain w hi ch filled the ditches ; th comb t ged with

,
e a ra

in t n se f ry th be iege an d th e b i g d tru ggling

e u ,
e s rs es e e s

g imly h and t h an d till at l ngth th Muss lman

r o ,
e e u s

f rce d the p assage f th draw b idge le din g to th

o o e r a e

t wno A t on ce the houses w er

. et n fir nd e s o e, a

b rning pitch and sulphu r mi ngling w ith th m k

u , e s o e

of gun p w der (i nten tionally ign ite d by the d

o pai es r

i ng garrison) filled th e stree ts wi th their choking

,
50 COST E LLO S CH AR A C TE R
’
OE M A TTH IA S .

letters and the Capabilities of a statesman H e is t e .

presented as h aving b n Of the middle size with ee ,

curling h air and a ru ddy complexion While hi s eyes ,

w ere black and fie y A cc mplis hed alike as a politi

r . o

c ian and a soldier b u nit d in hi msel f the man of

, e e

thought and of acti n ; an d w hile he holds th first o e

place in th e annals of Hu ngary as a practic l and a

acu t r l er he is no l ess w rthy

e u , f ad miration for th e o o

su cce s th at cr own e d ll hi s en terpris es

s a .

T w o sovereign s ali ke f r midable the one from his

,
o
,

i mmense mili tary resou rce the other from his con s,

tin al in trig ues co n pired again st thi s b oy-ki ng and

u ,
s
,

b th alike w ere hu mili t d Mahomet w as com

o a e .

ell d to su e for p ace whil e Frederick dri ven frome

p e , ,

hi s thr on e w as r ed ced to b g hi s bread at th cabin s

,
u e e

o f hi opp res ed su bj ects

s s N or w as thi s all M t . . a

thi in the midst of long-cont inued and blo dy cam

as, o

ai n s saw th ro h an d di m fit d th f d l n t s o
p g g c e u e ra e u u

d si gns and cou nsel of a w ily i ntrigu ing pop e and

e s , ,

the officiousne s f hi s no l ss exp er t l eg te

s o I n on e e a .

of his dispatch es t pope Sixt s IV C ast lli th o u .

, e ,
e

n un cio s ys of M t thi as
, a H aving dee ply b a vd : o ser e

h im h is talen t l ng ge an d manners I h av f n d
, ,
a ua , , e ou

th at in su btlety and d ring he excels w ithou t excepti n a o

all th e p ri nces I ver kn w

” 1
e e .

T h e d fence of the c ntry chiefly engaged th

e ou e

a tten tion of Matthias at the commencement f his o

ei n M eas r es f d ef n c e w ere acc or di n ly c arrie d

u o
g e
r
g .

o n with the u tmo t sp ed th most importan t f w hich

s e ,
e o

w as the establish ment of regular Cavalr y ; to levy

E t profecto contemplatu s eundem, ejus ingeni u m, lingnam,

mores, s atutia et au dacia, princip es omnes qu os novi, nu llo ex
cepto, ex celli t.
 M A TTH I A S DE FE A TS TH E TU R KS . 51

w hich one man w as enr lled t of every twenty o ou

f mili es Thi s w as the origi n of th e

a . Hu ssar mean ,

i ng i n Hu ng i n the pric e or d e of tw enty A ssisted

ar a ,
u .

by S il agyi hi u ncle Matthi as mar ched his light

z s ,

horse to the frontiers in r der to check the progress ,

o

of th e Tu rk ; w h en Fred er ick IV
s gaining over some .
,

o f th e nobl s w h o w ere envi o s f th e fort n e of th

e , u o u e

H u nyadis en de avou r ed to excit civil w ar ; and h aving

,
e

g t
o p osse s i n f t he c row n of St Steph en throu h
s o o
g
Eliz abeth Wife of A lbert he in dulged in the ce emony
, ,
r

o f a mock coron ation at N us tadt T he diet of Pesth e .

s oonvot e d n e w s ppli es e xp r e i n g i ts devotion t o th e

u ,
ss

a lready-el ected b t u ncrowned y ung king Matthi as

, u ,
o .
,

al ive to th e d an ger th r eatenin fr om th e E ast w as

g ,

t hu s c ompell d to turn a p t of his for c s agai nst

e ar e

Fre derick ; w hile the common foe acqu ire d fresh f r ce o

f om day to d y A fter the concl si on of a mom ntary

r a . u e

p ce with the G erman emp or M tthi as all at on ce

ea er ,
a

f ll u p n th Tu rk w ho after red u cin g B osni h ad

e o e s, ,
a,

p red down u p on the pl ins of Hu ngary ravaging

ou a ,

and b urn ing as f as Teme var (14 63 ) ar T he you n g s

h s ars enco r ged by the p ersonal bravery of their

u s ,
u a

e qu ally yo th f l mon arch aft r a h ard str uggle broke

u u ,
e ,

th Tur ki sh li n es
e Matthias followed th e flying ene
.

my to Bosn i a and after a h o t b t bloo dy iege th e

,
s r u s ,

s tron gh old Jai a w as red c d midst th

,
ez ,
h o u ts f u e a e s o

ten th ou san d Chr istian p ison ers imm red within i t r u s

w all s ; H a mb eg the c omman d er fallin g a pr isone

ra , , r

in to the h an ds of Matthia A fter this vict ry M at s. o ,

t hi s r et urne d to B u da an d then ce proceede d to Wei

a ,

se n ber w h en th cer em n i of his cor n ation wer

e o es o
g ,
e

c l br ate d amid th e u nb o n de d jo of an n th si as ti c
e e
y u e u

p p l ation
o u .

This ended the first decad (1 58 14 68) of M at

e 4 -
52 D U PLI C IT Y or P OP E P I U s I I .

th ias s reig n, s
’
ignalized by the repu lse of th e Turks ,

b y a tre aty of peace con clu ded with Frederick and ,

by the su ppres ion of disor der i n Wallachia and M O1 s

davia .

Before proceedin g to subseq u ent events w hi ch cas t

a shad e on M at thi a s fair fame it may n ot b e ou t of
’
s ,

place fir st to b estow a glance on th e internal w orkings

of the Roman see i n ref ren ce to Hu n ga y as th ese e r ,

w e the mains pri n g of th e tr ansacti on s w e ar e abou t

er

to refer to .

M tthias b n t u pon breaki ng the Ottoman empire

a , e ,

and seein g hi ms lf i mpe de d in his progress by the e

rpin m an d in tri ue f th m p ror F re

u su
g eas u re
g e e se s o

deri ck olicited the assistanc Of the p ope Pi s II

,
s e , u .

n eas Sylvi u s ; C d lli c q ly

(E ) i n l A n
g e w as on se en t ar a u

n t to the co r t of H u n ary T h epi tles f t h

se
g u . e s o e

holy father to th e leg t as w ell those addressed t a e, as o

Fre derick and Matthia afford a sad p of of th s, ro e

mor l d grad ation of th e SO—

a e c lle d vic gerent f Christ a e o ,

at a ti m w h n t h
. ver y i t nc f Chri ti nity w
e e e ex s e e O s a as

in j op r dy
e I n le tters b
a ing almost the sam d te
. e ar e a ,

the p pe ddress o both M tthia and Fr derick w ith

a es a s e

t h fl tteri ng epith et
”
e a C fl i me i n Ch i t fi li ,
a ss r s a , as

r in th f r mer of hi ar d n t pr yers for hi s cc s e a

su
g e o e su ss,

pr mis ing him th ban gai nst hi ne mi s nd m re

o e a s e e , a ,
o

o ver as a pl dge of his fidelity hon u ring him w ith a

,
e ,
o

con ecrat d fl g ; w hi l n the th r h nd Fred rick

s e a e, o o e a ,
e

i advise d to rge his claims to th e H u ng ar ian cro w n

s u

acc rdi n t o hi ow n j u dgmen t w hich as h i h olines s

o
g s , ,
s

intim tes w as lw ay f u n d corr ct T he pope f

a , a s o e .
,
ur

th r excu sing hi mself for the r cepti n he gave to th

e e o e

e n voys of Matthi as a s r the mperor th t t h fl g ,

s u es e a e a

g iv n to th H n ari an
e
g n v ys w as on ly for his
e u w n e o o

legate Mean nd pitifu l hypocrisy ! Matthias

. a ,
ex
 D U P LI CI T Y OF P OP E PI U S I I .

pose d all this time to th e gun of the infidels again s ,

an d a i n call e d f r the promi sed assistan ce I n stead

g a o .

of su b sidi es h we ver the pope c on ten te d himself w ith

,
o ,

sen din g epi tles r ich i n promi se s Of e verl sting li fe t

s ,
a o

th great ch mpion of C hristen dom

e a Meanti me F re .

derick caus ed hi mself to b e cr owne d king of H ngar y u ,

re ce ivi ng on the o ccasi on j e itical c ngr t lation su o a u s

from th e holy fath er in the for m of an a dmoni tion t ,

o

f lfi l h is d ty ag in t th e i nfid l s emp eror an d ki ng

u u a s e s a

o f Hu ngary Thi w ould in i tself be s ufficient t

. s o

Sh ow th e vil e du plicity of thi s m is -n ame d Pi

pp
O e ,
us

b u t mu ch additi n al cu nnin g an d do ble deali ng r

o u a e

to b e f u n d i n the letters addre ssed to A n ge lli

o T he .

lo ng tort ou s periods dotted th rou gh ou t w ith t he w or d

u

i c m pe ti on are more re markab le for wh at s ems

c r u s c e

t o b e le ft t th an for wh at is act ally expresse d ; the

ou u

w hol e bein g satu r ate d wi th the su b tl est diplomacy

if f ud may so b e called
ra M atthi as see ms to h av . e

seen th rou h thi s s st em of dee artifice and d u ble

g y p o

de ali ng ; b u t thinki ng it b etter now and then to feign

ignor an ce mer ly r min ded th e pope of h is p romises
, e e .

Piu s feeling on on occas ion more than commonly

, e

al armed di d actu ally transmit t w enty th ou san d d cats

,
u

to A n gelli for th e Hu ngar i an king ; h avi ng how ev r ,

e ,

h eard in ti me of the retreat f the Tur ks b efore M at o ,

th i as h ad r ceived the mon ey h e sp ee dily cou nte r

e ,

manded his or ders .

l

Thu s was Hungary rew arded for her incessant cr u

sad es :
p l u n der ed by Mahomet i nsu lte d by th e G er ,

man emperor deceived by t he pope an d left alone

, ,

T he whole of these epis tles, for ty-five in nu mber, ar e to b e

firund in Katona H ist and Pray A nnalee M ajlat h , i n hi s hi s
. .

tory, censures th e able historian E ngel for calli ng the se let ters
a monu ment of papal intrigue , ad mitting, however that some
,
54 M A TTH IA S PA TR ON A GE ’
or L IT E R A T U R E .

a mid the su pine

Christian monarch s asse mblages of .

T he res lt of the con gres of Mantu a pu rportin g t

u s ,
o

h ave f r it bject th annihilation f the O ttoman

o s o e o

e mpire and con ti n u in i ts delib erati n f r n rly a

, g o s o ea

year w il l best b e seen by th e f llowing f w w rd of

,
o e o s

Piu s in his latte t A n gelli Vow o t q mq a m

r o u s ra ua u

et s a lu ta ms i i
'

a u c s es t ex a u dt ta , non cr edentu r
'

et p a, a
p
er i cu la ua e au n t n i u la, u ae s uu t a b cou li s longi u s
p g pe c q
”
osi ta .
p
Bu t to proceed Feared by the Tu rks an d beloved .

by h is su bj ects, Matthias w as bent u pon adorning

h is cour t w ith arts an d letters H is r egal p al ace .

w as iched by th e w orks of ren ow n d scu lp

s oon e nr e

tors in addition to a libr ry containin g fifty th u

, a o

sa n d volu m s w hich w re conti nu al ly adde d to by

e , e

val bl man u cripts w hich b cau sed to b e copied

ua e s , e

in th e city of th Medi ci as w ll as i n oth er p rts f

e ,
e a o

Italy In hort B da enj oyed its g ld n age gli ttering

. s ,
u o e ,

i n th e spl n d r Of a chivalr ou s an d j oy us m n ar ch
e ou o o ,

w h o e c o t w as fill ed w ith foreign

s ur mb assadors and a

men of l tter Bu t su dden ly th fl me f w ar

e s.
1
e a o

w as ki n dl ed an ew in this m n a ch breas t by Pope ’

o r s ,

h k
t ing li e i t is to b e fou nd i n th e fir st ten e i stles It i s a p .

p h
ity t at Count M ajlath , wh o is so aw ward in h i s attac , did k k
n ot u nder ta e k th e defence of th e whole nu mb er , b eing all equally
i n want of h is advocacy .

1
Among th e foreign men of letters, especi ally Itali ans, call ed
b y M atthi as to B u da, wer e Car bo, N aldi, G aleotti, th e chi ef
librar i an, Bonfin, th e w ell-known hi stori an and p anegyrist
and

of M atth ias Of th e n atives th e most prominent w as Janus

.

P anonn iu s (a lias Cesinge), kno wn as the b est Gr eek and L atin

s ch olar of hi s ti me ; as w ell as M agyar M ich aeli s, a monk of the

P auline order A n academy of letters was also foun ded b y

.

M atthi as, u nder th e name of Soda li tas L i ter a r i a H u ngar or u m,

wi th a branch in Tr ansylvani a called S ocietas S eptem Castr ensis .
 WA R WITH T H E H U SSI TE S . 55

Paul II .
, c
Pi s T he remnants of the
su c essor to u .

H us sites , th e ste
n b u t peac abl e P ur itan s of B h emi a
r e o ,

w e re th ose for wh om the p op forgot Mah omet an d e

hi h ost nd for th e exti pati n of w h om a cru s de

s , a r o a

w as preached Podiebr ad the toleran t king of B

.
,
0

b emia w as to b e ch ase d aw ay
, n d w ith his thron e ,
a

Pa l tempted the ambition of M tthias Circ m

u a . u

stan ce s were ao to sp k f vo r ble to th e p p al

, ea , a u a a

s ch eme T he w ife of M atthi as dau ghter of th Bo

. e
,

he mi an ki ng w as j u st d d ; while Matthias w a
, ea s,

besid actu ated by a feeling of revenge in cou e

es, ,
s

en ce of th e depred ations w hich the B oh emi an chief

qu

t in S hla had recen tly committed in H nga y

a u u r .

Pu l d w hether w ar w as to b e carried on ag in t th
zz e a s e

so- called heretics or the infidel Matthias r f rred ”

s, e e

th e matter to the Diet w h en th e m j ori ty c omm n d d ,

a ,
a e

by the archbish p d cid d pon h ostilities again t th e

o , e e u s

form r e It is needl ess to narrate the sad detail f thi

. s o s

bloody w ar which lasted f r even years and nd d

,
o s ,
e e

in th cqu isition by th H ng ri n crown of M ravia

e a e u a a o

an d Sil esi a S ffi ce it to s y that during th w r

. u a , e a

the pope legate R ob acelli cau se d n e act of cru elty to

’
s o

he s ccee de d by anoth r till more cru el ; b u t says the

u e s
“
histo i n S acy pl de q ante mi lls H ssi tes fu ent
r a us uar u r
,
”
mas sacr es, a ucu n we fi t pas conver ti .

S carcely h ad
Matthias r t rn d from Boh mi a e u e e ,

when h w ent to meet hi s old n emi es the T ks ;

e e ur

an d w hil e he hi mself t i mph d n the fron ti e s of r u e o r

S rvi Stephen Bat y w i d of Tran ylvania i n

e a, or ,
a vo s ,

comp n y w ith th e gi an t K n i a (h e i s said to h ve

a a s a

been able to lift a l rg cas k f w ine i n his a ms) a e o r ,

chase d the Tu rks fi om the other par t of the co ntry '

u .

Tired of Frederick s contin al pl tting Matthi as m de’

u o , a

a final appeal to arms T h e H u ngarian army flu sh ed .

,
 56
’
M A TT H I A S CON OU E ST or A U ST R IA .

wi th glory pidly took by assau lt most of the A u s

, ra

trian fortresses A fter an obsti nat e re sistance Vienna

.
,
shared a si milar fate and th e u nfor tu nate

e mperor became a fu itive b ing hi s bread from

g e
gg ,
v i llage to vill age With A u stria at hi s feet Matthi as
.
,

took u p at times his re idence i n Vienna dictating s ,

from thence l w s to th ree kingdo ms
a This pinnacle .

of gl ory w as h ow ever n ot destin e d to b e mai ntai ned

, ,

for any very lengt hened pe iod T he in vincible con r .

u er or w as su ddenly str u ck dow n by t he sti ll mighti er

q
king of te rrors ; and u pris d by a fit of apoplex y s r e ,

M atthias di e d in Vienna in 14 90 Some attribu te his .

death to poison .

A deep gloom and forebodi ng arisi ng fr om the ,

sh ad w s c as t befor e by comi n v sprea d

”
ents
o
g e ,

the w h ol e l an d T he ar my th n one of the mi ghtiest

.
, e

an d b est di scipli ned i n E r ope l amen ted in their de u ,

ceased m narch one as wi lling to dress the w ounds of

o

h is comrades as to take t he h an d of flattering ob se ,

u i u s amb assadors ; an d th e people mou r ne d the

q o

d ath of a king at on ce pow erful an d j st w ho in the

e u , ,

midst of his t i mph s knew h ow to obser ve the law s

r u ,

of hi cou n try hi m el f an d h ow to enforce thei r oh

s s ,

ser van ce pon others

u .

T he H u nyadi W hom w e h ave th u s seen to Shed

s,

glory over their co ntry durin g nearly a century u ,

p assed aw ay ; and how e r great thei r e fforts and

,
ve

mer its w ere th ey still f iled to raise H u ngary a a

, a , s

s ocial commonw al th to th e le v l e f ome of the more

,
e o s

ad van ce d E ro an stat s an d to in firs e in to her

p u e e ,

children th t spiri t of men tal pr gress w hich miti gat

a o ,

i ng the ty an nic sway of mighty lords an d el evati ng

r ,

th e bu lk of th e peopl e migh t h ve res cu d the m fro m

,
a e

many a calami ty in after t imes T he chief cause .

,
58 TH E P O PE P R E A CH E S A C R U SA DE

fi lled u p with intrigues and intestine dissensions i n ,

addi ti n to t he emb ld ne d in cu rsi n s of t he Tur ks as

o o e o

w ell as the fru itles irr ption s f Maxi mili an s By a

u o . .

f mily c n tr ct made betw een th at emper or and th

a o a e

Hu ng rian king a i t w as agree d th at Ferdi n and ,

ar chd k f A tri a ho l d mar y Wl disla d gh

’
u e o us ,
s u r a us au

ter A n n ; While th A u stri an

e chdu chess Ma y w as
e ar r

p r om i e d ts h i s o n o L ou i s h ir p res m ptiv e t t h es, e - u o

c ro w ns of H n gary nd B h e mi
u These m oth
a o a. s o

dyn astic transactions w ere how ever soon int rr pted , ,

e u

by an even t u np ar alleled in th e form r or s bs q ent e u e u

histo y f H n g y
r o u ar .

B kacs archbi h p of Hu ngary w as appoint d car

a ,
s o , e

di nal by L eo X an d w a e ntr
. ted to pre ch a
, s us a

n r l cr us d i n s t th T rk C ll e d to arm s,
g e e a
g a e a a e u s. a

and w
g ht r ou
p t o hi gu h d e
g ee of f n atici m th
a r a s , e

H ng r i n p e ple cr w d d from ll par ts of the

u a a o o e a

co ntry b en th the standar d of the Cross Georg

u ea . e

D osa by birth a S kl r or Sic li (th n m f th e

,
ze e , u e a e o

Magyar tribe ttl d in Tran ylvan i ) ren wn ed for

se e s a , o

h i mar ti l f t ag in st th T k w
s a ea s a n min t d to e ur s, as o a e

t h c mm n d f th t r ging mas
e o a o T h e n obl
a a th s. es,

d p i d of th ir in d triou s serf b gan to p t in

e r ve e us s, e u

p ctice th most b rbarous violenc t w a ds their re

ra e a e o r d

f act ry
r o bj cts Ro sed to f ry by th s w ng
su e . u u e e ro s,

D osa h aving a la ge ar my t hi di posal vow ed to r a s s ,

avenge all i v n c s p a t and pr esen t n d t lib er at

g r e a e s ,
a o e

th p e pl f om th ei
e o e r t te f rfd m Di dainin g r s a o se o . s

the symb olic l p eech es of a R ie i w i th all th e

a s d nz , ru e

n ess an d v l r Of an an ci n t R m n h
a ou p ocl i med e o a ,
e r a

destru ction to the p trici an or der ; nd ft r r d cing a a , a e e u

s ve al ertrongh ld of th n bl this p p l ar t ib n e
s o s e o es, o u r u ,

aide d by tw o p ri ts L orens n d B ar n b d c d
es ,
a a as, e r ee

th e abolition of all pr ivi leges poli tical an d ecclesi as ti ,

 F R I G H T FU L R E SU LTS . 59

cal , as ll as the di vision of land d proper ty

we e

A ft r some mon ths of victory h owev r th e l e ellers

e , e , v

a nd their chief su stain e d a de feat u n der th e w all of s

Temesvar bein g u nexpectedly attacked by John Z a

,
p

polya vaivod Of Tran ylvania Dosa and many of

,
s .

his follow ers f ll l iv in to the h ands of th ei r ene mies

e a e ,

an d met a dreadfu l f te A ft r tw o w ek impris n

’
a . e e s o

men t th e tribu n e w a taken fr om hi dark cell and

,
s s

led to a thr one of hot ir on on this he w as made t : o

sit w ith a red hot iron crow n on his h ead There h . e

t his body h alf r oaste d mu te immoveabl

sa , an d , , e,

m j estic like a marble stat

a ,
— T h e r em ini ng hor ue a

rors of thi s s cen e ar e too fri htfu l for rel ati n

g o .

Thu s terminat d the l st cr sade of the popes in

e a u

H n gary Wladi lau s II died a year aft

u . s . er

b ing s ccee ded on the throne by his son Lo is IL

e u u ,

w h ose min r ity only ser d the more t encour age th '

o ve o e

p ions of th e corru pted nobility and h ghty cl rgy

as s au e .

A ft er th e capture f B elgrade S lim n g th ing o ,

o a , a er

t geth r h i s vast army po u red i nto th e h ear t of th e

o e ,

co u ntry T h you ng king instig te d by th e ambi

. e ,
a

ti s ar chbish op T mar
ou
y d ecid d u p on
o
g ivin
g b attl,
e e

n ear the tow n of M h ac w ith an ar my scarce ly

o s

a m n ting to
ou e q al only to abo t a sixth part u u

f th en my s for ces
’
o e e .

On th e 2 9th f A ug u st 1 526 a month in r cent

o , e

d y so fatal to Hun gar y th e b attl began

a s Th ,
e . e

Hu ngarian led by mi tred bishops b g n th ttack ;

s, , e a e a

th n my soon p er ceivin t h e ab n c e of c mpet n t

e e e , g se o e

g ne a l
er i n t h s
e i r ar my all w e d t h em t adv a
, n c v r y o o e e

n w h en th ey w h i magin ed th m el e
e ar , o r of vic e s v s su e

t y we
or su ddenly h emm d i n an d i n di crimi n t ly
re e s a e

l ghtered A lm t all the leadei seven bishop

s au . os
'
s, s,

a nd the ki ng p aid the penalty of th eir te meri ty w i th

,
60 BA TT LE O F M OH A CS — D E FE A T .

h i lives Soliman then marched on as far as Bu d

t er . a,

an d capt urin g on hi s In arch t h ous ands of prison

, e rs,

took his w ay home Su ch w as the fate of the kingdom

.

of M atthias w ho on hi s death-bed recommende d his

,

n tur al son to the l of hi u bj ects w arnin t hem

a ov e s s
g ,

new to elect a f
or eign p r ince.
 FI R ST PE R I O D — 1526 1618
-
. .

C H A P TE R I .

T HE PPE A R A N CE on T H E H A P SBU BGs —J OH N Z A P

A

O LYA — P E R D IN A N D I —SO LIM A N T H E . GR E A T

SI G I SM U N D Z A P O L Y A — M A X IM I L IA N II ( 1 526 .

THE battle of Moh acs lik th t of Wam a left the

,
e a ,

Hu ngarian throne vacant ; bu t the resu lts of these

tw o nf rt n t en a em n t w ere q ite differen t
u o
g gu a e e s u .

N O H u nyadi s r o from the r ockin gse ins Of 1 526 ru

,

a n d no dec ep t iv cru sad es w er e any m r e h ear d

e o

preached ag in st the enemie f Christen dom H u n

a s o .

ry exh t d n d d p p l ated w as h n ceforw ar d

g a , a au s e e o u ,
e

t hreatened from th e w est de p air mad her t rn to: s e u

h er on ce most bloody enemy th e M u s lman w ho ,

s u
, ,

w ith a feeli ng f n oble pr ide and pr mpt d at th

o , o e ,
e

s ame t ime by s lfish aim h astened t her resc e

,
e s, o u .

T h slaught r nce b egu n c ontin u ed w ith little inter

e e o , ,

v al f r ne arly t w o c entu ri s ; the w or k of devas tation

,
o e

being at fir t car ried on most recklessly b th by the

s o

fri en dly h osts of the su l tan Soliman the Magnificent , ,

64 HE LP LE SS STA TE OF T HE C O U N TR Y .

d th e mer c en ar i es of Fer di nand I chdu ke of

a
n .
, ar

A us tria, w ho w as too eager to grasp at the Hu nga

ri an crown . It w ill b e seen how to these raging
e l ements w as adde d a n ew so u rce of di scor
d — th e

Reformation ; how the latter str u ggled into life, an d

r ew w h en all aroun d it la c onfu se d an d lifel ess ;
g y
an d, fi nally, h ow it s p ersecu te d foll ow ers fou n d refu e
g
u n der t h e b an ner of t he Proph et .

N o soon er was th e corp se of L ou is II fou nd lying

.

in a mar sh u nder h is man gled steed, th an t he necess ity

of Speedi ly el ectin a n e w mon ar ch w as po w erfu lly
g
felt . L ouis left n o h eir to the throne, while his wi fe
Mary, archdu chess of A u stria, far from tryi ng to
possess herself of the helm of the state, w as already
on h er w a to Vi enn a, e v e n before the resu lts of the
y
battle of Mohacs had become fully known T he .

vacant throne fou nd thu s an aspirant in John Z apolya,

w aivod of Transylvan i a an d cou nt of the Zips, w ho
lay encamped w ith a mighty ar my at Sz egedin on his
mar ch to the pl ai n of Mohacs, bu t the arrival of w hich
th e ar ch bishop T omary, th en p residi ng over the w ar
coun cil , h ad di sda in ed to aw ait . T he Diet, w h ich me t
o n th e pl ai n of Rakos 1 52 p ocl ai med Z a ol a ki n
( r
p y g .

H e fou nd a valu able su ppor t in the Protonotary Ver

b Otzy, the great j u r is-con su l t an d compiler of th e
Hu ngarian laws By his powerfu l oratory, depictin g
.

th e many miseri es Hu n gary h ad to u n d ergo du r in g the

rei n of foreign prin c es, as w ell as by his p opul ar i ty,
g
Ver biitzy su cceeded i n gain i ng over to John s party
’

many wh o formerly nu mbered among his adve rsaries .

T he day of coronation w as soon fixed, the w aivod r e

ceivi n his royal u ncti on at Weisenbu r St e phen
g g .

B atory, the palatine, how ever, actu ated by envy rather

than ambition, first attempted to oppose to the new
66 IN TE RVE NT ION or S O L IM A N .

meas ur es for the renew al of the w ar F er

din an d, mean whi le, cel ebrated hi s secon d coron ation
at Wei senb ur , th e c eremony b ei ng e rfor me d by th e
g p
same bi sh op w h o on ly ab ou t tw o years b e fore h ad

cr wn d Z polya H ing di trib t d th ffi ce f

o e a . av s u e e o s o

stat among the obseq i o aristocrats F rdin n d left

e u us ,
e a

B d n ver to see it again Whil the vict riou

u a, e . e o s

p arty w ere y t in th ir fi t transports t the f v u rs

e e rs a a o

a n d ti tl l vished u pon them by th e fo ign m

es a re o

n h Z p ly sat b
arc ,
ding ov r h m by w hich
a o a roo e sc e es

h might reg in hi th one

e n d reli ev
a hi co nt y s r ,
a e s u r

fr m h i s H p b rg r iv l
o Fr n ci I king of Fr ance
a s u a . a s .
, ,

wh by hi ambassador Rin con h d pr mised to ssi t

o, s , a o a s

Z p lya w i th a m n thly s b idy of th

a o th nd o u s r ee ou sa

livr w ll s w i th the f rce

es, as e f the l ag ue h h d
a o s o e e a

fo med agai nst Ch arl es V w

r n w l th to do f r .
, as o o o a

f gi tiv w h at h e i n ten ded for a ki ng

u e ated on h i se s

th one ; n or did t he ki n f P ol an d vi n c e an
1
o
r
g y e

g r
ea t i n cli n ation to e p o s Z poly s c aus e Z a
p yl a s u e a a
’
. o

th r f r t r n d to th
e e o e mighty S oli man the n cien t
u e e , a

foe f H n gar y en tru ting hi s mi si n t L a ky

o u ,
s s o o s ,

pal tin of L r di a in P lan d N o so n r di d

a e e a , o . o e

Z poly s nvoy arriv at C on t n ti n ple th an h e

’
a a e e s a o ,

nc u n t re d th r e W ich s lb e and H b r d n sk
e o e
g e
y e e r o a a ,

amb ssad a of F er din an d en g ge d on a li k

ors err an d ,
a e

w ith h im el f T h e O tt man c on q
s . h ow ever took o u eror , ,

th ide of the nf rtu nate an d ca sing the envoys of

e s u o ,
u

Fe din an d t b e throw n in to p i n gird d on hi

r o
,
r so ,
e s

w o d i n th e c au s Tell y m ster ”
s r f Z apolya e o . ou r a ,

s aid S oliman t the n f t n at delegate f A ustria

o u or u e s o ,

1
S ee Pr ay
H istor i an R em m H umga fi ae, P ars iii p 5 ; also
, . . .

I sfu anfy, H is tomia R egni H u nga fi ci , from whi ch we learn th at

R incon was a S p aniard, wh o had p assed from th e ser vice of
Ch arles V into that of Francis . .
 INT E RVE NT ION or SO LIM A N . 67

h t my army is ready that h aving round my n eck

t a ,

t he keys of the fortresses I h v f r merly taken I w ill a e o ,

mar ch on to Moh acs L et yo r master meet me

. u

there and the battle w ill decid w hether Hun ga y

,
e r

belongs t my liege J hn t h im If h does not

o o or o . e

meet m on th at pl ain I w ill ma ch on and look f

e ,
r or

hi m in B da ; an d sh o l d I till n ot find him th

u u I s ere,

w ill ek h im in Vi en n
se Z p lya li ing all thi a. a o ,
v s

w hil e i n p o erty began t p t h i mself in commu n i c

v
, o u a

tion w ith his p ar ty I n thi u nder taking he w a

. s s

a si st e d by th e monk M ar ti n us iu
s w ho by me n of s s, , a s

his vocation w as enabled t o p as s agai n an d agai n from

,

Polan d to Hu ngary pe formin g nu merous mission , r s,

a n d p e par in g th e pe ople f r th e arr i al of th eir fu gitiv

r o v e

ki ng By aid of the contrib tion sent from H nga y

. u s u r ,

Z p lya o ganized a sm l l ar my
a o r n d cr ossed th a , a e

fron ti rs H is army w as s n sw lled to th o san d

e . oo e u s,

an d h h ad possessed hi m lf of the greatest p rt f

e se a o

Upper before Soli m n b g n t pour down on Low e

,
a e a o r

Hu ngary T he T ur kish h ost meanw hile approach d

.
, , e

t he H ngar i an fron tiers mar chin g on i ncess n tly

u , a as

far as Moh acs Her the conq eror of Rhod e u es

halted pitching hi s golden tent on the plai n which

,

t hr e years before had been steep d w ith the bl d of

e e oo

t h e Magyar prel ates an d th i king Fou r g from e r . a as

Soliman s camp at the head of tw o divisions of j n i

’
, a

z ar ies w ere di sp atch e d t

,
m t Z polye w ho h te ned o ee a , as

to p y hi h omage to hi s p ow erf l protector aec m

a s u , o

n i ed by th e vi z i ers Ibrahi m an d K as sim Z l

p a p y . a o a

e n t re d t h
e tent and there received fresh assuran ce
e , s

o f affection fr om Soliman w h testifie d his f i n d ,

o r e

ship f r the Hu n gar i an king by th

o present of a pai r of e

costly A r abi an steed s Procl i min g to the peopl that

. a e

h is army was not come t con qu er b u t to assist th eir o ,

 68 TRE A TY or P E A CE BE TWE E N

e el cted nati e king Soliman marched onw ard to k

v ,
s, o

B d Gr n nd R b ll f th m sh m le ly given
u a, a ,
a aa ,
a o e a e ss

u
p by F e di n n d m er c n ar i e a n
a d m d
’
ns n o
p r e s, ov e o u

p sed to th w ll f Vi nn Ferdin nd in his dis

o e a s o e a. a ,

tre ss,i nv k d the a i tan c of Ge m ny ; b u t his

o e ss s e r a

b oth r mper
r e es w ll th Di t of Spire
o r, aen e as e e s,

se d w ith L th n d h i f ll w e no l s infi d l
g ros u er a s o o rs, es e s

in th ir eye th an th T rki sh h t w ere n t f r w ard

e s e u os , o o

t o nd re th i er i t n ce Vi nn h w ver tho gh
e r ass s a . e a, o e ,
u

n e
gl ct d eby t hee G r m n e mpe or w as m me nt rily e a r , o a

sa v d by th d n c d t te f the e n fo w int
e e a va e s a o s as o r er

b ing t hand the T rks cc ding to thei

e a , ge t u , a or r u sa a

th t a as n se t ok their w y h m H r it m y b
o ,
o a o e. e e a e

o b r ed th t thi mode of c mp igning w th main

se v , a s a a as e

r e as on f th al mo t n ver n di ng T ki h c mpai gn
o - e s e e ur s a s

i n H n g ry u a .

Z p ly a o h aving t k n u p hi p sition in B d
a, a e s o u a,

r l d
u e v th g t t p rt f H ng y ; w hile C
o er e rea e s a o u ar roa

ti a bmitt d t F rdi n n d ow ing t th b v y of

su e o e a ,
o e ra er

F kri a H n g r i
e ,
n bl m n estr an e d fr m the
u
g a an o e a o

c u s f th n tive ki g A sel s w ar w a th f r
a e o e a n . u e s s us o

a w h il c rri d n b tw e n the tw o i l v ign

e a e o e e r va so ere s,

in th e mid t of w hich B d h ad to s t i n a h vy u a su s a ea

s ei g c n d cted by Gen eral R ggen d f b t the

e o u o or u

ar i s n th h d c d o f t b e blige d t
re t s ar as
g r o
g ,
ou u e o o o ea

h o fie hr se cc ed d in rep lling an d o ting th

s ,
su e e e r u e

A t i n b i g
us r a F r din nd in p rt di
es e er s e a , a s

a pp inted by his b ther Ch l V t i d t nd r

o ro ar e s .
,
r e o re e

him lf m t f H ng y by the id of S liman

se as er o u ar a o ,

us ing s h i in tr m nt f this p rp th g and

a s s u e or u ose e r

vi ier I brahim man f u btl ch cte

z , a ily w n o s e ar a r, e as o

o v by p e nt and th fitt d f r nd hand de l

er r se s, us e o u er a

i ng . Hieronym s n d Schn p r w e th n m s of u a e e re e a e

the en voys F r dinan d di p atch e d to C nst n tin pl

e s o a o e.
 FE RDINAND A N D Z A P OL Y A . 69

T he p ch they m de t the s l tan w hich it is said

s ee a o u , , ,

w asp t i nt u
o th e i mo th by Ib r hi m w
r i n b ut a n c e a , as su s

as f ll w o o Ki ng Fe di n n d h lds all h h
s :
1
r a o e as as

thi n an d l ok s n all th t th
e, o his f the p
o e st a ou , a r, oss sse

as h i H w
s. n t aw are th at th
e as did t d si e th
o ou s e r e

posses i n of Hu ngary l he w ould n v r h e di

s o , e se e e av s

p u te d it T o t h . hi f th r F di n n
ee, d c n n ly
s a e , er a a o

w i h w i th thi thy p s e s i n an d h e al th k n w i n
s , jy
s o s
g s o , o , o

t h t th
a m ye t h l p him t thi
ou a s nd th e king o s a o er

dom s.S lim n w ho list n d with m ati faction

o a , e e so e s s

t thi
o b q io
s o ddre d li ered in the n m f
se u us a ss, e v a e o

th b oth r f
e r mon e h w h s f m h d p d int
o a ar c o e a e a s r ea o

th d e rts f A f ic
es e c n d c nd d to pe mit hi b
o r a, o es e e r s ro e

t he ki se d by th e n voy an d pr mi d
o s e l ng p c s, o se a o ea e

T he w bet w n F din n d nd Z ap ly
ar ee er a a o a

cont i n ed the p ash as f B n i an d S vi ti

u , p o n
g os a er a re ea

th ir i rr u pti on s w ith u t
e
y r st ain t w h n t h o iv l an e r , e e r a

kin g w ari d w ith in eff ct al w rf r concl d d

s, e e e u a a e, u e a

peac e kn wn by th n ame f th t ty of o e o e r ea

Gros w ard in It chief p ro i sions w e as f ll w

s e . s v er o o s

1 E ach of th p arti e w as t remai n i n p

. e es i n
s o oss s o

of t h p rts of th co ntry h th n cc pi d I n
ose a e u e e o u e .

ter m of thi ar ticl

s Z p ly re t ai ned T an ylvani
s e, a o a r s a

an d t h at r p r t f H y p r pe hil F
“

g e re n
ge a w o u ar o r, e er

din nd w m ste of C r ati and Slav n ia a w ll

a as a r o a o ,
s e as

of s me co n t ri e b r d e i n n th e A t i an f n ti
o ro
o u
g s r o us r er s .

2 F r din and and Ch l e V bo n d th m elv

. e art s . u e s es o

prot ct Z poly if invad d di t be d in the j oy

e a a e or s ur en

men t of hi posse ion s 3 In cas e F di nan d died

ss s. . er

w i tho t m l i ss e th w h l ki ngd m sh o ld r e
u a e u ,
e t o e o u ver

t o Z ap lya 4o In th e e
. v n t f .t h p o -d c as of e o e r e e e

Z apolya F r di nan d w as to b e ki ng of H ungary ; n d

,
e a

1
H ammer, in hi s H istory of the Ottoman E mpire, ”
vol. ii i .
,

i v
g es a. detailed account of this transacti on .
70 DE A T H AN D C H ARACTE R

in case of Z p lya l aving a n the l att r w as to

a o
’
s e so ,
e

r e c eive p s essi on f th di trict c all d th Zip w it h

o s o e s e e s,

t he titl f d ke e nd m r
o v r he w as to m ry
u ,
a ,
o eo e , ar

a da ght r of F dinan d Thi peace hu mili ting

u e er . s , a

a like to b th p rti and p ompt d nd bt dly in

o a e s, r e u ou e

both by f ling f n ert in ty as to the fin l deci ion

'

a ee o u c a a s

i n th fi t pl ac e as w ll
e rs th ltim te s cc s of
,
e as e u a u es

S lim n c ld n ot b t ldw r th e t em f th nation l

o a ,
ou u e e s e o e a

party f r Z polya and c ll f rth l o d dem n tr ti ns

o a , a o u o s a o

o f di c nt en t s o I n ddi tion t th n t r l in tinct a o e a u a s

w hich b n d th e p op l ati n t o the n tiv

ou p in ce th e u o a e r ,

ca u f Z apolya d ily g ine d g

se o n d i n c n se
q n ce
a a r ou o ue

o f th o tr ge u b h avi ou r and
e u a p ci n s of th
o s e ra a ous es e

f r ign me c na i es of F di n n d
o e r e A ll thes favou r
r er a . e

abl e cir c mst an c e how ev g ve w y to a gene l

u s, er , a a ra

fe li n g of ex asperati n ca s d by
e t eaty th t w as o u e a r a

b d n th e di me mberment f th kingdom Th t
ase o s o e . a

th n ver-d pai i n g and ambi tio

e e es Z ap lya m an t th t
r us o e a

t p
s e th r
ra m n of m ment ry r p
e as a m y af ly
ea s o a e ose, a s e

b e assu med ; b t th e d el p men t of hi s chem s w as

u ev o s e

arr e st d by th e h n d f d
e th w hich m v d
a o ea re o e

th e w y w i from th s cen of blo d at th

ear arr or e e s es o , e

ve r y m m nt w h n hi r w r gl dden d by the
o e e s ea s e e a e

n w th t h h d bec me th e f th e
e s a e fa na o a r o so .

T h e n me of J h n Z p ly h s been h n d d d w n
a o a o a a a e o

by me c pti n h nicl rs br n ded w ith infamy I t

so a o s c ro e ,
a .

wa h s t h y ay w h i nvit d n d p ve d th e w a f r
e, e s o e a a
, y o

th e enemi f Chri sten dom b ig phr se in d d b t

es o ,
- a s, ee u
,

th h ll w n e s of w hich i
e o o o n per c iv d in th
s very s s o e e e

su mm y c n icti n t h y eem to i mply

ar o v N 0 l nd
o e s . a

m k n g id w as n e ded by th O ttoman ho t
ar ,
o u e, e e s s .

T h pl ai ns f H ng ry w er th en a know n oft-t odden

e o u a e , r

soil famili r t th T u k s
,
q l ly by pa t def at an d
a o e r e ua s e s

m re r ecen t vi ctori es
o S oliman w anted no encou rag . e
 o r Z A P OL Y A . 71

men t to march his troop into Eu rope and more of s ,

Christian blood w oul d likely have b en sh d had h e e e

f llen w i th e q l f ry on b oth Z apolya an d F erdi n an d

a ua u

in th e mid t of th ir i mp t n t kirmishin gs
s e o e s .

I n h is epistl s to P p Clemen t VI I th e H nga

e o e .
,
l
u

r i an kin c omplai n s of t he su p ation of th e H ap b rg r s u

g u ,

w ho as siste d by Sp ni h an d Itali an mer cenar ie

, a fir t
s s, s

b egan the w rk of sl u ghter in timating at the am

o a , ,
s e

time that he w o ld f el comp lled to pply for h lp

, u e e a e

t S li man i n or der to c ou nte b al ance th e aid w hich

o o ,
r

Ferdi nan d w rec eiving f om h is br th er emperor

as r o .

T he See of R me feigne d ho ror at thi s l tern tiv f r

o r a a e, o

etti ng th at i t h ad r p eat dly availed itsel f f the arm

g e e o s

o f the S arac n in fi del e With th s bseq nt events ofs. e u ue

H u ngary b f re ou r yes it may af ly be as s rted th t

e o e ,
s e e , a

t h e fin l s cc e s of Z p oly e w ho w as main ly b affle d

a u s a ,

by the ambiti n of some spi it l and temp r l l d

o r ua o a or s,

a ctu ted mo e by th fl tt rie and f vo rs f a f r ign

a r e a e s a u o o e

cou rt as w e l l as by en vy th an by an f li of
, y n
g j s ,
ee u

t ic e w ou ld h ave esc ed th t ill fate d l an d from the -

'

,
r u a

long ch ain of p n nd latent str ggles w hich after

o e a u ,

some i nter val of app ar en t conten t manifested th m , e

s elves in a more di ti n ct f r m i n the year s o

Before proceeding f r ther a wo d may b e ai d as u ,

r s

to the state of th e ch rch i n H ngary at that tim u u e.

T he s ds of th Ref rmati n w ere tr n pl an ted i nt

ee e o o a s o

H ungary by the importation of s me eligio tracts o r us

into the cou nt y thr gh the agen cy of cer t i n me

r ou a r

ch nts trading w ith Ger m ny Its pr g e howev r

a a . o r ss, e ,

w as chi efly ow ing to th e sou n d sen se of t h p eo le a e

p s

S ee H istozr e des R evoluti ons dc H ong r ie, livr e i

'
1
. A la
H aye .

It must me ti me b e acknowledged that Z apolya

at th e sa was
one of the most narrow-minded and leas t noble of usurp ers .
72 TH E RE FOR M A TION : IT s C HARACTE R .

we ll as degener at condition of the h igher clergy

the e ,

who mi ngled reckle ly in p litical feu ds and th e ss o

business of bloody camps ; f r it is not to be imagined o

that ith er the st dy f a n cien t philosophy or anything

e u o

like diligent Biblical rese r ch could possibly be pm a ,

valent at th t ep ch in Hu nga y Here as els wher

a o r .
, e e,

per cu tion itself i ncre s d the nu mber of adhe ents

se a e r

to the new faith ; and t th e death of Z polya th a a e

n u mber of the ref r med w lready such as to com

o as a

mand resp ect A mon g t th e chief and first pr p

. s o s

ators of th e new cr d m p tic l ly b m n ti on ed

g y a r ar e e ee a u ,

M tthi s Bev y who dis minated Protestanti m in

a a v , se s

the cou ntry of Z mpli n an d J h n H onter w h o by e ,

o , ,

his tr ansl ations of many of L ther s w orks w th u

’
, as e

means of establis hing th d ctrines of the Ref rmation e o o

in Tran sylvani a In th e l atter c ou ntry the centre f

. o

the movement l y in H manstadt a town chiefly

a er ,

inhabited by Ger man set tl Thus did Protestanti m e rs. s

secu re to itsel f a fi m footin d er ivi ng as i t did a

g r , , ,

pow rf l thou gh neg tiv pp rt f m its h aving ver»

e u a e su o ro o

throw n the doctrine of the inf llibili ty of the pope and a

—
that of celibacy d gmas alw ays so re pu gnant t the
, o o

n at al so n d sen se of th e H n gar i an opl I t i

ur u
pe u e. s

n eedl ess to sa
y th t t h e b stitu ti on in th a ch u rch su e

ser vice of th e n ative idi m in te d of the dead L atin o s a ,

co ld not fail also to be highly g atifyi ng to the nation

u r
‘
at large .

1
S ee H istoric Diploma tica, do rtam r eligionis evangelism,
‘

i n tr ee P emodos distim ta, anno Domini 1 7 1 0

'

This book con .

tains al most all th e i mportant act s of the six teenth and seven

H u ngar ia at M lva ni a A A dolpho L ampe

. . T r ajecti ad

R heum , 1 7 28 . This latter i nstr uctive book treats h

rat er of the
74 SO L IM A N DE CLA R E s I N

had been proclaimed ki ng ; and w e sh all find him

p rove as valiant a w arri r as he w as a crafty politici n o a .

We sh ll see hi m i mpose u pon his w n party ; th w art

a o

an d th en ser ve F r di nand w h o h ad cr eate d him A r ch

e ,

bishop of St ig ni ; dare t oppose Solim n in arms ;

r o a o a

ga i n c ar din l
a h at from th e po pe ; an d fi n l ly w h en
a s
’
a ,

app ar ently at th very pinnacle of his ambition meet

e
,

a mo t tr gic n d
s a e .

Th q n dow a er I abella w ife of John Z a ol a

e u ee
g p y s , ,

to w h om Fe dinan d d dressed hi message calling

r a s ,

u pon h er t o r ign the kingd m i nto his h and c n

es o s, o

t in ue d w ith h er infant son i n Bu da resisting th d ,

e e

man ds made T he A u t ian gener al R ggendor f

. s r o ,

howev r soon appeared on th e banks of the D anu be

e , ,

t ok Pesth w ith light istance an d then prepared

o s r es ,

h is attack on the f rtress Before commen cing the

o .

si eg Roggendorf tried t in timidate th e q n into

e, o u ee a

su rr nder
e w h en t he monk tu t r Marti n s iu
,
ad o u s s,

dressing hi ms lf to the p lement i e said

e Tell ar a r , ,

yo general th t th u gh he may s cceed in destroy

ur a , o u

i ng s me h o e and inj u ri ng o r r mp arts h e w ill

o us s u a ,

n ev r b e ble t br ak th heart that def nd them ;

e a o e e s e

an d h o l d h n ter thro h b ch th n I G eor e

s u
g
e e e e
gu a r a , , , ,

th e monk w ill b e th e first i n my r an ks to g ive h im a

,

r c p ti n A tre men do s cannon ade oon began

”
due e e o . u s .

T h e r r of the b atter ies playin g u p on the for tre s

oa ,
s ,

tro bled even th bl e w aves of the D n be e ch

u e u a u , a

day dding a n ew sh ock to the l ofty w ll s ; b t

a a u

George en cou r gin g th e garr ison by h i ctivity and

,
a s a

fiery h r ang a r ep i re d in the d

u es, d of night the gaps
a ea

m de in th e r mparts d rin g e ach p ecedin g d y an d

a a u r a ,

forced the enemy fter a lon g i g to seek refu ge i n

, a s e e,

fligh t Meanwhil e both Isabella an d Ferdi

nand di sp atch ed th eir amb assador s to C on stanti nopl e.
 FA V OU R or S I GISM UN D Z A P O LY A . 75

Soliman as might b e exp cted declared in f vo r of

, e ,
a u

t he yo n Z olya to w h ose n me t f respe c t for o

g u
p a ,
a ,
ou

t h m mo y of hi f th r h adde d th at of J ohn
e e r s a T wo
e , e .

T rki h rmies w ere cc dingly pu t i n motion ; one

u s a a or

t Tran ylvan i a th oth er tow ards the capi t l of H n

o s ,
e a u

a y S li m n soon foll w d in p e son m ade his

g r . o a o e r ,

e n t y i n to B d
r w hich h e d eter mine d to k ee p per
u a,

m nently occ pied d i ng the min ority of Sigi mu nd ;

a u ur s

a nd a ur in g I ss b ll of his aff ction to th son of

sa e a e e

John b ad h r r eti e w ith th child to Transylvania ;

, e e r e

a pi ec e f dvic e w hich sh e f ll w e d n ot w ith t some

o a o o ou

rel ctan ce an d di t ust

u Bu da w as th s h ncefor war d
s r . u e

ov r n e d by a p as h a t h e ar my of F rdin n d w as
g e ,
e a

r in e d an d S li m n
u ,
n d r the ti tl
o f n lly b ec me
a ,
u e e o a a , a

a b ol te lo d of the co n try Ferdin nd s n n t

s u r u . a oo se

en v y s t o B d a
o ff r in g S li m n th e s me t ib t
u ,
o e o a a r u e

w hich Z poly h ad paid and in ti m ting th ad n

a a ,
a e va

tages to b g in d by the Porte by ke ping on g od

e a e e o

t er m w ith the G r man

s mp r or B t S oli m n
e e e . u a ,

t rnin g to t he amb ss d ors w h ose ri h pre nt he

u a a , c se s

d igned to r ceive said

e e T ell you m st r w h o nt
, ,
'
r a e se

y o huer e th t h e w i ll h av
a e
y e t t o
giv u
p e v n th e e ose

s m ll por tion s of the c o n t y h act l ly p os s e

a u r e ua se s s .
”

A ccordin g t th organ i tion con c iv d by S lim n

o e za e e o a ,

H ng y w divided into tw lve district ( r nd

u ar as e s, o sa

j ) l
a cs c m p r i in g P
o t h Ws ei en b r
g G r n es n d al ,
s u , a ,
a

m st the w h l
o f Sl von ia an d Cr tia
o e o T he w h ol
a oa . e

w s gov n d by th B egl r b g of B d a h vin g n d r

a er e e e e u , a u e

h i s comman d a s b -governo i ntr ste d w ith the dis u r, u

tr i b ti n n d coll e cti n f th t xe
u o a Ferdin an d w ith
o o e a s. ,

th kin gd m f Boh e mia and the G erman empi e t

e o o r a

h is b ck did n ot bl sh to i
a , e x cting ordinan c s to
u s su e a e

the Hu ngari an s of hi p rty (w hil e h e sc ar c ly s s a e uc

ceede d i n k eepin g off th e T r ks fr om th e gates of his u

76 M A R T I N U SS I U S R E GE N T or T R A N se A N IA .

capital ) i mpo ing ye rly trib te of

, s a du c at a u s

In t h year 1 54 9 F din nd e
p e t i n
g ,
er a ,
re r se n

to the G erm n di t of N remb g th e h mili tion

a e u er u a

Germany mu t f l in cons q n c of hi vas l ge to

s ee e ue e s sa a

th P rt implor d fr h
e o e, b idi th r lt of w hi h
e es su s es, e es u c

w astw o b die f xili ie ; on n d th comm n d

o s o au ar s e u er e a

o f J oach i m of B n d nb g ; the th e at th e h d ra e ur o r,
,
ea

o f w hich w s Vit lli sen t by pop P l II I

a e Th s
,
e au . e e

m tl y t o p con si tin g f Sp ni ar d It lian G r

o e r o s, s o a s, a s, e

m n a n d Boh emi n
s, a po red dow n f m all id s a s, u ro s e

i nt th cou ntry ; only t b s n r t d an d to m k

o e o e oo ou e ,
ar

th i r d f t w ith pl nd r n d da tar dly u t g

e e ea u c m e a s o ra es o

mi tted on the i mp ish d and decim t d inh bitant

ov e r e a e a s.

S me n tive h s am ng w h m w a D bo in th
o a e roe , o o s o e

stron h ld f E l e i t d b v ly t h e O ttoman
r au , r s s e ra e
g o o

ar ms ; b t w ith u t any other l ti m t r s lt th n t

u o u a e e u a o

f ll n assi ted in th i r i l t d po i ti n an d to i nc
a u s e s so a e s o s, rea e

t he f ry of th T r k
u g in t th pop l ti n
e u s a a s e u a o .

While ll thi w as t king pl ce in H ng y P p

a s a a u ar ro e r ,

n w complic ti n
e n d di ffi c lti es
a o s i n T ran yl
s a u aro e s

v nia w h en M rtin u i
a, wh w a con fi r m d by S li
a ss u s, o s e o

man in h i c p aci ty f g u di an to th e y ng Sigi

s a o ar ou s

m nd an d r gent of th t co n t y began t excit

u e a u r , o e

t h e su spicion f qu e n Isabell a o Ferdi n n d aw ar fe . a , e o

t h ese cir c mstan ce m rch ed n a my i n to T r an yl

u s, a a r s

vani a he ded by C staldo w ho w as in tr ct d t gain

, a o , s u e o

o ver the m k tu tor A ct d p n n d t t red by

n - o . e u o a or u

diff ent facti ns I abell a now t rned to F di n n d

er o ,
s u er a ,

a n d n w i mpl or d th
o a si t nc e of S oli man
e
g ain te s s a a s

M rtinus ius ; b t b othe G

a s
g e d fi e d th e e i n
u r r e or e s

trig s an d even u cc e d d i n w orsti t h

s T r ki sh n
ue ,
g e e e u

tro p s sent to h r re c
o C t l d j i ed by A n d w
e s u e. os a o, o n re

Bato y awed th e q een into b di nce an d he at

r ,
u o e e , s

l ast con ented to abdicate i n favou r of h r n w h o

s e so ,
 T R A C I C E N D or M A R T IN U SSI U S. 77

w as promised as an equ ivalent th duchies of Oppelen e

a n d R ti bon i n Sil esi

a s M r tin iu s on the the a. a u ss ,
o r

hand a lready i n pos ion f the archbish pric f

,
sess o o o

S trig n i ore c eive d f m F

a, dinan d the secret p ro er ro

mise of a c ar din al s h at Soli man i n the mean

’

t i me ov n the B anat ; w hil

e rr a M artinu sius n w a e s ,
o

c r din l b c me all at nce sp cted by Ferdi nand

a a , e a o su e ,

a nd w h ast ning t w a d hi tr gic end Costaldo

as e o r s s a .
,

p ivately commissioned to p t th c rdinal ou t of th

r u e a e

w y b gge d h is e min en ce t all ow hi m the h onou r f

a , e o o

f ll wi ng hi m to his resid en c n ear E nyed ; a requ es t

o o e

rea dily acceded to by th l tt r Both accordingly e a e .

, ,

re ai e d to the c ar di n l c u n try seat d hil ’

p r an w e a s o ,

Geo g gave order s to prep re a meal for his gu est

r e a
,

C ostald con certed w ith hi s tt n d nts the plan of h i

o a e a s

a i nati on
ass ss On th m rnin g of th e second day
. e o ,

Fer ro i n concert w ith the Marqu is of Polavi i

ra , c a,

e nt d the c ardi nal s t dy n der the p etext of r

ere
’
s u , u r e

ce vi i ng th signatu re of h i e minence to a cert i n s e a

d ocu m nt While M
e ti n ssi s sat d ow n pen in h an d
. ar u u , ,

h e w s tr ck from behin d w ith a dagger

a s u B ing b u t . e

slightly h rt he tu rn d r u n d and laid the assas in at

u ,
e o s

h is f et e H aring the n i the Spanish and Italian

. e o se ,

so ldi rs p sted at the gat u shed i nto the apartment

e o e r ,

deali ng one d dly blow ft n th r at the nfort nate

ea a er a o e u u

ca rdi n l w ho all th e w hil

a , tt mpt d to r estr ain the f r y e a e e u

o f th e a as sins by th e al m r iteration of the w ord

ss c e s,

Q id t h c fr tre ? till h fell lifeless at th eir

u es o , a s e

f e t (D ec emb er 1 9
e S ch w as the end of th
,
1
u e

m nk George ; w ise in cou n ci l su btle in intrig

o , u e,

brave in the field overcomin g u n common diffi c ltie

,
u s

1
See adetailed descrip tion of this murder i n H istoi r e da
M i nis ter M ar ti n ussi us, etc , livre vi A Paris, 1 7 1 5
. . .
 78 C HARA CTE R or M A R T IN U SSI U S .

i n momen ts
general emb arra sment Bu t f rg t
of s . o e

t i ng at the h eight f h is fo t ne h is dou bl o d ty of r u , e u

patri t and gu ardian he fell cr el victi m to th

o
,
a u ose

f r w h m h e bargain ed kingdom
o o Thi says D a . s,
”
e

Th ou , was th e e nd f
1
very great man ; great i n o a

peace and great in w a eq lled by few in wi d m r, ua s o ,

w hich he made u se of ac cor di n to ti me an d cir c m

g u

s at n ces fo the welf re n d t an qu illity of his co nt y

r a a r u r .

Sp ring the Turks as far as hi r ligion an d sense of

a , s e

j ustic permitt d h e cited envy by his v y me it

e ,
e ex er r ,

t h s b e coming suspici o s to Ferdi nand

u H is r ich e u . s

ur
g deon Cost ldo to d stroy him w hil
a as i as e ,
e, s

se r ted th e mi nis t rs of F r din an d w er e b en t

, e pon e u

g e tt in
g r i d of hi m t o w h o m th ir kin g, h a d p om i d e r se

a pension of twenty-fo r thou and d cats A s pr u s u . a e

text for thi s h ein ous act th ey p ocl aimed M ar tin i , r u ss u s

ui l ty of a secret u nd tan di ng w ith th e in fideler sw hich s,

g
F erdina nd affect d to b li ve B t far f om g i nin g
e e e . u r a

by an act th at stamped his ow n nam w ith t n l e e er a

s h ame Ferdin nd w oon d iven by th e T k f m

,
a as s r ur s ro

T nsylvania and l t en th pl ces occ pi d by hi

ra ,
os ev e a u e s

tr oo p in H ng y T h t chery f th Sp ni h
s u ar .
”
e re a o e a s

aux ili ries of Fer din n d a si ted the Tur k t r d

a a s s s o e u ce

th e strongh ol ds f l w e Hun gary T nsylv n i

”
o o r . ra a a

o w ne d th sw ay of Sigism n d Z apolya w hil F rdi

e u , e e

n n d in spite of th
a ,
c wn of the Germ n empir e ro a e,

re cently conferred u pon him by his broth r Char le e s

V w s fai n to pre er
.
,
a i n H ngary ome mall di
s ve u s s s

tricts c on tig u ou t hi s A stri an domi nion s

,
s o B t n ot u . u

confi ding in h is avow ed H n g ri an p a ty the A ti n u a r , us r a

See H i ctoi r cU ni ver salle

1
Tome u , p 2 1 . . . .

3
Temesvar , gloriously defended by the H ungari an com
mander L osonzy fell b y the mu tiny and tr eachery of
the S paniards .
 IM P O TE N CE or F E RDIN AN D . 79

monarch d his military operations to foreign

entru ste

n r ls equ ally i norant of th e tactics of the T k s

g e e a
g
,
ur

an d t h locality of th co unt y In fact the cts f

e e r .
,
a o

t w en ty diets convene d d ring th e reign of th at w o ld

, u u

b e kin g f Hu ngary presen t sad pictu re b oth of th

o ,
a e

i mp tence of Ferdinand and th eckless rap acity f

o e r o

h is foreign troop s H is maj esty so r un s the lit n y

.
,
a

of the di t of 1 559 e having peatedly been inf rm d

,
re o e

o f the evils his faithf l H ng ian c on tin u ally s ffu u ar s u er,

h as pr mised speedy r dre

o w hich has m d th
e ss , a e e

s tates vote th eir su b sidi s an d armies w ith p ar tic l ar

e u

facility an d promptitu d Bu t h is faithf l s bj ects

e. u u ,

far f om experienci n g any r dress feel themselve b

r e ,
s ur

d n ed each day w i th n ew evil s

e B esides s ff ring . u e

fr m pill age mur der an d th i ncen diary acts of th

o , , e e

T ks the people are d omed to end re still m

ur ,
o u or e

from your maj esty s tr oop — (P wcip a c l mi t

’
et s r u a a as

mi s er ia a maj es ta ti s pr wcipu e pr omo

genti b us s uae

na nt ) . T he commanders of some for tresses i n the

posse ssion of your maj esty do not only plun der all the
ad ace nt est ates, carryi ng aw ay th e crosses an d pro
j
perty of th e inhabitants, bu t add also insolence to their
viol e n ce, an d talk con temptu ou sly of the peopl e T he .

Statu s ac Ordines therefore i mplore hi s maj esty,

to devise means h ow those w ho h av e been sen t for
h el p an d defence should n o further do the w ork of an
e n emy In the year 1 563, Ferdi n an d convoke d hi s
”
.

p ar ty at Presbu rg, a town lying near the A ustrian

fron tier and beyond the reach of the Pasha of Bu da ,

Pest h , re commendi ng to them the election of his son

Maximili an Bu t even in th e hearts of this small
.

fraction serious dissensions arose ; some of th em re

fusing to talk of an election b efore th e redress of th eir
grievan ces, while others seemed to be in favou r of hi s
 80 R E IG N or M A x I M IL IA N .

se onc d son also named Ferdi nan d T he party how

, .
,

ever w hich w as h eade d by Q lali A r chbish op of Gran

, , ,

Francis Batthyany an d Nicholas Zriny pre ailed ; and

, ,
v

Maximilian was acc rdi ngly el cted Ferdinand soon o e .

after di ed leavi ng three sons Of these Maxi .

,

mili an s cceeded hi f ther in A u str i a ; Ferdi nand

u s a

inherited the Tyrol ; and Charle the you ngest son s

, ,

g o t p osse ssion of Styr i a .

M xi milian w ho in additi n to his A u stri n d

a , , o a o

min i n su cceeded to the th one of Boh e mi an d to

o s, ,
r a

t h at f the German mpire proved as i mp t nt in

o e ,
o e

Hu ngary as his f ther h d b en T he pash of Bu da

a a e . a

ru led the greater part f Hu ngary Proper ; Sigismu nd o

Z apolya conti nu ed to m in tai n his au th ority in Tr an a

sylvan i a ; w hile t he su ltan indignant at the irr egular ,

payment of the tribu te stip lat d by Ferdinand caus ed u e

,

M ax i milian s ambassador lately sent to C onstanti

’
s,

n ople to b e th row n in to p r i s n
,
H is reign left H u n o .

ary mu ch th e same a it w s u n der h i p r d c essos a s e e r,

g
a l th o gh m ch credi t is du to the neu tral lin
u u fc n e e o o

d c t he observ d in rega d to reli giou s affai l Unlike

u e r rs .

th e r ise an d progress f the Reformati on in the rest f o o

E rope religiou s ref rm in H ngary w as rather

u ,
o u

addi ti n l el emen t i n th e politic al confli ct th an i t

o a s

ri inator ; and if th e Hu n gari an R efo mation i r s

o
g
d v id of the ch a m thr w n over that mo vement in
e o r o

oth er c ou ntries by th hining talents of some of its

,
e s

chief promoters it d riv s peculiar i nter est fr om th

,
e e a e

diversity of circu mst nces n der which it grew a By u .

Cox e, in th e H istory of the H ouse of A ustri a, vol 11 p 4 7 ,

1
. . .

talks of M axi mili an s r eign in H u ngary being visi ted b y th e

’

scour ge of war , and of hi s b eing p rovoked to commence offensive

'

p
o er ati ons . This au thor seems to have been ignorant of th e
exi stence of p ash as at that ti me in H u ngary .
 RE L I G I O U S T OL E R A N C E OF T H E T U R KS .

p ow er ful protector in king Sigi mund Z p lya w h s a o , o

w ash im lf a disciple of S cinus oon g in e d the u pp r

se o ,
s a e

h nd It w o ld be i mpr per h re to pa s v r in il nc
a . u o e s o e s e e

th tol r ant pi it of th
e e eal ou s vot ar i s f th Pr
s r
ph et e z e o e o ,

a t a ti m w h n p p ery u n d
e eth n m of Ch i ti n i ty
o ,
er e a e r s a ,

s n t for th i n it
e def n c ch ap tle as th Gran
s e e su os s e

v lles nd th A lvas an d attempted t drow n i ts d

e a e , o a

ve rs ri a in th bl od f ma
es c e like that of th E e
e o o ss a r s e v

o f St B th l m w ar Whil th nste dy and eve

o o e . e e u a r

ch nging t l n c f M imilian in G erm ny and in

a o e ra e o ax a

hi h s ditary d mini n s l id b e th false f nd ti n

ere o o , a ar e ou a o

o n w hich i t e t d th e Mu u l man
r s e , ver n rs i n H n
g ss o o u

g y
ar w i t
,h t h e i w t ch wor d Th r i s n Ga d b t ,
e re o o u

G od n d M h omet i s hi p ph et l k d do wn with
”
,
a a s ro ,
oo e

a s pi it f O i ntal pride and m gn nimi ty t th e

r o r e a a a e r

ligi o di p tes of th s w ho l y pro tr t

us s u n d b rokeno e a s a e a

u nde t h i rr ms eT h pa h as th u gh w an t n in th
ar . e s ,
o o e

e xt ti n f tax n d pr vi i n refe r d th q arr l

or o o es a o s o s, r e e u e s

o f Pr t t nt s an d C ath li c livin g i n th ei r di t ict t

o es a o s s r s o

i mp tial t ib n l composed of C tholics and Pr

ar r u a s, a o

t t nt s
es a T h G p l nd th K ran w e
. e os d in th
e a e o re rea e

sa m n ct
e sa ri ; t he sam w ll th at h
ua es d th e n am e a s ear e

o f Ch i t d ily r p t d
r s a o nd ed w i t h th
e n me
ea e f ,
r es u e a o

A ll h ; an d th ch u ch s b cam at last s crow d d

a e r e e e o e

w i th th f llow e eof th P r ph e t th t
o rs om f th e o a s e o e

m ang in e Ch i ti n anticip ated t h ir p e dy con

or e s u r s a s e s e

v er s mn .

Bu t t o Ma imili an Having s cceeded

r e tu r n to x . u

i n g i ni ng th con s t f b oth eligio

a p artie in
e en o r us s

G m ny t n w b idi
er a th e emperor c
o e s d n ew su s e s, au e

o p ti n t b e c mm n ced again t the p ash li k of

er a o s o o e s a

B d nd th T ki h di tr ict ; t the s m tim

u a a o er ur s s s a a e e

a t t cking ki ng Si gi m n d i n Tr n yl an i a
a Soliman s u a s v .

c n qu ently d cided t appe r in person t th head

o se e o a a e
 C ON TIN U A TI ON OF T H E WA R .

of a fr esh ar my on th e battl e-fi eld, v ow n i g to p ni h

u s

t he i n l n t r hn
so e f th G m n m n
as es s o h nd t e er a o ar c , a o

t
r e s ore H nga y to the p u i o n f th y n g Z
r ossess o e ou a

polya T he ene gy and p ed w ith w hich h i v t

. r s e s as

p r
e p ar ti o n s
a w i d n pp d
er e carr e
e ar t j ti fy t h o ,
a e o us e

w ig ht of S li m n T h mi gh ty c n qu
’
e w o a s vo r . e o er o ,

how v r w ill b
e e , as w est d in th e mid t
e se e n , f as arr e s o

his tri mph n t m r ch n t by t he motl y n d n m

u a a ,
o e a u e

r ou s tr oop v t d by G r man di t
s o e b t by th Sp ar e e s, u e

t an-li ke br v ry f h ndf l f H ng i ns
a e o a a u o u ar a .

S olim n u cce d d t th O tt m n thr n i n th

a s e e o e o a o e e

y 1520 c r i d hi triu mph nt arm into Sy i n d

e ar ,
a r e s a s r a a

Egypt q ll d b llion i n Per i nd in t he mid t

,
ue e re e s a, a ,
s

o f th n ter ri
e se e
p bj g t d S r i
ses, fi n lly ro
su u a e e v a, a c

i ng hi mili ta y exploit w ith th

s r d cti n f Rh d s e re u o o o es.

C rt d l ike by t h Z p ly n d th H p b g h
ou e a e a o as a e a s ur s, e

a lw y adh r d to th c a
a s e e f th f m n t
e rn u se o e or er , o sc

plin g how v r to acc pt f the p

,
e e , t n d t ib t
e o r e se n s a r u e

o f th l tt r w h m b e d em d w k i mp te nt v
e a e , o l e e ea ,
o assa s,

u n w o thy to r l th l and f the brave H i fri n dlv

ru e e o . s e

a dvic t I bell an d J h n Sigi m n d Z p ly t

e o sa a o s u a o a, o

a b n d n B d t h i vi i
a o u n d r p i r to T an ylv ni
a o s z er a e a r s a a,

may f i ly th r w s me s picion n h i prof ion of

a r o o us o s e ss s

f i n dshi p t th y ng H g i n king
r e o e ou Still th un ar a . e

O ttom n c n q r d r a o n m ll am n t f c dit
u e or ese ves o s a ou o re

f r n t h ving pr cl ime d hi m elf n b n d d l r d f

o o a o a s u ou e o o

a c nt y alm st en tir ly in his h n d ; w hile h i

ou r o e a s e s

e n ti tl d t e j st p i se for e nj ining n hi i iers to

o u ra o o s v z

p rmi t f l l lib ty t the peopl in th ex cis f th i

e u er o e e er e o e r

di ff r n t ligion rit
e e re an d c er m n i s S olim n w
es e o es . a as

u nd btedly the m st gl ri
ou f th E ast rn c n
o o ou s o e e o

n d it i w ith a f eli n g f et n d al m t re
q ue ror s, a s
gr e o ,
a os

p i ty t,
h t n call t o min d t h
o e vi ol n t death h
a s e e e

inflict d on his son M st ph th s staining l n g

e u a a, u a o
84 BOL I M A N H A L T s BE FO R E BZ I G E T H .

car ee r of
gl ory by a si ngl e act p r ocee ding from a fit
o y
f fu r .
1

This l t ex pediti n of S liman in 1 566 w as pa

as o o r

ti cularly ch aract ri d by i t m gnificen t di spl y ; the

e ze s a a

va n mar ching w i th o t h lt from C on tanti n ple to

,
u a s o

B lg ade w as ccompanied by a band f p ets w h

e r ,
a o o ,
o

n cou r e d th r my w i th a re ci t l f
e ap a e
g from a o ass s
e
g a

th K e n and w ho br
or a th d the p oe tic l pray r th at
,
ea e a e ,

S li man might wave like the b nch of a cypress

o ra es

in t h e w in d f vict ry A ft r an in ter vi w w i th
o o . e e

Sigi m d Z apolya t Belg de S lim n m ved o

s un a ra ,
o a o u

w ard al n th b n ks of th e D v
s w hich h e crosse d
g o e a ra e,

by m n Of a dr aw b idg c nst u ct d on the sp t

ea s r e o r e o ,

p ssing by th f t es of E ek and Peterw rd in

a e or r ses ss a e ,

n d h al ti n n F ii nf Kir ch en n t far f m t h f ro e or
a
g r ea ,
o

tre s O
s f S ige th of w hich h z lv d to m k him lf
,
e reso e a e se

m t ras e S igeth lying n th b nk s of a m ll river

. z ,
o e a s a

ca ll d th A l m w a rr n d d by n old w eakly
e e as, s su ou e a

f r ti fi d t w n an d n ew
o e
o b b th wh l b ing d
,
a su ur ,
e o e e e

f nd d
e e th r by th e sur o n ding m
ra e h e than by th r u ars s e

t n g th f th
s re mp rto Th g ison consi ting of
e ra a s. e arr ,
s

th r eeth nd H n
g
ou sa i n tr
p w c m m n d d by
u ar a oo s, as o a e

Nicholas Z iny in th int es t of M aximili n T h black

r ,
e er a . e

fl g w aving from the levated w alls denoting th e d

a ,
e ,
e

1
The T urki sh annalists ar e not sp aring in their prai se of
S oli man, and dwell mu ch on th e ominous numb er , l o—a nu mber
of mu ch significance in th e eyes of th e Ottomans, an d signally

conn ected wi t h the r eign of that emperor S oliman, th ey say, .

was b or n in the fir st year of the l oth centur y after the H egir a ;

w as th e l oth su ltan of th e O ttomans ; th e father of 1 0 children ;
s urr ou nded b y 1 0 migh t vi z i ers ; p ossessed of 1 0 learned u ri sts,
y j
and 1 0 renowned p oets L astly, S oliman w as th e conqu er or of
.

1 0 times 1 0 towns and fortresses T he names of the most cele .

b rated of th e ten poets wer e Baki , Tafali , and R eweni —E m .

mar , vol iii book 3 4. . .

86 DE AT H O F SO LI M A N .

su lman b tt rie
a e s an d velop d
the fire of s mal l ar ms en e

t h f tr ss i n a thick r ed cl
e or e d f w h ol e w e k ; ou or a e

a n d n t w i thst n din
o th e i n cess n t w
a k of d th nd or ea a
g a

d str cti n th Tu rk w e e till rep ll d an d f il d

e u o , e s r s e e o e .

S lim n d eming his l l s of forty ye w ith d

o a ,
e au r e ars er e

by t he b tin t re i t n c Of thi h n df l f m n
o s a e s s a e s a u o e ,

c ll d hi i i to his g ld n t nt men acing them

a e s v z ers o e e ,

w i th i l n t d ath if th
v o e keys of S ig th w e n t in
e e z e er o

hi h n d i
s a f w d y
s n S ffe di n th e b t g n
a e a l s. e , es e era

th at h d s p d th e l ong c ar n ge Of th
a e ca e ig ew d a e s e e , ren e

th tt ck on the 2d of S ptemb r
e a a T h e j n i ri s e e . a za e ,

d iv n to d p i ign li ed them lv s by the a h

r e es a r, s a z se e r s

n es s of th ir ss u l t e c ling th w all amid th e thick-

a a s, s a e s s

es t fi
c ross dir cted by th gar ison an d pr ipi t t
re e e r , ec a

ing th m lv e h eadl ng thro gh th bre ches m de

se es o u e a a

i n th w all e s.

T w d y w ere t h
o a p ass d th T k d t mined
s us e : e ur s e er

t c n q er ; Z i ny an d his m ll b n d still u n d
o o u r n ted s a a au

m te as of th e cit d l
rs In t h e me n tim aS lim ne . a e, o a ,

wh t d rv ying th rn ge f om hi tent which

o s oo su e e ca a r s ,

w as pi tch d on a n ighb ing hill l e dy a pr y t

e e ou r , a r a e o

imp ti n c n d f y w
a e e add n l t ck by fit f
ur ,
as su e y s ru a o

a popl y nd xpir d n th e 4 th Of S ptember

ex ,
a e e o e .

M oh mm d h i
a n -i -l w t kc
a , n t t div l e
s so
g h a , oo are o o u

th p o ten to s e v nt b t cl thin g th e b dy f S li m n
e r u e , u o o o o a

i h is m t c stly
n os b e pl ced it i n th mid t f th e
o ro , a e s o

t n t on
e r m ch i an a an d i s d in th n me f the
a r, s ue e a o

de d lt n n w ders nd ever r th t On th
a su a e or a s e r ea s. e

e ighth d y th T r k f c d th i w y clo e to th
a ,
e u s or e e r a s e

g at p e di ng thick v l m
e, s r a f fi i nt t h i n teri o u es o re o e or

f th f r t d h kin g fl m
”
o e oIn e ti n gni h bl
r e ss . x s a e an c o a e s,

s aid Z in y t th r f w t h at w o e
“
l ft him h t n e e re e as e us
,

t ow ar d r fi n l f
ouat e n d n ot th p
a w of th e
,
n
ae m y e o er e .

L t u
e t k it
s t hae d c
er f G od o
asn a cc n t f o e ee o ,
ou o ur
 D E A TH OF N I C H O LA S Z R IN Y .

o w n s ns an
,
i d h brav nd
t ose of ou r fat h er s . Y e s, e a

f ith ful co mrades let us he r

a r fate w ith Ch r isti n
, a ou a

f rtit de an d now fight o di t geth er as w h ve

o u
,
r e o e a

d ne f thir ty-four d y I w ill go befor to mee t

o or a s. e

th e en emy t w elve ti m m re in th ou san ds th an w e

, es o

w ere in h nd reds F ll w m ; n o s rrender or d f t

u . o o e u e ea

a w ai t s them We w ill die swo d in h an d Brave

. r .

brethr n ! u p i do h eartily w h at ye ee me d
e Th s o. us

sayin Z rin — w h o h d xch an d h i h eav m r

g y , g y a e e s ar ou

for a o t of black velvet

c a plu m d black c p nd a , a e a , a

—
light sw ord moved on n oi le ly tow ar ds the gat se ss e,

follow e d by h is b and b u t ixty i n n u mb er b eside a ,

s
,
s

f w w omen and children

e T he g t w as soon th w n . a e ro

o pen T h e T rks sus pecting

. me sn are t od f r
u ,
so , s o o a

w h ile agh ast w hile Z in y an d hi com ades ma ch e d

,
r s r r

o n ste dily to th e serr i d lin

a till th e l ast m n of th m e es, a e

f ll dead and trampl ed to th g

e nd S ch w a th e rou . u s e

de th f Nichol as Z riny
a o d th as h eroic as th at ,
a ea

Of L n idas b t cl o de d w i th th e p ai n f l co n id
eo , u u u s era

tion th at Z riny met his in b h al f of a m na ch w h o

,
e o r

remain d w i th hi s ar my f as ting
e n d pl nderi ng nly , e a u , o

th e d ys march fi om th e p t w here the brave ones

re a
’ '
s o

f ll
e . T he gran d vi ier sent the h ead Of Z iny to the
1
z r

R anke gives r ather too r omantic a pi cture of th e mili tary

1

character of M ax imilian A ccor ding to this learned his torian, .

th at e mperor was the righ t man to bre ak the Ottoman power ,

an d to fill th e E urope wi th th e over plus of
regions of E aster n

t h e German popu lation, and thus figh t ou t the gr eat str uggle
agains t th e hereditary foe, as i nsi sted on b y G eneral S ch wendi

a nd th e diets R anke th en relates th at the G erman ar my w as

.

more merous than Z riny asked for ; further, how bravely that
nu

h ero died, and how M aximili an s vast army retr aced its steps wi th ’

ou t h avi n p f m d i n l t i n n d w i th t h i m h
g er or e a s g e ac o , a ou a v ng so u c

as righ tl seen th e enem T h aso n f t h i m ti l b h vio ur

y y e r e s o s ar a. e a
88 DE A T H or

ca mp of Maxi milian commanding the bearer to de ,

liver w ith it this me sage Here is the h ad of hi m s e

w h om o w it h h nd e ds an d th o d ll ct d
y u, n s co e u r us a e

arou n d yo left to peri h alone nd w hose death

u, s , a

is mo rn d by his adversari es H avi ng interred the ”

u e .

r em i n a f Z riny w i th d e and ex mpl y sole mn ity

s o u e ar ,

th e T k m che d on p
ur ri ng p re cipit tely ov r th
s ar , ou a e e

ot h er id f the D anu be
s T h i n trigu
e o of C on tan . e es s

tin ple in c n eq en ce of the de th of S oli m n aved

o ,
o s u a a ,
s

Maxi milian fr om tter in nd he bo ght new peace u ru , a u a

a t t h h nd e f Seli m II son of S lim n f r trib t

a s o .
, o a ,
o a u e

o f d cats ( 1 56 7 ) Sh rtly fter M xi milian

u o a ,
a

w as l r eli v d of hi
a so iv l Joh n Sigism n d Z p lya
e e s r a u a o ,

w h o di ed a s u dd n d ath T he di ets h eld in th

e e .
,
e

s mall p r tion of H u ng y of w hich Maximilian w

o ar ,
as

th e historian attrib utes p ar tly to the fatigues of the German

,

troops b ut chiefly to th e suggesti ons of G ener al S chwendi wh o

, ,

(v ide T r avell ers L i br ary F e r di nand a

’
nd M a x i milian II page
,
”
.
,

9 1 footnote) laid i t do wn as a r ule that

, the general hath to ,

take h eed first th at h e ex p ose not hi s camp that the enemy

, , ,

turn not h is fl ank and th us cu t ofi h is pr ovisi ons or h ar ass his

’

, ,

people wi th constant alarms and skirmishes or wear them ou t , ,

or k eep th em in terr or or thr ow th em into disor der ; for su ch i s

,

th e pr actice of th e Turki sh w ar far e I t is a p i ty th at Schwendi

”
.

di d not add as a more safe ex pedi ent th e n ecessity qf ha ving

, ,

tlze mp defended by om i mper ia l g u a r d, or some H ig hla nd r egi

ca

ments Blu cher, hearing the cannon-r oar of Waterloo, seems to

.

have forgotten or ignored the wi se precepts of Schwendi , as

quoted b y Professor R anke .

T h e defence of Sz igeth fou nd i ts h ar d in N i cholas Z riny,

gr and son of th e h er o, an d th e for emost H u n garian poet of th e

1 7 th centu ry ; it called fort ha strain of higher mood from th e

German poet K Orner, wh o wrou gh t i t u p i nto a tr agedy, some
p
s eci mens of whi ch will b e fou nd in Blackw ood c M
’
aga zi ne,

1 8 21 N o 4 2 . .
 C H A PTE R II .

B E G IN N IN G OF R E LIG I O U S P E R SE C U TION U N DE R
R U D O LPH II - R I SE OF B O CSK A Y
.
— R E L IG I O U S

LI B E R T Y SE CU R E D BY T H E TR E A TY OF V I E N N A
—M A TT H IA 8 1 576-1 618 . .

R U D O LPH II
ld t n f Ma imilian w
,
. the e es so o x ,
as

l cted king Of H nga y en befor hi f th

e e u r ev e s a er s
’

death and began hi r ign in the year 1 57 6 E d

, s e . u

t d at the c ou rt of Sp i n h e brou ght w ith h i m t

ca e a ,
o

t he th one all th e l a nin g n d al l th a ts of di i m

r e r a e r ss u

l ti n cq ired fr m his Jes i tical t tors along w ith

a o a u o u u ,

a n at al feelin g
ur f di tr s t i n men and an aver ion
o s u s

to a cti n Unw illin g t t k an active p art i n p blic

o . o a e u

a ff i s R dolph sp n t hi d ys t Pr agu e b
a r , u e bd s a a ,
a sor e

i n th st dy of alchemy and
e u trology alt geth f as ,
o er or

g t
e ti n
g th e c on cern f hi g rnmen t and th s o w a s ove e r

w hich w as bei n w ag d in t th e T r k i n H n ga y u r
g g e a a s u s .

T h e su ccessf l i tan ce of the United Provinc

u re s s es

a
g i n st Philip II
a s w ell th e p.r ogre s
,
f
a t h as s o e

H gu enots in Fran c led R d lph t conc l f r a

u e, u o o ea o

w hil t he h atr ed he b re to th e Protestants w hich

e o , ,

h w eve vented it lf so n ft r war ds w ith d bl

o r, se o a e ou e

f ry This monar ch reig n in Hu ngary m y f irly ’

u . s a a

b e sai d to h a e b een ch ar act ri ed by a t t l n egl ct

v e z o a e

an d cont emp t of al l th n ci ent l aw s of th e c o ntry e a u ,

 P R O G R E SS OF T H E O TTOM A N S . 91

be ides being cal cu l t d t xcite h o r by the r li-

s a e o e rr o e a

i ou s persec ti n w hich h e m t w t ly c d
g u n
o n s e n ra
g os a o ou e .

T h e Offic Of pal tin t th t time en de d do bly

e a e, a a r re u

n c essary by th e c n ti n ed
e bs nc f the king w as o u a e e o ,

pu p ely kept vac nt ; th C rt f Ch nc ry and

r os a e ou s o a e

A dmin i st ti n w r t nsf ra d to Vienn ; w hile th

o e e ra erre a e

Di t conv k d by th e v ign w r di s l d
e s o e so e re e e s o ve as

soon as th e re q ired b idie h d b n v ted n

u su s s a ee o o
,

n otice b in g tak n f ny meas r

e e r di n o t h a u es re
g g a e

n er l w lf r e f t h c n try I n w d f ig n
g e a o ue a o o e . a r , or e

n eral b ec me th e l m t rs of H n y cki
g e s a
g r e r a n
g as e u a ,
s u

o u t a it w
, e th e v
s y li f -blo d of th p e pl w hil
er , er e o e o e, e,

o w in to th t t l ab en ce of m n y c mmer c w
g a e o s a s o e ,
o e ,

du ring thi s b alef l eign red c d t the primev l u r

,
u e o a

syst m f barte
e o r.

T h H ngari n n blemen F n ci Nad dy n d

e u a o ra s as a

Nich ol P lfy aft r h ving

as a cc d d n the m
,
e a su ee e o e

p t ide in i ting f a tim Ha n p a h f

er o
’
s s r es s or e ssa ,
s a o

Bo n ia cc mb d t l ngth ft r c n id rabl l
s ,
s u u e a e ,
a e o s e e osse s

in men an d arms Wh n the int llig nc of th u c

. e e e e e s

ce e of the Tu rks ch d R d lph in h is B h mi n

ss s rea e u o o e a

ca pit l h e f thw ith re ort d t hi cc t med p

a , or s e o s a us o ex e

di n t f ordering do bl n mber f m ses t b e r ad

e o a u e u o as o e

in all th ch r ches f th e city w hich h w v r as m y

e u o , ,
o e e , a

re dily b
a imagin d did n t m ch imp d H
e e ,
in o u e e assau

hi s tri u mph n t m rch Whi l th e vi i r t k th e fo ti

a a . e z e oo r

fi ed tow n f V prem the p h f B d m d div

o esz ,
as a o u a a e er

i n al ng the b nks f th D an ub an d th T k
s o s o a o e e, e ur s

w ere s on n bl ed t o l i t R b A ft e s e e o aa r
o
y e
g a a a .

bomb rdmen t of t w nty d y the A t ian gen e l

a e a s, us r ra

H ardek s urr ndered ; n d th T ks th e t bli h d

e a e ur us s a s e

a n w O tt man di tr ict w i th thi t w n

e o s it
s cent ,
s o a s re .

Emb ldened by pid s cc s O m n Pash a tu n d

o ra u e s, s a r e

his tri u mph ant arms against C omorn ; b u t he peedily s

92 GR A N SU R R E N DE R E D B Y THE TU R KS .

perceived the rashness of his ttempt and w ithdrew a ,

h i j ani
s ie from the impr gn bl w all of that fortre ss
zar s e a e s .

With the approach of w inter part f the O tto man ,

a o

troop retraced their st p t B lgrade nd C nstanti

s e s o e a o

n o
pl soon
e, to re t r n h w e ver w it h in cr ea d n
u m ,
o ,
se u

b r M eanw hile the s ltan A m rath Ill died and

e s. u ,
u , ,

w as su cc eded by Moh amme d II I a circ m tance to

e .
,
u s

w hich the A tri an mpi e w as i n debt d f r

us m e r e o a o

men tary reli f Bu t n o oone h d th e n ew O tt man

e . s r a o

r ul off re d his first prayers i n t he m q

er e t Con os ue a

t nt in opl th n h e pr l i m d his d ter min tion t o

s a e, a oc a e e a

p r ec te th w a and w ith thi i w b gan to po

os u e r, ,
s v e ,
e ur

fr esh tro ps i nt H u n g y On th r n e w l of h tiliti e

o o ar . e e a os s,

how r th vi ier S anin th e blest c mmander in

e ve , e z ,
a o

th e T ki h ur my an d w h Op
s ar t d n Transyl ani
, o er a e o v a,

re ceive d a ch ck at the h an d f B atory ru l r

e s o ,
e 0

th at pr ovince and R dolph s ally Thi favou rable

, u
’
. s

circ m tance gave tim t th A us t ian a my in H u n

u s e o e r r

gary Proper to blockade the Tur k i n Gran c m s ,

a o

mandi ng p si ti n on th D n b w hich th ey h d
o o e a u e a

sh o tly b fore l o t
r e T h e ieg b g n nd r th coms . s e e a u e e

man d of the P in e f Man sf ld T h T k br

r c ly
o e . e ur s ave

held t f r w hol month ; b t ff ring fr m w ant

ou o a e u su e o

o f provisi n at l ast u rr nd re d p n t e m
o s, greed s e e u o r s a

u pon by the Hu ngarian gen eral s T he T rk ay s . u s,

”
s

th hi t ian of th e O ttoman empi e

e s or h ad p d th r , s ar e

an tiq i ti s an d pic t u res of t h

u e plac they h d o long e e a s

held ; w hile th G r man soldier n ooner nt r d i t

e e s o s e e e ,

th an th y ba b a ou ly m til ate d
e r n d poll ted all th ey
r s u a u

fo nd
u .

T he f rtu ne of w ar shortly after t rned in f o r O

o u av u

th e T u rks w h o g i ned tw
, ignal victories t E rl u
a o s a a

an d K ere stes Mohammed on hi ret n after thes

.
, s ur e

victor ies to C onstantinople w a received w ith n ,

s u
94 R E M ON S R A N T CE S OF T H E D IE T .

fello w -cr eatur es N or did Hu ngary Pr op er e nj oy.

mu c h brigh ter days at the per iod in qu estion, thou gh

e xe mp ted fr o m the scou r e of famin e I n fact, the
g .

a ct f ll th fift n D i t h ld n de R d lph p e nt
s o a e ee e s e u r u o r se

n othin l b u t a l ng
e se i s of l m n tati n o o ser e a e o s ve r
g
n v r- e ndi n m i e i s Y M j e ty f i ’
o r u or e n
e e
g s r e
g . a s s

au xili i t
ar e s,
y h t t
”
Of th Di
saet f 1 6 0 2 t k
e s a es e o ,
a e

p i n of t w n s ill ge co nt y- eat nd th
o ssess o o ,
v a s, u r s s, a o er

p iv t p p r ti divid th m am ng them lv nd
r a e ro e e s, e e o se e s, a ,

in dditi n tre t th e n tiv as laves on thei w n

a o ,
a a es s r o

so il Ch che e brok n p n t mb r e se ch d
. ur s ar e o e ,
o s a ar e ,

cor pse di interr d nd r bb d f their f n al attir ;

s s e a o e O u er e

w m n an d y
o e n
g m i d n carr i d aw ay by f ce f m
ou a e s e or ro

th i r h b n d
e nd p
us ants an d only rs a tor d in c n ar e ,
es e o

s id ation of h vy an m aft having been b

er ea r so s, er ru

t lly defil d
a H ng y n ich br v n d tr ng
e . u ar ,
o ce r ,
a e, a s o ,

i n w
s o n k i nt sud p m r ni n g n t o m c h b e c
o ee ou ,
o s u au se

o f th T k e n d T r t rs w h
ur se l e th gh bitt
a a a ,
os ru ,
ou er,

i en d
s bl b t n acc nt of the np ni h d li
u ra e, u o ou u u s e ceu

nd e t ti n of y m j e ty xili ri ’ ”
ti ou sn ess a x or o s ou r a s s au a es .

R m mbe ing th t thi l ng g proc ded fr m th

e e r a s a ua e ee o e

so -c alle d A t i n p rty b dy n mb in g mong it

us r a a a o u er a s
,

m mbe e m ny w h rs w d th e i
a r nk n d titl o f o e r a a es o

cou nt m gn ate to the H p b g

s or a f ir timats a s ur s, a a es e

m y b f m f th e pat rn al r l f R d lph n d
a
d e r
o e o e u e o u o , a

hi nxi ty t
s a f eH ngary f m the pp s i
o r ee l u ro o r e s ve ru e

o f th e O ttoman s !
S ch l ment ti n n the p t f t h H ng i n
u a a o s o ar o e u ar a s

did littl t di t b th king in P g

e o Un min df l s ur e ra u e. u

of hi d ties m n ch R d lph c ntin d t

s u as a o ar ,
u o o ue o

enj y h i olit y i t n ce rr o n d d by lifel

s so ar ex s e ,
su u e ess

pi tu es nd astrologic l pparat s car l ssly li t n

c r a a a u , e e s e

1
Cox e, vol . 11 . p . 92 .
 C R U E L C ON D U C T O E R E L G I OSO . 95

i ng to the e xpl
D anish astron ome
an at on s i of th e r

Tych w hile the c r s of governmen t devolved n hi

o, a e o s

f vo r ites or mistr
a u s B t s cl de d as R d lph esse . u e u u o

liv d nd h w e er mu ch he v ided i nt rc urs w ith

e ,
a o v a o e o e

m n th J e s it
e , t le t h ad n o nee d t o p t n t h
e u s a as u o e

ar b of gr oms i d bt i n acc o hi m
1
g n r er ot t o o o a e ss .

A mid ll hi s pr dilecti on s for eti e men t and i n pit

a e r r ,
s e

o f his n at ur l ap thy w hich w a

g g r v te d stil l mo
a ,
as a a a re

by h r copic pr dicti n th t dete mined him to

o os e o s a r a

lif of celibacy ther e still li d in hi h rt a fl me f

e ,
ve s ea a o

re ligiou s hat d w hich c d th e sluggi h bloo d t

re , au se s o

boi l in hi vein and m d him l ng f r th comp n y

s s, a e o o e a

o f th J ui t f the
e es P ob ably mi info med to th
a rs . r s r as e

a ct al nu mbe f Pr t st nt in H n g y th n c m
u r o o e a s u ar ,
e o

prising th m j rity of th p ople R dolph s lv d

e a o e e , u re o e

o n th i r exti p ti n
e an tte mpt w hich h e paid f
r a o , a or

by the loss f hi c w n o s ro .

A fte E rl h d b n t ke n by the T ks th
r au a ee a ur , e

bish p ic f thi dist i t tr an sf rred its t t Kash n

o r o s r c e sea o a ,

a t w n al m st en ti r ly Prot t nt
o o T he bi h p s long d e es a . s o e

t w
o t fr m the Pr t t n t t h m g nific nt ch u r ch
res o o es a s e a e es

o f thi t w n ev n if t his w
s o , accompli h d
e n ly by ere s e o

f ce f ar ms ; an d G n r l B lgi o cc rdi ngly

or o e e a e os a o re

c i ed
e v der f m R d lph to root o t th h tic
or s ro u o u e er e s .

Thi g neral i n r t ring th ch rch t th R m n

s e , es o e u es o e o a

C th lics v rran w i th his t p th n ighb ring

a o ,
o e r oo s e e ou

co ntry xec ting m ny f the P t tant mini t

u , e u a o r o es s er s,

a nd p l imi ng d th g in t ll th o e w h f d
roc a ea a a s a s o r e u se

r n u n c e th e r f m d creed I t w a t thi 2
t o e o e or e . s a s

1
Stranger s, and even a mbassadors, wh o wi s hed to meet the
emper or, were, as is sai d, often obliged to disgu ise themselves as
gr oo ms, an d a wa i t hi m in t he st ab les, whi ch h e wa s i n th e h ab it
of fr e u entl q y vi si ti ng .

2 Of th e r eal mi ssi on an d acts of h

t i s general, the wr iter of
96 S E T PH E N R OCS R A Y E N TE RS HUN GA R Y .

j u nct ure th at Protestantism fou nd a tr e and cour u

ou s defen der in Stephen Bocska a noble man of

a
g e
y ,

reat fortu ne re cently el ct d pri n ce of Tran sylvania

g e e ,

w h en ce h e had expell d G neral B as ta Bocs kay ’

e e . s

e n tr y in t H ngar y w the signal fo r a gener al

o u as

ris ing w hich w as hi hly favoured by an u n p arall le d e

, g
act f poli ti cal tyr an n y pe pe trated by R d lph
o r u o .

This h appened du ring the Diet of 1 604 Ru dolph .

in is ted pon decreeing the banishment of the P

s u ro

t t ant cl rgy ; an d as thi s proposition w

es e Opposed as

by the m j rity the king dis lved the Diet h vin g

a o , so ,
a ,

u p n his own au th ority i nser ted an addition l ar ticle

o ,
a

in th Diet l acts w hich declared the deman ds and

e a ,

ri v nces f th e Protestants to b e idle

e a o n d confir me d
g , a

all t he l aw s fav u rabl t o th old nd prej u dici l t

o e e a a o

the ne w re ligion This ticle w hich for e r probi

. ar ,
ve

bit d the bringing bef th Diet the affairs of t he

e or e e

Protestan ts is w ell known by the name of the Tw enty

,

s e con d A r ticl e of R d lph T he people h u mili ted

u o .
,
a

an d n th o b ri nk f d sp ir greeted Bocsk y w ith

e o e a ,
a

u n bo n d d en thus i asm
u e H s o n appeare d at th . e o e

the H i stor i c Diploma ti ca s eap ks thus Jacob us Barb ianus ,

Comes de Belgyosa, quondam R omae Carthu si anoru m Pr aefec
t u s, dei nceps generali s mili tari s, q ui ad hoc u ni ce ab Imperatore
missionem in H ungari am ob tinu is se videb atur, non u t T urcarum
vir es, velu ti
pr etendeb at , i nfringeret ver um u t templa p r i mu m
qu idem R egiis ci vi tatibus adimeret, e t mox omnes evangelicos
promiscu e ad r eligionem R omano-Catholicam obtorto collo tra p

heret A nd again
”
. acne qui s comm, vel copulandi

p
s o nsos, vel sacr a coena u tendi gr a tia et ci vi tate a li q u o e x i r e

ausi t , su b mi ssi one vi tae, honori s et su b stantiae, severissi me

a

i nter dix i t — H istor ia Diploma tica , p 15 S ee De Thou s (H i s

’
. . .

toi r e U n i ver selle, tome ix p 76 7 ) su mmary description of t he

. .

g r i evanc es o f t h e Bocsk a y p ar t y, wh i ch i s ca l cula ted to convey a

cleare r i dea of R u dolph l r u le than all th e dull p roli x ity of Pray

’

a nd other L ati n annalis ts .

98 BO CSK A Y T H E DE FE N D E R

i d with all o power according to the con dition

ass ste ur , s

o f r alli ance
ou My hi gh w ill i th at th e crow n of
. s,

Hu ng ry nd sover ignty of Transylvani rest in yo

a a e a u

a n d y ur children and
o fter th em in th se w h o may
,
a ,
o

b th m st b l v d f th e pe pl
e e o Al l t he land
e o e o o e.

hold f yo r cou n try w h o live in my r alm sh all

ers o u e

e nj y t h i r liber ty an d re m in e xe mpt d fr om tax e ;

o e a e s

a nd l l th os w h may h ereaft
a e e k r ef o
g i n o r er s e u e u

d minion s hal l never b e di t rbed i n their h bits

o ,
s s u a

a n d i n th e xer ci e of their religion b t f lly enj oy

e s ,
u u

ou r p w erf l protection
o u .

B csk y s n fter
o a c iv d a comm n ication f
oo a re e e u o

s imil import fr m th e vi i r M h mm d the ablest

ar o z e o a e ,

T rki h g n l in H ng ry Bocsk y howev r

u s e er a u a . a , e ,

h ad self-poss i n en ou gh t bst i n fr m as s ming

e ss o o a a o u

t he r g l titl e informin g th
e a as s mbl d
,
tate s th t e e e s a ,

t h o gh h e ccepted the cr w n sen t by th e s lt n h

u a o u a , e

h d n o d sire t pl c it n h i h ead ; f th er th t th y
a e o a e o s ar ,
a e

might l ook u p n him impl patriot who to k p

o as a s e , o u

th w rd t
e s venge the w ngs and recover the righ ts
o o a ro

o f th p ple n d n t w ith th desir t o b ec m king

e eo , a o e e o e .

R n d in g him lf ma ter of Uppe H ngary an d

e er se s r u ,

l ing th T ks t r d c th f t esse lying on

e av e ur o e u e e or r s

th D n be B kay adv nced r pidly t w rds the

e a u ,
ocs a a o a

A tri n fr on ti rs
us a m divi ions of his troops pre
e , so e s ss

i n g n w ar ds
o f r as th e w alls of Vi en n
as a T he a.

su cc of hi rm w hich w as u n varied for tw

ess s a s, o

ye r at l st aw ke the dr ming emperor fr m hi

a s, a o ea o s

l mb of ec ri ty an d made h im s licitou s to en
s u ers s u ,
o

t r in t
e n goti ti on
o f r peace
e T he confer n ce
a s o . e s

a d pt d w ith this vie w w r c rri d on by Bye h y

o e e e a e s az

1
H ammer, vol . iv . p . 6 6 4 , gives t is docu ment h at full length .
 ‘
OF T H E P R OT E S I A N T S
'
.

on part of Bocskay and the bishop Forgac h

th e ,

as th re pres n t tive of R dolph

e end termin ate d
a u ,
a

i n a tr eaty of p ce chi fly effe cted by the int r ea , e e

ces i n of th archd ke Matthias Ru dolph broth er

s o e u ,
’
s .

T he more promin nt fe t re of this tr eaty ar as f l e a u s e o

low s 1 I t w provided th at the Protestants h uld

: . as s o

h encef rth nj y en ti re lib rty of religion b eing a

o e o e
, c

knowl dged as the adh rent of a legitimately t

e e s es a

b li hed cree d ; 2 That th p al atine h ou ld b e electe d

s . e s

acc o di ng t o law
r an d th e co n try overn e d by i t u
g , s

con ti t ti on al a t horiti es ; 3
s u Th at estates fal len int
u o

th h an ds of foreign ers mi ght b e ran omed by thei

e s r

o i in al p s essor ; 4 Th t th e king h o ld n ev r r l
r o s
g s . a s u e u e

e xcept in h armony w ith the law s an d c toms of th us e

c untry ; f rther that the t wns ho l d b e restored to

o a ,
o s u

th enj ymen t of th eir pr i il eges an d th e licen ce an d

e o v
,

e x ctions of the f reign troop restrai ned and p unished

a o s .

Thi tre ty sign d in the year 1 606 i s kn w n by

s a ,
e , o

th n ame of th e Pacifi cati n

e f Vienn a I t w ill b o o .
1
e

n th t thi s c mp act w as far fi m ins u rin lib erty

'
o o
see a
g
t Hu ngary th o gh it w as n o small tr iu mph to xto t
o ,
u e r

su ch p mises from bigoted and ob tinate monar ch

ro a s
,

li ing beyond th fronti ers of the cou n try It may

v e .

b obe e d th at Bocsk
ser v
y w h f l t some distr t as t a , o e us o

th e f l filmen t f i ts pr ovi sions fou n d it neces a y t

u o , s r o

have this tr eaty g ar an teed by the tates of A ustri u s a

In th e ar ti cle r eferri ng r eli gion, it i s said i n conclu sion,

1
to
Ver u m omnibus predi ctis statib us et or dini b us li ber reli gi oni s

ipsoru m u sus et ex erci tium permi ttetur : a s b que tamen prae u j .

”
dici o Cath olicae R omans e religi oni s, etc It will eas ily be .

u nderstood that th e bigoted bishop s wer e not slow to avail them

selves of h
t is latter clause, in or der to cover wi t h so me show of
j h
usti cee ir p er t
secu ti ons against th e P r otestants . See H istor i a
Diplomat ica p 1 9 ,
. .
 100 THE T R E A TY OF V E N N A I .

an Bohemia ; b u t th gh g ided by right motives

d ,
ou u ,

h i c n tentin g hi mself w ith th e g u ar an tee f pro

s o o

v inces imilarly oppressed proves the sh llowne s of

s , a s

h i p olitic l in igh t
s It m y how v r b e assu med
a s . a , e e ,

th at h w as h rrie d in to t hi p eace by the s dden

e u s u

death f the vi ier Moh amme d w h w as hi most

o z ,
o s

devote d f i en d amon g th e T r kish gen erals Bocskay

r u .

su r viv d n ly a few d ys th
e o treaty f peace b e had a e o

n cl de d hi s d eath as w a u s e ct ed h avi n g been

co u , p ,
s s ,

cau s ed by p i on A n d if h i h rt car eer pr vented

o s . s s o e

h im f om b comi n g f
r H nga y w h t Willi m f
e or u r a a o

O r nge w f r th liberties f th e Neth rlan d th

a as o e o e s, e

H ngar i ns may still rever e the memo y f a h ro

u a r o e ,

wh f om n d r th e r i n
o, r n d as hes f hi
u e cou n try u s a o s ,

kn w h w to creat a ph al anx of w ar io at once

e o e r r s,

e nth u si astic an d i rr i tibl n d w ho w ith a littl es s e, a , e

more f ambiti on migh t h av pr od c d r

o ,lt t b e u e esu s o e

fel t d i ng many gen r ati n

ur ft r h i ow n d y e o s a e s a .
1

I n con equ n ce f th e p e ce c nclu ded w ith B sk y

s e o a o oc a ,

Ru d lph w s n bl d t f m imil a tr aty w ith th

o a e a e o or a s r e e

su lt n t w hich th l tter p v d the m r i nclin d

a ,
o e a ro e o e e ,

o n cc nt of a b lli n w hich sp d from th re

a ou re e o r ea e

m te t p rt f Pe i t6 the v y g te
o s a o f C on t n ti
rs a er a s o s a

no
p le T h e ne
.
g ci tions f thi t r e ty t o k pl c e
o a t or s a o a a

t h mo th f the ri vu l et c ll e d Z itv ; w h en c it w a
e u o a s a e s

n me d th e t
a ty of Z itva-Torok I ts provision
rea s . s

w r e e as f ll w — Th t e ch party w as to emain
o o s a a r

u ndi t r b d in t he p
s u es i n s i t a t
e l ly h ld ; th t oss s o c ua e a

th e P t w t rec ive from th

or e as mp o r a m f e e e ero su o

d c ts n d t n u nc
u a all pre t n si n s t
,
a o re o e e o o

i T he life and
th is gr eat leader were wri tten b y one
deeds of

called Cso makz y, b u t nati onal negli gence doomed the manus

cr ipt to feed th e mot h .

102 D E A TH OF R U D OLP H .

e veryth ing done in any other mann er shoul d be d e

c lared illegal an d n l l ; 2 That th king h ou ld nev u . e s er

g v
o er n b t by th
u e p al ti n e a n d c ou n cil ao f st t e n d a ,
a

t h at he h oul d n eith er b egin w ar n r br ing foreign

s o

t op s into H ngary and the p ar t ann xe d t h e t

ro u s e re o

w ith o t th e con sen t of t h e tat

u ; 3 Th at th e P o s es . r

t t ants sh o ld enj y p erf ct li ber ty i n th e exer ci

es u o e se

o f t hei r eligi n 4 Th at in f t re the p al atin

r o . h ld u u e s ou

b e e lected by the diet fr m among f ur candid tes o o a

t w o C th olics n d t w P ot estan ts — to b e pr p se d by
a a o r o o

th kin ; 5 Th at th e kin g sh o ld r ide in H nga y r

e
g . u es u ,

n d the c row n b e dep osited in P esb nd ar ded

a
g g r ur , a u

by the tw o crown keepers ; 6 That it h ld b nl w

- . s ou e u a

f l f the Jes i ts to acq ire l n de d proper ty M atthias

u or u u a .

s hortly fte w ar d cq ired lso th crow n of Bohemia

a r s a u a e ,

th e pr ntativ s f th states of w hich r iving at

re ese e o e , a r

Pr sb g n ter d into conf d r acy wi th the H n

e ur ,
e e a e e u

g i
ar a n di e t f r th e mu t al defen ce of th eir lib rties
o u e .

Thu s ab n don ed and d id d by all hi bj cts

a er e s su e ,

a nd h nte d c n tin
au lly by su p rstiti s fe rs Of
o ua e ou a a

vi l nt de th R d lph dr agged u t a dr e y exist n ce

o e a , u o o ar e

w i thin th g l m ey w al l s
oo f hi s p l c an d t l en th
o
g a a e, a

arr i d t th g v hi d p sorrow f h
c e o
( 1
e 6 1 2 ) ra e e t s e or e

dou bl disappointment to which he w as doomed in

e

a lchymy an d in reli gion .

Th s pa sed by nea ly a w hole c n tury over H n

u s r e u

g r
ay in cse i ts fi r s t c o n n e cti on w i t h t h e H ap b u r
g s

n t s —
dy a y a p eriod mark d more r l s by a f l
,
e o e s ou

p licy on the part of th e reigning family — a policy

o ,

indiff ren t to th e me n s by w hi ch it strove to compas

e a s

it en ds an d to impot n t t comman d resp ct Tr

s ,
o e o e . u e,

th e h u e of A u stria f u n d H ng y in a state f
o s o u ar o

n eral conste n ation ; b t i ts terr itory w as at least

r
g e u

fre fr om for ei gn sw ay ; an d it w as only w ith t h

e e
 GE NE RAL R E M A R K S on T H E P E RIOD . 1 03

re ign f the mona ch of thi h

o th t militar y
r s s ou se a

col nie of M s lman t bli hed them elves p m

o s u su s es a s s er a

n n tl
e i n th t kin dom Thi s ci rc m t an c i th
y g a . u s e s e

m re di g acef l t th l ng r ign f R dolph in p r

o s r u o e o e o u a

tic l aru th di pp
,
as an c f th Z polya l ft hi m
e sa ear e o e a s e

w i th t a i l ; n d hi imp oten c e n d tyrann y

ou r va a n s a ca

c on e q u n tly b e n eith e e xc s ed n r p lli t d

s e Unlike r u o a a e .

b ld an d ambitio p in ces th e H p bu rg ff r d
o us r , a s s su e e

t he bo n d i u f H n g y w h ich th y l dly p e
ar es o u ar ,
e ou r

t n d d to p rotec t t sh rin k p r c p tibly f m y ar t

e e , o e e ro e o

ar — th s nd i n g th m l c n t mptibl e i n th
y e , u re s o er e se ve e e

e yes of the peo pl b th by th ir b q io n t th e, o e o se u us ess o e

su lt n an d the cow a dic n d cr elty of their milit y

a s, r e a u ar

le ders I n fact the A tri n mercen ari w m

a .
, us a es er e or e

d n g r s t th c n t y d r ing th e rmi tic i n

a e ou o e ou r u a s es

th ir w in ter q
e r ter th n in time of act
ua l h tili
s, a ua os

ti es . S ch i nt r l of l i r th y nifo mly m
u e va s e su e e u r e

ployed in m king w ar p n the d f nc l ss pop l ti n

a u o e e e e u a o ,

appi n t th v y b ott m th p h y sic l

er n d m nt l e a a
s
g o e o e a

q aliti o n c lf r ying br v and high pirit d

u f es - l ao e se - e , a e, s e

p ple T o r pacity the f eign me ce na i s dded

eo . a or r r e a

e ve y i m ginable in lt to w hich th f m le e is
r a su e e a s x

ca pabl of bein g e po ed R dolph h ow v

e x h s . u , e e r, as as

been en added to the other calami ti r ligi p

se ,
es e ou s er

c ti on
se u l o ; b t th H ng i n Pr t tant n lik
a s u e u ar a o es s, u e

th H g nots f Fran c or th C lvin i t of th

e u ue o e e a s s e

N th e l n d h d n n eighb u ing co nt y t fl t
e r a s, a o o r u r o ee o,

or w h en t xpect h lp nl s f m th e s l t n n d
ce o e e , u es ro u a a

hi j ni ar i
s a This cen tu y f rming o b ight an
z es . r , o s r

e ra f r
g ne
o l E r p e n civili at i n pr v d f r H n
ra u o ea z o ,
o e o u

g y
ar a p i d of ad r t er o
gr e i on w ith n s i g n f e ro ss ,
o s s o

m n tal activity an d sc cely

e mu se t b w ail h r
,
ar a o e e

de p mi fort n s N y the ve y poetic l pr d cti n

e s u e . a ,
r a o u o s

of that ti m as e empli fied in t he p oetry of T in di

e, x o ,
 GE N E R A L R E M A R KS ON THE PE R I OD .

Bl a assa, an d cibly demon trate the absenc

R i mai, for s e

of an yt hi ng lik n ti onal b oyan cy an d vi go r

e a Th u u . e

l t m n ti n d afte h ving fo ght nd r Bocskay

as e o e , r a u u e ,

s b
u qu ntly j ined B thlen w hom he s r ed in th
se e o e , e v e

q ali ty of ec tary Fin l ly the m r f lly to cha

u s re . a , o e u

ra t i
c er z e th t t of soci ty s m di fied by t he H aps
e s a e e a o

bu g le par tic lar mention mus t b e made f th

r ru ,
u o e

f ll w ing tw o f at r es i n th ir p licy
o o e 1 st T he grant
u e o : ,

t m ny of t he m e i n fl en ti l H ngari n n bl s of
o a or u a u a o e

th e ti tl f es o t n d b on ; an d 2dly T h u n cru
cou n a ar , e s

l n omin ation of for i gn ers p ee s f th H n r e u

p u o us e as o

g ar i an l m n mi nati ns pra tis d by R dolph

re a ,
o o c e u

n d er t h pr text th at the H u n ari an n obili ty w

(
u e
g e as

dyi ng u t I) by imple l tt r p t n t an d w ith an

o s e e s a e ,

u t te ign or in g f t h
r th rity f the diet
o e au o o .

With M tthi n era of c mpar ative happin s

a as a o e s

appe ar e d t o d w n pon b n ight d H ngar y B t

a u e e u . u

thi b ave an d h lf libe al m n ar ch s r ign w as t o

- ’
s r a r o e o

sh or t t o b e p d ctive f l ting ff cts A l dy ad

ro u o as e e . rea

va n c d in y
e nd n mar i d M atthi as
e ars , a n lost u r e ,
soo

w ith h i ctivity f mind his liberality f prin ipl e all

s a o o c ,

hi s c a e b in g di e ct d to ec in g f r hi f mily th
r s e r e s ur o s a e

p s i n of hi diff nt kin gdom A s hi br the

osse s o s er e s. s o r s,

Maxi mili n nd Al be t h d n i u e he m de p hi
a a r , a o ss ,
a u s

mi n d t app in t Fer din n d

o or chd k f S tyri hi a ,
a u e o a., s

s cc ess r
u T h e Pr ot tan t of B oh emia th o gh w i th
o . es s , u

g l oo my f rebodi n gs o c n n t d to th e coron ti n ,
f o se e a o o

F din nd in 1 6 1 6 ; this prin ce h a in g tw o ye

er a v ,
ar s

l t r b n lso cr w ned kin g of H ngary ft r

a e , ee a o u , a e

h ving t the peci l q i iti n of th d i t ign d

a , a s a re u s o e e , s e a

r gal dipl ma in w hich he confi rm d all t h

e o ,
n ci n t e e a e

l aw s n d particularly those en acted by hi s pred ces

, a e sor

Matthi as .
106 SU RVE Y on T H E P RE SE NT PE RIOD .

the b tl - h t that mon arch th u ght to exec u te

at e fi eld w a o

from his cove ed g ll ries mar ked the commenc men t

r a e , e

o f hi ign by vent ing hi j es itical r ge on th

s re ur s u a e

descen d nts of H s and Z i ka F rsaken by th

a us s s . o e

L th ran pr inces of Ger many th Boh emian in vi

u e
, e s, r

tu e of t he r ecent confeder acv of P e b u r g appli d t r s e o

,
H ng ry which a w ill b e een in pite of her Tu rk
u a , ,
s s , s

i h col n i s nd A tri n me rcen i

s o e a b ldly t pp d
us a ar e s, o s e e

f th in d f nce f Pr t stan ti m
or e e cting in the b
o o e s ,
a e

g i nni ng of th at great r li i o
g w ar a p r t m ore or l es e us a s

s imilar to th at t k n s bseq ently by th tw p w rsa e u u e o o e

o f the B ltic T he stim l u as w

a . th e c a i n th u s, as se e

day of Bo kay c m f m th m n t in-girt princi

s cs ,
a e ro e ou a

p a lity of T r an y lv an i w h o e pr ese nst l w a, s ru er as

B thlen G ab r (G briel ) elected prin c of T r n yl

e o a , e a s

van i in the year 1 6 1 3 It w ill b e en th at the

a . se

s tr uggl once begu n continu ed in H ngary long afte

e, ,
u r

t he t r c s of the h voc cau s d by th Thi ty Yea

’
a e a e e r rs

W r had dis ppeared from the s rface of the re t of

a a u s

E ur p ; th t r ligio s n d civil lib ty marched han d

o e a e u a er

i n h n d ; th at a in gl cry r i d by a n bl n tion l
a S e a se o e a a

l d r w as ffi ci n t to o e and lead to vict ry

ea e su e r us o a

peo pl k pt in b ond g n d l m t en tir ly e h sted ;

e e a e, a a os e x au

f r th r th at th H psburg kin g
a e , n ver e paring in a s, e s

liber l a su ranc es w hen di t sed t r ned oppres or

a s s res , u s s

w h ene ver momen t y d anger h ad di pp e r ed ; fi n l ly ar sa a a ,

i t w ill b e seen how a nation w i th hu ge pile f , a o

e ver-r new ed pr ivilege w a still do med t ppre

e s, s ,
o o o s

s ion cond mned to lead long v g t ting life d pi ed

,
e a e e a ,
es s

n d h t d by th eir f r i n r u l er an d h mili t d i n
a a e
g o e s, u a e

their w n ey s B t if th e samen ss of th event

o e . u e e s

w hich foll ow and fill p th e w h l e of th seven t en th

, u o e e

ce n tu ry is n t c alc lat d t o e cite in te re t or amu se

,
o u e x s

ment i t derives on the other h an d no common

, , ,
 P O L I CY or FE R D IN A N D . 10 7

a mou nt importan ce from the naked awful tru th

of

w hich it mb odi es e .

T he fir t diet f Pre bu rg of the year 1 6 1 9 held

s o s ,

u n d r F er din an d II
e w as yet sitti ng f ll of j y at th e
.
, , u o

p ofr n d s l mn
u se a u r an c s of t he n ew ki ng w hen
o e ass e ,

t h e r d rs h i
o e e d f r the d m liti n f th
e ss u chur cheso e o o o e

in Br n n an d Klo terbe g i n B h emi a bec me th

au a s r o a e

s ignal f r th e ri of th Bohemi n Pr testan t T heir

o se e a o s.

a ppli c ti n to th e H ngari an Diet wa h w v r at

a o u s, o e e ,

fi rst nti ly negl ct d at Pre b urg

e re Thi n gligenc
e e s . s e e

w s p ar tly c a s d by ome int n l reli io s qu e ti on

a u e s er
g a u s s,

referri n t t h e U it i not in cl d d in t he tr ty
g o n n ar a s, u e ea

o f peac of th e y ar 1 60 6 w hich h ad w or n o t the

e e , u

atten ti on f th t ates
o nd p ci lly by the artifice of
e s , a es e a s

th e pal atin e Fo gach Fe dinand i n the mean ti me

r . r , ,

tr ie d c v rtly t o do i n H n g y w h t w
o e l ady u ar a as a re

open ly att mpt d i n th e re t

e f hi t t ; i
e to e s o s s a es v z ., x

tirp te th e Prot t n ts acco din g to h i

a es a ow t ken t ,
r s v a a

L r tt
o e T he w ork w a b g n by the J su i t th
o. s e u e s, e

so-c ll d j ni a i es of th
a e a z r
e f R om th i gen er al e s e o e, e r

b ing H ng ri n n me d Pa man P ter Pazman

e a u a a a z . e

w as b r n a t oG o -Var d in in th e year 1 51 7 an d w
r ss e ,
as

br ght p a C alvini t A t the ag of fo rte n h

ou u s . e u e e

e mbrace d the C ath lic faith an d three ye r aft r o , a s e

became a Je it H a i ng bs q ntly c pied fo

su . v su e ue o cu r

som y ar th e philo
e e s phical ch air in the emin a y of so s r

Gran P man w as sen t as a mi i n ary by th e p pe

,
az ss o o ,

for th p r po e f con v r tin g th H ngari an Pro

e u s o e e u

t est ntsa H is t l nts an d

. l w r m ch commen d d
a e z ea e e u e

by F dinan d nd gradu lly r i ed him t the arch

er , a a a s o

bish opric of G n dignity f w hich he ren nced

ra , a or ou

his mon ki h o der as th e l aw s f th e co n try xcl d d

s r ,
o u e u e

t he m nk s fr om ll ccle i a tic l dig ni ti

o a Versed in
e s s a es .

th e sch ol astic philosophy su rp as sing in contr oversi al ,

1 08 BE T H LE N S
’
ALLIA NCE WIT H THE

ki ll his Protestan t adversari es,

s Pa man becam z e a

mighty su pport of the j esu itical der ; nd by hi or a s

vast means an d fer vo r a w ll a hi u nremitting u , s e s s

activi ty h e s n su cceeded in alien atin m any p w rf l u

,
oo
g o e

families fr m the P t tant creed an d in propping

o r o es ,

u
p an d c o n so lid ti n
g t h rot ten m ina o f t h Ch r ch e re a s e u

o f Rome I n the diets P m n be t n de t d h w

. az a s u rs oo o

t vi ndicate th ri ght of h is or de ; an d w h n e r th
o e s r e ve e

q estion abo t th xp l ion of th J its w as d

u u e e u s e esu e

b t d he took hi tan d pon the law s of the c ntry

a e ,
s s u ou

a r
g i nu
g t h t as th e Ja , its w re Hu n ari an n obl e
g es u e s,

th ir li berty w c n firmed by th Gold n B ll nd

e as o e e u , a ,

th eref r that th y w re amen able to pu n i hmen t nly

o e, e e s o

after a f ir tri l ; fart hera th at ven admitting th t

a ,
e a

so m J e its viol ted the l w s of the co ntry that

esu a a u ,

w o ld f n i h n o s ffici en t g
u ur s n d for pu ni sh i n
u
g th r ou e

w h le o rd ro H i s book en titl d Kal a

e .
( G i d ) e uz u e ,

w ritten i n c mparative b illi n t H ng i n tyle nd

a o r a u ar a s ,
a

n oted f r i t s l cid xpo i tion f th e con t ov

o u t d p int
e s o r er e o s,

a cq ired f him ddi ti nal f m With th help f

u or a o a e. e o

the reven es derived f m th min eral di trict w hich

u ro e s s,

F rdi n an d pl d at hi di p al a w ll
e ace th e w k s s os , s e as or

ings f hi s cr t coadj tor the ho t- bed Je it

o se e u s, s r ro su s,

as th y w ee call d Pa man ensn ared th w h l

re e ,
z e o e

cou ntry ; n d already w ere heard the complaint f

a s o

t he Pr ote t n t s bj cts s a
g ai n t th eir C ath lic l rd
u e a s o o s,

many of w h m w ere bish op s o Tho w ho c ld fin d . se ou

n opr tection f om the Cr scent fled to Tran yl ani a

o r e ,
s v ,

a n d th s determin e d the Pr te tan t r l

u of thi prin o s u er s

c ip li ty t t ke th e fi ld and make common c us

a o a e , a e

w ith the B oh emi n a s.

Having t k n the fi ld and determin ed to j in hi

a e e , o s

interests w ith th Protestants of the r t of the A e es us

trian empire Bethlen mar ch ed into H ngary ; an d

, u
1 10 F R E DE R I O C RO WNE D K IN G OF B O H E M IA .

more distin ctly at convene d t a diet, soon to b e a

N eu s ohl Bethlen , acco din ly a r ed to a c essation

.
g g r ,
e

o f h ostilities w hich w as thereu pon conclu de d w ith th

, e

A stri an amb as sadors

u .

Shortly aft r war ds wi th the b ginn ing of th e year

e ,
e

1 620 the B oh emians entirely reno nced th i r all

, u e e

i an ce to Fe rdi n an d w h w as h at d in all hi d m i s
g , o e o

n i ns except in th e C th olic Ty ol ; and pl ace d th eir

o , a r

c row n on th h ad of Fr deric Elect r p al tine of th

e e e ,
o a e

Pf l By me ns of this n ew ki ng the Bohemian s flat

a z. a ,

t r d th e mselves w ith pro pects of btain ing a i tan c

e e s o ss s e

f om J ames I of E ngl an d fath er-in-l w to Fr ederic

r .
,
a .

F rdi n nd as might h ave been expected r edo bled hi

e a , ,
u s

activity th ou h n o l ess activity w as displ aye d on the

g ,

part of the confederate Prote t n ts A j oin t mbas sy s a . e

o f t he tates of B oh emi a and A u str i a r epre ent ed by

s ,
s

Kolln Staremb erg and Engel w as soon di p tche d

, , ,
s a

to the S ltan O th man II u w h om Bethlen lik w is .

,
e e

hon o r ed w ith his own env ys T he divan se m d

u o . e e

mu ch moved w ith the description of th c elti e ru es

e xer ci ed by Ferdi nand w h as the Chr isti n am

s , o, a

b sadors intim t d g t ll imagin ble as sist nce from

as a e ,
o a a a

th cou r t f Sp in and th e see f Rome

e o a T h u lt n o . e s a

n decl ar e d f r t he Protestan ts sw earin i n th pr e e

s oo o
g ,

n ce f F r dinan d s amb as sador then i n C onstan ti

’
se o e ,

n o le to affor d all hi s ai d t t he oppressed

p , o .

This ende vour f th Protest nt to insure th id

a o e a s e a

o f the so-call d in fidels w hich c alled forth the an

e ,
a

th ma of many a eal ou s in q i itor an d w as cond mn d

e z u s ,
e e

a lik by sh w d diplomatists and by the phl gmatic

e re e

L ther n prin ces of G rm ny w o l d pr b bly soon

u a e a , u o a

have solv d th w orld-embar ras sing probl m h ad

e e e ,

variou s circu m t nce not contribu ted to destroy it in

s a s

th very embry of i ts exi t n ce

e T have e n ar m d
o s e . o s e e
 POLI CY OF JA M ES I KIN G
. OF E NGLAND . 1 11

Chri tian f natici m w ith its horde of Jesu its and

s a s ,
s

mitre d er vant arr ay d g in st the th en emaciate d

s s, e a a

lines of th long har ass d defen d rs of th Ref m

e
'
e e e or a

tion b cked by the tu rbaned leaders of th e j ani ar ie

, a z s,

w ould it m st b e ow ned h ve be n a most singul

, u ,
a e ar

e vent in hi tory ! A str ng phen menon in truth it

s a e o ,

w ul d h av
o been t h av beheld th banner of th
e ,
o e e e

Prophet u nf l d and probably tri mph ant f r th

ur e ,
u , o e

doctrin of L u ther an d C lvin B t the str ggl

es a . u u e

thu s car ie d on w u ld h ave b een earn t an d h t

r o es s or ,

n ot b e il ed as it s b seq en tly pr v d by idl e con o e

g u ,
u u ,

tests of ch n g ble and e ver- hifting act rs w h o after

a ea s o , ,

having drenched E r p w it h blo d for more th n u o e o a

thi ty y ar s
r n ded the c n test w ith
e ,
e d awn game o a r .

T he l tion f thi E r pean religious q e tion

so u o s u o u s , as

w s anticipated h w v
a f n d it first hin d r n c i n
,
o e er, ou s a e

J m s I w h c nt mplating a S p ni h m r iage f
a e .
,
o, o e a s a r or

hi s n t rn d a de f ear to th e
so ,
u e ntr eaties f hi
a e o s

daughter tho gh to the gen eral in dign ti n of hi

,
u a o s

n ti n
a o T h e n ew
. f th ese event (t h c or on ati n
s o s e o

o f F ed ric i n B oh emi ) say H me

r e n o soon a , s u , er

re ach d E ngl and th an th

e w h ol e ki ngdom w as on fire e

t en e i n the q arr el Sc ar cely w as the ardo u

o
g g a . ur

r ater w i th w hich
e ll th states of E r op e i n f me
a e u or r
g
a es flew t r esc e th e H ly L an d from th
o d omin i n o e
g u o

o f th e in fidel T h e n ti n w s.
y t i nc er ly at a o as as e s e

tach d to th e blood of th eir mon arch

e an d th ey n s, co

s idered th eir c nn ect ion w ith th e p l ati n w ho m

o a e, ar

ri d a d au hte r of E n l n d a very cl n d i n tim t ; a s ose a

e
g g , a e

a n d w h en they h ear d f C ath olics c arryi ng on w ar o s

an d perse c tion i n st Pr t st n t s th ey th o ah t o e a
a
g u s
g , u

th ir
e w n i n t rest de ply concerned an d regar ded
o e s e ,

their n e utrali ty s a b ase deserti n of th cau f a o e se o

G od an d of his h oly religion In s ch qu a l th y . u a rr e e

1 12 R E T H L E N OR GA N I ZE S H I S ARM Y .

w ou ld gl dly have marched to the opp sit extremity

a o e

o f E ur p h ve plu nged th emselves i nto a ch aos of

o e, a

German politics an d h ave expended ll the blood and

,
a

treasure of the nation by maintaining a con test w ith ,

the w h ol e h ou se of A us tr i a Bu t J mes n ot satisfi d ”

. a ,
e

w ith gi i ng n ai d to h i
v n-in - law
o n d w ith forbid s so ,
a

ding hi being prayed for in the ch r ch s by the nam

s u e e

of ki ng did his best t

,
pers ade the s l t n from n o u u a e

gaging in th Bohemian war T he mis ion of Jame

e . s s

t C on t n tinople w as as i s kn ow n en t u sted to Si
o s a , ,
r r

Thoma R oe A S an additional reas on for the Port

s .
’
e s

n ot n i
g g g
e n i n thi
a s w m y b e me nti on e d t he diss enar a

sion in the di v n whi ch ca ed the s dden elevation

a ,
us u

o f Mus t ph instead of O thman

a a .

Bethl n confiding in th e co-operation of the B

e ,
o

b amian an d u n awar of th h elplessn

s, of Fr ederic
e e ess ,

c rried n w ith new vig ur th o g ni tion of hi

a o o e r a za s

a rmy w hich w as daily i n creased by de r ters fr om

,
se

Fer dinan d s camp Hi

’
n a in g dem
g g . n ou nd s e ea r a

chiv lr con du ct even tow a ds his adve ie gain d

a ou s ,
r rsar s, e

for him t h r pect of th people ; w hil h is army

e es e e ,

w hich mo n t d t o n e ly
a u e men cl u ng w ith ar ,

fi lial lov to a comma nd er w ho p romi d t r vive th

e se o e e

r e t d ay
a of th e H u n ad
s
y T h t t r ep e ate dl y es. e s a es
g
pressed him t ssu me th reg l di gnity b t though
o a e a , u ,

ratified by th ese sp on taneou s manif t tion and by es a s,

g
n o mean s u n mbitio Bethl n r esisted th e t mpt tio
a us , e e a n.

F a mor h ppy than th P otest nt w

r e a Fe dinan d e r a s as r

in h is att mpt to g in an lly

e Feeling e e on th
a a . s cu r e

sid of E n l n d h e tur n d to Fr an c e nd asily

e
g a ,
e , a e

ain e d over L o is XIII w h o th o h

u j al ou s of th e
g g .
, , u e

p w er of the Hou e of A stria r e dily j oined th

o s u ,
a e

C atholic leagu In acc r dan ce w ith hi tr ty mad

e. o s ea e

w ith Fer din an d the Fr ench king dispat che d the D k

, u e
 FR E DE R I CK R E TR E A TS FR OM P R A GU E .

j u nction with hi s troops were repeatedly defeated by ,

M ximili n of Bavari a
a a .

T h e B h mi n ki ng destin ed to b c me immor
o e a ,
e o

t li d by h i exe mpl a y negligen ce an d h elpl s n

a ze s r e s ess,

s oon aw Prag e his capit l su rr o n ded by th e

s u , a , u

A u t ian army h in g only w eaken ed n d h lf di s

s r , av a a

o rgan i ed f ce z tr ength n e d by a f w th ou n d
or s, s e e sa

H ngari ns to oppose to th m Whil Maximilian

u a , e . e ,

w h o s p r int n d d th e si en c r d h i m y by s ar
u e
g e e
g e e ,
ou a e

f t of p e son l b rave y F d ick con fin ed hi

ea s r a r r ,
re er s ex e

t i n s to i dl
o disc ion s w ith th mb a d r of hi
e u ss e a ssa o s

f th r-in -l w b in g car cely r sed to a en se f d n

a e a ,
e s a ou s o a

g er by th l o d m u rem f th p upl d c d l r e dy u rs o e eo e, r e u e a a

t d p ir
o es A vaili ng hi mself f a tr u c
a . f ight h o o e o e u rs

ra n t d by M xi m ili n Fr de ick ff c t d hi s s cr t r e e
g e a e a ,
e e e

re tre t from P ag e th s easily ba doning hi n w

a r u ,
u a n s e

su bj ect t th e f ry f a tri mph nt en my Thi r

s o u o u a e . s e

v er e f f rt n e t the B oh emi n m d i t lf soon felt

s o o u o a a e se

i n H nga y S chy n e of Bethl n ble t g n ’

u r . ze ,
o e s a s e e

r al l ng w ith f w th r xp ien ced s ldiers d

s, a o a e o e e er o ,
e

i i
a r n f fi n l s cc s soon l ft th e n ti n al fl
s
p g o a u
g es , e a o a ,

a n d ff d t h ir r ic t F rdin n d El ted w ith

o er e e se v es o e a . a

th icto y f Pr g the e mp er on hi ow n p rt
e v r o a u e, or , s a ,

became op n an d in boldly decl a ing in a man i

e s cer e, r

f sto th t al l hi f mer con firmati n

e a f t he l w
s or nd o s o a s a

r ights f Hu ng y w ere n ll N or c u ld an y w ight

o ar u . o e

h e be n att ib t d to the rep ated o th f a m

av e r u e e a s o o

n a h w h o h d vow ed rath er to b e
rc h i s b r ad fr om e
a
g
v ill ge t ill g th an yi ld to h r ti s Th i t p
a o v a e e e e c . s s e ,

h ow eve of hi acr d m j ty w as fa f om di piritin g

r, s s e a es r r s

th e H ng i an s u B thlen w h c n fid d in his mili

ar . e ,
o o e

t ry kill
a s n d th e ready su pp o t of th e p eopl
a con r e,

tinn d to fill p the lin f his fiery comb tant and

e u es o a s, ,

as if w il ling to Show F er din an d h is d etermi ned defi

 T RE A TY BE TWE E N FE RD IN AND A N D B E T E LE N . 1 15

an ce, assu med the

gal title amid the ppl a es f re , a us o

th e wh ole nati on E ndowed w ith nc mmon acti vity

.
1
u o
,

Bethlen possesse d lik w i se m ch p atien ce H e th e e u .

,
re

fore retreated low ly b f r the en e my as far as K a

, s e o e

sh u th ere c on c n tr ati n g his f rces n d a su min

a , th a s
e
g o e

o ffen siv H is fi rst s cc essf l on set w as again st P alfy

e. u u
,

n ow in th e ser vic e f F e din an d H aft r w a d euo r . e e r s

ed t N eu h a s l Bo oi w h o l o t th e da n d h i
g g a a
q u e
y a uc u ,
s s

lif A fter this vi ct y B thlen divid d hi ar my th

e. or , e e s ,
e

one p art p en etr ati ng i nto Mo vi the oth dashing ra a, er

on to t h A tri an c pit l a cir c m tanc which m d

e us a a u s e a e

Ferdin an d again d iro s of peace Disappointed i n es u .

th e a i st n c
ss h e xpect d f m th e T k
a e e Beth l n e ro ur s, e

likew i d ir d n ccommod tion i n con eq en

se es e a a a , s u ce

o f w hich tr eaty of p ce w as ign d at N i k l bu g

a ea s e c o s r

By th te ms f this t aty Ferdin nd e r o re , a

pledg d hims l f to the t ict obser v n c f th ancien t

e e s r a e o e

l w of th e co ntry n d p artic larly of th p ivil eg

a s u ,
a u e r es

o f th e Prot est n t promi ing b e id a a gen eral am

s, s , s e s,

n s ty ; w hile B th l n r n o n c d th e r g l t i tl e an d
e e e e u e e a ,

s u rr en der e d the c row n t Fer din an d w ho ackn w o

,
o

ledged th Tr n ylvani n p in ce l rd of seven H u n

e a s a r o

g ari an co n ti an d u tip l t d t
es , h i m th e p ossessi n s u a e o o

o f th d chi e f O pp el n nd R tti b or i n Sil i a

u es o It a a s es .

i s n eedl e s to ay th t n ith er th a
s s r nc
,
i n regard
a e e ssu a es

t o th libe tie of Hunga y n r those p ints w hich

e r s r o o

r ef rre d t o Bethl n s ow n i nterests w er e ob ser ve d

’
e e .

Bethl n w h l on ge d in vain t
e , o him lf i nst l l d o see se a e

i n the p s e ion f th e Sil si an d chi e w as in addi

o s ss o e u s,

t i n in du c ed to ne w action by the agon i ing c y of

o z r

the B h emi n o on w h om F er din an d w as e n bl d mo

a s, a e re

1 T he coin str u c k at th at time bore the inscription , Bethl en

electus r ex . H ung Dal Cr oat . . . et Slav .
 1 16 N I CH OL A U S E sT E R H A zY E LE CTE D P ALAT INE .

un distu rbedly to wr ak his f ry in c n e qu ence of the e u o s

late t ty Join ed by a b dy f th T r ks the

re a . o o e u ,

Tran ylv nian p ince took th e field in the year 1 623

s a r ,

t o exhibi t mo vigo r th n in h i first camp aign

re u a s .

Many f rtre held by the A trians now s rr n

o sses us u e

dered t B thl n t the first su mm ns the gr test par t

o e e a o , ea

o f th g rr is n s r llyin g r o n d hi stan dar d

e a o Th
a u s . e

A t i n domi n i n beg n ag in to expe i n c th

us r a o s a a r e e e

ra p ci ty n d de a tati n of his tr p th gh his

a a v s o s oo s, ou

t i mph n t mar h w
r u a v y spe dily t p ove fr itl s
c as er e o r u e s.

T he n ti
co u l ng th A t ian fr nti r chi fly e
es a o e us r o e , e x

p d to th h av c of w r lay w ast nd r i n d th
os e e o a , e a u e , e

inh bit nts b ing c rc ly bl to fi nd the c n ti t

a a e s a e a e s a es

su bitns s e T o the scar ci ty f p r i i on w as add d

ce . o ov s s e

the seve i ty f w in t r w h ich f ced B thlen to r treat

r o e , or e e

a fter an agr e m n t imil t t h p ce of N i kol b g

e e s ar o e ea c s ur .

Thi n w p ace rai d g in th h ads of th bi hop

s e e se a a e e e s s,

t o w h m th death f th P ot st n t pal atin

o e T r o e r e a e u zo

h ad gi n m ch en co agem n t
ve u In the y ar 1 624 ur e . e ,

Fe di n n d c
r a d N i h l E t ha y to b e l ct d
au se c o au s s er z e e e

p l tin m n w ell di p d t enco r ge th p im te

a a e, a a s ose o u a e r a

P m n in hi p s c ting ch eme B thlen f lly

az a s er e u s s. e , u

a live t the l d l am n t ti n
o f th e P ote tant
ou e a o s o r s s,

th o ght it h o w ev
u d i bl to bide hi time A
,
er , a v sa e a s .

f vo
a bl pp rt nity f r gai n ent ring the field
u ra e o o u o a e

s oon ffe d it lf Chri ti n ki ng f D nm k s c

o re se . s a , o e ar , u

eeded in th year 1 6 2 6 i i n i n th combi n ed assi st n

c
g e
g a e

a n c e of Ch l I f Engl nd of the N therl an ds nd

ar es . o a , e ,
a

o f the p in c f B n d nb g
r e o It m y eas ily b e i m
ra e ur . a a

i ned th t th P rote t n t
a lli es did n t n
e se l t t s a a
g , g o e ec o

se uc r e th o-op r ti n f B thl n w ho w s lli ed to

e c e a o o e e , a a

t h p in
e r of B nd nb r
ce
g by h i m r i
ra
g e wi th hi e u s a r a s

i t r Christi ana A cco din g t the plan l id d w n

s s e . r o a o ,

Chri ti an w a to begin his operations in Westphalia

s s ,
1 18 CH ARACTE R OF R E T H LE N .

w t i h Gu stavu s he might have sec ed Hu ngarian , ur

liberty by s mething m r eff ct al than w ritteno o e e u

treaties Tr e th at by his attempting to sec e for

. u , ur

himself i n ad di tion to Tr an sylv ani a l r ge p s

,
ions , a o sess

in H ng ry n d Sil e i a Bethlen b tr ayed both his

u a a s ,
e

ambi ti n an d hi s desi re for se lf- randi m en t B ut

o
gg a ze .

it is on th other h and e id nt that Tran ylv ni

,
e , v e s a a,

r ule d by a p w erfu l libe al prin c e w u ld in itself

o r ,
o

have been a g rantee f r the li berti s of Hu ngary ua o e

Proper Tho gh a e l s Prot st nt Bethl n w s

. u z a ou e a ,
e a

f ee f om any tin ge of th e spirit of p ersec tion

r r He u .

e mployed th ho t d ys of his r eign in promoting ar t

e s r a

a n d scien ce by inviting many eminent men to hi

, s

c n try and by ending o t to the u niversitie of

ou , s u s

Holl nd and G rmany many promi sing yo ths One

a e u .

o f the m t l a ting mon men ts of hi reign w as the

os s u s

est bli sh men t

a f th e R eformed C llege in E nyed a
o o ,

coll ge pr vided w ith a costly libr ry n d wh ich s r

e o a ,
a u

v vi ed to the year 1 84 8 .

Pa man lost n ti me in sei ing th e favou r ble op

z o z a

rt n i t n ow off r d f r th ppr ssi on f th e Pro

e e o
p o
y
u o e su e

t t nt
es a In th e syn ds w hi ch h e c n v ke d all the
s . o o o ,

r c e nt
e n ac tm e ts in f v r f th e Pr te t an ts w re
en a ou o o s e

decl red n ll w hil the p imate in p of f his omni

a u ,
e r ,
ro o

potenc claimed for him lf the first offi cial nk i n

e, se ra

the kin gd m n ext to th e sove eign ; p rovin g fr m

o ,
r , o

so me an cien t statu te his s periority to th p l tin s, u e a a e.

Thi assu mption created discord betw een him an d the

s

p a l atin e th e bigoted E ste h az y

, A s mi hty fe u dal
g r .

l d the bish op s had under their sw ay vast n mbers

or s, u

o f the p eas n try b eing as may b i magi n ed n t very

a , ,
e ,
o

scru p l o s abo t the me n s ad opte d f

u u th e c onversi n
u a or o

o f th eir erfs In th e diet the Protestan t cau se w as

s .

lik w ise dependent on the w ill of a lay C atholi c ma

e
 RA KO CZY DE FE N D S T HE P R O T E ST A N T S . 1 19

jor ity, h
an d, ort time more th an three h u n dr d
in a s ,
e

ch ur ch es w re w r ted fr m th ir Pr te tan t ow ne
e es o e o s r s.

T he cry of th e oppr s d h ow e er oon r d a pr

es e , v ,
s a ou se o

tector in Ge rg Rakoc y I su cce sor of Bethl n in

o e z .
,
s e

T n ylv ni Ferdin nd IL m n w hil di d

ra s a a. a ,
ea e, e

as th e G erman hi stori an M en l says L ike a za ,

n

a
g d ehy n a amid mo l d
e i,
n
g b n n d r i ns u H i er o es a u .
”
s

su ccess r w as h is son Fer di n n d III

o d ing w ho a .
,
ur se

r ei n th C ath lic p rty e cently in cre as d by m n y

o r a
g e a ,
e

p w e f l familie got the f ll c mman d of the diet

o r u s, u o ,

w hich h asten d th e ren ew al f th e w r

e R koc y o a . a z

h vin g b en promi ed th as i t nc f Sw d n w hich

a e s e s s a e o e e , ,

h weo proved aborti e broke int H nga y nd

v er
,
v
,
o u r ,
a

a fte a sh r t camp ign g in st th e A u tr i n gener al

r o a a a s a s,

B cheim an d G iit
u igned t ty z, sw h ich as a rea ,

s al u r n te d t h ci il an d li i lib r ti f ou s es
u u
g , a a
ge e v re e o

H u ngary T h re di ne s of Fe din an d III i n n

.
1
e a s r . co

sen ti n t thi e men t m i n p art b e expl in ed

g a
g o
y s re a a

from th e cir c m tan ce of hi wi h ing to btai n w ith o t

u s s s o u

oppo iti n th e c r n ati n f hi s son Fer di n nd IV w h

s o o o o o a .
, o

w as d e ign at ed ki n in the year 1 64 7

s T h e pl nip e o
g .

t en ti ari f th e E rop ean pow e rs m n w hile com

es o u ,
ea ,

men c d th ei r sittings at O n ab ck d w i ng u p th
e s ru ,
ra e

condition of peace leavi ng th H ng ri n to fight

s , e u a a s

th eir b attl al on e i n th e f ce of the rest f E p e a o u ro e.

I n th e same year Rak y died T he reign of Ferdi n nd ocz . a

IV w as to h r t to exhibit the ch ar ct r and p licy f

. o s o a e o o

th at pri nce w h o w as su cceed d by hi broth er L e p ld

,
e s o o .

S ee L eonar d s R aceml des T r a itez dc pa i rs pa r les R oi s de

’ ‘
1

F r a nce a vec tous les pr i nces at potentats dc L E u r ope, tome

( Tr aitez avec la T r ansylvani e); wher e ar e given two treaties of
R akocz y, one wi th S weden, the other wi th Fr ance T he pu r p ort .

of these tr eaties for th e most p art r efer ri ng to R akocz s own

’

y
interests, are not calcula ted to convey a high idea of his char acter .
 CHA PTER IV .

LE OP OLD I . AND TO KO L I (1655 .

1

PR E V IOU S to his cor n ation at Pre bu rg in the y ar o s ,

e

1 6 55 L opold signed the foll w i ng articl e

, e l t o s - s ,

That he w o ld ob rve the f anchise imm nities

u se r s, u ,

st tu tes ri h t
a nd c toms of th e c o n try ; 2d Th at
g , s, a us u ,

all gri ev n ce sh ld b redr es d in th diet s w hich

a s ou e se e

s ho ld b e con k d t l st once in e ry thr e y rs ;

u vo e a ea ve e ea

3 d Th t the ff i r of H nga y h o ld b t an sact d

, a a a s u r s u e r e

o n ly by H u n a i an s an d th t the H ngari n s h ld
g r o , a u a s u

n ever b e cite d bef re f ign tribu nal ; 4 th Th t c

o o re s , a a

cording t the l t r ticl f the y ar 1 608 the govern

o s a e o e ,

men t of t he f nti r n d o th r ch arges sh ld be con

ro e s a e ou

fid d nly t H n gar i n ; 5th Th t i n orde t o est

e o o u a s , a , r a

blish p ce th eligio ff ir shou ld re m in n t he

ea ,
e r us a a s a o

f ting stabli h d by t h p ifi ti n f Vi nn a an d
oo e s e e ac ca o o e ,

th t n
a n e sh o ld b e di t
o o b d ith by hi maj sty
u s ur e e er s e

r oth rs on acc n t of eli i n ; 6t h Th t hi m e ty

o e
g ou
j r o
, a s a s

s h ld maint ain ll the c nditi n s in regard to the lec

ou a o o e

ti on of the p l ati n e ; 7 th That t h f e tow ns an d

a ,
e re

mou n t in di tricts ( i i t t li be
a s et m t n ) ho ldc v a es r as on a as s u

b e preser ved i n all thei r ights an d liber tie ; 8th Th t r s ,

a

hi maj sty h ou ld n ot b e p rmitt d

s e s n der n
y p e e e ,
u a r

text w h atev to r emove th e c ow n u t f th e cou n

er , r o o

1
Thi m i i f ig b k f q tly w i tt T k li th
s na e s n ore n oo s r e u en r en e e , e

wor d being so pr onounced .

122 M A C H IN A TION S OF T H E JE SU ITS .

o at hs w er f any validity if they ten ded to the disad

e o

vantage of the Roman See They farther agreed that .

a C ath olic r e en t or su bj ect sh ou ld n ever omit an

g
o pp o rt u n ity of pers ecu tin t h e h eretics and exten di ng
g
th e pow er of th e C ath olic ch ur ch T h e Jesu its fet .

t ered so mu ch th e consci en ce of th e e mper or , th at i n

hi s confessions h e div u lge d to th em all his secrets, and
they tri ed to convince hi m th at the tru e chu rch is only
to b e fou n d in th e society of th e Je su its A s regar ds .

Hu ngary, th e aim of the Jesu its w as, to establish in

t ht c
a ou n r t y ab ol
p w r a scheme w hich cou ld
s u te o e ,

n ot b u t fl at t r th e ambiti us d igns of th e emperor ”1

e o es .

This policy on m d i ts l f m n if t by th i ntr d

so a e e a es e o uc

ti n of fr h for ign t roop s w hos o t n ibl obj ct

o es e ,
e s e s e e

w a to mar ch t Tran sylv nia b u t w h a w ill b e ’

s o a o s
, ,

s e n h d noth e p ar t to pe rform
e ,
a a T h e A tri n g
r . us a e

n e al M nt cu li n ot v ry d sir ou s to fi ht the T k s
r o ecu
g ,
e e ur

in Tr an yl n i s s on r treat d to Upp
va a, Hu ngary
o e e er .

Fin ding the p pul ti n h t th ir g te b ef re hi m

o a o s u e a s o ,

h m ch d t L ow er H ngary w h ere he a i t d th
e ar e o u ,
ss s e e

bi h p in th eir p r c tions f the Prote t nts L e

s o s e se u o s a . o

p old being in w n t f new b idies c nv ked th

,
a o su s ,
o o e

diet in th year 1 66 1 T he Pr t t nt p rty in

e . o es a a

ve igh d l dly g in t the y tematic opp

e ou a a in f s s s r ess o o

t h eir c -r li ion i t
g o w
e h o b esides b in r obb d
s s
g ,
f th eir ,
e e o

ch rche an d cho l w ere exp d to sy t matic in

u s s o s, ose s e

su lt and cr lty Their voice how e er w as pow e

ue .
,
v ,
r

le s in th diet from w hich they accordingly w ithdrew

s e ,
.

T h gr nd vi i r meanw hil
e a march d n t Gran
z e , e, e o o ,

cr ssed the D anu be and after a i ge of a month

o , ,
s e ,

1 G eb h ar di G esch des R eich H amyan a, B u ch 34 , p 5 2 8

. . .

In thi s p rincip ality two candidates for the su pr eme r ule r ose

in ar ms against eac h h
ot er ; th e one, na med A b afi, was su p

ported b y the Porte ; th e oth er Kemeny , b y L eopold .

 PE RSE C U TION OF T H E PR O TE STA N TS . 1 23

du ced the for tr ess of Neuh au se L eo o , owe er, v l . p ld h

p ti g by
r ofi n the ne gli c
g en e of the vi i i t d
z er, w h o, n s ea

of mar chi g
n u
p to Vi d p t
enn a, after w ar s s en h i i
s t me

i ki i h c c t t d
in dl e s rm s es, on en r a e a lar e arm , w g y hich
soon afte r gain ed a ign l vict ry over the T u ks t
s a o r a

St G tth ardo Thi w uld h ave been th ti m s o e e

fo r t iking a still mor decisive blow and f r th

s r e ,
o e

c mplet repu lse of th e T rks B t n o sooner h d

o e u . u a

L eopold lear ned the new s f thi s u ccess th an he h as o s

ten d t c on clu de a p eac e

e o Its chi f provi sion . e

th at T ansylvania sho l d b e evacu ated both by th

r u e

imperial an d th e T rkish troops that in H ng r y

u ,
u a

matters sh ou ld rem in in t tu q a th at th emp r r

a s a u ,
e e o

sh o l d b e per mitte d t o erect

u f r tress on th e V ag a o ,

and th at after th e r ati fi c ati n of th e peace i n C n o o

st an tin 0 le h e sh ou ld en d to the S u ltan a pr e en t f s o

p ,
s

florins C on id ering th at in ad dition to th eir

. s
,

o ld p os es ions the T rk s n ow g i n ed G ros

s s , u r d in a sva e

and Ne h u sel s ch a p e ac
u a ,co l d n t as may be s p
u e u o , u

pos d b e sati sfactory eith er to th A u trian p arty in

e , e s

Vienn r to the Hu ngar ians I n f ct this peace

a, o . a , ,

besides being l ooked u p n as di g acefu l w as the more

o s r ,

o dio for having been signed w ithou t the p articipa

us

tion or v n k now ledge f th

e e H ngarians Whil o e u . e

the T ks spread devast ti

ur in th o e di stricts th ey
a on s

r cen tly acqu ir ed the bi h op

e ,
availi ng th em els s f s, s ve o

t he gen er l const ernati n in cre

a d i n confiden c ;
o ,
ase e

the ar chbi h op Selepc eny sen din g ou t h is J

s s its e su

acc mp an ie d by armed for ce s to commen c e th e g eat

o
,
r

work of conver ion A t th t t i me h owever man y of

s . a , ,

th t party w ho had blindly f ll w ed the Ferdinand

a o o s,

became diffident of the policy of L eopold With Bo .

b emia before their eye th temp r l lor ds began to

s, e o a

suspe ct th at the army empl oyed to su pp ress the Pr o

,
124 PE R S E C U TI ON OF T H E P R O T E S TA N T S .

t t wou ld finally b e u se d for the u bversion of all

t es an e s

t he ins tit ti on s of th
u co nt y an d th y cc rdingly
e u r ,
e a o

ass me d
u p siti n hostile to A u st i and the bi hops
a o o r a s .

T h h ad of thi s n tion al p rty w e e the p l tine

e e a a r a a

Ve eleny Peter Z iny th e Ban of C roati

s ,
r an d N a a, .

dasdy th e chi f j tic e

- H vi ng the comman d of
e us . a

t ops w h ich th y h d led gainst the T ks Z riny and

ro e a a ur ,

N ad sdy pr p red t
a e se th ir for c s f r th
a defenc
o u e e o e e

of th eir c nt y r i ht s Th i ch eme h ow e v r at
’
e r e ,
ou
g r s . s ,

on c e pr v d borti e and tragic in its re ul ts ; an d 1

o e a v s

th e so- call d con piracy of th ari tocr ts affo ded

e s es e s a r

the e mp r r a p r text for e ntir ely aboli hi ng the

e o e s

cien t con st it u ti on f H n ga y T he pri nce A mp igen

o u r . r ,

knight of the T t n ic rd r w a n amed Vic y ; and

eu o o e , s ero

the diet w as p d d by a c n s l nominated by th

su erse e o u e

e mper or L p ld easily pe s d d by th bishops

. eo o ,
r ua e e

t h at th e l as t tr bl s proc eded fr m the Prot tants

ou e e o es ,

n cou ra ed th ir p r ec ti n eal T h e p r imat z e

e
g ge e s u .

S l p s ny est bli h d acc r dingly a high t ib n l t

e e c e a s e o r u a a

Presb urg s mmoning the Prot tant gent y and clerg

,
u es r

t app r b f e his J e u iti cal j dg

o ea e or M re s u es o

th n 200 L th n nd 7 5 C lvi ni t mini te made

a u e ra a a s s rs

th ir appearance at Pr b rg nd w e rder d t
e es u ,
a re o e o

make th ir ch ic mong the three f ll w ing proposi

e o e a o o

t i on s — l st T o r nou n ce th eir fu n ctions ; 2d T o ac

, e ,

1
V eseleny died soon after th e sc eh me was formed ; and the
r est of h is co mrades were betr ayed . Z riny, who w as in posses
si on of afortress , r efused to surrender , and defied th e thr eats of
th e emp er or , b u t yielded at last to the overtu r es of Prince
Lobkowi tz , ch ancellor of th e emp eror , who promi sed him full
pardon, and even new favou rs B oth he and his compani ons .

w er e, however , in spite of th e r emonstr ances of th e H u ngari an

S tates, br ought before a for eign cour t —
marti al , accu sed of high
t reason, and sen enced t to death ( 1 6 7 l ).
1 26 E M E RI C TO KO LI DE FE N DS THE PR OTE STAN TS .

Protestants awoke even the most indiflerent monarchs '

of E u rop e ; w hile some w h o w r old at Napl es fo e e s r

all y- l v s r c ver d their liberty by means of th e

g e s a e , e o e

D tch dmir l J hn de H a n
u a a o e .
1

A siste d by A p fi ( r A b afi) prin ce of T r an syl

s a o ,

vani th P te tant rose in arms and soon f u nd an

a, e ro s s , o

earn e t nd d vot d le der i n E me ic T ii kiili

s a e e a r

B id military talent s T 6k61i w as n ot d for hi

es es , e s

liberality and t tt ch ment t th e Prot t n t f ith

ru e a a o es a a ,

a s w ell s for h is r h e t rical pow e

a an d h is accom o rs,

p li sh m n ts a e li n ui t
g N o s
s n er w as h e ch osen
a s . oo

co mman d -in-chi f th n h j stifi d the hope that

er e , a e u e s

h d been f r med of him

a o With a sm ll b t d te . a u e r

mi n d army T iikiili dr ve the imp ri list from Upper

e ,
o e a s

H ng ry and on after appe ed b fore the gat s of

u a , so ar e e

P bu g L opold pecting th cret n eg tiation s

res r . e , su s e se o

o f L o i X IV w ith th e malc n ten ts an d u n abl to

u s . o ,
e

o pp T 6k61i re l ed p n mmoni ng th di t
ose ,
so v u o su e e .

T he diet c di ngly met at Pre b rg in th e y a

ac o r s u e r

1 68 1 ; b t in c nseq n c u f a pl g w hich b k
o ue e o a ue ro e

ou t in th at city i t w a t r n f rred to O den b ur g ,

s a s e e , a

t ow n c ll d in H ng ri n S pron
a e T he emp ro u a a o . e r

p ov d v y liberal ; th ffice of vic r y w d cl d

r e er e o e o as e ar e

a b li h d an d a palatine w as nomi n ted in P l

o s e , a au

E t h y ; th mp r r confi ming t th me tim

s er a z e e e o r a e sa e

a ll the c nditi ns on w hich h h ad b n el cted T h e

o o e ee e .

mor con siderate of th n ati n al p rty h w ver w er

e e o a ,
o e ,
e

n t c arr i d
o w y by this app
e a n c e of lib r ality b t
a ear a e , u

w r d te min d t fight o t the b attl

e e e r e Disapp inted
o u e. o

p
of L eo old, as a piou s and graci ous monarch , and see m to b e mu ch
shocked at the alli ance of the H u ngar ian Protestants with the
Turks R ycau t however has never enjoyed any repu tation for
.
, ,

profound insight .

S ee A pp endix and H istori a Dipl p 6 8

I
.
,
. .
 T CKCL I S TR E A TY WI TH P OR T E 1 27
’
TH E .

by the ki ng of France who after th e treaty of Nime ,

gu en fo g t the promises w hich his mbassador th e

r o a ,

Mar qu is f Betho n h ad made to the Hu ngarian Pro

o u

testants T iikiili applie d to the Por te with w h om h

, ,
e

c nclu d d in 1 683 a treaty embracing th foll w in g

o e , , e o

c on di tion s — 1 T iikiili to b acknowl dged prin ce o f

. e e

H ungary the right f election r verting to the n ation

,
o e

after hi d ath ; 2 T he sul tan to leave intact all the

s e .

a nci en t lib erti es f H nga y n d defen d th e m w i th

o u r ,
a

al l hi s fo ces ; 3 T o c on cl de n
r peace w itho t their
. u o u

knowledge and t resto e them all the places occ pied

, o r u

by his tro ps ; 4 T he Hu ng i ns to nj y libe ty of

o . ar a e o r

commer ce through ll the Tur kish d mini ns n d a o o ,

a

their amb assado to receive th ame honou rs accord d

rs e s e

t o th ose f th e cr w n ed mon rchs of E ur ope ; 5 T h

o o a . e

a nnu al su m to b e p aid to th P rte n ev r to exceed e o e

d cats A mor e advantageo treaty co ld

u . us u

scar cely h v be n i magined especi lly w h n i t is

a e e , a e

taken in t consideration th t ingle extorti ns of the

o a s o

A u str ian ge neral h ad equ l led th e u m promis d t

s a s e o

the s ltan u L eop old how eve kn w how to r is

.
,
r, e a e a

ai n t a tr eaty w ith th -call ed fo of Chr i ten

cr
y ga s so e e s

dom ; cry w hich w as t e-echoed by the pop and t k n

a e, a e

aft r h im by th H u n ar i n bish p w h o h u l ed
u
p e
g e a o s, r

their an th emas against T iikiili as an lly of th i nfi

a a e

dels and thu s su cceeded in ali enating a p art of h i

,
s

C atholic w arriors .

A Tur ki sh ar my u n der the comman d f th e gr n d

. o a

vi ier C ara Mustaph a soon marched int H ung y ;

z , ,
o ar

the su ltan him elf M hamm d IV acc mp nyin g th

s ,
o e o a e

for ce as f r as B elgr de r tu rni ng th en ce t his h ar m

a a
,
e o e .

T he vi ier afte r c ssi ng the S ave led hi

z , ro rmy to t h , s a e

fortr ess of E ssek n d th ere aw aited T iikiili wh o s on

, a
,
o

arrived In his presence th vi ier called a co ncil f

. e z u o
 T OK OL I S SPE E
’
128 CH .

w ar, i n or d
decide w hether it w o l d b more ad
er to u e

vi sabl e to mar ch ri ht n t o Vi nn a or fi st to dr ive o r

g e ,

the A s tri an s fr om th pl ces th y cc pied in H n

u e a e o u u

ary T O k O li b ei n c all ed p n to give h is opini n

g .
g u o o ,

deliver d hi s nti men t as f llow s

e s e
‘
T th e w h o s o ,
o os

en a i n e t n der taki n m o t i n vin cible i i

g g e
g gr a u e s, s v z r,

th reethi ng b l u t ly n ec s y for th x c tion

s are a so e e s ar e e e u

f t h i d i g n — m n y m n n d b l l r
o r e s o es
e e o e a
p , ,
a , a v , u

d n e th
ce, dir ctr e f ou r cti ns e With the first
ess o a o .

th ldi r ar t b e n co raged nd f eign rs brib d ;

e so e s e o e u , a or e e

w ith th c n d the n my i t b e ro ted nd all b

e se o e e s o u a o

t les emoved ; nd by the l as t th t

s ac r a
g r at ar dour , e oo e

incid nt to h oic mind is to b m der ted There

e er s e o a .

a r e tw o e xpedi ti n p p sed to the Ottom n soldiery

o s ro o a ,

b th eq ally gl ri s b t not eq lly p acticable and

o u o ou , u ua r

a d t g us t the mpir i th sieg f Vienn a

v an a eo o e e, v z ., e e o

n d th e c n st of th w h ole of H u n ry My h
a
q o ue
g e a . O

cti n t h f m m n r lly se m b d b
je o t o
y g e or er u ta e e a e a s ur ,

n t t
o th os w h th or
o
g ehly nd toan d t h i t outi on u e rs e s ua

o f E p n ff i m ch les t the w i o ncil b

u ro ea a a r s, u s o se c u e

f re w h om I d liv r my s n ti m nts
o e Vi n na i t o
e e e . e s o

re m t ; b f r e chin g it yo m t p a th r gh th
o e e o e r a , u us ss ou e

n my c ntry in m ny pl c d f n d d w ith ga i
’
e e s ou ,
a a es e e e rr

so n d c a tl s
e I f by th e b rave y of th g ris n f
s e . r e ar o o

Vi nn the si g h ll be prolonged th O ttoman

e a e e s a , e

In this speech th e r eader may see th e perplex ity in whi ch

1

T okOli fou nd himself at this ju nctur e H is dis su ading th e p ash as .

from mar ch ing pon Vi enna might have easily ex posed him to
u

suS pi ci ons clandestm ely sp read b y the A u str i ans which might ,

have cost him hi s life H i s task therefore was to prove the di s

.
, ,

advantages of a si ege of V ienna and at th e same ti me to Op en ,

to th e p ash as p r osp ects of oth er plu nder an d tr ophies This .

sp eech will b e fou nd a masterl p i m n f m nt t i n

y s ec e o ar gu e a o ,

cou ched in lan ua e admir abl fitted to tell u pon the vizier and
g g y
his p as has .
1 30 WA R WITH AUS R A T I .

done obstr u cti ng for two ages your victories now

, ,

w illingly su b mits to you r law s an d ear nestly su es for ,

your assistance T he greater part of this ki ngdom .

f llow s my b anner ; the re t su bj ect to the tyrann y of

o s ,

t h e G erman emper r w its only for an opportu nity t o , a o

s how h w w eary it is of hi s yoke

o T iikiili then goes .
”

on t hold ou t the most en cou raging prospects to th

o e

p arties pict ing to them h ow easy it w ould b t t k

,
ur e o a e,

i n a single campaign Ger many and th e r st of E rop ,

e u e,

i f th A t ri an w ere once expelled from H n gary

e us s u .

T he oratory f T OkOli w as h w ever o n s cce f l ,

o ,
u u ss u .

T h ambitious vi ier h ad con ceived the design of e

e z s

tab li shi ng a n ew w ester n empire f r hi mse lf an d re o ,

so lved to sacrifice the interests of his master to his

rson al m biti on H e accor dingly led his ar my on
p e a .

t the gates of Vienn a

o .

It w ld be su perflu ous here to narrate the even t

ou s

o f thi s long si ege T h e negligen ce w ith w hich

the ope rati on w re carrie d on en abled th e emp eror t
s e , o

a vail hi m elf f the arms f the Poles Sobieski th

s o o .
, e

v ali ant ki ng f Pol and a i ted by th e p in ce of L oth

o ,
ss s r o

r ingia drov th e T rkish h ost

,
eis w ll know n fr om u ,
as e ,

t he w ll of t h A ustri an capital and p u rsu e d th eir

a s e ,

rou te d masse i n to th heart f H ngary T he imp

s e o u . e

r iali sts in p r s ing th e enemy soon re du c d Gran

, u u ,
e , a

tow n n ar Pesth which had b n held by the T rk

e ,
ee u s

fr m
o th an hu ndred nd fifty years T he king f
or e a a . o

Poland u nw illing to fight l ng in Hu ngary took

,
o er ,

hi w ay h ome
s Cha l f L oth oringi after h aving
. r es o a,

as su med th chief command di pl yed his militar y

e ,
s a

S ee Cantemir s H istory of the Ottoman; E mpi r e, Par t i i ,

’
.

p 300 Thi s au thor assert s, on the authori ty of Ibrahi m

. .

p ash a and others, that T 6k61i deci dedly opposed the si ege of
Vi enna .
 PR OGR E SS OF T H E WA R . 13 1

s kill by th e captu re of Neu hfiusel and other towns in

the year 1 684 T he su ccess of the campaigns of th ese
.

t w o years w ere h ow ever far from t u rni ng th scal e in

, ,
e

favour of L eopold B u da the centre of Hungary as

.
, ,

w ell as l arge por ti ons in L ow er H un ary an d th e

g
sou th er n di stricts w ere still in the possessi on of th e
,

T urks w h o maintained th e mselves also in T r ansyl

,

vania T iikiili ever confident of his cau e had at hi

.
,
s , s

command l most all th e pop lation of Tran sylvania as

a u ,

w ell as th e peopl e living al on g th e Th eiss most of th e m ,

Prote tants
s .

T he cour t of Vienn a seemed at fi rst resolved to relieve

itself of the Hu ngar ian leader ; and steps w re taken to e

persu ade the Seraskier Seitan of T Okiili s hostile ,

’

feelin gs tow ards the Porte T he A us tr i n general . a ,

C ar affa soon s cceeded w ith the aid of presents in

, u , ,

convincing the Seraskier of T OkOli s guil t Under som ’ '

. e

pretext he was invited by the Seraskier to G ros Var s

dein w here he w as sei ed and sent prisoner to Con

, z

st antiD O le B u t n o sooner w ere the raptu r es ove

p . r

w hich had been caused at the cou rt of Vienna by th e

su ccess of thi intrig ue than T iikiili j u sti fied himself

s ,

before the su l t n w ho soon gave him his liberty an d

a , ,

caus ed th e corr pt Seraskier t b e strangled

u o .

T he A us trians com manded by general Schu lt

, z,

meanwhile gai ne d new adv ntages by the redu ction a

of th e towns of K ash a an d E eries pl aces w hich

p u ,

formed th e cen tral qu ar ters of th e Protestants Ha . v

i ng r et r ned to Hu ngary T iikiili th o gh findi ng a

u , , u

large part of his combatants fighti ng u n der the banner

of E rdody Ban of C roati a an d oth er magn ates i n con
, ,

cer t with t he A u str ian gen eral s again r ai se d th e n a ,

tional stan dar d I n his mani festo in w hich the sorr w

.
, o

ful state of th e coun try w as depicted T OkOli spoke ,

 1 32 PR OGR E SS OF T H E WA R .

thus in re feren e c perial promises an d hi

to the i m s

alliance wi th the T ur ks T h e mp ror I hear off r : e e , ,

e s

yo u am n es t ies l Be w ar o f p ro m i ses w hi che w ill n e r

,
ve

be fulfilled and w hich if y

, acc pte d w o ld b e e qu i
, ou e ,
u

valent to acknow l d ing yo se lves gu il ty A r e you

g e ur .

not aware wh e n e all t he miseri es th t h ve b f lle n

c a a e a

ou r cou n try ori in ated ? D o ou not k now th t ll a a

g y
the pl agu es of ou r r li i u s di sensions h ave come from
g e o s

th e A us tri an pri n ces ? Or h ave you already f g t ten or o ,

th at Ferdin and I p r mi d t Solyman on d llar fo

. o se o e o r

the h ead of eve y Hu ng i n ? We are accu sed f

r ar a o

having implored th assi tan ce of the infidels Th at is

e s .

true ; b t we have done no act to w hich hi t ry does

u s o

not furnish man y p arallel From th Sc ipt res s. e r u

w e learn that th e p ple of G od u nite d r pea t dly

, eo e e

their arms wi th thos f id l tr us prince I n m e o o a o s. o re

modern times b oth t he b ranches of the Hou se f

,
o

Hapsb rg the Span i h and A u strian have entered

u , s ,

into different alli nce with i nfidels ; w hile not long

a s

a o th e Pol es avai l d th mse lv f t h T ar t s in th eir ar

g e e es o e

w ars w i th the S w d n d Mu s covi tes In con cl

”
e es a . u

sion T Okiili poin ts u t h is vas t st te s in Pol n d w her e

,
o e a a , ,

as h e in ti mated h c ld live at pe fect e e dis tant

,
e ou r as ,

from all th e h ard hip s nd miseri es of w ar if it we re

s a ,

not for th e te ars f hi s co n try men w hich ind ce h im

o u ,
u

to attempt th eir delive ance by for ce of ar m r s.

Charles of L oth ingi n w prepared for the si ge

or a o e

of th e H nga i n c pi t l B d a
u r a a T he T ks s tain e d
a u . ur us

a h eavy can n on ade fo t w o month r B t t h ei e s. u r x

ectati ons of rec ivi ng cc r b ein

g di app oint ed i n
su ou s
p e ,

consequ ence of th in te c ption of the l tt rs w hich

e r e e e

t he p ash a of B da h d s nt t t h e oth r Turki h g n

u a e o e s e e

rals in H u ngary th ey w er e at l ast expelled from th i

, s

lofty stronghold which th y h d k pt for 14 5 years

,
e a e
134 B U T C H E R IE S OF CA R A FFA .

ere cted in the centre of this place ; and this mock

co ur t con sisting of low -
, bred foreigners soon began its ,

se ntences A common prostitu te of th e name of Eli a

.
,
z ,

acted as p rose cu tor w itness an d j u d e ; and th e se n

g , ,

te nc s th u s p as ed fu rn ishe d t o thir ty h angmen for

e s ,

th e most p art Span iar ds w ork for si x month s A mong ,

.

th e first victi ms w er e the memb ers of th e tow n coun cil ,

as Z immer man R anch er K tzer B ar an ay w h o w ere

, , e , ,

soon followe d b th ers Premi u ms w ere aw ar ded f r th e

y o . o

i nv ntion of new tortu res w hich consisted in w h eling

e
,
e ,

q arteri ng flaying and the compression of the h ad

u , ,
e

w i th an iron h oop so as to make the e es bu rst ou t ;

y ,

It w as a sad time f r H un gary this year of 1 68 7 and o , ,

down to th prese nt d y do the Hu n gar ians shrink at

e a

th e ememb ran ces f th e b tch eries of E pe ies

r It i s o u r .

tru the emp eror n ow an d th en granted p ar don to the

e

acc sed
u thou gh that generally h appened after th
,
e

victims had been already execu ted T he C our t of .

1

between the H ungarian malcontents and

T h e only congress
the emper or (says th e au thor of the S ié cls do Lou l V in hi s .

hasty annals of E urope) is a scaffold ; it was erected in th e market

place of E per ies in the month of M arch 1 6 8 7 and kept standi ng
, ,

to th e end of th e year If some of th e contemporary hi stori ans

.

ar e t o b e b elieved th e ex ecuti oners were weary of sacr ificing th e

,

vi ctims whi ch wer e withou t much distincti on deliver ed u p to

, ,

them A ntiqui ty cannot match a massacr e so long and so terr ible ;

.

th ere have been equ al severi ti es b u t none of su ch continu ance , .

H umani ty does not shu dder at th e nu mbers that fall in b attle ;

i t i s common they di e s wor d in hand and are revenged ; b u t for
, ,

ni ne long months that people should see their countr ymen

,

dragged as it wer e legally to Open bu tchery must b e shocki ng

, , ,

to hu man nature and so bar barous a sigh t as to fill th e soul with

,

horror That which is more terrible for the people (adds the
.

same hi storian) is that these cru elti es sometimes su ccee d ; and

'

th e su ccess of them encourages tyrants to u se men like Wil d

beasts ”
.
 D I ST R E SS OF T H E PA TR I O TS .

Vienna f llow ing the p licy obse v d i n regar d t

, o o r e o

H yn a in t he year 1 84 9 pr ten de d t o con d mn th

a u ,
e e e

deed of Caraffa and to re move him fr m hi p t

s
,
o s os ,

thou gh he w as oon afte rw ar ds f vo r ed w i th a mar

s a u

s hal b ton T h pe ple w ere par aly ed w ith horr or

’
s a . e o z .

A b afi II p ri nce of Tr ansylv n i w as in th e h an ds of
.
, a a,

the e mperor t he Tu r ks w ere in ti mid ted an d many

,
a ,

a mong the most in fl en tial aristocr ats w re figh ting u e

u nder th e A strian s tan dar d D e olation and desp air

u . s

s eemed to be the only el m n ts of society ; th ough e e a

s ingle act of fe male pat ioti sm and b ave y howed that r r r s

the e w ere yet tru e hear ts in th e Magyar land

r .

T he con sort of T iikiili by name H le n an d w idow ,

e ,

of Rakoc y her fi rst h u sb an d surro nd d a

z sh e w s u e s a
,

in the smal l for tre s of Mu nkac despised the threats s s,

of the A str i an besi eger s boldly re fu in to u rren de r

u
g ,
s s

th l ast pl ace held by the p trioti c a my

e Even T O a r .

kOli flying from place to pl ac e an d nassi ted by th

, , u s e

T rks f lt nco raged by th e e mpl of hi wi fe

u , e e u xa e s .

T h e n ational flag w avi ng n th e ampar ts of M nkacs

,
o r u ,

looked amid the en dl ss desolation to the eye of th

,
e , e

w an dere lik a p al m-tree in the w ilderne

r e ss .

C araff w as still prono ncing his sen tenc es w hen

a u ,

L eop ld su mmoned some of the n obles to Vien n a w ith

o

th view o f informi ng the m f hi d ete rmin tion t

e o s a o

ren der Hu n gary a h er di tar y ki n gdom T h e p al atine e .

,

Pau l Est ha y in hop es of receivi ng the title of

er z ,

prince of Germany and P l S echeny h p f l of ,

au z
,
o e u

soon obtainin a bi shop ic readily agree d w ith th e r

g ,

e mperor I n th sh eer est w antonness L op ol d s m

. e , e u

mon d a di t at w hich he info m d the St t s of h i

e e , r e a e s

i nte nti n It may easily b e imagined that u n der s ch

o .
, u

cir c umstances the emperor did not meet w ith mu ch

,

o pposition and that the representati ves assembled at

,
1 36 JOSE PH C R OWN E D R IN G OF H U N G A R Y .

Presbu rg ackn ow le d
g d th e h re dit r y ig h t e e a r

of b th th o male branche of hi h se to th H nga

e s s ou e u

ri an c wn Joseph I th e eld t son of L opold

ro . es e
.
, ,

w as cc ordin ly c r w n ed kin of Hu n ar
a t h w
g g g y no o , o

ev r en til hu h d taken oath to prese v in vi l te ll

e a r e o a a

th e l w s of t h c
a nt w i th th ol e e xc p ti n of t he
y e ou r , e s e o

3 1st rticl f th e G old n B ll by w hich as i kn wn

a e o e u , ,
s o ,

th n oble w re e mp w ered to take r ms a ai n st th ei

es e
g o a r

ki ng h l d hi g e nment be at ri nc w ith the

,
s ou s ov r va a e

s pi it f the H ngari an ch ar ter T he brog ti n f

r o u . a a o o

th i m ch b a ted rt icl w
s u deeply lame nt d by th
o s a e as e e

S t t c n n d B t a still g e ater mi f rtu ne aw ited

a es o ve e . u r s o a

th m ; f r th y w re t
e o o n to e pe i nc th t the
e oo s o ex r e e a

ro y l ncti n ac d d t th e th r ch pters of the

a sa o cor e o o e a

c od w e b t n idl promi se I nd d it i u p i ing

as u a e . ee ,
s s r r s

to fin d the H nga i an l gi lat rs so d ply reg et t he

u r e s o ee r

a rb og ti n of the 3 1st ticle nd n t

a o th at w h t ar , a o see a

th y deplored w perh p one of th m t fli msy and

e as a s e os

ill-c n ce ived m ng the e nti al provi ions f the H un

o a o sse s o

g i
ar an C
p J n Di
or c ont n t
us r oppr e ion w ill
a
'

s. s e o ss

m k a pe pl ri w i th o t pr e ious ly g anted p rmi

a e o e se u a v r e s

s ion ; w hil th w itt n l w c n on the oth r han d

e e r e a a , e ,

ne en s re
v er cc to th o w ho ri e in arm Crom
u su ess se s s.

w ll sh tt e d t he c av ali
e a er w ith t the p r missi on of ers ou e

M gna Ch t
a w hil th e s me dyn a ty w hich that
ar a e a s ,

Pr otector overthrew w as seen j st at the ti me J os ph , ,

u e

b g n his reign i n H ng ry to be p e cipitated from

e a u a ,
r

i ts th rone secon d ti me i n pi te f writt n ch ar ters

a , s o e .

T OkOli v r h pef l an d nbr ok n tri d to aw ake n

,
e e o u u e , e

an d in spire th bl eedin g p pl e by a new procl m

e eo a a

tion and did hi s b est t g th m to last eff rt w hich

,
o ur e e a o ,

he h d ea on t thin k w o ld b sec n ded by th e new

a r s o u e o

s l tan S ly man II
u
“
oH ng ian ! my nemi pread . u ar s e es s
,

th e repo rt of my death ; b t I tell yo th at I am y et u u,

1 38 T OR OL I
’
S M AN I F E ST O .

e n ou gh an empire w hi ch even if tripped of all it

, ,
s s

E uropean pos essions w ill still h ve at its command

s , a

t w o oth er par t of th e l obe Do n t b elie ve th at

s
g . o a

s ingle str oke w ill s ffi ce to lay pro trate th e empir e f

u s o

th e E a t Y s r nemies w h o daily r peat th at to

ou e e
.
y u , o ,

w ell kn ow the fal sity of w h at th ey tter and th eref r u , o e

do th y sp are th last drop f yo r blo d

e e o u o .

H v y u forgotten all th e m ssacres of y u r n

a e o a o e e

mies ? I s th er e any among you w ho can bo st of a

havin g lost n either a par nt a brother or a ki nsman e ,

dur ing th mas cres of Car ff ? A re you not awa

e sa a a re

t h t to hi cr u elty this gener l added ra pacity an d

a , s , a ,

that Widows and orph ns w ere by his command trip a , ,

s

d
e n aked ? Y ou kn w all th at ; an d ar e n ot i nor n t
p g o a

th t even since th f ign ed or de

a , for mi tig ti on an d
e e rs a ,

a trict r r l e f r j dici l proc eedings ar r i e d f o m

s e u o u a v r

Vienna th t man c aus ed mo e than t w h ndred of

, a r o u

y u r count ya to perish Ah ! yo kn w w ell w hat

o r . u o

that fien d w as w ont to say to th e poo r vict im w h n s e

th y as ked f r time to prepare themselves f r d ath

e o o e ,

Y w ill have ti me for th at after the e xec tion of the

ou u

nte nce
’
se .

H w l ng w ill yo s fler ye b ra e H u nga i an s

'

o o u u ,
v r ,

your n e mies to tr i mph v r yo r in nocen c ? If

e u o e u e

destin d to p ri h di w ith rm in you r han d and

e e s ,
e a s s,

n ot u n der th e e of the h eads m n ax T h e pow er of a .

yo r enemy is not s great as yo imagin e ; y h av

u o u ou e

only to w ill and o ar fr ee Did o n ot see h w o

y , y u e . u

long I defi d them and w here w o ld w now hav

e ,
u e e

been had all of yo r llied r o n d my standard ? O h !

, u a u ,

do n t w ait till yo
o r s till w e ker n d n ti rely r ip
u a e a ,
a e e

for th e yoke long kept in pr p rati n f r yo

,
so e a o o u.

Solyman the new s ltan r ach es you his h an d T h

,
u ,
e . e

n ame he b ears was on ce the terr or of E u rope ; an d ,

 T OK OL I S M A N
’
IFE STO . 1 39

though w e pu t no f ith in T rkis h prophecies I can a u ,

not h elp telli n ou th at the Tu rk s b lieve i n a

g y p r e e

diction w hich s y that after many tr bles and mi

a s, ,
ou s

fortu n e the T r ki h e mpire at a mom n t of dee p

s, u s ,
e

desp ir w ill b e regener ted by a princ of the nam of

a , a e e

Solyman R lly therefore ro nd me and l t try

. a , ,
u , e us

t v ify th at ayi ng for o r ow n w elfar e

o er s T he Tur k u . s

an d w e assi te d each oth er f r ma ny years — w h

s f
y o o r

sake n ow a p ath th at bids fai r to l ad on t fr e e us o e

dom ? Wh at d yo expect fi om the A stri n w hoo u u a s,

are y our en emi es ? L ook at the prin ce of T ran yl s

vania stri pped f his dignity in spite f his treatie

o ,
o s

w ith the e mper or A nd how often w ere th pledges. e

vi lated w hich w re mad to yo rselv ? N ay rather

o e e u es , ,

d y u kn ow of a si ngle pl dg th at has been r edeemed ?

o o e e

Y o h ave too oft n exp erie nc d that tr ati

u e pr mi e e es, o ses,

an d amn ties were no ght b u t snar s to c tch yo

es u e a u .

Now I pr y you reflect w ll u p n the st te yo are

, a , e o a u

in Rememb r th t s f r m I cou ld make my peac

. e a , a o e, e

at an
y ti me ; b t th ank to G od I n v r forget m
u ,
y s , e e

duty t my f the land It cannot b th t you did not

o a r . e a

hear as w ell as I the voice of th u ands of innocent

, ,
o s

victims crying f r vengeance ; and beli ev me you

o
,
e , r

d lay w ill prove f tal to your elves and serve to em

e a s ,

bolden y ur enemie o
” 1
s.

A fter the p u bli cation of this mani festo as h ear tf lt , e

as the a on i in of t he victi ms of E e i s T iikOli

g g y
cr z
p r e , ,

a s si te d by
s body of T rk commen ced hi oper tions
a u s, s a

in Tr n sylvani a nd g in d t w o i n al vic tor i es over

a,
g a a e s

ge al Hei ter an d th pri c H v a t rn of

n re sn e o f n o r — e a e u

f r t ne w hich w as th e more ncour g ing as a w ar h ad

o u e a ,

j u st broken o t betw een France an d the G rm n em

u e a

S ee H istoir e d E meric Comte de Tekeli, Cologne, 1 6 93

1 ’
etc. .
14 0 EN GLISH D IP LOM A CY .

pet or by a strange fatal ity lways thw arting

. Bu t , a

the u cc s s f H ngary w h en ever i t ca me i nto close

e s o u ,

cont ct with the conflicting i nterests of the rest f

a o

E ur op th se v ry pro p ct tended nly to acceler ate

e, e e s e s o

its su bj g ti on St nge to say the p ostration of

u a . ra ,
r

H un g ry w il l b e s n w as mai nly ca
a ,
as d by the ee ,
u se

e v n t w hich st blish ed civil and re li i s li b rty on

e a ou e
e
g
th ebanks of th Th ames Willi am of O ange w ho e . r ,

h d br ght w i th him to the E n gli h thr ne hi per

a ou s o s

s n l ani mo ity to the ki ng

o a f Franc mar ked the
s o e,

c o mmenc em n t f his reign by th e f rm ti n f a

e o o a o o

Prot tan t lliance su pp rti ng and con solidating the

es a , o

pow er f a dyna ty w ith which Eu r pe n Pr testan tism

o s o a o

fou gh t a b ttl of lif an d d ath f r n ar ly a centu ry

a e e e o e .

It w as u nd u bt dly n tu r l t find E ngland in clined

o e a a o

to mak w ar pon L o i XIV and try to h u mble him ;

e u u s .
,

b u t to s e tw Pr testan t cou n tries pledging them

,
e o o

se lv s to in cr ase th
e in fluenc and exten d th e terri
e e e

torie of a C atholic pow r lready comm nding t e

s
1
e , a a

Spect w as at b
,
t m st shor sighted an d e qu ivocal
t- es a o

policy B t its di astrous eff cts were pecu liar ly felt

. u s e

in H ng y u ar .

A s s red of th e assistance offered by the mari time

u

1
By the p
se ar ate ar ticle of th e tr eaty conclu ded at Vi enna,
between L eopold and the two mari time powers the latter
1 6 8 9, ,

bou nd themselves to assi st th e emper or s heirs in th e acq u i sition ’

of th e G er man empir e and the crown of Sp ain It may also here .

b e observed that in th e declar ation of war made against the

,

ki ng of Fr ance th e allies of the empir e mention among other

, ,

reasons the Fr ench king s p er secu ti on of th e Protestants and

’
, ,

st igmati z e L ouis as th e enem of Chr i stendom A fi n tro k

y e s e .

of diplomacy truly ! especi all i f w e r emember that at this ver

y , y ,

ti me th e emperor caus ed th e H ungari an Pr otestants to perish

,

on th e block or flee befor e hi s ax e to the wilds of As ia

, .
 142 T U R KE Y nnnnw s T H E WA R .

fir mities, w as then encamped near the w arm springs

o f Br ussa a place w here some of h is patriotic su cces
,

s ors u n fortun ate like hi mse l f fou n d th eir fin al rest

, ,

i ng-pl ac i n the year 1 8 4 9

e Gladly following the sul .

tan or ders T okiili accompanied him to Belgrade

’
s ,
.

In th e cou n cil of w ar the Hu ngarian v t ran ad e e

v ise d to mar ch first to Tr an lvan ia th en oc pie d by

y s ,
cu

a small detach men t of A s t ian s and then c to begi n u r ,

e

o ffen siv oper ation s Bu t impati en t of delay the su ltan

e .
, ,

det rmined to m r ch str aight on along the Theiss pon

e a u

Z nta a place soon ren dered famou s by th battle t

e ,
e o

w hich it gave n ame Mu stapha immedi t ly gav . a e e

ord rs for th e sp eedy con str u ct ion of a br id e ov r

e
g e

the river w hich w as effec te d i n fou r hour s T h n ar

, . e

row nes of this h as ty str u ct re allow e d on ly fo r men

s u u

t p ass a -
o breast A f w bat teries and a portion of the
. e

tr 0 p s reach ed i n thi s w ay th e opp osite b ank b t th

0 , u e

bu lk f the ar my w ith th e sultan remained behind

o , ,
.
1

T h T rks w ere thu s oon to meet w ith one of th

e u s e

re te t capt i ns of th e age p rin ce E u gene f S v y o a o ,

g a s a ,

w hil th e vi ier T ar ab ol
e A li pash a deadly en emy
z us ,

t th e s l t n w as co mpl tely in di fferen t to the i

o u a ,
e e ssu

of the d y Elmas pash how ever on e f M st ph a

a . a, ,
o u a
’
s

most dev ted friends after having p assed the Th ei s

o ,
s ,

so on learne d the approach f the en my w hi ch h o e ,

e

immediately communi c ted to his mast r T he su ltan a e .

gave orde s to retreat w hich how ever the vi ier kept

r , ,
z

s e cr t b ein g as is said r esolv d rath er t

e , , die on th ,
e o e

b attle field h w ever ingloriou ly than afterw ards p rish

,
o s , e

by the c rd N o sooner w er e the T rks encamped and

o . u

1
T he transp or tation of the whole ar my and ar tillery to t he
o pp osi te si de is sai d to ha ve occu p i ed at leas t for t -e
y gi h t h our s .

S alaberry, H istoi r e de I E mpi r e Ottoman, vol iii , p 2 1

’
. . . .
 DE FE A T or m TU R KS . 14 3

su rrou n ded by entr enchmen ts su ddenly th rown u p than ,

E u gene began to di splay his battali ns Thrice did o .

t h A u tr ians for ce th eir w ay in to th e entren chmen ts

e s

o f th e jan i aries an d thrice w ere th ey f rced to fall

z , o

back ; w hil e Mu stapha w ith the bul k f his host n ,

o o

the opp osite shor e w as prevented by th e i mp erial b at

,

t er ies fr om comi ng to the assistance of hi s cou ntrymen .

A ll at on ce Eu g n e caus e d th e main body of his army

e

to advance T h first on set w as su ffici nt to break th

. e e e

centr e of the Tu rk w ho fter a sangui na y conflict f s, a r o

three hou rs du r ati on w ere driven from all their po i

’
, s

tions Precipitating themselves headl ong on th e bridge

.
,

in hop es of gai ning the opposite sh ore the h eavy pr , es

s re soon br oke dow n th e l oose w ooden p as sage ; an d

u

w hi le on e p art per ished in the w aves t he r est w ere cu t ,

t o pie c es o n th e sh ore S e ize d w ith fear Mu staph a

.
,

q i ckly folded his tents first flyi ng to Belgrade and

u ,

thence reti ing to A drianopl e This d f at made th

r . e e e

Porte in clin ed to listen to the overtu res of p eace long ,

before made by the E ngli h amb assadors ; an d th s e

n e ociations w ere acco r din gly initi ated on th e p art f

g o

th e s lt an by Mau r o-C or d t o dragoman to th e Por t

u a , e .

Car low it a small town in the cou nty of Szerem n ar

z, e

Petervardein w as named as th e pl ace for th e ne goci

, a

tions whi ch commen ced abo t the end of the year 1 698
,
u
,

an d n de d on th e 2 6th Janu ary 1 699

e Be fore enter .

ing on the w ork in th e n ame of the most holy an d

,

u n divide d Trini ty the diplom ti sts con tin ed for tw o

,
a u

mon th s to qu a rel among th emselves for th hono

r f e ur o

the presidenti al ch air A n d th e noble efforts for r

. e

storin p e ac e an d h appi ness w ou l d in all prob ability

g
hav been fi ustrated had not the su btilty of th
e
'
e

Greek dragoman i nterfered to preven t s ch a catas u

troph e T o eet this emb arrass ment Mau ro C ord at

. m - o
1 44 PE A CE o r ca aL ow rr z.

cau se d
large bu ilding provid d on all sides with
a , e

doors to be erected i n the mid t of the town care

, s ,

be i ng like w i se taken to plac in the deliberati on h all e

not a squ are b u t a rou n d table T he ign al h ving . s a

been given the plenipotenti ries ru sh d in ll t once

, a e a a

from all sides each of the m takin g h is seat w ith th e

,

sati sf c tion o f thi nkin hi m se lf pre iden t l s

a
g .

T he mai n article of this pea c tw nty i n nu mbe r

s e, e ,

are as f llow s o— l t Tran ylvan ia sh all r mai n in p s

z s . s e o

se i n of th e
ss o mp er or 2d T he di trict rou n d th
e . . s e

f r tre s f Teme var sh all remai n in the h nd f the

o s o s a s o

T rk its b ndarie t te nd from the ive r M am

u s, ou s o ex r a

t the Th ei
o and fro m t he hi ther b an k of the T heis s
ss,

t t
o h D n
e u b 3d
a T he se f
e.
o t h e t w o fi rs t-named
. u

ri er s sh all b c ommon t
v the u bj e cts of b oth e mpires
e o s .

4 th T he pro vin ce call d Batsh ka lyi ng be tw een t he

. e ,

Theiss and D n u b sh all belon g to the emp ro w hil

a e, e r, e

t he p art to w r d B lg d sh ll be
a s bj ct t th P r te ;
e ra e a su e o e o

f rth er Bosni a l ng th
u ,
iver U n a sh al l rem in i n
, a o e r ,
a

t t q o an d c mmi i n r
s a u u ,
hall be n omin ted to fi
o ss o e s s a x

th e r pec tive bo nda i

es in C ro ti u 5th (This articl r es a a. . e

f rms the 8th p in t i n the or igi n l t

o o ty ) A ll h til a rea . os e

i n c i ns and de astati n sh ll b ever ly p nish d

u rs o v o s a e s e u e .

It sh ll al o be u nlawful (9th article in the igin al

a s or

t reaty) to give any syl m or s u pp rt to w icked men a u o ,

re b ls or mal factors ; b t both parties h ll be bou n d

e e u s a

to br i ng su ch men and all thieve s an d rob b rs w hom

,
e ,

I
T he names of th e E nglis and Du tc h
am assadors wer e h b
Paget and Colli er . p
Cantemir (H is tory of the Ottoma ns , 38 4 ) .

repr ese nts th es e two amb assador s as pru dent men and perfect ly

u nderstanding th e w ay of ob taini ng anyth ing fr om th e Tu r ks

'

T he pas has are sai d to have been ver y fond of th e good wines of
the latter di plomatis t whi ch made them divulge the greates t
,

s ecre ts of the viz ier s cour t

’
.
 14 6 CH A R A C T E R o r T CKCL L

de la H ngt ie di paru t de la cene il avait j ou é nu

o s s

r 61e si brilli an t i mélé de p r n ce e t de r eve s

s Le s e a r .

j u r on l paix f t igné a C arlow it devint le dem i

o a u s e z er

d l carrier e p oli tiqu e q il avait fo rni avec é cl t

'
e a 11 u e a

p endant trente années ; il eu t la permissi n de se retirer o

r l t rr itoi e O tt oman de l veu taci te de t u t s les

’
su e e r a o e

p i anc
u ss L t 6 e q e le s lt n l i av it p romi
es . e r u u u a u a s

se changea en n asil bsc il fini t es j r

u Dé
e o ur s ou s .

t mpé de la g an d
ro r d nt il n ai t c onn
r
q e l
eu
p r o av u u a e

s
p t
eci e lll v ir c n bl e j
u soo t d l f
e, cor t n m o oat ue e a u e ur

a breu vé d egrets am rs M i le lt n po r v ir
e r e . a s s su a ,
u a o

eé lé é ar d sac ri fic es les te mes d n e e e d s

’
ac r u rr
p r es
g u e

n e d it as etr e cu e d avoir b n d nné les

’
t
as reu se, o ac s o
p a a

H ng oi q u i tai ent fies a ses prom es 11

o r s s e
’
es s . ac

c eui lli t v c h pi t lité et g an d u r l m c nt ns q i

a e , os a r e es e o e u

v ou lu ren t ivre T keli q to e cent f mille ta

su e u rz s a s s e
’

b li nt s r i t rritoir O ttoman o
re u s e l p tecti n d e s us a ro o e

M taph ; i t l fit distrib e d s terr a c ltiv

us a eu r u r e es u e r,

leu r a cco da le lib e x rcise d l r ligi n t l

r r e e e eu re o ,
e es ex

em t d t t c n trib ti n p n d nt di ik ”1
p a e ou o n né L
u e o e a x a es.

many g t ct r f th e e en t nth cen tur y T 6k61i

a re a a o o s v ee ,

h as b n h n d d d ow n t p ste ity a
ee a e n ambi ti o o r s a ou s

hyp crite an d a r eckl ss di t b r of th p c f

o , e s ur e e ea e o

E ope In t ad of findi ng hi name among t th

ur . s e s s e

illu st ri o s nk u f th ta n h def n d rs f righ t an d

ra s o e s u c e e o

liberty w me t with T okiili chiefly in the nn l f

, e e a a s o

T ki h hi tory and ch te i d a an lly f th

ur s s , ar ac r se s a o e

i fi d ls f
n e th e d t cti n
or f E pe n civili ation
es r u o o u ro a s .

B t mod rn an d u n p j dic d hi to i n w ld fin d
u a e re u e s r a ou

i t di ffi c lt t m t w ith
u ol d r m re p r in h t
ee a ea e o u e e ar

1
historians i n calli ng Tokoli titul ar king of H ungary
Some
un dou b tedl lab our ed u nder a mistake H i t itl i mpr i nt d n
y s e e o .

the coin stru ck b y hi m w as E mer icus Comes T ekeli P r i ncep s a c ,

m R eg m H u ngar iae Domi nu s

'

p ar tu .
 C HA RACTE R or T ox o m . 14 7

an d more u n selfish in p u rpose th an h e Mu ch i nten se .

patriotic feeling mu st h ave been in th e breas t of a man

w h o, a mid t he l o u d hyp ocri tic al cl amour rai se d by
monar chs and p opes, h oiste d the n ati on al flag at a ti me
w hen h e sa w n othi ng b u t demolis h e d to wn s an d s mo u l
dering villages, w hile the w hole popul ation of h is
cou ntry lay prostrate beneath th e extortions an d cru el
ties of i nnu merable foreign mercenaries A s a far .

si hted polit ici an , T okii li felt c on vi nce d th at, h avin g

g
on ce v an qu ish e d th e A u stri an s, H u n ary w ou ld h ave
g
an easy game w ith the Tu rks, w h ose fer ocity and p ow er

w ere gradu ally d eclini ng eve r si nc e th e de ce ase of

the gre at S oly man, an d w h o h ad no w, in addition to
r e e ate d i n ter n al commoti on s, to conten d a ai nst th e
p g
n ew r is i ng p o w er of th e n orth T h e mos t cen su r able
.

point in T okii li s career is the failure of h is en deavour ,

’

i f it may b e so said ; b u t it mu st not b e fo rgotten ,

th at t h er e w as n o actor in modern ti mes w ho w as b e
s et w i th re ater di fi cu lt ie s, an d wh o w as th w ar ted by
g
more u n expe cted cas u al ties I n r esu mi ng th e fi eld,
.

after th e cat h olic l e ag ue had e n abl ed L eop old t o dr ive

the T u rk s fr o m th e w alls of Vien na i n to t he in terior o f

Hun gar y, T iikiili confided in th e arms of hi s cou ntry
men, an d n ot in th e dipl omatic pr omises of th e king of
Fr ance N or can h e reason ably b e blamed for n ot
.

h aving foreseen a P rotestant coalition in behalf of the

her editary foe of the Reformation A severe moralist .

might fi nd enou gh to blame in th e policy of the t w o

marit ime po w ers, and p ar tic u l arly w ith r efer en ce t o
the p ace f C arlowit con clu ded solely n d r th ir
e o z, u e e

au spic b t a h eavi
es u bl me mu st att ch in di i
er a a v

d u lly to the person of the p inc f Or ng th n oc

a r e o a e, e

i n t h e B riti sh th on e w h o o ht n t t h f
cu
py g r , g o u o ave or

g tote n th at it w as to th e a oni sin g cr of a R

g y sell a n d us
 14 8 E XI E or T ox ii m.
L
a Sidney that he ow ed his own elevation Instead of .

becoming the head of a fine people T okiili now reposed ,

'

his du sty brow u nder the cypresses of ex ile dw elli ng ,

first at Constantinople then in hi s c u ntry-

,
seat in o

Nicomedia and li vin g long enou gh to hear the ech o of

,

the Clas h of ar ms of hi s un fortu nate cou ntry men w ho , ,

after a sh or t pause agai n felt stren gth enoug h to rise

,

for the as ser tion of th eir rights A s was the cas e very
.
,

re c ently in the year 1 8 4 9 many a re or t w as also then

p ,

clan destinely spread as to the poverty in w hich T iikiili

and hi s follow ers li ve d and t he su fferin s th ey sus
, g
tained at th e h ands of the Tur ks T he whole h ow ever
.
, ,

as rel ated by C an temir w h o speaks as eye-

,
w itness ,

see ms to dw indle down to a fe w pl ainti ve w or ds u ttered ,

by the exi led le ader a thing very nat ral in su ch

,
u a

conditi on ‘
.

1
Cantemir, in hi s Hi story of the Ottomans, p 296 , in softly .

allu ding to th e provi sions of the peace of Carlo wi tz, says of T o

koli , he was sent away b y the sultan to N icomedi a, wher e he

w as p r esented wi th a cou ntr y-house, and being ver y mu ch af
fli cted with the gou t he di ed soon after in that place H e or .

dered hi mself to b e bu ri ed in the su bur bs of Per a, wi thou t the

Greeks church-yard, where th e Chri stian ambassadors and their
’

domestics are usually buried Whilst I was at Cons tantinople I

.

fr equ ently used to converse wi th him, and h ave often heard him
say, Wh at can w e do m br other ? I t has pleased G od to make
y
u s su bject to a master, wh o, b hi cti n d w ll n w
y s a o s , oes very e a s er

hi s shield, that is the crescent I have found their false prophet

mistaken in almost every point yet in this, I beli eve, he spoke
w i th a proph etic spir it when he gave his followers a crescent for
their arms ; for th at very well denotes their inconstancy
”
.
1 50 D I SC OU R A G IN G ST A TE or T H E C O U N TR Y .

w hich long w ith the L i hten tei n w as a bitrar ily

, a c s s, r

r ai se d by R d lph I I t t h p ee ge of th e H n g r ian
u o . o e ra u a

r ea lm an d w hich c n tit ted p ci al point in th

,
o s u a s e e

ri e n c es p eferr e d by th e B k t i n t th at - ar
g va r
yp y g ocs a a a s

e mp r This ccle i tic m re fit f th w o d th an

er o . e s as ,
o or e s r

t he go p l an d ided in hi s efforts by P a l E te rh y
s e , a u s az

th e p l ti ne al o a t l f th c
a a ,
ncil
s f Vi enn t k oo o e ou o a, oo

n h im as pr i m t e an d ch n c ll r of H n ry t
u
p o a
g , a e o u a , o

expl ai n s f ll ow the w i h e of th e mp
, a o s, r to th s s e ero e

H ng i n St t
u ar a H i i mper i l m j ty c l d n t
a es s a a es ou o

b tt h w hi p tern l l
e er s o us th n by the ol ti n
s a a ov e , a r es u o

t t re t H ng ry lik A
o a u tri a an d th re t of hi s h
a e us e s e

r di ta
e
y d m
r i ni n T h e r fo m H n
o o
g ry n eds
s. re e r s u a e a

v ry n m r
e let s ther for
u e ou s, b nd n u n ci en t e e a a o ou r a

l w (lege o et di ) nd ccept f th new l aw

a s s c nsu u n ae a a o e s

w hich bl m n a e pr p ri n
e
g f r
e I
ar t i s i nt n d d e a o u s. e e ,

and w it h igh t th at th e n obl es

r ho ld r no n c th ei
,
s u e u e r

e xo bit nt pri ileg an d b gin to b ar th b d n f

r a v es, e e e ur e s o

th St t
e B t l t th e m rem mber th at th ey w ill h
a e. u e e av e

t he p p ct f b in g h n red w ith m ny titl c m

r os e o e o ou a es o

e t f th e mpi e In c on clu din g h i

”
m n i n th
o e r s o e r .
, s

emi n n c dw lt n th e in conve ien ce f c ntin u lly

e e e o n o o a

vo ti ng n w t x an d
e b idi an d st ongly r m
a es su s es, r e co

men d d th adv n t ge f a fi xed t

e e
(ao n t i b ti
a n o ax c r u o co

ti nu a
); e pre i n
g m rxeo er h i ssh p s th t
,
t h S t ot v
,
s o e , a e a es

w o ld b e h ppy t
u be r the third p art of th e t t l
a o a o a

e xp ns f th A st i n mpi
e es o e Th m nif t u r a e re . e se a es a

tions w ou ld i n themsel s h v b en ffi cient t rou s ve a e e su o e

th e pi it f the n bl es ; th
s r o
g h th p rsec ti n n e w ly
o ou e e u o s

c mmenced gainst the P t t nt w re the imm

o a ro e s a s e e

di te ca es f f h bl ody an d pr tr cted conflicts

a us o res , o ,
o a .

In th e ass mbly f the Hu n gar i an bi h op h ld at

e o s s, e

Vienn they all pl dg d th mselves to

a, ll th
e e e u se a e

me n s in th eir p ow er o t e
a f r h o -called con ve i n f s rs o o
 BI s H o P s A S SE M B E L AT VIE NNA . 1 51

t he Protestan t each f them vowing not to s ff

s, o u er a

s ingle h eretic in th ir di c ses Pu rsu n t to this d e o e . a e

i i n the p ri mate Koll ni

c s o
, i ed pi tl e t th o cs ssu e s s o e

Spiritu l and T mpo l L or ds t ongly dmoni hing

a e ra ,
s r a s

them to b gin w i th energy the w k p p sed H i

e or ro o . s

e xample w as soon follow d by seve al th r di gn it ie e r o e ar s.

an d e p eci ally th e bi sh p of Five Chu r ch es S

s
( p ) r n o e o ,

w h o c a ed the Pr ot t n t min ister t b e th r ow n in t

us es a s o o

prison th ir ch rche and chool to b e w rested f m

, e u s s s ro

th eir h an d confisc t in b e ide the p op rti e

s, f t h r s o
g a s s e e

l y Pr te tan ts
a o T h e p l tin e P l E t rh y n f
s . a a au s e az , o e o

the l rgest l ande d pr pr iet

a soon imit t ed th e o o r s, a ex

ampl e set d popu lating many of his vill ge by t h

e a s e
,

per ecu tion and exp l ion f hi P ot tant serf l In

s u s o s r es s.

s hor t the Protest nts i n p tic l r h d ll the f r ign

, a ar u a a a o e

ar mi es u ar tere d p on th em and w ere in d d i t i n

q u ,
a o

s bj e cte d t
u the h aviest taxes ; w hile t h e p r ivil g d
o e e e

di trict inhabited by the G u mau an d J ig ( ppid

s s, s as es o a

H idoni li ) w e e most fl g antly given in pl dge

a ca a , r a r e

t o th Teu t nic order of Germ ny T he bette t

e o a . r o

e n sure th e ne l s bj ection f t h e c ou n try l g ar e

g e ra u o ,

levies w ere made and sent ou t of the co n try ; w h il u e

s ome of the fortresses from an pp eh nsion f their a r e o

,

being eventu ally s rp i s d by th di affected w e u r e e s , re

a ed to t he grou n d
r z T he rap acity of th e f reign . o

c mmi ssion rs in the meantime h w ever w as als

o e , , o , o

deeply felt by the C ath lic w ho saw many of thei r o s

,

sch o ls an d p u blic b ildi n c nv t e d i n to b r ea x f er u u o

o
g u s o

d i ffe en t p u rposes
r B t th gh the de pai w hi h. u ou s r c

i ed on the wh le popu l tion (many of w hom in

se z o a , ,

or d er to e scape th e cru el extorti ns l ft th eir h omes o , e

S ee Li terse Principis Pauli E sterhasi, in H i stor ia Diploma

ti ca , p . 14 8 .
1 52 FOR TU N E S or PR IN CE C
R AK O Z Y
.

to flee to Tu rkey), w as of a kin d w hi ch precluded the

probabili ty of a rise, yet only a single spark was w anted
to throw H u ngary into a bl aze A nd scarcely had
.

three years p asse d sin ce th e peace of C arlo w itz w as

si n ed, w he n L eo po ld, j us t embar kin in th e w ar of
g g
the Span ish su cc ession , saw the Hu ngari ans su ddenly
ri se u p as on e man in arms . This emperor, how ever,
as is w ell-kn ow n, live d only to see th e comme ncemen t

of th ese t w o w ar s
.

T he head an d sou l of th is new stru ggle i n Hu n gary

w as Fran cis Rakoczy II , th e son of H elen Z riny,
.

by her first husband, after the death of whom she

became the w ife of T okiili Having su rrendered the
.

fortress of Mu nkacs i n 1 68 7 , this h er oine and her

tw o children, Ju lia an d F r a nci s , w ere carried to Vien na .

By the arbitrary or ders of the emperor, the you ng

b oy w as sen t to Pr ag ue, an d en tru sted to th e tu i tion
of th e Jesu it s
. A fter five years of his Jesu itical edu
cation, the you ng prince got the imperial permission
t o make a j ourn ey i n to G er many, w h ere he married
the p rin cess H esse of Rh einfel s . Having retu rned to
Vienn a, Rakoczy procured a second per mission to re
p air to his coun try seat of Saros, in U pper Hu ngary,
1701 . A fter a short stay on his estate, he w as all at
on c e su rp ris e d i n his c as tl e by a detachment of A u s

trian soldiers, and carried prisoner to Vienna A r .

rai ned befor e a for ei n tr ibu n al , o n th e pl ea of h avin

g g g
en a e d in a plot, Rakocz y proteste d agai nst this il
g g
legal proced ure, appealing to the law s of his country,
by w hich no Hungar ian nobleman cou ld legally b e
tried before a foreig n court T he A us tri an j u dges,
.

h owever, continu ed their proceedi ngs, based on the

evidence of an A u stri an offi cer n amed Long u e val ,

w h om Rakoczy favour e d w i th his frien dship w h en on

1 54 R A K o c zr s
’
P RO CLAM AT ION .

fr om fa li ng l
pr y to an old co s ming gang en the
a e n u r e,

k nif m t b ppli d to it A few wh

e us e a eign ant . o a re or

of t h c n tin e l ffort f the H s of A u tri t d

o ua e s o ou e s a o e

str y th e lib rti s o f H n

o ry w ill
e t tr ib u t ur r i se
g e u a a e o

to a n t r al f li n f r tl sn n d p r open i ty for
a u
g ee o es es e ss, a a s

t o bles B t th e w ld kn w s t
r u . u w ll w h t th e H u n
or o oo e a

ari an f r m r ly f h t f w h en Bocks B thl en

g s
g o e ou
y or, a , e ,

ou r o w n n ce t r s an d T iikiili t k
a s o ms
,
A h l it i ,
oo ar . s

p in f l t
a u n tion o w hich i n f m r ti me
see a a de ,
or e s

f nded Ch i t n d m
e
g i n t
r s ei nn m o bl n mi s a a s u er a e e e e ,

r bb d of ll i t
o e n ci nt p ivil
a f
s a c d to r n de r es, r e su r e r
g o e e

i t righ t f l cti n n d t b i n c o p
s o e e o ted into n oth
, a o e r or a a e

e mpi e T h e A lic C o n cil gr p viol ntly ll o r

r . u u as s e a u

int n al admin i t ti n th n tive n obl s e ex l ded

er s ra o ,
e a e ar c u

fr m all ffic s an d di gniti

o o n d H n a y i di p
e
g ed es, a u r s s os

o f by tr tie of p eace w ith t th c n n t or kn w

ea s ou e o se o

ledge of the nati n T h cri of rph n and wid w o . e es o a s o s,

b r ved by th g ve n men t f Vi nn a fill th i

e ea e o r o e ,
e a r,

an d th b st f the p tri t e d c d t begga y

e e o a o s ar re u e o r
'

a ll th se evol ting act b eing d n

e r nder t he
p te
s o e u re x

o f ch ti i ng t h T ur k
as s O h I th t th e p pl h l
e s. a eo e s ou c

n w s ff
o m u f m er Ch i ti n m n rch th n th
or e ro a r s a o a a e

e ver did fro m th M ss lm n ! It is n tori u s th e u u a o o a

t he extortion of th e co n ci l of Vi nn s p cipitated u e a re

ou r p p l ti n i nto
o u a n h ear do f c l miti s th t som u o a a e , a e

u ht f ge in icid
re u s m t m t t
su h apaci ty
so
g e, o e, o ee e r o

th fo ign ffici l di d ith er s ll thei child e n t th

e re o a s, e e r r o e

T rks or hir o t their wn w ives w hile many w er

u , e u o ,
e

h appy to find ref ge in T rk y u u e .

Who d s n ot kn w th t th days of the r u l of the

oe o a e e

C re cen t r n w l oked b ck p n as momen ts o

s a e o o a u o

h appin s ? an d w ho is not aware from t he ccou nts

es
, a

l ately made p bli c that the m extorted by th u ,

su s, e

A ustri ans in a single year e xceeded the tribu te th , e

 R A x ocz r s
’
P R O C L AM A TION . 1 55

T r ks u sed t receive f r h lf a c ntu ry ? Or are

u o o a e

ou i n ran t by wh m chi n ti on ll u r reli ious

y g o e a o os g a s a

trou bl es w re c aus d ? e H v y forg tt n that it i

e a e ou o e s

t he ld p olicy f A
o tri a to p r cu t r ligion in de
o us e se e e

fi an ce of all l w it did i n B h emi a ? L t me t l l

a , as o e e

y o u,th at b y di idi,
n
g th e r iv nv m k e ev r l er , o e a s s e a

s m ll an d innocen t treamle ts and th at i n lik m nn

a s ,
e a er ,

th e e asi t w y t u bj gate a n tion is to h ve it first

es a o s u a a

br k n p into sm ll i mp t nt p arts b e it by religio s

o e u a o e ,
u

or o th r q rr ls T h A u lic C ou n cil has b rbed ll

e ua e . e a so a

ou r i n stit ti on n othing i s l ft n ot ev en
u s, r n ati n al e ,
ou o

as sembly It is rev lting to think th at the bloody

. o

the tre a f E p rie th at example of th religiou s tol e

o e s, e

ra nc of th e A u stri n r l
e s w as t p ave th w ay f r
a u er , o e o

t he h er ditary u cce ion of th at H o se

e s N t s tiate d
ss u . o a

wi th th t bl od sh e thi st d f r m o
a o ,
N t l n g ago r e o re . o o

th y took hold of me a de cen dant of free p in ce

e ,
s r s,

w h m th ey attempte d to c on vict by f l e di storte d

o i a s ev

d nc bef e n illegal trib n al L ike D ni l f old

e e, or a u . a e o ,

r e c u e d by th e
s rac e of G od fr m th e m l e of h n u
g o u zz

g yr li n s I w as mar
o , ll ous ly d e livere d fr om ve m y p rison

by that same pow er and w hich aft rw ards l d me t ,

e e o

t he p rt f s fety
o o Believe me the divine clemency
a .
,

w hich br o ht m e i n to th e i nter i or of r cou n t ry w ill

g u ou ,

n ot uf fer th A u st i ns to tre ad dow n o r rights any

s e r a u

longer L et the H n gari an ar ms b e di pl ay d in the

. u s e

s ight of the Christian w orld ; let th at w o ld balan c in r e

the sc al f j tic e th e w ron g w e have to reckon w ith

e o us s

th e A stri n pr i n ce and le t i t try t as i st and f vo r

u a s, o s a u

a n ati on w hic h stan ds u i n th defen ce of i ts w ou n de d e

p
li berti es.
”

R akoc y s pr oclamation as may b e imagine d sp rea d

z
’
, ,

like an electric spark thro gho t the w h ole cou nt y u u r ,

h ndreds h astening to his banner L eopol d th gh

u .
,
ou
1 56 P OL C I Y on T H E CO U R T .

b acked in his w ar again st France by the u nite d pro

vin ces and by Englan d, w hich follow ed the same policy
u n der Q uee n A n n e th at h ad b ee n c omme nced by her

predecessor proved q u it ali ve to the i mportan ce of

, e

t he appea ran ce f th H n gar ian leader I n f ct none

o e u . a ,

of th e par ties engaged i n th e w ar of su cce sion c u ld s o ,

t o th at date boas t of an de ci sive advan ta e While

u
p y , g .

t he D ke f Vendome c ompell d Pri nce E ug ene to

u o e

r ise t he sie e of Man tu a t he lli d mi d c d in

a
g e ar es re u e , a

the Neth r lan ds L iege an d Ve nlo ; an d n o soo ner

e , o

had the E ngli sh admir l B rooke d f ate d the French a e e

in the port of Vigo th an Villars and T alla d beat the , r

A u stri n s at B rei ach and L and u

a T he e mperor
s a .
,

therefore atte mpted to amu se R koczy with negocia

, a

t ions a sch eme in w hich h avai l d hi ms lf of Pau l

, e e e

S chen y ar chbi hop of K locsa In on e of the letters

ze , s o .

addre ss d to t he archbish op the em er r expr es es his

e
p ,
o s

r egrets at th e o tr ges commi tte d b y his servan ts mani

u a ,

festin g hi deep o ow to see the cou ntry l u nch e d

s s rr a

into a n ew w ar H is minence i s accordingly asked

. e

to e mploy all means p blic and secret in o der to ac ,

u ,
r

qu ire me influ ence wi th hi m j e ty s beloved s bj ect

so s a s
’
u s

now i n arm Rakoczy it appears w ll per c eiv d

s. , , e e

the tr u e n tur e of th e addr ess

a made by K ll nics es o o ,

tho gh h fou nd it best t liste n wi th an i r of co n

u e o a

fidence to hi s ggestion and to su ff r hi pres n ce

su s, e s e

in th e camp This policy on th par t of Rak c y w as

. e o z

qu it n at ral as his success at that time w s mu ch de

e u , a

en de n t p on the f l fil men t of the ofle rs mad o hi m

'

p u t u e

by the Marqu i of Bonac the French ambas ador i n

s , s

S w den A cc rding t an agreemen t mad betw een th

e . o o e e

Hu ngarian prince and that ambas sador Rakoczy w as t ,

o

b e ai ded by Fr an ce w ith arms mon y and ofi ers and , e , c ,

the elector of Bavari a r aised to the H u ngarian thron e .

 P R OGR E SS OF T H E WA R .

e mperor, and aw oke the militar y colon y i n Nicomedi a,

formed by th e follo wers of T iikiili These veteran .

s oldi ers soon l eft th eir se con d h ome an d e ntere d H u n

,

g y
ar t j i n K ar oly
o o nd r wh e b n n er th y on
,
u e os a e so

n tr t d int a e t h h art of A tri a

o In m r ch ing us a
p e e e e .

u pon Vi nn K r oly act d in c nc rt w ith th op r

e a, a e o e e e a?

ti s of the Gall -B v ri n ar mie which w re lik

ou o a a a s, e e

wi to
se tt k th e A str i n c apit l
a ac Th s i m l u a a . e e s u

tan e u s m v ments w er
o o h ow e di c nc rted in e, e ver, s o e

c n eq n c f th in te c pti n of m de patche
o s ue e o e r e o so e s s.

It w t thi j n ct r th t
as a circ m t n c occ r d
s u u e a a u s a e ur e ,

w h ich n t li ttl er ed to l ck n th pr g of the

o a e s v s a e e o r es s

H ng i n ar m : L ord S t p ney B i ti h mb s
u ar a s e ,
r s a a

d t th e c rt f Vi n n ff d his m diation
s a or a ou o e a, o er e e

t th H ngari an C nf derat
o e u w h o met i n t h t w n o e es, e o

of G ii n yii
y g i n 1 7 04 I n
p
s, ly t o th m b ss . re e a a a

d r of E ngl nd and th Unit d P ovinc R k y

o s a e e r e s, a ocz

e xp s d hi sati f ction at th e medi ti n f tw

r e se s s a a o o o

c nt ies w hich h d sh d m ch bl d f th d
ou r a e so u oo or e e

f nc
e f th ir lib ti
e o n d w hich
e h h op d w ld
er es, a ,
e e ,
ou

h ar tily w i h H ng y t nj y lik h appin

e s u Th ar o e o e ess . e

C nf d t w h l mnly ckn wl dg d R k c y
o e e r a es, o so e a o e e a o z as

th i h d d cid d
e r ea p n th f ll w ing rticl to b
,
e e u o e o o a es e

pr p d f r th c n cl i n of a pe ce w ith th emp
o ose o e o us o a e e

—I Th t th kin sh l d ccor din t th l w

a e
r or .
g g ou ,
a o e a s

o f the c nt y r ide i n H ng y
ou r II Th t th
,
es u ar . . a e

di t ho ld henc f th inv r i bly m t v y th

e s s u e or a a ee e er r ee

y ars III Th t th H ng i n c ts f j tic nd

e . . a e u ar a ou r o us e a

ad mi ni t ti n h ld b
s ra t r d to th ir i nd p
o s ou e r es o e e e en

d nce IV That the right n d p ivileg of th

e. . s a r es e

P t tant sho ld emain invi l ate V Th t ll th

ro es s u r o . . a a e

i ll g l t xe
e a p ci lly that n s lt h ld b b
a s, es e a o a ,
s ou e a o

li h d ; f ther th at n p blic offic s ho ld b e giv n

s e ur ,
o u e s u e

t o f r igners and th at the il le gal s nten ce p as sed p on

o e ,
e u
 PR O GR E SS OF T H E WA R . 1 59

R akoczy hou ld b e declar d n ll and void Whil

s e u . e

th ese d eli berati ns w er goin g on th f rt n o f w e , e o u e O ar

b g n to tu rn in f v ur f the mpe o n th Rhi n

e a a o O e r r o e e .

T h E nglish governm nt h ving d id d to nt

e e , a ec e e er as

p incip al in th t w a th D ke Of M lbo o gh o n
r s a r, e u ar r u s o

j oi ned P i nce E g n e w ith n A ngl -H i n my ;

r u e a o ess a ar

n d th e fir t fr i t f th Briti h c mm n d op r
’
a s u o e s o a er s e a

ti ns w
o th vict y f H ch tadt g i ned ag i n t
as e or O o s ,
a a s

T ll d n d Ma in T h co n cil f Vi nn n ow to k
a ar a rs . e u o e a o

a hold t d i n g d t H nga y w e hibit d

er s a n re ar o u r ,
as as x e

i n th n w
e a m de by th A t i n min i te K nit
s er a e us r a s r au z

t o th d m nd f the H ng i n s Thi w how

e e a s O u ar a . s as,

ev e ,r f fr m dimin i hi ng th c r ge f R koc y
ar o s e ou a o a z ,

th ou
gh h w m ch i
e mp d d by t
as h i nt i
g b thuf e e e r u es o o

h i i mm di te f ien d n d f th
s e a t f Vi nn a
r On s a O e cour o e .
1

t h oth
e h nd th H ng i n l d g i ed ddition l
er a ,
e u ar a ea er a n a a

imp t an c from hi b i ng l ct d p i nce f T n yl

or e s e e e e r o ra s

va n i a an d fl t t
,
d him lf t th am tim w i th th
a er e se a e s e e e

h p f id f m Ch l XII th h ro king f Sw d n
o e o a ro - ar e s . e e O e e .

A si t d by fr h t op
s s e dd n ly w ith d w n f m th
es ro s, su e ra ro e

b nk f th Rhin e th A s tri n g n r l Hei t w h

a s o e , e u a e e a s er , o

o pe t d g in t th m in body f R k c y
ra e a a s m d e a o a o z ,
assu e

a m r tho e t ing p i ti n tho gh i t l d to n d ci

r e a en os o ,
u e o e

i n g gem nt In th m ti me th B iti h g
s ve e a e s. e ean e r s o

ver n m n t ren w d it Off r

e f m di ti on L o d S tep
e e s e s O e a ,
r

1
Okulicsnay, on e o f th e confeder ates, and as a L u ther an en

joying mu ch cre di t a h
mong th e
at ti m e Pr otestants w as b y t
,

g a i ned ov er b
y Leo p old I n o r der t o fl u ence O
.f damage t h e i n
R akocz y h e tri ed to make th e Protestants beli eve that they h ad
,

more to ex p ect fr om the emper or as an ally Of Protes tan t po w ers , ,

t han fr om L ou i s XIV wh o w as assiste d b y th e se e Of R ome.

, .

In th e meanti me th e cou r t Of Vi enna spr ead a r epor t Of R akocz y s

’

hatred to the Catholics in or der to alienate th e King of Fr ance ,

fr om his cau se B oth th ese i ntrigu es and especi ally the latter
.
, ,

soon p r odu ced th e desi r ed effect .

1 60 P LE NI POT E N T I A BY LE TTE R OF QU E E N AN N E .

ne
y b e ing j oin e d by L or d S un derl an d w hile the Du tch ,

w er e r epresen ted by Bru yni nc an d B aron Rech tern x .

A mid th e p reparati ns L eopold di ed and man y of

es o ,

the H u ngari ans be gan to look w ith more c nfiden ce to o

Joseph who w as known to be a more liberal prin ce

,

than his f ther a .

I n th e plen ipote ntiary letter gi en to the ambas v

sadore Qu ee n A nn e speak th s
, A the fl ou r i shing s u s

kingdom of H ngary has long been t rn by in testin

u o e

w ars an d
, t ho e inglori o s bloody di ssension tro bl
as s u s u e

the tran qu illity of th e neighbour in g tate w e w h o de s s, ,

l re th e fate of thi s cou n try f el oblig d to tr every

p o
y , e e

mean s in our pow er to restore the Hu n garians to their

an ci nt pl ac e an d to make th em p ar take of th e cle
e ,

men cy of his i mperi l maj esty T h p rticu l ar frien d a . e a

s hip w e be ar to the emper r s w ell as t he ingu lar o , a s

ci rcu mst an ces in q e sti n b ade u s u n der take this task

u o ,

w ith a f eli ng of sincere affection ; an d ou r b enev olen ce

e

toward the warlike H ngarian n ation which w a u , s

thr u gh many centu ries the bul wark of Chri s tend m

o o

a ain st th T u rk d oe no l bli s to do all in e ss

g e
g
s,e s o u

our pow r t make th em h r e th fru i ts of hi imper ial

e o s a e s

maj e ty favou r T he w elfare of Eur ope de mands th at

s
’
s .

t he se civil p a i ons b e t rn ed ss
g i n st th e c ommon u a a

e nemy f r th e gl ory of the au g u t h

o se f A tr i a ; s ou o us

an d req ires th at th e n bl e H ng ar i n bl o d n ow h e d
u o u a o ,
s

in an i ngl rious w ay b e r th er spilt f r its legitimate

o , a o

monarch n d cou n try and t exting uish in the Fr en ch

a , o

king hi l t for u niversal monarchy (in e ti ng enda m

s us x u

re
gi s G a lli a e u ni ver sa li ter r e na ndi
g li bi denu m) We
know i p i l cl m n cy and the long
too w ell th e m er a e e ,

w ars of th e H ngari an s t d bt their e diness i n

u ,
o ou r a

agreein g to peace proposed by a pow er w hich h as at

a

hear t the interest of the house of A u stria and at th , e

 1 62 THE C O N F E R E N C E S B R OK E N U P.

fir st presented Wh ile the British government re

‘
.

dou bled its eflorts to mediate peace b tween H ngary

'

e u

and A u s tri a th e Hu ngar ian C onf derates m t t

,
e e a

S ec en (S ptember
z s e and p rom l ate d th e fol
g u

l w ing r ticles in refe ence to the rg nisation of

o a r r eo a

H ngary — R koc y as chief of the t t w to go

u a z ,
s a e, as

vern th e co nt y in con cert w ith tw nty fi e en tors

u r - e v s a

o f th e n obl s an d b ar n of th e co ntry ; th e fin an ci l
e o s u a

dep tment bein g confided to a p ci l b r d 2d

ar s e a oa . .

E ch co nt y w as t keep tw o depu tie at th cou r t of

a u r o s e

R k oc y in rde to w tch ove th ir resp ctive in

a z ,
o r a r e e

ter e ts s3d R akoc y nd h i senat w e

. . th orise d
z a s e er au

to c oncl de p e ce w ith th medi ti ng m ritime pow ers

u a e a a .

4 th It w s det rmi ned to establi h co nc o d n d fr i en d

. a e s r a

ship bet w een th e th e r eligi s con f si n s T he re ou es o .

conf der t as w el l as th e p in e t ok n oath t ictly

e a es, r c , o a s r

to obs r ve the p in ts agree d u p n n

e r to el x in o , ev e o r a

th e end av r t o e cu r the li b ties f the c ntry

ou se e er o ou ,

l
p g ged i n at th s me ti me th eir desc en d n t
, e t o re
a ,
a s

main t e to th n ti n al comp act

ru e a o .

T he medi ti ng amb s do a w h o fi t met at a sa rs, rs

Schemi t n ow as mbl d at Ti m
z, conti n ing th i
se e au , u e r

d lib r tion till J ly 1 7 06 Th t th m in bj ect of

e e a s u . a e a o

th e good offi c w as t l cken th e cti ity Of R k c y

se es o s a a v a o z ,

a nd
g d ally t o d t ch hi m fr om th F e n ch
ra u lli nc
e a e r a a e,

i s sc arc ly n eces ary t prove ; b u t i t

e ns ppeared o soo a

th at w h at A stri a chi efly aim d t w as to gain r mi

u e a a s

1
In -
th e plenipotentiary letter of Qu een A nne dated
said ,

27th Decemb er 1 7 05 and presented to th e H u ngar i an confede

,

r ates i n A pri l 1 7 06 H er B r itannic M ajesty ex pr esses h er self in

,

qu ite a different manner making no mention of su bj ects wanting , ,

i mp eri al clemenci es and i ng lori ous struggles h er ein th e H u nga

,

r ians are sp oken of as a nation once mi ght an d b v e n d now

y ra a ,

fighting for their rights .

 LE TTE R or A N E N GLISH M A N . 1 63

tices , grant of w hich w as firmly refused as soon it h

the e

came more advant g ou s for th e H ngar ian s a e u .

Bu t before procee di ng to th e ecommen cement of r

hostilitie n ow ren dered i n vi tabl by the hau ghty

s, e e

bearing of th e emper or it w ill b e p tic la ly inter st , ar u r e

ing h ere to ci te t he th ee f ll w in g lett rs w hich throw r o o e

too m ch light on th m in q
u sti n to b e mitted th
e a ue o o , e

more e peci lly s th y ar e ef rr ed to i n n ne of th

s a a e r e o e

rec i ed hi tor i es of H ngary

e v s u

Ye ter day s y an En gli h traveller I ret rned

s ,
”
a s s
,
u

from H ngary w i th the pl n ipot nti ries of E ngl an d

u e e a

an d H oll an d h vin c on ti n e d i n th t c f y '

nt
g ,
a
y r e u a ou r o v r

n e ar n i n e mon th to th I h h d t i m t m k er .
g a s e e
a ve a o e

some r mar ks on t h
e c st ms of th Hu nga ians an de u o e r ,

th eir i n cli n ation s i n rel tion to th pe c f r w hi h a e a e, o c

t h ir Exc llen cies h v

e e t k n so m ch p in to n a e a e u a s o

p rpose w hich I sh ll impar t t yo n th r ti me I

u ,
a o u a o e .

mus t con t n t mysel f to t ll yo

e t p es n t th at th e u a r e e

H ngarian are in general g ve an d re r v d w hich i

u s ra se e , s

th e re ason th at p pl e mist ke th e m at fi t eo nd t k a rs , a a e

for r den ess and w an t f good m ann ers w h at i s th

u o e

effe ct of th eir c a ti ne n d j eal ous ies

u I w as my
ou s ss a .

s lf mist k n as w ell as oth

e a e s b t my l ong c nti n er u o u

an ce amon g t th m h c n inced me that th ir no

s e ,
as o v e

b il ity h a e as m ch p lit n es as ny of th ei n eigh

v u o e s a r

bours n d that th y are fr an d a y wh en ver they

,
a e ee e s e

t hin k th y m y b e so w ith
e t any d ng r pr j dic
a ou a e or e u e

to th ei r i nt rest I w as n ever better ent t i ne d in my

e . er a

li f and I think non f th etinu e of the mini ters f

e, e o e r s o

E ngland and H ll n d c n compl ain of any in ci il iti

o a a v es

on th e p art of thi pe ple T h J its ar v y s o e esu e er

powe f l t Tirna and h v m n y l rn d m n in

r u a u, a e a ea e e

their oci ty w ho are free and v ry comm nicativ

s e ,
e u e .

They have taken a w o ld of p ains to search after th r e

1 64 LE TT E R OE A N E N GLISH M A N .

or iginal and antiq ity of th H ng ri an nation and u e u a ,

have eady for the p e s g e t vol m f r mark on

r r s a r a u e o e s

th e s me w itha w orld of in scr ip tions m d l s an d

, a e a
,

o th er m n ume nt w hi ch w ill n ot nly give

o s, better o us a

acc ou nt f tha t c u n t y th n n y book e t n t b t w ill

o o r a a x a ,
u

al so ill strat se r l Ob cu re thi ng in th Roman

u e ve a s s e

hi tory nd pe ci lly i n l ation to th exp di tion s of

s ,
a es a re e e

th t p pl t ow ar ds th D an be I d n t q estion ’
a eo e e u . o u

b t y
u h v h d n accou nt f om ti m t t im of
ou a e a a r e o e

t h n goti ati n w hich w re

e e o t n f ot by th m di a
s e se o o e e n

t i n f E ngl n d n d H ll n d b t h ow th
o o a a m c m o a ,
u e sa e a e

to b ak off I h ll tell yo anoth r tim

re , s a I w as onc u e e. e

in h pe th at th p e c w ld b
o s o n c on cl d d an d
e a e ou e s o u e ,

I th ght th vict y of R amilli w ld h ve con

ou ,
e or es ou a

t ib te d to t he p i ficati on
r u f th t ac bl ; b t I o es e r ou es u

w a mi tak en ; n d if I m igh tly i n f m d th t great

s s a ,
a r or e ,
a

n d u n ex e cted vi t y h h d c n t ar y ff c t T h
a
p o c or e as a a r e e .

J s it h v certainly the b t in t llig nc that n y

e u s a e es e e e a

one can et i n H n y n d th y h ve ll l n t ld
g g u ar
g ,
a e a a a o o

me th t th a ne
g t i t i n w
ese ld c m t o n thi n
a
g ot s ou o e o o a

all ; an d th y h d h g n d f th ir
e a su c nc r ou s or e assu r a e,

th t n tw i th tan di g t h y kn w th t th i b n i hm n t
a o s n e e a e r a s e

ou t Of H g y w un
as n e f t
arh e chi f rticl s i n
o i te d O e a e s s

u p n by th m lcont nts I co ld n t di c o th l s t
o e a e , u o s ver e ea

u n ines in th m n th t p in t T he tru c expi in g

eas s e o a o . e r

thi d y th e tr
s a ps f b th p arti oo ct lly in mo
o o es ar e a ua

ti n t re n w th i h tiliti e
o o e an d
ye r m y e p ct t
os s, ou a x e o

h ar f the mo t bl dy w that e e w w hich I

e o s oo ar v r as,

am f id w ill b
a ra till m e c el th n w b tw ne s or ru a a ar e ee

th Chr isti
e n d th T k I pity the tr p th t r
a ns a e ur s. oo s a a e

t o b c n c n ed in thi q arr l ; f
e o er th H n g r i ns s u e or as e u a a

e xpect no m rcy f m th G m s th y n t lik ly

e ro e er an , e ar e o e

t o give ny q rt a to ch w ho h ll f ll in t thei
ua er su s a a o r

h nds T he generals have not been idle du ring th

a . e
1 66 R A x o cz r s
’
LE TT E R To

g i
ar an ti on h avin
na
g w r
ght in s a j ust acknow ou u
-
l dgment I joyf lly emb ce this occasion gratef lly
e , u ra u

t o render yo r Hi h Mi h tin esses m ow n most h mble u

g g u
y
th nk
a n d wi th th m th ose of th e c nfe derated estates
s, a e o ,

o f w h om I am th e l d r an d th e chief It is c r tain ea e . e

th at th ol ai m w hich I
e s e n d th e Hu n gar i an n ati on a

pr po ed to ou rs lves n am ly to recover o r j u st and

o s e , e ,
u

re as on bl lib rty f nd d n the law s of th e ki ngdom

a e e , ou e o ,

by t king rms ag inst th os w ho had long ou ght to

a a a e s

o p p u nd r th yoke f r bitr ary pow r cou ld

r ess s u e e o a e ,

n ver b e more pow rf lly sec on ded th an by the medi

e e u

a ti n of yo r Hi h Mi h tin es e an d of H e M j esty th e
o s s a
g gu r

Qu een of Gr at B it i n ; b ecau se no gove nmen t in

e r a r

t h w o ld b tte r k n ow th val u e of liberty th an your

e r e s e

High M ightin sses w ho h ave at all times made u se of

e ,

t he fo ce G d h as p t i nt y
r o h ands to m in tain it
u o ou r a .

We fl ttered u rs lve w ith the pleasing hopes

a o e s ,

th t a lasting p ce w o ld b e th e i ssue of th at media

a ea u

ti on h avin g to do w i th a p i n ce w h
,
as f r hi ow n r o, o s

p r on w s not th a thor of r past calamitie who

e s ,
a e u ou s,

h s giv n s n o l es fr q n t assur ance s of hi ffec ti on

a e u s e ue s a

th n a f hi si n cere d i
o s f peace an d who has so es r e O ,

reat obli ti on s t o your Hi h Mi htin es s an d H er se

g g a
g g
M j ty th Q n f Gr t B itain th at we had
a es e u ee o ea r ,

ro n d to b li eve he c ld f n thi n
g u ree e
you o
g ou us .

“Th se con id r ati ons had o th or u hly rooted ou t

e s
g e s o

o f ou he ar ts all di t st n d produ ce d in s so p rfect

r s ru ,
a u e

a disp ition to f cili t te the n goti ation of peace nder

os a a e ,
u

an u spicio s m di ti n w hich w e
a u teemed our great
e a o ,
es

e st h ppi n e a th at w tho ght it impossible th e treaty

ss, e u

sh ou ld n t b carri d on to a h appi r iss e

o e e e u .

B t I fi nd my elf c on train e d to acq ai nt you r

u s s u

Mightiness s w ith t real grief that h ardly had w e

e , oo ,

beg n to treat w hen w e perceived that the adverse

u
 T HE DU T C H GOVE R N M E N T . 7

party pretended rather to prescribe us h ar d law s than

agre e w i th u s on conditi n th at might b e deemed o s

e q u i t bl a on b oth sid es
e F or hi s Impe i l M j sty . r a a e

h ving ret r ned an answe r t o o r prop itions in

a u u os ,

w hich h e eferr ed alm t all the ssenti al p oin ts to a

r os e

Diet w e had n o time llow ed s to make a reply ; but

, a u

as if th e p eac e w as to b e f n de d on ur d pair not ou o es ,

in o r c nfi den ce in the emperor and o r w illing com

u o u

l i an ce the i mperi l co rt has for ced u s to b etake ou r

p ,
a u

selve ai n to ar ms r ef sin g to g ran t th l east ro

gs a , p u e

longati on of the ar mistice b eyon d the 24 th of J ly u ,

n oth w i th tan din all the i n tan ces made t th em to th at

g s s o

pu pose by th ministers of yo r High Mightine s and

r e u sse

of th Q n f G eat B itai n w h se n d avours w e

e u ee o r r ,
o e e

cann ot ffi ci ntly c mm n d an d Of w h se q i ty w e
su e o e ,
o e u

are s f lly pers ad e d th at w e d r e tru st th e faithf l re

o u u a u

port th y w ill make to your High Mightine es and H er

e ss

M j esty w ill shew that th e tr e cau ses of the nh appy

a ,
u u

r u pt r eu f th e tr aty w re the violent co un c il

o e f some e s o

of the mper or s mi ni sters w hose in cer ity and maxims

e
’
,
s

ar e th r eby b ecom more su spe cted to us th an ever

e e .

We think urselves h appy that w e can allege the

o

j u st g ou n d of ou r compl in t to potentate w h se vir

r s a s s o

t ues m ke th m deservedly admir ed by th e w h le u n i

a e o

verse ; an d if ou r arms h ve occ i n d s me di rsi n a as o e o ve o

of th ose f y r High Mightinesse and of the Q een

o ou s, u

of G reat Br itai n it is u r m ch h ar der lot t

, be e o u o x

p sed to the f t l eff cts of th victo ious arms of poten

o a a e e r

tate w h se pow er and val o r w e rev re as m ch as

s, o u e u

we p ri e th eir medi ation sin ce th ei r c on qu ests in cr eas e

z
,

the p ride f r ene mi s an d c n tr ib u te t o our

o ou
pp e ,
res o o

si on by draw i n p on u s troop s fr om B avar ia and the

, g u

e mpi re .

“Bu t w e u t ou r confidence in G od an d in the u s

p j ,
16 8 P
S EE CH on T H E E N GLISH E N vor

tice of our cau se w hich has no oth pr pect than th , er os e

main taining of the m t cred l w s of the ki n gdom os sa a .

I cannot w ith t extre m regret resolve to hav re

,
ou e ,
e

cou rs to mean s that w ill n a e m n e w to spill the

e
g g e e a

blood of my f ll w -co ntrymen aft h a ing en dea

e o u , er v

v ou red w i th so m ch sin c r ity nd t t h expense

u e ,
a a e

eve n f my digni ty to sec n d th genero s i nten ti on

O , o e u s

of y r Hi h Mi hti n se s ; th h th i nf c ti n s of
es ra
ou
g g g ou e o

ou r l w a th vi l nce don e to
s, e r p rson
o e n d liberti es ou e s a ,

th e i vers of innocent b lood h ed un de the reign of

r s ,
r

o r l t
u emperor w hich h av
a e b en set f rth in ll th ir
,
e e o a e

h rror in my manife toe and th c nt mpt th t i till

o s s, e o e a s s

h ad at this v ry time f u r mo t i n ce re w i h es for

e or o s s s

e ac e are a s ffi cien t j ti fi c ati on f ou r a m t l l

p ,
u us o r s o a

th o e w h o h ve any sen se f h n
s a an d q ity A nd o o ou r e u .

as y High Mightin se cann t b t b to ch d w ith

ou r es s o u e u e

ou r mi fort ne w e besee ch o to g an t y ou r p w er r us o
s u
y ,
u

fu l i t nce nd to inte pose m e eff ct al good

ass s a ,
a r or e u

offi ce th an yo r fo m r t
s proc e pe ce f n tion
u r e , o ur a or a a

so u nj tly distres ed w hich re c mm nd it lf t the

us s ,
o e s se o

contin n ce of y u r fav
ua nd b
g y o o n t t ab an ou r , a e s u o o

don h im w ho is w i th ll d n ti me nts f re t ”
a u e se o s
p ec .

N w l t u s hear t he E ngl ish n y sp ch made

’
o e e vo s ee

to th e e mperor on th e l t f A g t 1 7 06 i mm diate ly s o u us ,
e

aft r h i re tu rn fi om H n y p h w hi h b
'
s a ar s
e
g e e u ,
ec c ,

sides i ndi catin g th comp ion f th at dipl m tis t f r

e as s o o a o

Hu ngary w ill more cl ly h w w h t th Vi nn e e

,
ear s o a e e s

cou rt m n t by availin g its lf f the E ngli h and D tch

ea e o s u

medi ation
Sire — W think i t o r d ty t gi you r imp rial
,
e u u o ve e

m j esty
a su ccin ct acc
a n t by w h at me n s t h n e go ou a e

t i ti on th at w a committ d to
a s c me to h ve n o
s e u a a

eff ct
e .We h ave on ever l occ i ns repre ented t ,
s a as o
,
s o

the i mper i al commi ssi ne an d at l as t to y u r M o rs, o a

1 70 C ON TIN U A TION on T H E WA R .

pressing their de p s rrow to see u s p art from them e

e o r

i nfe tc a.By thi re cit l w hich I h ave the h ono r to

s a , u

make to you r M j sty yo w ill j dg e th at the chi efs

a e , u u

and th e n ti on w ere all in th e b est p osition th at co l d

a u

b e d ired for n agre m nt

es We d are even assu re
a e e .

you r M j ty th t f r a hort prolongation of th armis

a es ,
a o s e

tice n d me mod t expedients your Maj esty

,
a so era e ,

w ou ld h ave h ad th e ki ngdoms of H u ngary an d Tran

sylva i a w ith greater e an d mor e ampl e au th ori ty
n ase

than ever they w ere possessed by an y of you r ances

Sire the representatives of your gener als and
Bu t, ,

minister h ave deprive d u s of the h onou r of ser vi u g

s

yo r Maj esty in the happy concl usion of this important

u

affair
”l
.

A t another j n ct re it i pos ibl e t h at su ch repre

u u s s

se ntati ns might h ave p

o d c ed the desired effect on ro u

the e mperor b t n w th vict ory of R amilli es gained

, u o e ,

by the D ke of M rlboro gh ten ded only to make

u a u ,

Jo eph I less tractable

s . .

F orced to recomm n ce h ostilities R akoc y s first e

,
z
’

ca e w s to d et ch a body of h is army to pe ne tr at e
r a a

int M avi a and Sil e i h ping to ro se the Pro

o or s a, o u

te tant inh bit n ts of th e pr vinces laid low ever

s a a es o ,

sin ce th e time of F rdi n an d I I an d n ow en co ra ed

e
g .
, u

by the tri mph nt p ogre s f th e Sw edish king thro gh

u a r s o u

S axony Thi s schem h owev r f il d Wi th the t e

. e, e , a e .

n e w al of op er ations on b th p arts the w h ol e of H u n o ,

ary i n cl din th e r emotest p ar t of T an sylvan i a s r

g , g u ,

agai n f lt all the mi s r i

e f w ar ; an d w hile the i mpe
e es o

ri l gen ral
a Rab tin an d H ei l r r avaged the pro
e s, u s e ,

vin ces of Hu ng y Karoly n d Bercseny stru ck ter ro

ar ,
a r

1
A Complete H istor y of E u r ope, or a View of the A f ai r s
ther eof, Ci vi l a nd M i litary , for the year 1 706 L ondon, 1 7 07 .
 FOR E IGN IN FLU E N CE . 17 1

into the i nhabitants of th A trian d minion s w hithe e us o , r

they asily p n trated b u t wi tho t g i ning the by any

e e e , u a re

s b st n ti l
u dvantag ov r th e enemy T he co ge of
a a a e e . u ra

th people soon Sl ack en ed at the ight f an al ready

e s o

f ur y a
o u n av ili n
e rs
g st u
’

ggle an d t h e fi n l i u e of
a r ,
a ss

w hich se emed mu ch to depen d on th e r s l t of th e u s e

great E r pe n w a Several circ u mstances h ow ever

u o a r. , ,

in du ced the H nga ian confede ate to as u me a holder

u r r s s

p o ition in pi t of the nd cided r s lts att nding

s ,
s e u e e u e

th eir milita y p er ti ns T he King of France t

r o a o .
, o

excuse h i n li n ce i n n ot f l fillin th t ip l ti n
g g s e
g e o s u e s u a

ent red in t w it h R akoc y all eged th e p e e nt depen

e o z ,
r s

dent conditi n of th e H ngarian s w h h d hither to

o u ,
o a

he itat d p blicly to renou nc their all gian c t A u s

s e u e e e o

tr i and w ith w hom b ing still r g r d d as in th eye

a, e e a e ,
e s

of th e w ld A tri an s bj ects he so w as it i ti m t d
or ,
us u , ,
n a e ,

w as n bl t ente in
u a t e n for mal tre ty
y o T hi
r s w a o a a . as

str on dipl m atic a u me nt for th e c on f de at s for e r

g g o r e

decidi ng pon th deth oni ation of the A strian dy

u e r z u

n asty p ci lly as they w ere be ide at the same

, es e a s s,

tim as u ed f th e as i tanc e of P ter t he G r

e, s r o t w ho s s e ea ,

e nd vo r ed to m k e R koc y king f Poland Thu s 1

ea u a a z o .

Th e advances made b y the Czar wer e, from the very beginning,

1

calculated to incr ease th e per plex i ty of R akoczy, wh o placed mor e

confidence i n hi s avowed fr i end, Char les XII of S weden, and .

fr om whom it was evidently th e chi ef purpose of th e Czar to es

trange h im . R akoczy, i n r eferring ( s ee M e moir es de Prince
R ak oczy,
” ”
added to th e H ist oir e de la R evolu tion de H ongrie,
p . to th e cons ter nati on th e ki ng of S weden s pr ogr ess
’

thr ou gh S ax ony h ad cau sed in V i enna, ex presses his opini on that

th e su dden r etr eat of Ch arles to P oland was owi ng to th e S we
dish general, F esser, h avi ng b een gained b y E nglish money .

S mollet, however, attr ibu tes thi s u nex pected change of oper a
tions of th e S wedish king to th e fl attering letter of Qu een A nne,
acco mp anied wi th th e still gr eater flatteries of th e Du ke of

M ar l borough , wh o personally handed it to Charles at Leipsi c .

17 2 DE T H R ON I Z A T I O N OF T H E H A P S U R B GS .

met th e bly of O n d in 1 7 07 w hich p ocl i med

assem o ,
r a

the indepen de nc e of H n ga y It is p rh p ne dle s u r . e a s e s

t s y that th e H n ga i n s w er
o a b eq n tly fo ken
u r a e su s ue r sa

both by F n ce n d R i and d omed to fight their

ra a u ss a, o

battle single-h n ded ; w hil n th oth r h nd th e

a e, o e e a ,

em ror w as soo n e n bl d t w ithd ra w a p art f t h o e

p e a e o

D ni h au xiliary tr ps fr m th Rhine t p r te on
a s oo o e o o e a

th e sh ores of th Th i T king th fi ld w ith in

e e ss . a e e

cr d nu mb r the f tu n f w d cidedly t n d
ease e s, or e o ar e ur e

in f v r f the i mp e i ali t in c n q nc
a ou o f w hich r s s, o se ue e o

n u me r s f mili ou t c p their f y l ft th ir
a es, o es a e ur , e e

a b des to eek h lt in the n ati n l camp ; ci c m

o s s e er o a a r u

stan c w hich b e ides cl gging the milit y m v men t

,
es o ar o e s,

con trib t d to di sc o ra t h r my nd d g ene s rea

u e
g e p u e a , a

r l c n st rnati on T ll th s di sc i n v e n ts e
a o e
g g. o a e e ou ra

an d di sapp i ntmen t w o oon dd d th infl n ce of s as s a e e ue

th s e of Ro me n w r c on cil d to J s ph in t ts ’
e e o e e o e s er es .
,

I n th epi tl i s ed by Clemen t XL hi h lin ss

e s es su ,
s o e

s tr ngly exhorted th H ng ian cl gy t b ndon

o e u ar er o a a

the c us f th conf d
a e o t empow ing b id th
e e era e s, er ,
es e s, e

ar chbi sh p f Gran to xc mmu n ic t all w h re f

o o d e o a e o use

to
py h m g
a t t h o m p a I
e n former ti me the
o e e er or . s

H nga ian l a ghed t th p w er f Rom and c ned

u r s u a e o o e, s or

the f l mi n tion s of the p p b t n w i t w s th rw i se ;

u a o e, u o a o e

the Pr otest nt as w a n b e c m r d e d to
s, as se e ,
a e e uc a

s mall p art of the p p l ti n w hil th e pi it l an d o u a o ,

e s r ua ,

a f w f the te mp
e o l l d rg d by big t y nd or a or s, u e o r a

fan atici m cceed d lik w i in intimid ting d c r

s ,
su e e se a an o

r u tin th n d b ld min ds of th p e pl t l ar e
p g e s ou , g
o e o e a .

T he soon r to e fl ct an acc mm dati n r d d n ow

'

e
g e o o o ,
r e a e

by th mp r r a a m tt r f n difli lty h n mi
e e e o s a e o o cu ,
e o

n ated J ohn P lfy Chi f c mm nd aof th A t i n e o a er e us r a

forces in H ng ry an d i nv ted him w ith f ll p ow er

u a ,
es u

to treat wi th the C onfederates Rakoc y w as s on per . z o

1 74 C O N C L U D IN G R E M AR KS .

on e c
mighty r ace w hich had pr ved its lf a match for o e

t he O tt oman pow er w hen it w as in i ts f ll e t vigo r u s u .

Str nge crus der tr ly w ere t he B lgio

a a s u B ast s e s os, a ,

n d C r fl s w h m th e H ap b u r s nt t o H u n a y
'

r
a a a a , o
g g s se

u nd th st an dar d f the C
er e ! E op h d b e n
o ross ur e a e

willi ng t t h e d y of Rak c y to b li v a s th t ll o z e e e a a
p ,
u o ,

t he h t e nt in to th t c
os s s nt y w e d ig n d t d
a ou r er es e o e

str y tho T k and the p rni i s H ng i n s w ith

e ur s, e c ou u ar a

w h m th y w r
o e re p t dly allied Thi l st w ar
e e ea e . s a ,

h w ev
o s h as been
er , a e n w as comme n c d an d c r s e ,
e a

r ied n f seven y ars by pe ple driv n to d p i

o or e , a o e es a r

by th ncea in g ty anny of i ts Chri ti n r l rs an d

e u s r s a u e ,

re ar d d by th e Por te w i th
e b l te i n di ff r n c e ; nd e e a
g a so u

still n o ea n t effort w as mad by civili d E pe t

r es e ze u ro o

li v
re e e th e n f r t n a t eu c nod i
i o
t n u f thi i ll- ta do o s s rv e

r ac e ; n eff t w hich at thi

a or , m rg n cy w y s e e e ,
as as e as

as it w o ld h v u been cc s f l if att mpt d by th

a e su e s u , e e e

mar itim p ow ers w h o p fessed t m di t

e A man
ro o e a e.

w ith th t n e ar n estne
s er an d det e mi n ti n
e f
ss r a o o a

T okiili w ld h e fo n d it n diffic lt t k to v
,
ou av u o u as sa e,

u n der th e th er f v
se r a r bl ci c mst n c a ou a th i n d e r u a e s, e e

p nd n
e e f Hce n
go ry B ut n t s a t h e p ince R
. u o o r a

k c y
o z Tho gh p ompted t ction by a f li g of
. u r o a ee n

j tice n d p t i ti m this yo ng p in c w ant d n

us a a r o s , u r e e co

s ist nt ne gy n d f ith in th fi nal s cc

e e r a a f hi e u ess o s

c se tw q liti s in dispen bl e in n ti n l l de
au ,
o ua e sa a a o a ea r,

an d th e n ly i nf llibl
o t t f hi r l g eatn
a e N
es s o s ea r e ss . o

s mall pr ise h w ve i d e t th m m y f R
a ,
o e r, s u o e e or o a

ko y w h th o gh br ght p by Je it fo gh t f r
cz ,
o, u ou u su s, u o ,

an d procl im d th r li io lib ty f th e Pr t t nt
a
ge e o e us er o es a s .

Refu sin g t acc pt th i mp ri l p r d n he b took hi m

o e e e a a o e

sel f to F nc nd
ra p n t th e next f r y ar f hi s
e, a s e ou e s o

life in th at c ntry Tir d f hi t y in F n c h

ou . e o s s a ra e, e

l ooked for a l ast as yl m in T rk y at that time r l d u u e , u e

 C ON C L UDIN G R E M A R KS . 175

v
o er by This su ltan it may cursorily
A chmet III .
,

b e r emarked w as en tirely en grossed in th e in t ig es

,
r u

of the h arem an d w as n t to b e ro
,
d into c tion o us e a

eith er by th e f vou abl Oppor t ni ty ffered to th e

a r e u o

P rte by Ch arles XI I of S w eden or by th e H n

o .
, u

g ar i an w ar I n f ct i
.t w d r i ng th t ti me th t t h
a ,
as u a a e

P rte began to declin e and Ru s ia to raise it head

o ,
s s

u n der Pe ter th e G reat w h o n egl e ct d n o effort th t ,

e a

might se c r e f r hi mself the symp thies of the S ela

u o a

vonic tribes livi ng un der T rkish ru le u .

1

1 S alaberry, p 7 8 ill ustrates most strikingly the

vol. iii . .
,

ap athy of th e di van whi ch tur ned a deaf ear to th e admoni ti on

,

of th e vi zi er Kinperli and P oni ato wski a P olish nobleman and ,

adh er ent of Ch arles XII They accu sed the Cz ar of engaging

.

the su bjects of the Porte especi ally th e mou ntaineer s alli ed to

, ,

the R u ssian b y the commu ni ty of r eligi on ur ging u pon the ,

sul tan to take th e field L es M ontenegrins says th e hi stori an

”
.
, ,

sur la r enommée des su cces d un e p eu plade de leur nati on

’

contre leurs ennemis co mmuns, avai ent envoy é

dans le te ms de
,

la paixde Car lowitz , oflri r leur alli ance a

‘
la R u ssie L a pre .

voyance de P i err e I , n avais pas dedaigné dep u i s des M ontag

’
.

nar ds dont la haine et la bravour e pou vai ent devenir u tiles ; e t

sans avoir de desse in fix é ou de b u t pr esent, il avait cu lti vé les

ger mes de cette a mi ti é pr ofitable . Les presents de Pierre I .

,

avaient decoré les E glises des M ontenegrins, ses au mones avaient

e té secourir les pr etres gr ecs jusqu e dans les celulles du M ont

A thos A in si dé s-lors, tous les peu ples, les u ns de meme or igine ,

.

les au tr es de meme r eli gi on q u e les R usses, part agai ent la bien

veillance de leur nom, l assur ance de leur ami ti , l esperance de
’ ’
é
leur pr otection en E pire, en T hessalie, dans la G r éce, dans la
”
M or é e.
 THI R D —
P E R I O D 17114 825 .

C H A P TE R VI .

C H A R LE S VL — M A R A I TH E R E SA

A F TE R peace f S th mar H ng ian hist y

th e o za ,
u ar or

as su mes a q i te di ff e n t ch ar ct
u T h e H n g r i an s
er a er . u a

w ill n m o b n to
ore i g in t th i H psb rg
e see r se a a s e r a u

m n arch b t n th c tr y to sav th A u t i n
o s
,
u o e on ar e e s r a

e mpi f m th b ld and m biti

re ro e d ign of tw o of
o a ou s es s

th e mo t w lik p i n
s ar f E op e Fr d ick t he
e r ces o ur ,
e er

G at n d N p l n B on p r t
re a a I t w ill b e
o eo n u a a e. se e

how i n th e mid t of th e ti i ng spi it of the present

,
s s rr r

cent y mem ble f om it m nt l ac tivity and

ur ,
so or a r s e a ,

th rac
e f gi n t min d w hich i t h d n t forth H u n
e o a s a se ,

a y w i th t p r d cin i n l m n f n t l i n
g r ou
g g o u
y a s e a o o e a a

s tat f d p l th argy ; how t h p ivil g d cl s

e o ee e u e r e e a se s, e

tren chi ng th ms lv behin d th ramp t f f d li m

e e es e ar s o eu a s ,

c r ned e y id of pr gr ; f th h ow the n
s o v er ea o ess ar er , a

t ion l f eling n d l ng
a e
g v
a ni hi n
g fr m amon
a ua
g e, a s o

the higher cl sses w g

a ar de d n d tr eas ur e d
,
er e
p by u a u

the oppresse d an d d b u t in corru ptible p asants ;

ru e, e
 1 78 T RE A TY or P A SSA R ow rr z .

i Repu blic re l utely to resi t the aggressi ns of the

t an so s o

T rk whil E gene b g n to conc ntrate hi troops

u s, e u e a e s

in Hu nga y on th bank of th e D anu b e

r T he s ltan
e s . u

A ch me t III anti ip ting the de ign f th e i mpe ial

.
, c a s o r

n er al m ch d hi my t h S v n d as
g e ar e
, ac ro e e s ar ss a ,
a ,

w ill b e se n t hi w n d stru cti n

e ,
o A fte m ll
s o e o . r a s a

s cce s i n e d by P alfa E g ene ou ted th T k t s a

u
g s
y , u r e ur

Petervar d in n d c pt e e d beside
, ne
a ly all th ir a ur s ar e

ar till y P fiti g by the gene al con te n tion of

er . ro n r s r a

th Tu rk E gen e ent P lfy n d th e p rin c

e s, u f Wurs a a e o

temb erg t l y seig t th f r t o a of T m var w hiche o e o r ess e es ,

comman ds the w h l B n t an d w hi h w as ro e n de r d a a , c s u re e

by the T rks aft r h y ige By th e r peated

u e a e av se . es e

di aster s t h M
s lman l t ll confi d nc in the
e u ssu s os a e e

s ccess of th i
u ar m ; n d i n th e ye r 1 7 1 7 th y s a ear e

ope ne d th gates f Belgr d t th imp rial rmy

e o a e o e e a .

T he pr ese nt c amp ign p ved th w ay f the p eac a f a e or e o

Pa sar owi t
s little tow n in S r ia a pe ce concl d d
z, a e v ,
a u e

b tw en th Po t n d th Emper r in 1 7 18 In ir t e
e e e r a e o . v u

o f t he p vi i n of thi tr ty th P rt ab n d n ed
ro s o s s ea ,
e o e a o

the B an t th f t e a , f B lg ade an d
e p t of
or r ss o e r ,
a ar

B sn i on th hith r sid f th Unn a promi ing be

o a, e e e o e ,
s

s id the free n vig tion of t h D an u be t th p ple

es a a e o e eo

of the A us t i an mpi e r e r .

Th l st victo ie gain d ver the T ks w ith the

e se a r s, e o ur ,

l ss f m ch H ng i n blood w r far f om ind cing

o o u u ar a ,
e e r u

t h E mp ror to
e trict ob e van ce f the l t cts of
e a s s r o as a

th e diet Instead of being in co por ted in t the king

. r a o

d m th p art reconq er d f om th e Tu rk w r
o ,
e s u e r s e e

di vid d i nto eve n t e n di tr icts col oni d w itho t th e

e s e s ,
ze u

con c r ren ce of th e H u n g i n S tates

u an d dire ctly ar a ,

overne d by th c o rt of Vi enn a M ore fl a ran t

e
g u
g .
,

how ever w ere the oppre ions ex rci ed n th p o

,
ss e s o e r

testants Protestan t orph ans w ere i n many in stan ces

.
 RE LIGI OU S PE RS E CU TION S . 1 79

p utby fo rce u n der C ath olic

g ar di an s ; C ath olic pr ie st u s

f rced th eir w ay t o the d th-b d f protest nts w hil

o ea e o a ,
e

the f r m l a of the oath r q ired of tho e w ho en te ed

o u e u s r

on p blic offic e s e xcl u d d t h p r t

u t n t f om partici
,
e e o es a r

patio in p blic ffairs Printing offices b longing t

u u a . e o

p te t nt w e re closed, th
ro s a s of th eir b ooks i nt r e u se e

di ct d w hile a b igotted cen hip w as insti tu ted at

e ,
sor s

Presbu g to take cogni n ce f ll p blic tions I

r sa o a u a . n

s ho t th C ath lic bi h ps f r c ed the pr testant to

r , e o s o o o s

su b mit family di pu tes to th d ci ion of their tri

s e e s

b n ls ; w hi le all th ose tow ns th t w ere r econ q r d

u a a ue e

fi om the Tu rks and where p t t ntis m pread w ith

'

,
ro es a s

o t an re tr ain t w er b reft of h nd red f th i

u
y s , e r e e u s o

chur che and w ere besides obliged to b ild C atholi

s, u c

s nct a i nd schools
l
a u r es a .

I n th mean ti me Ch ar l
e VI w ho h d no m l ,
es .
, a a e

offsp i n w nd eavo ri n t c re to t he fe m l
g r as , g e u o se u a e

br nch f the Hapsb u g H

a o th e s cc ssi on t th r ou se u e o e

H ngari n thr one With thi vi w he convoked th

u a . s e e

di t in 1 7 22 T he r chbi h p C ky the sta nche t

e . a s o sa ,
u s

s pp r t r f the e mperor s in t r t w a not n egligent

’
u o e o e es , s

i n pro i ng th e good re lt to b expected fro m th

v su s e e

propose d change in th ccession T he St tes soon e su . a

mad p th
e ueir mi nd an d c onf r d th e r i ht of s
g , e re uc

c ssi n to the crow n f St St phen even on the f mal e

e o o e , e

desc ndants of the H p bu g dyn ty This c mpa t

e a s r as . o c

i k n w n by the n ame f the P gmatic S ancti n

s o o ra o .

I n the mean ti me n ew di c nten ts rose i n Hu ngary s o a

,

c sed p artly by the rap city f the foreign tro p

au a o o s,

an d par tly by the restric ti ns laid on th e ex ortati n of

p o o

1
L a mpe, H ist E ccles H ungar , p ages 5 1 9 and 54 1, descr ibes
. . .

th e proceedings of the Commission of Pesth, ins titu ted by the

ki ng to investigate the grievance of th e protestants in 1 72 1 .
1 80 DE A T H or C H A R LE S v i .

H ngarian raw prod ce the nly imp rtant branch of

u u , o o

inte rch nge w ith fo eign cou nt i s T h di t of 1 7 28

a r r e . e e

lo dly remonstrat d ag inst th p ceedings and

u e a ose ro ,

su ch a line f policy ; b t it w as soon diss lv d by th

o u o e e

king amidst the general di con t nt f th e c n t y s e o ou r .

A f w years l at r Ch l s mb k d in
e e n w w ar e e ar e a e ar

w ith th Porte i n tigat d t it by A n n

e ,
s E mpre s f e o e, s o

R ia B t this w
u ss . w hich w
u ca ied n f r thrar, as rr o o ee

year nd g in co t H nga y mu h m n y n d bl d
s, a a a s u r c o e a oo ,

b ght nly h am n th c ur t f Vi nn n d c n
rou o s e o e o o e a, a o

trib t d to r d c th t itory of the H ngari n king

u e e u e e err u a

dom T h di
. tr i e f thi w ar d in go d
e sas ou s ss u o s , ue o

part o t e de and co e o ders of th Viennes

t h n
ort r - rs u r e e

co n cil w m inly c ed by th c w dic f gen e

u , as a au s e o ar e o

r al N eu w h s r nd
er d B l g doe t t h
ur ee T k er e e ra o ur s.
p g ,

By the tre ty c n cl d d in 1 7 39 kn ow n by th n m
a o u e ,
e a e

of th t f tre
a A stri
or band n d S ia t th Po t
ss, u a a o e er v o e r e,

a p t f B sn i a i n d di ti on to t h
ar o o , b -men ti n d
a e a o ve o e

s trongh ld i n th o ict i s d f n f w hich o m ch

, e v or ou e e ce o s u

H ng ian blo d h d b en h d b f th H psb g

u ar o a e s e e or e e a ur

ru le b i n H n ar yn S n aft th c n cl i n f oo er e o us o o
g a e
g u .

thi p c Ch l s di d
s ea e H i reign f n e ly eighte n
ar e e . s o ar e

y r th gh m pe cef l and l ss a bit a y th n

ea s, ou ore a u e r r r a

th at f h i p d c
o s rs w retill far f om p d ci n g
e esso ,
as s r ro u

an
y ch n
g f
a th b t
e,t i t
orh r i n th e phy ic l
e e r er , e e s a o

ment l t t f the pop l ati n T h idl p ge ntry f

a s a e o u o . e e a a o

t h Vi n n
e e rt w th m an s f t t chi ng t th
ese co u as e e o a a o e

e mp r r m ny f t he H n g i n m gn t
e o a o wh we u ar a a a es, o re

r ea dy t en d their ind pen d nc f r th ple

o su r r er e e e o e as u r e

o f mi ngling w i th hi s h ndr d f Ch amb l in d u e s o er a s an

t w a d nd fo got th i nt re ts f t h ir c n t y
s e r s, a r e e s o e ou r

a mi d t th e g ge
s pr c s ion f th knight f th
or ou s o e s s o e s o e

G olden Fl c and th oth er idle fé te in w hich thi

ee e , e s s

e mperor o m ch deli h te d
s N or w a t h er e i ibl s a v s e
g u .
 82 A PP E A L o r M A R A - H E R E SA . I T

por ati on of provinces rec vered from the T urks

the o

w ith the H ng rian crow n the strict obser van ce f th e

u a ,
o

privileges of the prote st n ts as w ell as a general con a ,

fi rmation of all th law s and rights of the cou ntr y T h e

e .

qu een w ho had rep ired to P sburg w as n ot p r ing

, a re ,
s a

i n solemn pr omi e fte r w hich the diet p oce ded to

s s, a r e

the lec tion of a p l ti ne f om amon fou r c n did t

e r a es,
g a a a

t w of w h om w ere accor din t law c th olic

o an d the s,
g o a

o th er tw o p otest nts Thi el ecti on b ein g ov r Mar i a

r a . s e

Theresa received the r y l nction on the 25th Ju n o a u e

from th e A rchbi hop of Gran s .

I n th e me anti m Fre d r ick the Great w h o inh erited

e e ,
f om his f ther a full tre s u ry and a lar ge di iplin ed
r a a sc

ar my brok e i n to S ilesi
, w h re he receive d th e h om ge
a, e a

o f th p rotestan t looki ng p n h i m as th ei d liv rer

e s
,
u o r e e .

T he H ungari an q e n n the contrary f n d at th e u e ,

o ,
ou

d ath of Charles a b oken half-di rganised army

e r ,
so ,

Boh mia nd M ora ia di ffect d and the Italian pro

e a v sa e ,

vinces threatened by Sp ain A pprised at Pre bu g of . s r

the pp ro ch of the B v ri n
a a he ll at once en t red
a a a s, s a e

the Di et j st resou n ding w ith the compl int of the

, u a s

t t
s a es ag i nst man if ld ab ses
a With the crow n f St
o u . o

St phen on her h ad nd h r in fant in h r trembling

e e ,
a e e

ar ms th e y ou th f l q u een cl d i n mo rn i n asc en d d
, u
g ,
a u ,
e

th e t ib un e and in a trem l
r ,
s voice r en der d th u ou ,
e e

mo tou chi ng by the p l ness di ffu sed over her s lly

re a e u ua

bl oming cheeks poured forth in elegant L atin the

o ,

tal of h er distresse d con diti on pointing i n p rtic l ar

e , ,
a u ,

to th e p rogress al re dy m d by th e El ctor of B avar i a

a a e e ,

n d to the d an er of l o i n t h oldes t d min ion of h er s

a
g g s e o

cesto rs ; e xcl aimi ng in con cl u ion th at if n ot s ve d

,
s ,
a

by her beloved Hu nga ian he and th e littl inf nt r s, s , e a

w hom th y n ow beh ld migh t soon b e r ed c e d to a

e e ,
u

stat e of destit u tion S u ch a scene presented in its

.
 PE A C E or B R E SL A U . 1 83

awfu l reality by ch rmi ng pri nce w ou ld h ave

,
so a a ss,

m v d even the mo t in diff n t

o e dien c ; nor co ld s er e au e u

it f il to xcit w ild ou tbu t of nth ia m in the en

a e e rs s e us s s

siti ve min d f the pro d an d w arlik H nga ian T he

so u e u r s.

m n ing cc nts f the di str s d fe m l w re in st n tly

oa a e o e se a e e a

h h ed by th cl h of the w rd s of th e depu tie w h

us e as s o s, o

e x ltin ly e xcl i m d O r bl d n d lif f

u
g a e o , u oo a e or ur

I ing M r ia-Th
c a l T he i e ti
er es a th e army
”
ns u r r c on , as

of th n ble w t rmed w as on o gani ed T o th

o es as e , so r z . e

ligh t hussars w e dded nine fo t r gi m nts be id sre a o e e ,

s e

a n mb er of n on-n bl s and p an doors a ort f c ou n ty

u
( o e s o

mili ti ) f rn i h d by all the provin c s of H ng ry

a , u s e e u a .

A S th tr e ry in Vi nn a w s
e as u mp ty th n obl s pro e a e ,
e e

v i ded ll the eq ipmen ts and ar m t th eir own e

a u s a x

pen e many f th m ff ring their j w ll y w h n

s , o e o e e e er e

n eed f l Th e e t oop oon m rch d int A tri in

u . s r s s a e o us a,

c ns q e nce fwhich the G ll -Bav ri n my lr dy

o e u o a o a a ar ,
a ea

master f L in h l te d in its w y t th e A tri n c

o z
,
a a o us a a

pit l H vi ng j oined th re t of the A s tri n army

a . a e s u a ,

the H ng ri an w ere pl c d
u a n d r the c mma n d of
s a e u e o

the D ke Ch a l e
u f L r ine a p a t f w h e tr ops
r s o o ra , r o os o

sh t th F r n ch en er al Belleilse in P u e ; w hile
u
pu
g e e
g ra

anoth r body e ft r h ving c mp ll d S g r t s r

,
a e a o e e e u o u

re nd r L in
e oon dv n c d in t the h art of B ava i
z, s a a e o e r a.

Fred ick afr id of th e s cce of the A trians gain

er , a u ss us , a

took th fi ld ft r a sh r t ar mistice
e e a n d obt i n ed a
e o , a a

long c nt st d ictory t C l w again t the Du ke f

o e e v a zas a s o

L orr ine a Thi ict y f th Pru si n king s v or o e s a

w as foll wed by the p ace o f B

o la by w hich E r e r es u, e

derick w as acknow ledged m ter f l ow r Sil si a It as o e e .

i ne dle s t s y th at n eith
s e s o th P a s i an kin
g no er e ru s r

M i -Th re a w ere satisfi d w ith this g e men t nd

ar a e s e a r e ,
a

that each of the m w as only thinking of gaining th e

f r a mor e vigorous renew l of the war

o a .
184 E VE N TS or T H E WA R WIT H

While the E arl of St nhope and the D ke of B d a u e

for d repr sen ti ng on p r ty of th E n gli h pa li me nt

,
e e a e s r a ,

prote t d g in t the p licy f G g IL w h n w

s e a a s o o e or e ,
o o

decid d to end Hanov ri n tr ps for th pp t of

e s e a oo e su or

Mar i -There and w hile th y n d many oth nobl

a sa, e a er e

lord t i d to p v th t B it in w as i ns ffici nt to
s r e ro e, a r a u e

r ai t he
se nk n p ow r of t h
su h e f A t i th
e e e ous o u s r a, e

H n g i n w e e ready f r n w crifices l T he ingl

u ar a s r o e sa . s e

a p l m ade by th e p l t i n P alfy w as fl i ci n t t e o
p ea a a e su

bring tho s n d of n w v l nt rs i nto th fi ld ; and

u a s e o u ee e e

th e H ng ri n c mm n d d by K oly n d B l n y
u a a s, o a e ar a e ez a ,

soon h r d the ict y f D tting n w ith G o g II

s a e v or o e e e r e .

B t th gh th c mp ign of 1 7 4 3 p ov d su cce f l
u , ou e a a r e ss u

for Ma i -Th res n w compli c tion of m r thr eat

r a e a, e a s a o e

e ni n
g ch ar ct r n ar osea F de ri k th e G re t n w
soo . re e c a o

u n it d hi in t r
e t w ith those f th El ctor f B va i
s e es s o e e o a r a,

w h w s cr w n d E mp ror f G r m ny n d
o a o e the nam e o e a u er e

of Ch rl s VII a w hile F n ce d cide d p n p oclai m

e . ra e u o r

ing w r ag in t A us t i an d h r llies T h H ng ri n
a a s r a e a . e u a a

qu n ag in c n vok d th Di t
ee a o w h n th S tates
e e e e e

vot d f h my of
e a r es m n to b e q ipp d nd
ar e ,
e u e a

p i d t th i xp nse T he w ar w as th c i ed
a a e r e e . us arr on

for f y r longe till vari cir c m t n ces n d

ou r ea s r, ou s u s a ,
a

es peci lly the d th of the El ct r f B v ri b o ght

a ea e o o a a a, r u

i t t a con cl ion i 1 7 4 8 By th peace o A

o n us f i - l -Ch a . e x a

elle con cl d ed i n the same ye ar t he H u n ari an q en ue

p , u
g ,

1
It i s h
r at er str ange to find t hat the noble lords of that ti me ,

in p king
s ea of M ari a - Ther esa , al ways u se d th e expr essi on of

Queen of H u ngary or Queen of the H u ngarians an ex pression

, ,

made us e of in th e pu bli c tr eati es conclu ded bet ween George II .

and that monar ch , while i n 1 8 4 8 th e lear ned lor ds seemed to

have entirely forgotten wheth er ther e was a H u ngary and a

H u ngar ian Ki ng . A ll th ey pr ofessed to kno w was A ustri a and

i ts emperor .
 WA R
’
T H E SE V E N Y E A RS .

c Pr ssi from the map of E r pe Ha ing anti

e ffa e u a u o .
‘
v

ci t d th
a e c t in trig an d pr p tion Fred r ick
e se r e u es e ara s, e

t e Gr t br ke dd nly into S ny and n ft

ea o su e ax o ,
soo a er

d f ted th A t i n t L w o it T h H ngarian
e ea e us r a s a o s z. e u

q n u ee ,
l had g in r
a s u s u a , se t the Di t w h n a a e cou r o e , e

th e S t t b id v ting n w b idi ord i ned an

a es, es es o e su s e s, a

o th er l evy of m n T h p l tin e L i B t e . e a a ou s a

thy ny w nt
a far in hi eal
e t soq ip s v r l q s z as o e u e e a s ua

d n ro t hi
s wna xpense an x mple w hich f n d
s o e ,
e a ou

i mi t t r It wo l d b pe fl
a o s.
2
to n rr te h e e
u e su r uo u s a a r

th v nt f t h S ven Y s W r b o gh t t t r
e e e s o e e e ar
’
a , r u o a e

mi tion in 1 7 63 b t t h w th i nc n tan t op a
na u o s o e o s er

ti n f dipl m cy it m y b m nti n d th t d r ing

o s o o a ,
a e e o e , a u

th e sebl dy c nflict E gli h and H g i n blood

oo o s n s un ar a

w as n w h ed n d r diff r en t t n d d E n gl an d tak
o s u e e s a ar s,

i ng i n thi s con d p rt of th w r b t w n A t i
, s e a e a e ee us r a

an d P ia th id f th l tt r N did the as ist

rus s , e s e o e a e . or s

an c e w hich G eo ge II n ow g t th dv ry of
r . av e o e a e rsa

A t i i nfl n c in ny w ay the state f H n ga y
us r a ue e a o u r ,

w hich h d ff d a m ch f m th victori th at th
su e re so u ro e es e

D k of M lb o gh h d half a centu y bef r gain d

u e ar or u a r o e e

fo th e A t i n mp
r us r a e e ror .

I n 1 7 64 th q n a ai n c n v k d th
g , e Di t th
u ee
g h o o e e e , ou

amid l o d di c nten t i n con

u q nce of m ny u nre
s o , se ue a

d d g i v nc
r esse T he t t t i
r e a d by th t q een
es . s a u e ss u e a u

fo th mitigation f th f d al in tit ti n s and kn ow n

r e o e eu s u o ,

by the n ame of U b i m con t i n th follow ing j u di r ar u , a s e

This treaty was signed at Versailles 1 7 56 and was called by , ,

th e wi tty king of Pr u ssi a l a lli cmce des tr oi s coti lli ons from its
’
,

being th e work of women H e ho wever soon fou nd half a million .

, ,

of ar ms r eady to attempt h i s destru ction .

Some of th e r eader s will perh ap s r emember h ow th e z eal of

this p alatine was r ep ai d b y F r ancis Joseph on h is descendant
and namesake th e pr i me minis ter of H u ngary in 1 8 4 8
, , .
 RE FOR M S OF I T
M A R A - H E R E SA . 18 7

cions provi ion : l st T he s r f w as allow ed to lea e his

s s
,
e v

mas t r if dissatisfied w ith hi s condition 2d T he labour

e
, ,
t o b e d ne by the serf w
o fi x d w i th d e r egar d to s, as e u

the ext n t of th eir te nu res ; 3d T he pea an ts w ere

e ,
s

licensed to retail their wi n ; 4 th T he childr n of the es ,

e

peasants w ere declared c mpetent to fill the pu blic o

Offices f teachers etc ; an d f r thermo a pe sant

o , .
,
u re , a

w h o had e r ne d for hi ms lf the title Of nobili ty migh t

a e ,

rec ive his p ten t in d pen den t of th e san cti n of his

e a e o

feu d l master
a These ref rm thou gh Sligh t in them
. o s,

selves w er e great in ref r n ce to the ti me w h n th ey

, e e e

w ere effe cte d an d ar e mor cre ditable to th

, q een e e u

from th e circu m tance of h havi ng in trod ced them

s er u

in Oppo iti n t the w i ll of th noble

s o o T he b liti on e s. a o

Of th e t ll s be tw een th e diff ren t p r ts

o f H nga y e a o u r

itself w ell as th e p aten t given to f eign t ding

,
as s or ra

companies w ere the means f encou r ging the com

, o a

mer ce of th e c o ntry if i nde d it deserv th t n me

u , ,
e , e a a .

F or it m t be rememb ere d th at at th at ti m H ngary

us e u

w as n thin g m re th an a cattl -b reeding co ntry as

o o e u ,

is eviden t from the th ou sand Of vast pu rzt s (p tu r s a as

i ng pl ai n ) w hich exi sted th n

s T h e b ed Of live e . re

stock e sp ci lly of sh eep w

,
e aal o mu ch imp oved by , as s r

the meas res of the qu e n w h o introd c d in to H u n

u e , u e

gary th e finest specimens of Spani h st ck s o .

T he r le of M r ia-Th ere w as thu s u p n the w hole

u a sa , o ,

beneficial f r H u n gary d pi te h r di sr g d f many

o , es e e ar o

law s of th c ntry and the f ct that she w as st r ngly

e ou , a o

infl enc d by t he insinu ti n s Of her Jesu itic l c nfes

u e a o a o

sors w hich led h er to adopt many opp re sive m as res

,
s e u

ag ai nst the P ote t an ts A n oth er r ef r m of n o less

r s . o

importan ce in trod ced by thi qu een w as t he o gani

, u s , r

z ation Of the military fr n ti rs beg un by he f ther o e , r a ,

Ch arles VI T he n umber of the bor d r regiments

. e
 DE A T H O F M A R A - I T
H E R E SA .

in Croatia Sl v ni th B nat and T ansylvania

,
a o a, e a ,
r ,

a mo nt d t tw nty-tw o an d con stit t d a f r c Of

u e o e , u e o e

m n B t th c r w n ing ct f M ri -Th eresa

e . u e o a o a a

i n the w y f mili t y ef m w a t he st bli shment

a O ar r or , s e a

Of the H n ari n G rd a m r w hich th h eas u e

g u a
g ua , ,
ou

promising m ch fo H ngar y ended in merely furni h

u r u , s

ing an idl page n t fo th c o rt Of Vi nn a

e a Un d r e u e . er

th e e circ m t n c
s M i -The esa contin d her reign
u s a es ar a r ue

t ill h d ath in 1 7
er e

One of h er las t acts was to declare T r ansylvani a a separate

1

princi pali ty, ru led b y its own di et and mu nici pal au thorities, and
entir ely i ndependent of th e H ungari an government .
 90 C H A R A C TE R OF JOSE P H 11 .

break down the infl ence Of priest and Jes uits ; and u s ,

as he hi mself exp s d it t o tu r n the ar my

res e f m nk ,
O o s

into ef l citi ens Some may c ll Jos ph H a v in

us u z . a e . a

philosophic l p d nt oth r he rtle s d p t b t h

a e a ,
e s a a s es o , u e

w as mor th an th f m e an d q i t th e e
e or r f the e r, u e r v e se o

latt er . Th w on m ny ccas i ns a m nif t

er e as, a o o ,
a es

e arn e tn s i n ll h i
es s cti ns and w iting w hich di
a s a o r s, s

play d i t lf mo e esp i lly in hi c t l ting to

e se r ec a s a s re a

e ccl i s tic l ref r m In hi l tter t C r din l H r n

es a a o s. s e o a a e za ,

h is amb sad r t th s Of R m Jo ph p e k s th u
as o a e ee o e, se s a s,

in all i n t h i i nt nd d meas
us o o s A t i will
e e u res us r a

e ceive n ew f r m t h i mp r ta n c f th e l m w ill l
r a o , e o e O u e as

b e r t in d n d the right f th cr ow n w ill r g in

es r a e ,
a s o e e a

t h eir dign ity I mu t emove f om th ph e f reli

. s r r e s er O

g i on ome thi n
s
g w hich n s b el n e d th re t
g D e ve r o e o. e

s
p i sin
g p ti
su ti n an d t h
ers S a dd
o c s I w i ll free my e u ee ,

p pl fr m them I w ill th fo di mi th m nk
eo e o . er e re s ss e o s,

b eak p th i r Cl isters and bj ct them t th bi h ps

r u e o ,
su e o e s o

Of the di c I kn w th at i n R m th y w ill
o eses . o o e e ex

clai m g in t thi i nv i n a d y the gl y f I el

a a s s as o ,
n sa ,
or O sr a

i f ll n n d th t th y w ill c mpl i n th t I h v
’
s a e a a e o a a a e
,

se p a t d r ligi n f m phil phy n d b angry t

ra e e o ro oso , a e a

my nd r t ki ng ll th i m as
u e a as w i th t l ve Of e r e u re ou ea

f t he er n t of G d S h l ng g ”
th e ser vant o s va s o . uc a ua e

as thi i t n d d too f r the ears of the pop c ld

s, n e e , , o e, ou

nl h v e b n t t r d by
ee m n f be eld n d enli h t o
o
y a u
g a a o a

ned n d r t n di n S till i t m t b ackn ow l e d d

e u
g
e s a .
g ,
us e e

th at J ph s ar ne tn and c vi ngs f niv l

’
ose e s ess ra or u er sa

re form l d h im m ny a tim t ad p t m
e a w hich e o o e asu re s,

see me d t o b e r th th e sa lt f d
er
p
-r t d nd re u s O a ee oo e a

se ttl d c p ic
e a th an t he
r e
gg t i n f c alm c n victi on su es o s o o .

N d b t in attempting th introd c tion of his sw eeping

O ou , e u

1 T he Turkish appellation for the ecclesiastical order .

 H rs U N WI SE A TT E M PTS IN H U N GA R Y . 1 91

r efor ms, Joseph ct t d by feeli ng f nvy f the

w as a ua e a o e o

p op l r ity w hich th g t king f P s i nj y d n d

u a e rea O ru s a e o e , a

th us o v hot th m k by m tim trying h i h n d

e rs e ar so e es s a

a t imp ibilitie B t in n o c nt y w th vi l nc
oss s. u ou r as e o e e

a nd i ti n lity f m f hi m r
rr a o a O so d ply f lt e O s easu e s so ee e

as in H n y A ft t h l w th at p d v r on ars
g u e ar
g . ro e as s e e

th t c
a n t y n thin
ou
g rb t ,
t he k
o l t n f t h c u n ty u s e e o o e o

i nstit ti n m in d w hi h th gh Off ing n ec

u o s re a e ,
c ,
ou er o s u

ri ty t th -c ll d
p l b
e so w al s ly
e d d by er e z ea ou u ar
o
g e s, e

th ep i il g d cl
r v e e th m t ff ctiasses, check on as e os e e ve

th e crow n A n d it w . th d m li ti n f th i n ti
as e e o o o ese s

t ti n th t J o ph fi t d t min d p n
u o s a se With hi
rs e er e u o . s

br in w llen w i th th id f m lding A t i into

a s o e ea O ou us r a

o ne n if rm empi
u o h f g t th t i t v y h t r g e
r e, e or o a s er e e o

n eous ne w ss ff ci n t n f r n t
as a s u tt mpting to
i e .
reaso o o a e

d s o Di d ini g t b c w d by th H g i n
o. s a n o e ro ne e un ar a

t t s J
s a e ,
p h c s d th
o se c wn f S
au e t S t p h n bi e ro o e e ar

t ar ily t b b
r o
gh t t Vi
e enn r ouw hil e h i d odi t s a, e ssu e e c

t th e p p t th t w i thi n
o ur or sh t ti m th G rm n
a , a or e, e e a

tong e h ld b e excl iv ly ed in th di t the

u s ou us e us e e s,

c u r t f dmini t ti n an d j tic n t n c pt
o s O a s ra o us e, o ev e ex e

ing th c n ty c o r te ou n d in ll th p blic sch ool

u s, a a e u s.

In Sh rt J o ph m d a t b l
,
o se Of t h e H n a i an
a
ge a u a r a sa u r

in tit tion dividing t h w h l ki ngd m int t n di

s u s, e o e o o e s

t i ts r l d by eg l commi i n
r c ,
u e r inst d of th e
a ss o er s, ea

ind pen d n t co nty m gi tr t s Tr th t he in

e e u a s a e . u e, a

t n d d th abolition Of f d li m and to m ke ll his

e e e eu a s , a a

s bj ct
u e w i th t di tin cti n f anks nj y q al
s, ou s o o r e o e u

r i ht an d lib r ti e
s T h e e xo bi t
e t t x
s. h ow ve r an a
g es, e r,

l vi d by a bit y dict
e e r w ll
r ar th e pid t an s, as e as e ra r s

f mati n of th w h ol m ch n i m Of th
or o e t t call d
e e a s e s a e, e

f th l u d c mpl in t both f om the f u d l lo d n d

or o o a s, r e a r s a

th epeas nt y T he mon ch w as th s n to com

a r . ar u see

mit acts f viol enc e w hile h e p of ssed t b e th im

o ,
r e o e
 92 R E M ON S R A N T CE OR T H E C OU N TIE S .

par tial benefactor of all hi su bj ect ; and to use arbi s s

tr y r l e in ccomplishin g w h at h th ought r easonable

ar u a e

1 philosophic
( .

T h c u ntie
e might h ve b e n expected opposed
o s, as a e ,

all the w ei ht f p as iv re i stan c t o the measu r es Of s

g o s e e

Joseph and their rem n str nces m y w ell serve to

,
o a a

Show th men t l t te f t h n obl

e a f th at ti me S om
s a o e es o . e

o f th m r b ackw rd co nti s pour d o t litan ies at

e o e a u e e u

the bolition f th e L tin t ng

a o i n w hich as they a o u e, ,

Obse v d the n ti nal cod h d been draw n p w hich

r e ,
a o e a u , ,

fi om thi cir c m tan ce had bec me n d

'
s u s d t o t he , o e ear e

peopl T he c nty Of Z empli n h ow eve xpres ed

e . ou , r, e s

its sen ti men ts in mann in di cating a higher t te Of

a er s a

intellig nce Wh y th
e . m n trated the au tho ,
”
u s re o s

r iti f this co n ty
es o s b ti t te th e G erman l angu age
u ,
u s u
,

w hich is sp ok en by the sm ll st n mber f th e inh a a e u o

b itant of th e A tr ian m n ar chy n d th er by attempt

s us o ,
a e

to c n vo rt o r c o
e n ty-ho es in to mu te as embli ?
u u us s es

On w h at gro n d xcl d f om u ry sh a
s e i n p u blic
u e r ev e re

bu sin those w arri w ho erew hile ret rne d hom

ess ors u e

from th w a f A t i
e cov ed with c rs n d
rs o u s r a, er s a a

w o nd u an d t o ld to l a n a f eign j rg n ?
s, o o Ev n e r or a o e

Tim r-Beg the c nq r f Chi n tho ght it better

u ,
o u er o O a, u

to m th e l n gu ge f th ose h h d su bd ed Wh y
as su e a a O e a u .

then f ce u p n p pl th e u se f langu ge w hich

or o a eo e o a a

is n t th e fi tt t for th n ti nal c l t re an d cience ?

o es e a o u u s

Lik di conten t w exhibited i n th othe privilege d

e s as e r

di t ict su ch a th se of the G m u s and Jasig s ;

s r s, s o u a e

and i n Sh ort ti me th e w h l e c o n t y seeme d to stan d

a o u r

o n t h b r i nk f
e n ew w Joseph how ev r felt littl e
o a ar .
, e ,

i ty abo t t h di sc on t n t an d c ntin u d the m r

x e u e e , o e o e

vig s ly t pr c u t hi meas re M ch credit

or ou o ose e s u s. u ,

in de d is d e to this prin ce f r the patience w ith which

e ,
u o

h e tr ied to convince h is people of the j ustice of hi s

 1 94 D E A TH OF J OSE P H II .

w ay bef re the rebelli n w hich n w br k o t in th

o o o o e u e

Nethe l nds r a .

T he Brab n t n d r th e d min ion f A us tri

a treat d
s, u e o o a, e

i n a like bit y m nn r nd ber ft f ll th i n

ar rar a e , a e o a e r a

cient i n tit ti n d t rmi ned to app l t ar m di

s u o s, e e ea o s, s

d i ni ng th
a v rt re Of p eac e an d fl tt ing promi
e o e u s a er se s

m d a t thi th r e t ni ng mom n t by th e c
e a s rt of a e e ou

Vienn Jo ph n d btedly f r w the pr babili ty

a. se u ou o e sa o

o f a Simil i ing in H ng y an d ther f i ed

ar r s u ar , e ore ssu

a n dict by w hi h h
e ,
c n cell ed ll h i f m r egul ac e a a s or e r

ti no s T h wh l c ntry all t n c e o e ou a o e re

s ou n ded w i th h t of j y nh an c d by th r to a s ou s o ,
e e e es r

ti no f th H nga i n P ll di m th e c ow n of St
o e u r a a a u ,
r

S t ph n T h phil ophe king died oon fte n d

e e . e os r - s a r, a ,

as m y b e s en t m m n t m t di d an t ge u s f
a e , a a o e os sa v a o or

h i f me ; th e th san d of edict w hich h hi ms l f

s a ou s s e e

w t ro e, n d th vast n mb r f t t t w hich w ith

a e u e o s a u es
,

m ch p ai n b f amed di d wi th h im n d w re
u s, e r n ,
e , a e soo

e n ti ly f g tt n H d h e lived l ng r it i p
re or o e . a o e , s ro

b bl th t h ving b n f c d by ci c m tan c t
a e, a , a ee or e r u s es o

a b d n hi w yw ar d policy thi p inc migh t h

an o s a ,
s r e av e

l d th
e tion f th A t i n empi e into th p th
e na s o e us r a r e a

o f n ti n l p gr
a o n d p o p ri ty ; b t
a ro it h pes s a r s e u , as a

p n d h ca ied t th gr v th con i n s f th
e e , e rr o e a e e sc ou s es o e

di c nt nt of his bj cts an d th c mplet f il e f

s o e su e , e o e a ur O

h i p j c ts
s ro e .

L p ld II th yo n g r br th
eo o of J s ph
.
, nd e u e o er o e a

D ke f T any w as i mm di t ly c w n d king f
u O u sc , e a e ro e o

H ng y by th di t f Presb g T o ff c ll
u ar e e o ur . e a e a re

m mb r n
e f th e di c nt nt
a ce o d by hi p ed c or s o e cau se s r e e ss

L op ld
e odily n cti n d m ny f ndam nt l l w
r ea sa o e a u e a a s,

t h chi f f w hich ar
e e thO f w n —
ll i g l t A ft r th e e o o s . e e

deceas of th r igning m narch hi

e e ce is b n d
e o s su c ssor ou

t c u se hi mself to b c ow n e d by th e Stat s w ithin

o a e r e
 C ON F IR M A TI ON OF L A WS B Y LE O P O L D II . 1 95

th e pace of i m nth s 2d Hencefor th n ot only the

s s x o . .

p po ition f th e c ow n b t lso the grievances of

ro s s o r ,
u a

th e n ti on ar t b di c u ss d in th e di et
a e o 3d H n
e s e . . u

g ary n d all
a i t d p n d n ci h al
s l n e v e b g e
ov r ne d e es s er e e

i n conf rmi ty w ith th e re t f the A str i an p rovi n ces

o s o u
,
b t by i ts ow n l w and acc din g to it ow n cu stom
u a s, or s s,

a re
g bly tea
o i t c n s tit ti n
‘
4 ths T h e en
o ct m e n t a nud o . . a

a b g ti n f law belongs t both th king and th

ro a o o s o e e

s t ate 5th T h di et i s t b e c n voked at l

s. . e t onc o o eas e

i n thr ee ye 6th S b sidi

ars . cann t be v t d b ut fo . u es o o e r

th time f th l g l inter v l b t w een n di t n d t h

e o e e a a e o e e a e

o th 7 th N O tr ops h al l b l vi ed w i th t th e c n
er . . o s e e ou o

se nt f th e di t
O 8 th T h H n gar i n c
e . t f dmi . e u a ou r o a

ni t ti n w hich h s u n de its p ow
s ra o , C ti Dala r er r oa a,

m ti an d S cl v n i
a a, sh all b n tir ly i n d p n den t of
a o a, e e e e e

th t Of Vienn
a 9th N O f reign idi om h ll ever b e
a. . o s a

int od ced int the co rts of dmi nistr ti n nd j stic

r u o u a a o a u e
,

b t ar e sh ll b e taken t c ltivate th H u ng i n
u c a o u e ar a

idi m w hich i t t k th pl c of the L atin l 0th

o , s o a e e a e . .

T h e prot st t h ll h en c f rth e nj oy th ei rights b

e an s s a e o r
, e

p rmi tted to b ild teepled ch che ad mitt d t pu bli

e u s ur s, e o c

o ffice W ith t b ing obli ged t s w ea by the

s ou e h ly o r o

I t i thu n th at d s w r itt n
”2
i gi
v r &c n, . s
g s s see ,
a re ar e

1
This ar ticle which forms the groundwork of th e renewed right
,

of H u ngary in 1 7 9 1 , i s i n th e or igi nal conceived i n th e foll owing

t er ms — H u ngari a cu m pa r ti bus a d nex is sit r egnu m li ber u m, et
r ela te a d tota m lega lem r egi mi ni s for ma m h u c intellecti s q u i bus
di ca steri is sui s -i n de endens i dest n ulli alte ri r e no au t
p , , g
p op ulo ob nox iu m , sed re
p p r i a m habens consi stentiam et cons ti

t u ti onem, pr oinde a legi time coron ato r ege su o, adeo u e etia

q ma
sua M j
a es . S ac su ccessori b usq u e e us j H u ngari ae R egib u s, pro
p is
r i legib us e t consu etu dinib u s, non ver o a d no rmam ali ar u m

pr ovi nci arum di ctantib us (id art II I 1 7 1 5, i dem 8 e t 1 1 , 1 7 4 1 ) . . .

r eg endu m et b ernandum
g u .

It mus t b e Observed, th at thi s confirmation of th e pr i vil eges

196 FR A N C IS I . AN D THE D I E TS .

g u ar an ees , t
States p rovided w ell for the cou n try,
the
t hou gh t he attemp t to re ali se th ese enactments soo n
after war d s became the means of in crease d disse n sion

betw een H ngary and the cour t of Vienna Le pold

u . o

died in th e year 1 792 and w a u cc ded by hi s br ther ,

s s ee o

Francis I D termi ned to break down th National

. e e

A ssembly of Pari an d to crus h al on g w ith it th

s, e

reat re olu ti ona y pri nciple F ran ci r l ved to act s es o

g v r ,

in co nfor mity w ith th e conferen ce of Pilnit Want z.

in g H u ngarian money an d ar m thi new king f s s o

H ng y c nv ked from 1 7 92 to 1807 no less than

u ar o o , ,

fi e diets
v —a fin prognosti c that of a constit tional
e u

monar chy tho gh her a w ill b e seen i t ten den cy

,
u e, s , s

w as f a di ff en t n tur e
o With an eye to n thing
er a . o

beyon d their f dal p i ileges the H ngar i an S ta tes

eu r v , u ,

w ith sc arc ly more th an a sin gle

e c ption pro d ex e ,
ve

se vil
r to ls to a narro minded and cold h arted
e o w - - e

mon ch i n voti ng on u b idy after another In this

ar ,
e s s .

poli cy they w ere actu at d beside by a fear that th e ,

s, e

re v l u ti n
o y principle might fin d it w ay t the shore
o ar s o s

of th D an u be
e N ot cont nted w ith th e su b idi e al
. e s s

ready te d Fran cis c n v ked a se con d di t in 1 7 9 6

vo ,
o o e ,

informing th S tates Of the danger w hi h thre tened

e c a

th e thr n and w ith it th cl gy n d n bili ty

o e, ,
e er a o .

T h n tu re of thi
e a ppeal l ng w ith som fl tt ring
s a , a o e a e

ass an c e
ur o n pr od c d th e d
s, s o ir d eff ct T h St tes u e es e e . e a

again voted new tr op n d l ar ge s ppli of pr vi ion

o s a u es o s s

at al mo t a n omin al price
s I n 1 8 05 th n ew pp ls . e a ea

of the crow n w r e an w red by g e

en er al ri se of thes e a

n bl es c mmonly t er me d th i n
o , o ecti n T w y ars e s urr o . o e

of th eprotestants referred only to H ungary pr oper ; as in Croatia ,

S clavoni a and Dalmatia they wer e still ex clu ded fr om acqu i ring
, ,

landed proper ty or filling pu blic Offices .

1 98 FR A N C IS I . AND TH E D I E TS .

clu si on O f this g Di t tiem en t w as o ver ch ar e d w ith sen ,

w hich h ow e v , n d ci te n g t s r pr ise w h n
er , ee ex o rea u e

w e c ll to mi nd th vict ri f B n p rt
a Y e o es o uo a a e. e

H ng i nu id th ki ng y w h
ar a
“
s,
”
sa d ar t e e, o a re so e o
,

my h t h ear ,d ne ll th t b c m s y ur n ti l
ave o a a e o e o a on a

ch ra t n d w hich befit y r fid lity n d h n

a c er , a s ou e a o ou r .

E p w ill h ve an pp rt ni ty f l ar ning fr m y r
ur o e a o o u o e o ou

co n d ct t h t w
u nd a e on e ; th t th
a e d e ir
a r a e s e
, y ou

w hic h li d p t in es h t i t d f n d u r n ci nt
ee es ou r e ar s s o e e o a e

co n t it ti n
s w ith th
u l t d p f r bl d W
o s e as ro O ou oo . e

h e b n it d e nit d n ow n d w ill m in
av ee un e ,
ar u e ,
a re a

u n it d eT k w hat I y a th tr sentim nt f
. a e sa s e ue e o

y ou rking n d f ther w h l v s yo w ith p t n l t n

a a ,
o o e u a er a e

d ner d w h w ill c n tin e t d

ess, an f evo Thi o u o o so or er .
”
s

p th f king F n i w as l mo t nt mp n s
a os o ra c s a s co e or a eou

w i th t h pp l m d by th C i n c n q r t
e a ea a e e or s ca o u e or o

t he H n g i n u cal ling p n th m t h k ff th
ar a s, u o e o s a e O e

A t i n y k
us r a n d t d cl o th m lv
e, a i nd p n d nt o e ar e e se es e e e .

T h e n ble in o m w t h fi t to di d in th fl tt
s ar s e re e rs s a e a er

i ng d n c a m d by N p l n
va es ci c mst nc th
a e a o eo , a r u a e e

m ore s u p i i vr n i A r s n t i p p as th e w n us r a ro er er as a
g , e e

p a ty w hi h impl r d th p t c ti n f th t pot ntat

r c o e e ro e o O a e e.

I n f ct n t n g r pr f i r q i d t h w h w d p
a , o s ro e oo s e u re o S o o ee

f d lity had str ck i t

eu a t i n H ng y th an th u s r oo s u ar e

t t l b n ce Of ny i n cli n ti n t
o a a se li ten to th d
a a o o s e a

van c s f B n p art ny int co

e O uo w i th w h m th y
a e, a er u r se o e

f ed mi ght b th mean s Of i ntr d i ng m

ear e f th
e o uc so e O e

n w p i n ipl
e int th i c nt y Th it h pp n d
r c es o e r ou r . us a e e

th t the F n ch
a o l ti n —
re th at p odigi flm f
rev u o r ou s a e o

h a en nd h ll whil it w k n d c lled int cti

e v a e , e a o e a a o a on

a l m t v e y c nt y f E p p d
os e r ou H ng y r O u ro e, asse ov er u ar

lik sick m n d m d mb n d in i pid p t mi

’
e a a s rea ,
a u a s an o ne .

A f in t h adow of the in fl n c f th F n h rev l ti n

a s ue e O e re c o u o

in H ng y w u th e exi t en ce f a soci ty comp o d

ar as s o e se
 T
A U S R I AN S A T TE BA N KR U PT C Y . 99

of a individu l n m d Sig y L k vi z H aino y

few a s, a e sa , az o ,
z

n d S en t M r y n de h l eadership f bb
a
j
z t a u , u n ot r e o a a

n am d M arti n ovica w h o ci c l te d
e mong th m elv r u a a e s es
,

a s or t of c t chi m mb dyi n t h e n e w id f F n ce e as o ra
a e
g s e o .

Th bb t an d hi s fri n d w
e a o n ei ed an d ftere s er e soo s z , a

a mma y tri al c n du ct d w ith th u tmo t secr cy

su r ,
o e e s e ,

b headed n th pl in nc mp d by the mo ntai n

e o e a e o asse u s

o f B d a after w ard kn ow n by th n m f t h field of

u ,
s e a e O e

blo d o N .w ill th s bl dy ent n ce pron u nced

or e e oo s e s, o

by th S pt mvi c u rt nd t tar ch mb r f P th
e e e h - r o a e s a e O es ,

fail to prov th e il s r vility of the j dg

e v at th t
e e u es a

ti m e.

T he d p r te st te Of fi nan c e to w hich A t i w
es e a a us r a as

re d ced by the long w ars w ith Fr n c c n tr i n d

u a e, o s a e

t e king emper o
h - n ce m r t con v k th Diet in
r o o e o o e e

18 1 1 T h p positi n s m d by th e cr w n w
. e ro ot a e o er e o

th ef ll w in g ffect
o o h nd d nd i ty million
e : as a u re a S x s

w ere r q i d to m in tai n p blic c di t or th c rr n cy

e u re a u re e u e

o f th e b nk n te h i m j ty resol ed t r du ce th
a o s, s a es v o e e

p aper m n y to the fifth p t of it n omin l v l ;

o e ar s a a ue

w h r fore t h e H n
e e i n t ates a e c l l d p n t
ar a s r a e u o o
g u

ar n te th m f t hi fi fth p rt w hich w o ld
g u a e s e u o s a ,
u

e n abl e hi m j e ty t i e an q iv l n t f n w p pe
s a s o ss u e u a e o e a r

m n ey Thi m th w ay f n n nci ng
o . s s oo tat bank o a ou a s e

r tcy c o l d n ot f il to t r tl e th embl d st te s,
pu u a s a e as s e a

wh b id s fe ling it r in o effects n th e lr dy
o, es e e s u us o a ea

dr in ed H n ga y b anded it a n bi tr y act n d
a u r , r s a ar ar ,
a

di metrically pp ed t th l w f 1 7 91 w hich int

a o os o e a o ,
er

dict d the king f m r ling H ng y by dict

e ro u u ar e s or

p at nts I t i n dl ss to ay th t th king w as n t
e . s ee e s , a e o

m ch tou ch d by th se p sth mou s l am n t tion s s n

u e e o u e a , oo

h h d by the di sol tion of th Di t T he gr t

us e s u e e . ea

E ur opean w ar dr w ing now to it nd Fr n cis d t a s e ,

a e er

min ed not to trou ble th e H u ngari an nobl any mor es e

200 T I
AU S R AN S A T TE BA N KR U P T CY .

w ith his appeals or to gl adden Presburg with hi pr

, s e

sen ce ; an d e tir ely re assu re d by th e con gress of

,
n -

Vienna b e ruled Hu ngary till th e year 1 82 5 w ithou t

, ,

having once convened the states thou gh encou ntering

,

th e mos t strenuous and th reatening opposition fr m o

th e cou n ties It w as dur ing these years of absolu t

. e

r ule th at the spiri t of n ati on al action b e an t o mani

g
f t it l f espe cially i n th e department of liter atu re
es se , ,

w hich w ill b e referred to in the foll owing ch apt er .

20 2 RE V IVAL OF T H E N A TI O N A L SPIR IT .

i with a n ew r ace f politicians s cc eded in

u n son o , u e

l ading the n ational geni fr m on e step of progre

e us o ss

to anoth er til l they ca d th fe dal in stitu ti n

, u se e u o s,

d bly endeared to th n bl s by t he in cessan t ff rt

ou e o e e o s

ut f rth by th e c
o w n f r th ir des tr u ction to iro o e
p g ,
ve

w y to sal tary
a n d by thi u time indispen bl
,
a s sa e,

a m li rati ons
e o A s th pr gre i n liter ature to k pr
. e o ss o e

ce dence Of th at in p litics th for mer w ill fir st b o , e e

g l an ce d at B u t b fo . p c eedin g fur th er it i w ll t e re ro , s e o

b ing b ck to rec ll cti n th c l mitie w ith w hich th

r a o e o e a a s e

l n g ag and gener l c lt
a u e f Hu n gary w ere visit d a u ur e o e

d ing the middle ges n d n t to forget th t th

ur a ,
a o a e

fi fteen th centu ry w hich w n era of prep , ati n f as a ar o or

th emodern pr g ss Of th e res t of E rop o tu r n d

re u e, e

H ng ry into a b ttl -fi ld N r did the s b equ n t

u a a e e . o u s e

s p ove mo e fav bl e L ik e th e r ul e of Ch l ou r a
a
g e r r . ar e s

V nd Philip II in Sp in th e reign of th e you ng

. a . a , er

b anch of A u stri w a d ring the l as t th c n t i

r a s, u ree e u r es,

i rr p ective of th protr ct d w r most detri m nt l t

es e a e a s, e a o

th e p read of sci n ce an d lit ratu re I n H ngary

s e e . u ,

i t i tr ue the H p b rg h d n ot mu ch to dest oy ;
s ,
a s u s a r

b t the deeper we
u f lt th effe cts Of a reign w hich re e e ,

al t r nate d betw e n politic l tyr anny and fer cio

e e a o us

f n ticism an d str ck w ith th same reckless fu y th

a a ,
u e r e

a dherents of nation l in d p nden ce and the def nders a e e e

o f ligiou s lib erty

re T h dead L atin ren d red pr d . e , e e o

min ant Si nce th time of St Stephen and alou ly e ,

ze s

cu ltivated by th cl gy n d l ity to the lmost n tir e er a a

,
a e e

n e
g l ect of th e living idi m exp eri en c d the first h ock o ,
e s

from Fran ci s K i n c y th f nd er of m d rn H n az z ,
e ou o e u

r i n prose
a K a in
y ach e d the a e Of man h
g z d cz re
g a . oo

a t th e ti me of the g ner l ffeminacy of th e n obl e a e e s,

an d w h en Joseph II t v t sw eep aw ay the last r . s ro e o e

mains of historical an d tr ad iti onary Hu nga y Thi r . s

 LITE R A R Y R E FOR M S OF KA Z IN C Z Y . 20 3

l tt ci c umst nce s m y b im gin ed ser v d only

a er r a ,
a a e a ,
e

t o red o bl th e ne y of K in i n t re di n t h r
u
g e
ye
g az cz a e

path f litera y ef rm p n w hich h h d d t min d

O r r o u o e a e er e .

T m t th comm n c y f th e h all w p d n t w h
O ee e o r o s o e a s o,

d i s f hiding th i ign an c in de d idi m

e s r ou O e r or e a a o ,
e x

t
a i t d n th e p v r ty f th H n ri n t n
p a e o e g g
o e O u a a o u e,

K inc y b g n by c llecting th n m
az z e a expres o e u er ou s

i ns w hich h d f llen in t di e nd by p ging the

s o a a o su s , a ur

n tiv
a idi m fr m m ny L tin w o d th t h d crept
e o o a a r s, a a

into it i n th l ps of g eBy the aid f hi ne l

a e ,
a es. o s o o

g i ca l p w r h ooo n t
e s, n i h d h i c o n t ym n w i t h
e s as o s e s u r e

prod c ti n d n d w ith ll the nic ti f g mm

u o s a or e a e es O ra ar

a nd ph ny co pl d w ith v i ty n d l g n c in
eu o ,
u e ar e a e e a e

e xp e si n A s f r b ck th y 1 7 88 K in y
r s o . a a as e ear , az cz

t t d a peri dical ntitl d th M gy M e m th

s ar e o e e e a ar us u ,
e

fi t pr d cti on of th t ki n d i n th H nga i n la
rs o u a e u r a n

g gu a Thi
e. w f w y l
s t r f ll w e d by n
as, a e e ar s a e , o o a o

th er, n m d th aO phe e w hich w ec w n ed w i t h

r us , as ro

e q l ccess T h ctivi ty f K in y soon ttracted

ua su . e a o az cz a

th eatt en ti n of th e v e nm n t w hich aw i n t he r s
g o o e ,

s ligh te t ff rt t r flecti n in p litic or religi n som

s e o a e o o s o e

hi dd n ev l ti n a y pi it and th o ght th at fr om w it
e r o u o r s r ,
u

an d l nc f l n th re mi ht prin i
g
e e a
g ga e o
g a
g p g u e e s u re

cides an d demagog While li ing p ac bly in the u es . v e ea

ho s Of hi moth r in th co nty Of Z emplin Ka i n

u e s e , e u ,
z

e
y
z w i ed by
as
n a me d for c
se z n d th r w n i nt oa r e a o

pri n T he R eg l C t f P th s nt n ced thi man

so . a ou r o es e e s

o f l tt rs cc ed f r v l ti n y pl ttin g t death
e e , a us O e o u o ar o s, o

—a ntenc w hich by p eci l c w s c mm ted

se e
g ,
s a r a e, a o u

into seven y ar i mpri on m n t (1 7 94 e s

’
A ft s e er

h vi ng p nt the d y f h i c pti ity in the prisons f

a s e a s o s a v o

Br n K f t in and M n kacs K in c y re med hi

u ,
u s e , u , az z su s

t as k w ith i ncre sed vig r Of hi s p oetical pr d c

a ou . o u

ti ns the most su ccessf l are his epigram and satire

o , u s s,
204 L ITE R A R Y R E FOR M S OF K A ZIN CZY .

w hich were not a little influential in stirri ng u p the

sl u mbering spirit of H nga i an society ; wh ile h is pr se u r o

w ork s t ,
ting chiefly of hi storical ae sth etic n d phi
rea , ,
a

losoph ical su bj cts h d n mall sh ar e i n di spelling

e ,
a o s

pr j dic s and r fining th e tas te

e u e e .

In o der to exhibit th e riches Of the H ngarian

r u

idiom an d impr ve th n tional t ste by one and the

,
o e a a

same mean s Ka i n c appli ed w ith l l h i s mi ht to

y ,
z
g z a

the t nsl ti on of foreign cl assics an d th e master

ra a ,

cre ti ons n d b au ti s of Sh aksp ar

a a e O ssi an L s ing
e e e, ,
e s ,

a nd G 6ethe w er e soon reso n ded i n th e l angu age of u

A rp ad .

T he adver ar ie of th e l n gu age-r eform ttempt d t o

s s a a e

throw ridicu le on the lab u rs f K zinc y by p blish o o a z ,

u

ing a l amp on enti tl d M ndo la t ; b u t th ey w ere soon

o e a

o blig d t citly t r pect a man wh o u ged on by

e a o es ,
r

p tri tic feeling l bo red nremittingly t r emov

a o s, a u u o e

the m n tal in ctivity n d to por th t l y h eavy p on

e a a r a a u

th nati onal body an d w h o fel t con vin ce d th at w i th

e , ,

th re viv l nd c l t re f the onor u s native idi om

e a a u u o s o ,

the people w o l d r gai n th s l f e t m b oyancy and

-
'

u e e e s ee , u ,

o enn ess w hi h on ce form d th e chi ef f at r s in th ei r

p ,
c e e u e

character K a inc y w s f r fi om b ing an original

. z z a a
'
e

or powerfu l thi nker H i pow ers m i nly lay i n his

. s a

a ptitu d for applying to the taste and opinion s of h is

e

O w n cou ntry th e id as nd gener al kn ow ledg which e a e

h e c lled fr om f r ign literatu re

u In s tir this poet
o e . a e

stood ab v his c ntemp or aries th o gh he kne w n ot

o e o ,
u

t he less h ow t best w p ise T h attractive and

o o ra . e

popu lar mann in which b e adv nc d new ru le and

er a e s

t h eories w as th e chi f secr t of h i su c ce s ; an d th ou gh

,
e e s s

placed in circu mstanc s in compa ably more disadvan e r

t ageou s K azi nc y may b

,
said to h ave don e f r
z e o

Hungar ian liter tu r w hat H erder had already ao

a e
206 S E P C IM E N S OF P O E TR Y .

particul ar it m t b ll w ed th at it av r d t
, us e a o s ou e oo

mu ch f the amb r i l c mb s f the n ci nt

O nly
os a ru O a e s, o a.

f w pi ec
e being genu in n d t ly p p l r nd n
es e a ru o u a , a eve

th e b i ng g n r lly f did c tic char ct w

se , e e e a o a a a e r, ere

h avy n d f inf ri to th n ti n l ng f m
e a ar e or e a o a so s O a or e

c nt dat A f w p ci m n m y ffice t giv

re e e. e s e e s a su o e an

id a f th poetical eff si n of that ti me

e o e u o s .

S E CR E T SOR R OW .

M y is tr ou bled with an anci ent sorrow ,

sou l

Which grows again anew ; and glowing themes,

Gath ering afr esh, o ersh adow me with dr eams
’

Of a mysterious dar kness on th e morro w .

I fain wou ld weep , and ye t can find no tears

N au ght b u t th e
broken sigh and stifled groan ;
These ar e th e tenants of my heart alone ,

A nd their deep u ndermi ni ngs steal my years .

0 that th e tears, joy s fr eshening tear s wou ld fall !

’

They come not to the weak and wounded breast,

They rush both for and from th e fou nt of rest .

If th ou ar t not th an marble h ar der all ,

Know that the silent p ang th e gr ief that speaks not , ,

Is of all woes th e deadli est— and to h ear

T heh ear t that thr obs and bur ns while yet it breaks not , ,

Is wor se than death— for death a blessing were .

T heh r f the p em n m d D yk w h p
au t o o o , a e a a, o ro

mi d m ch f r h is c o n t y n d nj oy d g e t h
se u o u r ,
a e e a r a s ar e

of p p l ar i ty di d in th tw enty- igh th y ar f h i
o u , e e e e o s

a
g S omethi n
e.
g m e pop l ar n d ch cteristic w ill
or u a ara

b fou n d in th f ll w in g lin e by Vitko ic

e e o o s v s
 S E P C IM E N S OF P OE TR Y . 20 7

T H E COT T A GE R S S ON G
’
.

N o elegant p alace G od r aised o er my h ead,

’

R i ch t ap estry gave not, nor silk to my b ed ;

But a cottage of peace, and a r ude, h ealthy life,
A nd, to cr own my enj oyment s, a br own , cheer ful wife, ‘

A nd love makes i t taste mor e delightfu lly sweet .

When ou r labour s are ended together we r est , ,

A nd each to th e oth er s b are b osom i s prest ;

’

T he su n ri ses u p, and we ri se, full j

of oy,

Fu ll of str engt h , to th e bu sy day s w onted employ

’
.

Then the spring dawn s in green and th e fields smile anew , ,

A n d every fr esh flow ret is dr i pping with de w ;

’

A nd th e song of th e lark p ours its melodi es sw eet ,

L ike a z ephyr of fi esh ness on su mmer s close h eat

'
’
.

Then comes the gr ey vintage —the red grapes w e b ear ,

A nd alike of the lab our and recomp ence sh are .

T he winter p u t s on i ts whi te r obes— we retir e

A t even— an d b end o er our own cottage fir e ;
’

M y S ari tu rns r oun d th e g ay spindle and sings ,

A nd ou t of our h appiness ti me makes i ts wi ngs ;

I h ave h andi cr aft labours an d h appy the th ou gh t, ,
”
For this pay n o tax es to Germans nor au ght .

T h e S abb ath comes rou nd and in h oliday gear ,

I go to God s dwelling then qu i etly s teer

’
,

T o th e Kort sma wh er e ch eer d b y a wi ne-loving broth er

8 ’

, ,

We pledge a full glass and we lau gh with each other ;

,

G et w arm and we call on the gip si es to play

, .

I know Of no care roll t h e world as i t may ;

,

I nothi ng am owed and to nob ody owe ;,

H ur ting none none will hur t me ; so smiling w e g o

,

On th e r u de p ath Of life ; wh en i ts lab ou r s ar e p as t ,

Death will find u s b oth r eady and ch eerfu l at last .

1
T h e ex pr ession brown lad brown girl , , denoting a dar ki sh
complex i on or dark h air figu re very Oft en
,
i n th e H u ngari an
popular songs .

9 Th e w or d G er mans, i n H ungarian N emet, means the

A u stri an, th e G er mans of G er many being called b y th e name of

h
t eir p ective countries
r es , as Prussian , B avarian, and so forth .

3
Inn in H u ngari an .
208 S E P C IM E N S OF P OE T R Y .

Th e foll owing poem is one Of tho se nu merou s songs,

the au th ors Of w hich are u nknown , and w hi ch , for the
most p ar t, originated w ith the shepherds an d herds
men .

S ON G OF T H E S HE PH E R D OF T HE M A TR A
M OU N TA IN .

I often lau gh contentedly

On the world s evil and its good

’
;
Far dearer than the world to me
Is this, my mountain solitu de .

I eat anddr ink—my spirit — ease,

N o legal squabbles dr ive away ;

I lay me down at eve in peace,
A nd joy awakes me when tis day
’
.

A nd my home,
every cottage is

A nd every shepher d is my frien d ;

Their wealth is mine mine theirs —they come
In common blis s, our blis s to blend .

S weet songs I lm ow ar e so metimes heard ,

Bu t none so sweet, so dear as t hese ,

When the gray thrush ecstatic bir d !,

O er M atr a p ours its ecstaci es

’
.

T he bber s plots
ro
’
, th emurder er s hands ’
,

Intru de not on our mou ntain glen ;

Our robbers are the Wolfine bands ,

Bu t not the fiercer b ands of men .

No make my vi sage white,

sorr ows

Or from my cheeks th eir smiles convey ;

My p ipe I kindle with deli ght ,

While round it smoky volumes play .

T he noonda sun s
y hines hot above ,

Then with my her ds I hasten home ,

M ilk th e whi te ewes to please my love ,

A nd know a sweet r eward will come .

2 10 THE D IE T O F 1825.

Francis I ,tired of w aging an incessant w ar w ith

.

the cou nties whi ch stren o ly ref sed to execu te

, u us u

h is ar bitr ary or dn ances decided pon summoning ,

u

a di et in 1825 Th e conven tion of the State after

. s,

an in ter val of fou rt n ye ser ve d to app as e the ee ars, e

ex perated feelings Of th e p e ple alr dy on th brink

as o ea e

of n e w w ar
a I n hi p ning speech the king n
. s o e u

he itatingly adver ted to what had tak n place d ring

s e u

thi interv l as ring th States that the nconstitu

s a , su e u

tion l act an d th
a i lent m as re Of that time mus t
s e v o e u s

n ot b e ttrib ut d t him b t t th bu e Of pow er by

a e o ,
u o e a s

th e fli ci al ; an d th at hi ear n e t desire w as h en c
O s s s e

forth to r le acc r di ng t law n d sage T he C p

u o o a u . or us

J i of H n gary di d not increa e in b l k by th e p o

ur s u s u r

ceedin of thi Di t i t mai n Obj ct b ein th revis ion

e ,
g s s
g s e e

of th laws of 1 7 91 ; i t deriv d h ow eve partic l ar

e e ,
r, u

imp ortance from th e circu m tance Of its b ing con s e

n ect d w i th th e fir t
e ppearance of C u n t Stephen s a o

S ech ny on the p litical stage

z e o .

C nt St phen b rn in 1 7 91 w as the s n Of C unt

ou e , o ,
o o

Fran ci S ech n y m gn te of m ch infl en ce Wh en

s z e , a a a u u .

a y th th c n t ent r d th e A t ian rmy d ing

ou e ou e e us r a ur

th e w ar agai n t N pol e n an d o e to th e r an k Of a
s a o ,
r s

captain in h r r gim en t Of the n ame Of Hessen

a u s sa e

Homb ur g A fter th e estoration of peace St phen

. r ,
e

S echeny w e i ed by the idle m not ny of a militar y

z ,
ar o o

lif repe tedly appli d f r leave f bsence ; Spen ding

e a e o O a

th e interval s i n travelling thro gh E pe and the

es u uro

East H aving r tu rned to A stria to j in his egi

. e u o r

men t h btained per mi ssion to vi it Pr esbu rg w h

,
e o s , er e

th diet h d j
e t a mbl ed
a Repair ing to th e pp r
us sse . u e

h ou se S ech ny t ok his seat in hi s c pac ity Of mag

,
z e o a a

n ate an d surp i
,
d the temporal and spi it al l rds
r se r u o ,

acc ustomed solely to di scu ss i n b ar b arou s L atin by , a

 RE F OR M S O F C OU N T S Z E C H E N Y . 21 1

p ch delivered in th e Hu ngar ian tong

s ee This ue .

str an ge pr ocee di ng as may b e ppo ed c ld not b t ,

su s ,
ou u

call f rth cen e from the pal tin n d ther high

o su r a e a o

q arters w ith an eff ct h w e r the rev rse Of w h t

u ,
e ,
o ve , e a

w as i nten ded S echeny imm di tely m de u p h i

. z e a a s

min d t q it th e milit y r vice altog th r an d h n c

o u ar se e e , e e

f r th t de te his time to t h w elfar e of hi c nt y

o o vo e s ou r .

T h fi r t Oppor t ni ty th t presen ted its lf d ring t h

e s u a e u e

e si on
s s f 1 8 2 5 f r vi cin g hi s p atr i oti m w s th
o o e n s ,
a e

q e tion ab o t th establi h m n t f H ng ian A ca

u s u e s e O a u ar

d y Of Sci e c
m n — an idea l on en tertain ed by the
e e
g ,

H ng rian S t te T he cou nt w hen th e bj ct w as

u a a s. , su e

b o ght befor th Di t i mmediately off d hi ann l

r u e e e , er e s ua

income t id th e ec ti n Of the d sign n t f

o a e x u o e ,
a ac o

pat i ti m w hich chiefly c nt ib ted t th s b eq n t

r o s o r u o e u s ue

es tabli h men t of thi n tion l i n ti t ti n

s s a a s u o .

A ft r t h Di t w s ov
e eS chen y r ti d into c m
e a er , ze e re o

r ti olit d e n d p n t hi ti m e i n br di n v s
p a a ve s u ,
a
g s e oo o er

sch emes of r f m w hich i n 1 8 30 h e m d e p blic in

e or , a u a

p mphl t l l d The C edit (A E i tel) T h c r din l

a e ca e r . e a a

p in t which the n obl c u nt ttried t p v w r l t

o s e o o ro e e e, s ,

T h n ec s ity f r f m in th l aw s el ati ng to p blic

e e s o e or e r u

credit ; 2d T h dis d ant g s ari ing to th l ndl rd

, e a v a e s e a o s

th mselves f m th e f d l y t m an d th e b d i n fl
e ro eu a s s e ,
a u

e n ce a cc r in
s
g t ci tyufr m t h S -c ll d J
o so A i ti e o e O a e us v

c i t ti by w hi h l n d d property belon gin g t n bl

a s, c a e ,
o o e s,

migh t b e r ecl im d by i t igin l p e

a ev n
e s or a oss s sor s e

s h u ld it h av p as d by l int diff r nt b nd ; 3d
o e se sa e o e e a s ,

T he i nj tice an d i n ffici n cy f th e y te m Of p bli

us su e o s s u c

c mm n ic ti n
o u h as th e making n d r p i ing Of
a o ,
s u c a e a r

ad n d b idg
s a w hich bore excl iv ly n th e
r e s, us e o
ro
p a e

ntry S e ch ny doct in w r n t lik an el ct ic

’
sa . z e s r es e e o e e r

s pa k r w ild fir pr ding i nstantane ly thr gh

r o e s ea ou s ou

ou t th e w h ole co n try b t to u se a h omely metaph o

u , u r,
 2 12 CH A R A C T E R OF CO U N T S Z E CH E N Y .

mbled rather the

rese throwing of a h eavy st ne into a o

deep marsh, which, by b spattering th e bystan ders e ,

aw akens th eir atten ti on This noble cou nt may be .

c all e d th e C admu s Of H u n garian reform th o g h he ,

u

did far m re th n frame its alphabet A fter his ap

o a .

earan ce on t he politi c l stage th e sph ere of H u n

p a ,

ari an p olitics w as u n c n s cious ly w idened an d p bli c o u

g ,

di c ssion as u med a hape hi therto u nknow n in the

s u s s

hist ry Of th c ntry Tho gh n dow d with a trong

o e ou . u e e s

min d an d ke n f eli ngs S ech eny still w anted th

e e ,
z e

fac lty f di ti nctly yst mati ing the Obj ects he g ap

u o s s e z r

pl d w ith ; no di d h f l m ch ympathy w ith th

e r e ee u s e

p s ions of his c u ntrymen in gener l H i deliberat

a s o a . s e

a n d ar n e t aim w s to
e en erate h is c u n tr y a task
s
g a re o ,

f r the cc mpli h ment f w hich h strai ned for m re

o a o s o e o

t h an t w n ty year e all h is n e v s an d f c l ti s
s, t on e r e a u e , a

t i m s rro n d e d w ith th
e u u pl ndour f a w ll-e rned e s e o e a

fam t n th r movi ng o t
e, a a o e p k in an empty void ,
s o s ea , ,

w hich c on ti n e d to w id en i t e lf r ou n d hi m d w n t
u s a o o

th e y ar 1 84 7
e T he m t brilli nt of h is q aliti s as
. os a u e

a r ef rmer w as
o nd bt dly the ar d u r n d arnest
u ou e o a e

n ess wi th w hich h s t b t the c rrying o t Of mea

e e a ou a u

s u r es w hich h e d e m d l t y I n p mphl t p b
e e s a u ar . a a e u

li h ed ant rio t o this p ri d he giv s the f ll w ing

s e r e o ,
e o o

a cco nt f hi nt ance n his p blic career

u O s e r Very o u

o ften did I see w h n a b y my f ther sun k in deep

, e o ,
a

rr ow s w i thou t kn ow i n i t s t u c s A h w s e
so , g r e au se . s a

o d Ch ri ti a n I kn w th t f mily mi for t n c ou ld
a
g o s , e a a s u e

n ot h ave s m ch over wh elm d him B t I w s still

o u e . u a

i n th e d ark till l t ,
w h n I learn e d th t th
a e r, ever e a e

declining an d hopel t te of o r nation w as the cau e ess s a u s

o f th ese mou m f l h o rs From th tim my virt u ou

u u . e e s

f th er as a H u ngari an h op elessly s nk i nto hi grav

a , ,
u s e,

I never ceased to compar e the life symptoms Of other

-
214 TH E D IE T OF 1832 .

a fe w y h op
r a s of S ch ar e t h e p th e.
e tic c on fe ss i onus a

of a p tr i ot w h ose pr ctic al activity w

a man if t d in
a as es e

the in tr du cti n i nt o hi c ou n try f imp ov emen ts

o o s o r so

imp rt n t as ste m-con v y nce th r gu lation of i e

o a a e a , e e r v rs,

a n d oth r sal t ry m as re
e b u t w h in th e mi d t f
u a e u s, o, s o

hi c e r w
s ar e , l d s w ill ft rw d b sh w n t
as e , a a e ar s e o ,
o

o po v r l p oliti l r for m w hich h e him lf h d

p se se e a ca a e s se

been th fi r t t indicate— c r e w hich c n iderably

e s o a ou s o s

dimini h d hi pop l rity n d by evering him from

s e s u a ,
a s

th i ing ref r mer i nj red the ca se Of pr g e at

e r s o s, u u o r ss

lar g e.

S ech ny s p amphl t tho gh it did n ot c arry c n

’
z e e , u o

v i cti n to the maj o ity Of t he noble

o did n t f il t
r s, o a o

n c u r a e th e lib
o l p ty n d to exp an d th ir vi ew
er a ar s
e
g , a e

— r s l t m de pp re nt f m t he t on of the n xt
a e u a a a ro e e

Diet w hich met in 1 832 Thi s mbly w a no m r

, . s a se s o e

a e de
r n o for m zv u s ou tp o ings f g i n c an d er e ur O r e va es

t h e sin gi ng f h ll l j h s t th p ai e Of th e n ci ent
o a e u a , o e r s a

right n d pr i il g
s a b t a meetin g of earn e t p tr i ts
v e es, u s a o

an d n li ht n d i ntell cts ; s l ti n w ith ll t he a sau e

g e e e
g a

w eigh t of g m n t an d th e
ar h afts Of w it t he f
u e d l s eu a

p og tiv s nd th e b arb ro
r er a e a
g of th l w a us u sa es e a

T h p p iti n
e ro f th cr own w hich c on t ai n d
os o s o me
e , e so

i nti m ti n f the n ece ity f f u dal r f rm did n ot

a o s o ss o e e o ,

f il to in pi e t he lib r l w ith ang in e h op

a s r f
e a s c s u es o su

ce s They s n h w e v h d th m tifi tion to

s . oo ,
o er , a e or ca

fi n d th at anythi ng like e l i mpr vem nt w as s m ch r a o e a u

di c n ten n d by the cr wn s it w as Oppo d by

s ou a ce o a se

t h e Upp r H o se T he p oin t w hich the lib r l

e u .
1
e a

T h e H ungari an L egislatur e was di vided into two Ch amber s,

1

a fact ar isi ng rath er fr om conveni ence than from p osi tive statu te .

T h e H ouse of L or ds w as composed of th e hi gh clergy, b oth th ose

of the R oman Cat holic and Greek churches , and th e barons and
 P
S E E CH OF K OL C SE Y . 21 5

party in th e L ow er Ho se chi fly in sisted u pon w as u e ,

to e nact by l w th e c mp ten cy f th peasantry t

a o e O e o

acqu ire lan de d pr op er ty b elon i n to n obl s th u s to

g g e ,

open the w a f r t he lib r ti n f th e s rf fr m hi s o

y o e a o o e

master One of the most ealo s s pporters Of this

. z u u

meas re w as K ii lc ey membe r for th e co nty f

u s ,
u o

S athmar
z A ft r r eview i ng the history of the last
. e

th ee ce nt ries and al l ding to the f t l ci cu m tance

r u ,
u a a r s

of th e b eli ef amon th e p as n try th at it w a th e s

g e a ,

nobl es and n t th e kin g w h o opp sed th eir eman cip a

o o

tion the or to Spoke th in r f ren ce to the ref sal

, a r u s, e e u

Of th e gover n m n t to s n cti on thi s measu re e L et a

a n on e w ho kn ow t ll m e n w h at gr o n ds thi s, s
y , o e u

me s re is opp o d by the g ern m n t

a u I S i t on
se ov e .

mon rchic l prin ciple ?

a I thi nk that a mon archy
a s

cann ot exi t witho t the p ople th t a w ealthy people

s u e , a

r en der s it on ly st on e n d th t i t i only an i m r,
g r a a s

rish d pop l tion or an oli chy w hich t h e

po ve e
g u a ,
ar ,

c own ought to fear ; an d it i not long in ce w e h ave

r s s

seen the p a p rs Of P r is s bvert th u throne Of L o is

e a u e u

XVI w hile the c a tl d lords f St Ger m i n u nd r

.
,
s e O a e

mi n d the p ower Of B onapar te

e Why then i s the u .
, ,

magnates of the r eal m, h h pri vileges b y

wh o eit er enjoy t eir
birth or b y virtu e of th e Offi ces they h old a s th e k eepers of the
cr own, and th e lor d-li eu tenants Of th e cou nti es , or the governor
of Fiu me . p
T he L ower H ouse consist ed of th e de u ti es fr om th e

cou n ti es i n n umb er,fi fty

-fi ve i nclu di ng th e ei gh t cou n ti e s of ,

Cr oatia and S lavonia each county b eing r epresented b y two ,

members A fter th e county memb ers came th e borough depu ties

.
,

wh o however had no vote as w ell as some abbots

, , A s to th e , .

cler gy i t may farther b e r emarked th at th e R oman Cath olics h ad

, ,

thr ee ar chbishop s and seventeen bi shops ; th e U ni ted Greeks four ,

bishops ; the N on-united one archbishop and seven bishops ; ,

While the Pr otestants had four su perintendents wh o never at ,

tained to th e privileges of th e other clergy in the legislatu re .

 2 16 SPE E CH O F KOL CSE Y .

ad ress d of hrone averse t thi measu re ? Or

the t o s

does this policy proceed from a regar d to the in terest s

o f the aristocracy ? L et s n ot forg t that our pri u e

vile ed cl asses live scatter d i n th vil l es amon

g ag g e e ,

the millions of the heavily taxed people and that their ,

safety depends only on t he pati ence and goo dw i ll of

t hese very million s I need not go back to the an

.

cient history of Rome to represent before your eye ,

s

the devastating h ordes of Spartacus ; n or need I men

tion the recent peas ant rebelli n in Germany or allu d o ,
e

to the fi ightf l scen es f St D omin go in or der t

'
u o ,
o

prove the falseness of this policy A ll of u s are fa .

mili ar w ith like scenes in ou r own his tory those of ,

Dosa and the recen t mas acres d uring the reign of s

Joseph IL ; and I w ould as k the g rnment by w hat ove ,

means it hope to protec t u s on the re c rrence f

s u o

simil ar bloody cat stroph es ? I it p e h ap th e block

a s r s ,

or the cord of the h an man ? L et us reme mber that

g
th e qu es tion is n ot how to kill si ngle men b u t how t ,
o

stifle th at i n vin cibl e and immor tal spiri t th at li es for v

ce nturies now blazing forth in a gla e then glimmer

,
r ,

i ng u n der i ts ash s Believe m noble Stat s th at

e . e, e ,

this spi it can n ither b v nq i hed nor cu b d b t

r e e a u s r e ,
u

m st b e tamed dow n by commu n ity f intere ts an d

u o s ,

re con ciled to so ci ety by th w o ds f eedom an d p o e r r r

p ye t
r I t
. i i n d ee d s u rpris in g to s e the govern ment
s e ,

after tw o h u n dred years exp eri en ce i nore th e i m

’

g ,

portance of the people Gone are the days gone f r .

, o

ever w h en th e ar i stocracy formed the onl y pow er

,

in th e c o ntr y n ow r allying r ou n d the th one then

u ,
r

agai ns t it ; at pr esen t both the p u blic treas ry an d u

army come from th e peopl Or do yo n t kn w e. u o o

that the heavily taxed peasant is carried aw ay by force

from the h ou se of his parents the embraces of his wife ,
2 18 DE BA TE ON T H E A FFA IR S OF P O LA N D .

portance the diet w as startled by the f te Of Poland

, a ,

w hich w as j t ndergoi ng ll the c el ti s and opp es

us u a ru e r

s ions im gin ble in a co nt y w hich h d j u st fail d in

a a u r a e

a en r al ri in g i n t t h xi ti n p w T h e
g g
e s e e
g a a s s o er .

spe ch e made on th is occ ion by th e H n gar ian

es as u

lib ls par took f the gran d r n d r n tn s of th

er a o eu a ea es es e

cr
y i d i
r a se n E n l n d by B
g k e n d hi c mp a v r ur a s o ee rs o e

t m pl d Hi ndo t n ; an d for me d a triki ng c n tras t

ra e s a s o

t th e ton e in w hi ch th e lib al B ri ti h l gi l t rs f
o er s e s a o o

t he p ent dar es
y i n cid n tally t ch n the opp e d ou o r esse

con diti n of s me f th c ntine t l n tions l Som

o o O e o n a a . e

sa
y x, cl ai me d th e memb
e f Z a la F ran ci D eak er or ,
s ,

a m n of a t mp ram n t f from exci t bl

a e e some e ar a e,

sa
y th a t n ti n p i h n
a d n ot i o ns i e ;
er stru thi w e a a s r s e, s

l arn fr m hi tory ; b ut it is n o
e o s n f r o r lookin g r e as o o u

on c oldly and m t ly at th e l st c on vu l i on s Of a n tion

u e a s a

w ith t tt mpting t h as t n to its r sc e T he said

ou a e o e e u .

a xiom ppli as w ll t individ ls w h like n ation

a es e o ua ,
o, s,

peri h t m ke room f r th rs ; b t w h w o ld th re
s o a o o e u o u ,
e

f r d ny th e d ty of m n t h elp hi f llow -creatu re

o e, e u a o s e s

in distr s ? I w il l b t i fr m b o ching b ef
e s a y u s a n o r a ore o

a ll th m nif st an d l t n t re
e a e n w hich in d ce d t h
a e a so s u e

mon arch of Eur pe to dis m mb er c u n t y th t i n

s o e a o r a ,

th e sixt een th c n tu y w a the mightie t t te of th

e r , s s s a e

n r th
o E op m y pe h ap soon r e thi step ; bu t
. ur e a r s u s

i t is p ain f l to s e th e ld lib rti

u f a n ation li i n
e o e es o e

r in s an d frigh tf l t
u ,
r me mber th at on th e blood
u o e ,

s te p d b anks of the Vist l

e no l n k th e cot er
e
g ree u a, o

t ges of free P l s A nd d bly painf l is it to me

a o e . ou u

t kn ow th at from our w n p t mi fort n e w e can

o ,
o as s u s,

It may b e ob served that th e sp ecimens h er e given, tr an

1

scri bed fr om a few original docu ments, ar e scar cely cal culated

t o convey to th e r eader an adequ ate i dea of H ungar ian parlia

mentary oratory .
 LE A D IN G M E M B E R S OF TH E D IE T . 2 19

do n ow n OtlIi n
g b u t expr ess ou r sorr ow an d coml
e se

passion, instead Of marching on to the ai d of the op

pressed w ith arms in ou r h ands— w hich w as wh at the
Hu ngarian s did for R d lf Of Hap b rg in 1 2 7 8 w hen u o s u ,

he w as thr at ned by O tt r of B oh e mi ?
e e But l t oace a e

u s n ot th e ef e f r et th at even th e m or , t ars com e

, g r o ere

p a ion shed s r t s th th pain of th se w ho r

ss s e ve o oo e e o a e

t dd n dow n ; and l t u the fo at lea t w ep for

ro e e s re re, s , e

them w hose ncestors h d their bl d f r o r own

a s e oo o u

w lfar e and n ot gru dge t h l ab ur f

e ,
few h s r e o o a ou r e

q ir d fo the dr w ing p of a petition to th e throne

u e r a u

i n b h lf f th
e a nf t n t o e u or u a e.
“Fri h tened by th e th eaten i ng p ow er Of Bu on a
g r

p art th c nf de te mona ch s pr cl imed them

e, e o e ra r o a

selves th lib r t r of E p ; n d ve y A trian

e e a o s uro e a e r us

soldi er th t fo ght t L eip ic h d hi b

a u t d c r te d
a s a s r eas e o a

w ith sm ll c r s
a beari ng the in c iption E op
a o s, s r ,
ur a

li be t ti
r a e ta A h l m ch w s h ld f th t th
a ss r : u a e or o e

p ples in the e th ee w d T h du mb m mori l

eo s r or s. e e a s

t ll lo dly w hat th e cr d w ord f m n r ch p o

e u sa e s o o a s r

mi d se L t . the f r a e fr e constit tion l

u s, re o e, s a e u a

pe ple j in o voice to th at f thi little metal an d

o , o ur s O s ,

req st th th n e t f l fil th l i
ro s p omi ses an d
ue e
g o u ese or ou r ,

to all evi ate th f t Of o r nf r tu n t n ighb ou r s

”
e a e u u o a e e .

Besid s th n ame lr eady menti n d th se w ho

e e s a o e ,
o

par tic l ly di ting ish d th m lves in the p ath Of

u ar s u e e se

ref r m w re Be
o dy th w arm t advoc te f th e
e ,
z ere ,
e es a o

intere ts Of th pe n t y B Othy w ho b st n der tood

s e as a r e ,
e u s

how to sh atter w i th his s lli f w it th tiff r gu a es o e s a

men ts Of th e high cl gy n d Kl l n e Of th e er a au z a , o

most i mpres ive Of tor I n pi t of all th eir effor t

s ora s. S e s,

h w ev r n m te ial ch ng w a ff cted in the fe dal

o e , o a r a e s e e u

s y t m A qu estion f no sm l l i mpo tan c w as the

s e . o a r e

debate on the u s Of the Hu ngari n lang age the e a u ,

2 20 F U R TH E R P R OCE E DIN GS OF T H E D IE T .

liberals insi ti ng pon the enactment f a law s bsti

s u o u

t u ting in th e Diet th e Hu ngari an in tead of th e dead

, ,
s

L atin Here again th y met w ith ppositi on from

.
, ,
e o

the Upper H ou se an d th high clergy i n p r tic u la, e a r.

On thi s ccasi n KOlcs y pok th : If the ncient

o o e s e us a

senate an d people o f R me h d r emaine d i n all th ei r o a

grandeu r f pow er an d l qu n ce t th presen t time

o e o e o e ,

an d h ad w e a on f thei c n qu ered pr o in ces ap

,
s e o r o v ,

pli d t them to fr e s from the u se of th ir l ng age

e o e u e a u ,

then I co ld have c mpreh n d d the tenor of su ch n

u o e e a

an sw er as now li e on ou r t bl fr m th e Upper H ou s
s a e o e.

Bu t to e the w i h f the H u ng rian n at ion ref e d

s e s o a us

by Hu ngar ian l rds i a thing w hich I c nn t u nder

o
,
s a o

stan d If the p in t n de di cu s i on h ad b n q es
. o u r s s ee a u

tion be t w een th n bl s nd the p pl e I might h v o e a eo e, a e

constru d the condu ct Of th e Upper Hous e as a i ing

e r s

fr om a feelin g f Old p r j u dices an d privil g s

o Here e e e .
,

how ev r th q tion li betw n n bles and n bles !

e , e u es es ee o o

o n one h an d t h r are fi h n d d on the oth er even

e e ve u re , ,
S

h ndr d thous n d B th th se divi ions in o r l gi

u e a . o e s u e s

lat r e form only on b d in w hich onl y on m j o ity

u e o y, e a r

i i mag inabl ; I w ld th e fo
s e ask w h e th r ven
ou ,
re re , ,
e se

hu ndred thou an d i n t more th an fi e h n dr d ?

s s o v u e
”

T h e law w hich enj oin ed th e se f th l angu age in

, u O e

th e p ar li amen ta y deb at s w as con se q en tly p asse d in

r e , u

spite Of th e spi it l l or ds ; th e C roati an depu ties

r ua ,

howev r w ere exempted fr m the r le nd allow d t

e , o u , a e o

contin the se of the L atin Thi Diet w hich con

ue u . s ,

tinned till 1 836 w s in every respect one of the mo t

,
a s

n otabl i n th e an n als of H ng ry n ot fr m i ts resu lt

e u a ,
o s,

w hich fell f r h ort Of xp ectati on b t from i ts n

a s e ,
u u

deniabl in dicati ns f n w elements of thoug ht at

e o o e

w ork as w ell as from th e stir it c au s d th ro gh o t th e

, e u u

w hole cou ntry What particu larly contribu ted to

.
222 K OL CSE Y A s A N A U T H OR .

Were their str ggles slight ? try ye to become great

u

by me ns of pe c W s th ir career a c nti nu al
a a e. a e o

change ? he ye lso metamorphosed like th e b tterfly

a u

p i ng f m one h ape to anoth r and a nobler Ha e

as s ro s e . v

y u r nc t rs b q eath d yo n m n ment ? why n ot

o a es o e u e u o o u s

yo lv attempt t rais th m f th i ake ? DO not

u r se es o e e or e r s

f rget th t e ch st n g th e d fr m th spot Of an ci en t
o a a o e, a re o e

de ds v ry song in the p ai e Of h e oe gon nd any

e ,
e e r s r s e, a

e ff rt m d t w a d th in v tig ti n Of th e p as t ar
o a e o r s e es a o ,
e

s o m ny st p s f r the el vation f th e pr e n t the

a e o e o se ,

str en gth n i n of y r ow n p w e an d th e mb di men t

ou r
g e o , e o

O f yo ow n t h
ur
g ht n d f elin s
g A
ou
y n t i n v ins a e . e, o a

did th brav n tion s of the w or ld cling to their tradi

e e a

tion an d h ld in d p r ver n c th hist r ie Of th i

s, o ee e e e e o s e r

p a t T h thousand hips w hich l y for ten yea s

s . e s ,
a r

r o n d Troy w er e ou m kn ow n othin el se
a u
y y, ,g as a ,

th n poor mi erabl b ts an d th e p i nc Of th
a s e ocky oa ,
r e e r

Ithaca n more th n a comm n dv nt r er ; nd till

o a o a e u a s ,

how great the pow r f th ir t r diti n ! R om ow es e o e a o s e

n t l ss gr n d
o e r to like f bl e ; and w h t mi ht n ot
a eu
g a s a

b e pect d f m re lly gr at hi toric d d ? Y o

e x e ro a e s ee s u

w ll kn w h w t h fam
e o Of th e vic t
o Of Mar th n
e e or s a o

bred n w h ro at A th ns S ea ch ye theref re
e e es e . r ,
o ,

yo r p t i nve tigat it w ith ard u r

u as , s e o .

Why n t l k fo a comm n bon d for all of u s ?

o oo r o

Why live w ith t th commu nity f f eling and in

ou e O e

te est ?
r O r assemblie u
you k n w ar t h e e xcl s, as o ,
e u

s ive p ortion Of b t on e cla s w hil th e ccl ias tical

u s , e e es

e lement i tr ck w ith dissension and the pi it Of

s s u s s r

sectar i n i n ; i na hort everyw h di nion an d di

s s ,
e re su s

s n si n
e Oh h w diff r nt w ld all b if all th
o .
,
o e e ou e e

p ople w h o liv n th D n be a d th Th is th
e n e o — e a u e e s e

dwellers i n th e p alace an d in the cottage eq ally f lt ,

u e

the w oes an d blessi ngs of u r l an d l

”
o
 DE A TH OF K OL CSE Y . 22 3

Kolcsey di edi n 1 838, at a j u n ctu r e w h en hi s ser vi ces

w er e most n eeded In per son h e w as of small stature .

an d sl en d er mak e ; w ith on ly one e e w hich w h en

y , ,

h is li p s opene d for th e defen ce Of his favou ite th eme, r

w as ffi ci en t to ligh ten an d sh ed a lus tre over a p al e,

su

g l oomy
, an d r ath e r r ep u ls iv e c ou n t en an ce N e xt t o .

Sz echeny, KOlcsey exercise d the greatest influ ence

o ver th e p u blic mi n d ; if the former w as mor e Of a

politician, the latter ranked far higher as an au thor ;

an d w hile th e ma n at e d espite h i s e ar nest ness s ome
g , ,

ti mes displayed an u nbecoming ostentatiou sness,

Khlcsey, onh an d shone w ithou t ever think
the ot her ,

i ng Of him lf or d ig ning t b e e n
se ,
es o s e .

F an cis I w h died d ing th e las t long di t w as

r .
,
o ur e ,

su cceed d n th thron e in 1 8 36 by his son F dinan d

e o e , , er

I w h in compli n c e w ith th e dem n ds f th e H n

.
, o, a a o u

ari an St t ss med th e n me of Fer di n n d V

g a e s, a u a a .
,

king f H ng y T he mental w e kn ess of thi m

o u ar . a s o

n ar h ll w d
c a fr r sc p to Pri n c Mett r nich
o e a ee o e e e ,

w h se p licy w as i mm t bi li ty — a policy w hi ch c
o o ld u a ou

n t h v pr c
o a e d d xc p t fr m b lief in the imp r
o ee e e e o a e e

f ctib ility f m n A s r ga ds Hu ng y i n p ar tic l r

e o a . e r ar , u a ,

t her i s n dou bt th at th e m re con ci

e o sn ss Of th e
,
e s ou e

n ec e sity f r fo m w s a t acit d cl ar ti on Of w ar to
s o e r a e a

th e c r t Of Vi n n ; an d h w
ou er th e move m n t Of
e a ,
o ev e

1 84 8 m y b e id to h ve be n infl n c d
a sa e en a e ue e ,
or v

ca ed by the b le e ement of P ri till m thing

us ou v rs a s, s so e

like it might h v been expecte d sooner or later On

a e .

th n e h nd stoo d a peopl e l abo r i n

e o t e ect
a , g u o r a

bridge betw en a bl sted pa t and a promi ing fu t re ;

e a s s u

o n the th r n ex c tive sh u nn in
o e , a
g anythin
g i n dic
e u
a

tiv of men tal cti i ty h tin g p blicity an d av rse t

e a v ,
a u , e o

control ; here a p pl ben t pon cl ring aw y the eo e u ea a

r u st Of an ci ent i n stitu ti on s an d w id en in g th i r sph ere ; e

224 P O L I CY OF M E TTE R N I C H .

h
t ere a g v
o ern ment
pir ati ons an d h opes
w t i h all its as

f u n ded n oci l rottenn ess and bstru ction In fact

o o s a o .
,

th e an om lo s conn ct i n ub sistin g b tw een H ngar y

a u e o s e u

an d A n em i an d t he dil mma ar isi ng from i t i n th e

a, e

c un cil f Vi nn Offe ed no common di ffi cu lties t o

o O e a, r

t he A t ri n t tesm n
us aT h d ire of ch ecki ng any
s a a . e es

eform i n H n y e n ot on ly f m th m tive Of ro
r
g u ar aros e o

preventing the g n l d v l p m n t f that kingdom e er a e e o e o ,

b u t al f m f r th t i t might aw k n the d sire in

so ro ea a a e e

t he r t of t he mpi
es for i milar ref rms
e Indeed to
re s o .
,

ee a mon ar ch r li ng in Vi nn th te t p ar t f
s
gu e e a e r a s o

hi domin i n s t hi pleasu re s bmit ting at th e same

s o a s , u

time to a t i n Pr sb r g cco ding to the ru le of pre

c e u a r s

c ipti n and e tabli h d law w l d b ne ly a

s r o s s e ,
ou e ar s

str an e a p ct cl s th at of b h oldi n a p pe leavin

e a
g s e a
g g e o

from t im to t i me th e ch ir of St Peter to take the

e a

lead i n the ynod Of th e p ot t nts

s s r es a .

D efeated in the Di t the f rm q tion was con e , re o u es

t in al ly discu s e d in t he c ou nty as embli

u s th e ees s es , us

s ity f r a n w t te f thin g b c mi ng e ident b efo

o e s a o s e o v re

the eyes of ev y p or ti on of the p op ul ation

er T he r . e

f mers w ere h n c f rt h n m
or to b m d c n tente d
e e o o or e e a e o

w ith th e w or d f f i thf l n d gen er s H ng ri an

s o a u a ou u a

su bj ects w hich t cert in n d not nf eq nt ccas ions

,
”
a a a u r ue o

us ed t o pri g from the so-c ll d f

S n n t i n of j stic a e ou a u e.

T he b t acl p t by the A t i n go ern men t i n the

o s es u us r a v

w ay of th fre d v l pme nt Of H ng ar i n c ommerc

e e e e o u a e

an d i n dus t y b ec ame n ow pr etty vide nt

r ,
nd every e ,
a

ea r ne st p tri t w as ha nt ed by th ese ir resi tibl e q e

o au s u s

t ion Wh y n ot b fr e i n th mid t Of a n w pil f

s, e e e s e e o

l aw ? nd why po in thi land Of C anaan overflowing

s a or s

with milk and hon y ? On f th e m st c nspic ou

e e o o o u s

an d most ar d n t dvoc tes of ref r m in the cou nti

e a a o es

w as B ar on Vessele ny wh o by h is exampl e i n t h e c o n ty
,
u
226 S EEP CH OF S E Z CH E N Y .

L ords, generally marked by a n arrow ne ss of min d an d

ke n ver i n t imp v ment w in thi Di t om

e a s o o ro e , as s e s e

w h at r ede m d by th ep osition as med by Count

e e su

S ch ny B id s neq ivocally condemning th

ze e . es e u u e

c el rgy in th q esti n Of th mix d m rri g th

e u o e e a a es, e

n obl C ou nt x pr ed u nhesit ti ngly his Opini n on

e e ess a o

th e vi l ti n f th li be rty Of s peech an pp r t u ni ty
o a o o e ,
o o

w hich h e m de u f for xp ati tin g t l rge on th e

a se o e a a a

r l ti n
e a o bsis ti ng betw n H nga y and A us tri
s su ee u r a.

A fter h vi ng pre mi ed a few r m ks a to hi m i n s a e ar s s a

i nt ntion of b ing ab t g d u n der t n ding b tw een

e r ou a oo s a e

th tw o br n ch
e f th H ngar i n l gi sl t e as w ll
a es o e u a e a ur , e

s be t w n th e H n g r i n p opl e
ee n d th ir ki n
u a e
a
g a a e ,

S ch ny p ke thu s
ze e s A f I m abl t j dg
o s ar a e o u e,

t h chief c
e f o r gri van ces do s n t lie in in
au se o u e e o

di vidu al men b t in o r het g n , u u n i n w i th u er o e eou s o

A tri
us We do po es a con tit ti n A t i a h a
a. ss s s u o , us r s

n neo A n d thi b i ng the cas e w ar e b n d to g ar d

. s e e ou u

an d pr e v w h t we ha
es r e w hil th e aov n m en t if ve e er
; g ,

d siro f livi g in h rm ny w ith

e us O n ght likew i a o u s, ou se

to fe l i t el f bo n d n y f
e s it w n sake sh o ld in
u ,
a , or s o u s

ce rel
y w i h t p m ot
s th
, e d v l p men t
o ro f o r ne e e o o u co

stit t ion l life

u B t th e g e n m n t is fa fr o m d oing
a . u ov r e r

thi ; n d w h v h n ce th deep mo tific ti n Of see

s a e a e e e r a o

i ng it p y men to w ite ll kin d Of c al mni

a r g i n st a s u es a a

u s, - p olicy th e
a b i s ai m f w hich i to t r n o v ou o s u
,

i n t
a t h e Opi ni n
us f th r e t Of E ope A
o h ! O e s ur
a
g s .

thi s i t nge mean f reconcili tion peci lly

s a s ra s O a ,
es a

w h en i t pr c d from a q ar ter w h e e ac dn e
o ee s an d u r s re ss

l egitimacy o Oft n t lk d
ar e s f T he sp ke th ene a e o .
”
ea r

r f rre d t
e e m t iki ng in stan ce of th fi d lity of
o so e s r s e e

th e H ng ian t th ir dyn as ty ; an d hiftin g hi

u ar s o e ,
s s

p oint contin d th
,
L t u s likew i e b ew r Of
ue us : e s a e

Vi ol n ces an d v ai n pop l ari ty ; and l t

e s n t fo
g et u e u o r ,
 S PE E CH OF S E Z CH E N Y . 22 7

th t i n Fr n ce the lear ned B ailly l t his i nfl ence by

a a os u

t he Viol en c f C mille de M lin s w h i n his t rn

es O a ou ,
o u

w as s w pt w ay by th Vi l n c
e a Of D n ton w hil e h e e o e es a ,

a ai n w as
g oo n bli g d t yi
s eld t th e p op l
o r ity Of e o o u a

R bespi rr in w h ose h and it w as made the m an

o e e, s e s

of b o n dl de p ti m L et s g rd r l e
u e ss s o s . u ua ou se v s

agai nst like occ rren ces ; let u s attemp t before ve y

u ,
e r

thin g el the d vel p m nt f the p blic pirit an d

se . e o e o u s ,

w lk t
a eth er h an d i n h n d ; let m ak in sh rt e, o
g o a us ,

th H n ga i n n am r p cted ven by ou r nemi s ;

e u r a e es e e e e

b t n th
u , o ther h n d let the gov rnmen t w hich has
e o a ,
e ,

alr ady e b ndon d its Ge mani ing id a r no n c

a a e r z e s, e u e

l o all its i nc po ti ng sch me f r ne can the

a s or ra e s, o v er se

t k plac
a e We m y pe h p b m de ed b t w e c n
e. a r a s e ur r ,
u a

neve be f ed i t the A t i
r us d mi i ; n y it i
n o u s r an o n ons a ,
s

a
q ues ti on w hether w e ca n even be mu r der ed . I at leas t
do not believe i t A fu
y i t u r n ati n w hich
. t u re et a w a s o o ,

c n n t b e ndon by the w il l Of in gle men Fift n

a o u e s . ee

y r ag th s u nd f th H nga i n langu g w e
ea s o e o s o e u r a a e re ,

so t sp k f r th fir t ti m h e rd in th e h ll ;
o ea ,
o e s e a es a s

th en th e n ti n w divid d into tw p rti th n

a o as e o a es, e o e

pl ng d i n n al pl
u e ; t
seh e th r
su n d t h e n ble easu re s o e a o r

looki n g t th e p t f n ti n al g e tn
o asin the b li f or a o r a ess e e

th t l l w
a b i d n d th r in Of M h cs Th n
a as ur e u er e u s o a . e

I w h h ad j t l ft milita y e vi e and q ite npr

, o us e r s r c , u u e

p red f th t k f w it r di d by m p w e f
a or e as O a r e , so e o r O

in pi ti n x l i m T he M gyar w n t b t th
s ra
‘
o e c a ,
a as o , u e

M gy w i ll b A nd h w gr t i th p g s m d
a ar e.
’
o ea s e ro re s a e

d i ng thi i nt r l ! Ev
ur s n ow I p t the ame
e va en re ea s

wo d an d fi mly b li v
r s, th t r n ti n i de ti n d
r e e e a ou a o s s e

to c t a g
a t p art n d th t it i r
rea rved f r her t
, a be a s es e o o

h ere in th w t the civili ing i nstr ment f th

e es s u o ose

A i atic tr ib s with w hom i t h as a comm n

s e te n o e as r

r i in L et not the v n m n t d o bt of th at ; and

o
g .
go er e u
228 SPE E CH OF S E Z CH E N Y .

let it believe h u man in tentions even as w e give

ou r e

credi t to it . Everywhere the necessity for reform

strikes the e e Of man ; th e co n ti es the mean s of
y u ,

commu ni cation the towns h ving no share in the Diet

,
a ,

an d inn u merable oth er thin gs deman d ch ange an d ,

provement Su ch thin gs how ever cannot be done

.
, ,

w ithou t a good u n derstan di ng b et w een us and the

,

go vern men t N ow Is th
. ti me for j oin t action
e an d if ,

w e cann ot get all let s at leas t try t o Obtain r edress

, u

for one grievance n d i nser t in the addr ess to the

, a

thron e o r compl ai nts against th e vi olati on of th e

u

liberty of speech .
2 30 QU E STION S OF T H E DA Y .

to th ec u rt Of Vi nn a which ll w ed n o free scop

o e , a o e

t the H ngar i n t t s ev n i n mi no q estion s in

o u a s a e , e r u ,

cons q ence of w hich an acc m l tion of ll sorts of

e u u u a a

q estion occu pied the tten tion Of the p ple i m l

u s a eo s u

t an eou sly .

T he most pow erfu l in terpreter Of the refor m p arty

w as, h en c efor th, L ou is Kossu th, wh o, soon after hi s
li beration fr om pri son, became the editor of a political
j ournal called Pesti H ir lap (Pesth Jour nal) Mu ch .

h as pd ve H ng ry f m th time Ko th wr ot
asse o r u a ro e ssu e

his fi t l ade (J n
rs e y rdow n to the d t f
a u ar a e o

h i l ett r ddress d from A lph Road t L r d D dl y

s e , a e a o o u e

St ar t bo t th R the hi the g p w de pl t ; n r e
u , a u e o r un o r o o ar

the vici it d w hich h hi ms l f h

ss u es xpe i n ced d r e e as e r e u

ing thi h r t i nt v l l
s s o st iki n
g I n thi s ch pt r
er a , ess r . a e

t he r d r mus t not exp e t t m et w ith K

ea e th the c o e os su

mi n i t r s eth e gov r n
or ; all t h t w ill b id elates
e or a e sa r

t K os th th
o sup iv t citi n K ss th the r fo mer
e r a e ze ,
o u e r

o r the git tor a A n d in u in g the t r m

a .
g it t or w e s e a a ,

e xpre s on Of the n bl t cations Of man w hen s r

s e o es vo , u

rou n d d by d ec ei t i nj
e tic nd the tifl d ighs of ,
us e, a s e s

mill i n oL t s. re m m be that a ch agitator are

e us - e r, r s

th e d op s f h aven falling n th
r o ed d rth th t o e ea ea , a

agit t w
a or s th w h r i ed th ir ry again st the
e re ose o a s e c

g dos Of h th en i m th at a i t tor dr e w
ea
g s
p th e ch ar te
, a s u r

o f the N ew W ld t w hich E urope th gh r l c or , o ,

ou e u

ta tly mus t feel in p ar t i n d bted f r th f i nt gli mpses

u ,
e o e a

o f fr ee d m it pre e v d ; finally th at agitators h av

o s r e , e

been the h rbing rs th m rtyrs of civili ati n

a e e a z o .

Non- gitat r a w e know w er Ner Chri tiern

a o s, s , e o, s ,

Al v C a, ff n d all th m m d
ar a a, a n di cipl s w h h ave e o er s e , o

filled th e contin n t Of E r p w ith d eds f h rrore u o e e o o .

T he H ng i n agit t rs h d to deal w ith n o w o ld

u ar a a o a r

stirr ing id a b ut th eir task w as on th at acc o n t n ot

e , ,
u
,
 CON DITION OF T H E D IFFE R E N T L
C A SSE S . 231

the less sa re c d . Bu t b efor e pr c o eed n i g t o t he con

templation these q estion s of ref rm it will be

of u o ,

n e c e ary to c a t a gl n c
ss n th e ac tu l con di tion of
s a e o a

H ng ry at thi ti me
u a s .

T h p op lati on Of H ngary
e u xcl uding T ransyl u , e

va ni am
a, nt d ccording to the comp t tion of the
ou e , a u a

Hu ngarian statistical wr iter Feny s t mor th n ,

e , o e a

t w elv milli n e T h t w n p p u l ti n t d t t he
o s. e o o a o s oo , o

rur al p ortion f the pe pl in the pr p rt i n of ne t

o o e, o o o o o

e ight a cir c m t n c ffi ci n tly proving th l w t t

,
u s a e su e e o s a e

of commerce and m an f c tu r Som f th chi f u a es . e o e e

town n d p ci lly P th th capi t l it ated n

s, a es e a es , e a , s u o

th ban ks f t he D an be
e o iv r admir bly d pt d t u , a r e a a a e o

promote th i nte co r f H ngary w it h th

e r t pre
u se o u e ea s ,

sented an o tw ar d ppearan ce of c n id ble activity ;

u a o s er a

thou gh comp are d w i th

,
th r c mm r i l t wn f o e o e c a o s o

E r op th mo nt of b s in t n ct d in th
u e, e a u u ess ra sa e ese

p l ac es w ou ld a pp ear v ry li mit d P t h b e ides e e . es , s

being the centr f h me int ch ng f m t the e o o er a e, or s, a

s am time the m in p int f r f eign t n actions ;

e , a o o or ra s

the l atter b r n ch of b u sin e s h w ev r w as g atly r

a s , o e , re e

s tri ted by th e c mmer ci l policy Of A

c t i
o Th a u s r a. e

t wn ther f re may b term d th p iv l m nt

o s, e o ,
e e e as s e e e e

o f so ci ety both f m h vi ng acq i e d n n e of the i m

,
ro a u r o

portance g ner lly cc ing f m th acc m l ti n f

e a a ru ro e u u a o o

w ealth an d f m p ,
e in
g n h
ro r e in ith r t h
oss ss
e o s a e e

co nty a embly or th di t A g in the w as g t

u ss e e . a ,
re a rea

di spari ty in t h state Of th e t w n m n t h m lve

e o s e e se s,

many f th e l g t tow n i n L w er H n g y pre

O ar es s o u ar

senti n i n th i r h b it dr n d w rd n thi n m r ess , a o s,

g , e a
g s, o o e

th an t h ch ar cteri tics f
e tic po p l ti n
a s Th o a r us u a o . e

re re n tati
se Of n ti n al w eal th n d int l lig n ce w ere a e e
p ve s a o

thus the landed p p ri to s r n bl s m ting in ro e r o o e , a ou n

a ll as f r as r g d d privi l ge to mo
,
a e arth an si
e e s, re x
 232 C ON DITION OF T H E D I FFE R E N T C LA SSE S .

hu ndred th and a p art f Whom lived in l ux u riou s

ou s
, o

a b ndance w hile the larger po tion to all tw ard

u
, r ,
ou

appearance differed li ttle o n othi n i n c on dition from

, g r

th e pe san try a T h l tte . ccordingly deri ed their

e a r, a ,
v

i mportance solely from their pri i l ges w hich c n v e ,

o

s ist d in their ex mptio n f m all p bli c bur dens and

e e ro u ,

in ha ing a sh re in the legi l tu r

v a T h nu mber of s a e. e

th e se fs mi ht h ave b ee n comp t d at s ven million

r s,
g u e e

w ho labo con titu t d th chi f w ealth of t h coun

se ur s e e e e

try . T h p a ant as a tenant f his f u d al lo d b e

e e s , o e r ,

s id s b ing compell d t a f u dal ser vic cal led R ob t

e e e o e e o ,

w hich oc c pi d al m st h l f of hi ti me h ad al so to pay
u e o a s ,

the militar y tax ; to u pply the h ou e ta fr m w hich

s s x, o

a l l t he i n t rn l expen s s of the admi nistr tion Of the

e a e a

cou nties w as defr ayed ; w oblig d to rep i r the ro ds as e a a

an d bri dges ; to give qu ar ter to th e soldiers ; to pay s ,

besid the minister of th Church and th school

e s, s e e

mas te rs an d i n ddition to all th ese b u r den s h had to

,
a ,
e

give one ninth f hi p od ce to his l andl rd and tithe

o s r u o , s

to the Roman C ath olic cl gy even lthough a Pr er ,

a o

testant Th
. pp si n ndu red by the maj ority of
e o res o e

the p pul ation ne d n c omment n or is i t n cessary

o e s o , e

to descan t n th dis dvan tages resu lting th eref m t

o e a ro o

a
g ri c u l t l p rod ce
u ra I t m a lik w i se b re m mb er e d
y u . e e e ,

th at gric lt re in Hu ngary w a
a u u so to spe k in it s, a , s

p rimiti stat u naided by m d rn impr men t in

ve e, o e ove s

manu ing i rrigati n d rain age and th hing

r , o , N r ,
r as . o

c ld any ch nge b r asonably expected so long s

ou a e e , a

th e w n ers f th e s il had no oth er car b ut th e keep

o o o e

ing Of th e keys Of th gran ari es fill ed by th l bou e ,

e a r

o f the erfs s T he ge ne al pin i on f conomi ts in re

. r o o e s

ard to A st ri a w as th at th e daily l abo r f a serf w as

u u O
g ,

q
e u iv l ea n t o n ly to one -thir d f that of a hired l abou rer o .

T he Hu ngar i an peas n t easily reconcil d to hi w k a ,

e s or
 KOSSU T H A S A JOU R N A LI ST .

Three years h ad pas sed i nce I ent red a path in s e

w hich I th ou g h t I might p h p s b able to contr ib u te er a e

a sin le rain of san d t th b i ldin f th t mpl f

g g g eo e e u o e o

t he f t re gr n d
u u of ou r n tion
a eu r Why I have d ne a . o

so, an d by w h at h pe s I w then act t d I w ill n w

o as ua e ,
e

s tate t o T h e hi to y of H n ar y l
ou . pse n b rfore
y g y u a o e

my ye and on its p g s I saw this h avily vi ited

e s, a e e s

na ti on t r n by c on ten ti n s an d vi ce w i th i ts l aw s
o o ,

t odd n down by a bitr y w ill i nj stic

r e r and for ign
ar , u e, e

t y an ny ; I sa w how t
r n h ad f ll w ed tr as on i n
r easo o o e

t he hi tory of s r n ti n h w ofte n i t w as on t h
ou a o b ri nk
,
o e

o f entir e di olu ti n h ow th css e fG d h dw i h d

o , g e u rs o o a e e

o n it ho lde
s s w ith ou t fi n ding scar c ly on
u r s, - osy e e r

p ge among the ndl h ap f its mo rnf l l ve

a e e ss e o u u ea s.

A n d still one cen t r y th u p e d fl r th

u ther nd s as s a e e o ,
a

y et a , o u rs p e t V ii ii sm r t
o
y y W e r
ak e n d it is a sa s, e ,

tr e b u t nb ken li s y t a p opl in this l n d ’

u , u ro ve e e e a .

Wh t hea nly w nder has done thi ? T he k y t

a ve o s e o

thi riddl I find i n t h p st th t t h e n er w as a

s e e a , a er ev

t i me in o r m r nf l p
u t w h n th p pl w re not
ou u as e e eo e e

in st t c apable f b c mi ng i n pi
a a e d w ith an id a
o e o s re e

su c h n idea m y p h p h ve ft n b n nso nd
a a er a s a o e ee u u ,

n d in s ti te d by l ten t b ase m t iv — till the ca a

a
g a a
p o es s

b ility f b c mi g i n pir d w
o e o n lw y xtan t even
s e as a a s e ,

w h en al mo t th wh l s co n try pp r d to b e in
e o e u a ea e

u tt r b t sen es ; and t ly
e o u s n ti n w hich p se seru a a o os s s

at l t one id a f r which it i abl to kindl int

eas e , o s e e o a

t t
s a e o f en th si a m m y in d d b pp
u s ,
d by fo eign
a ee e o r e sse r

p w r b t c n n ever ani h aw ay in s icid l or idl

o e , u a v s u a e

longi ng s.

I f rth r saw h w dur ing th e p t centu ries

u e o ,
es as ,

th e n bl we
o th e c nt re
es ref eve y e nth i as m I e o r us

h
t ere orf th o
gh et i n m y seluf — th e n obl e u b i t dow n ,
se s s s s

to th e present day —w hy n ot h op e th at pr p elled by , ,

o
 K O SS U T H AS A J O U R N A L I ST . 2 35

the piri t of time th y m y b e anim ted w ith some

s , e a a

thi ng more nobl th an th y w er e in f mer ges ? e I e or a

say I h p ed th at th s n bl
, o w ho b t fi fty y ars g e e o es u e a o,
,

co ld by th bre th f enth si m ch ng th gli m

u e a o u as a e e

mering p ark of n ti n al f ling i nto a bl ing fl me

s a o ee az a ,

may n w n l o f el inspi ed t the ide of r g

o ess e r a a e e

ne tin g an d in crea ing th

ra t ngth of th n ti n s e s re e a o

by niting t them th p ople w ith ties of l ve ! My

u o e e o

h pes w re th u f nded n th exist n c f su ch an

o e s ou o e e e o

en th si as m an d i t w s w ith th e ch as te fir e of this
u , a

sacr e d b li f th at I s cc ed d i n
e e vi ing h op s oft n u e e re v e e

disapp inted Th s r fle ti n K th w n d p
o . e e e c o s ossu ou u

w ith an a dmon iti on to th acc ptan ce of ge n l t xa e e er a a

tion d cl ring mo eo r th t t bt in p ctic l re lt

, e a , r ve , a o o a ra a su s

he w o ld f r t h pr ent b s ti fi d to
u o e e th t es e a s e se a

ci l
p ppli
e a d m ly t o the h
e -t I
eren h t o ou se ax . s or , s

s t h s l eade f ll lik c n tant show p n th

’
u rs e e a o s er u o e

co ntry w akening ev n the most ind l nt f the

u ,
a e o e o

c u nty gentleme n an d oon c m d ily t b l ok d

o , s a e a o e o e

for w ith n g r ness an d c i ity p evio ly nk n ow n

a ea e u r os r us u

am n t h e re di n p blic f H n ary Thi nw ar d s o

g
o
g g a u o u .

mar ch of p blic opini n h d h wu r a tot lly differ e nt o a o e ve a

effect n C ou n t S ech eny

o Th is n bl m n now b z . o e a e

c me verse to meas r b e h d be n th fi t to point

a a u es a e e rs

o t fifteen years bef r ;

u ch f r x mpl a th o e su , o e a e, s e

aboli ti n f th J A i t ti and the taxati n of the

o o e us v cz a
'

s, o

n blo ; a
es n d as adv an ci n
g y m y h av e b en th e ar s a e e

chi f c e of hi r tr g ion s time as i nat r l

e au s s e o re ss , o ,
s u a ,

becam in it progre th mor imp ri s in it demands

e s ss e e e ou s .

In 184 1 S ch n y w ote a p mphl t chi fly dire cted

ze e r a e , e

ai n t th e Pe ti Ifl l
s nde t h tr n e title of
g u r e s a
a
g p s r a
,

Kelet N epe (T h Peopl f th E t) w hich like his e e o e as , ,

oth er w r i ti ng is a c i an d acy mixtu r

s, f e p u r ou s r e o x o

si tiou of poli tic al doctr i ne personal conf ssions an d s, e ,

236 TH E DIE T o r 184 3 .

prophecies ; th e polemical p r t marked by a coarseness a

re pu lsi e i n t he extr eme

v It may here in pas sing h .
,
e
,

remarked th at S e ch eny p ssesse d at the same ti me a

, z o

qu ality by w hich the ari tocracy of E ngl n d se m to s a e

b e signally dis tingu ish d m n g E u ropean n bilitie e a o o s,

v iz th t f li tening w ith in differen ce to a n t ove r

. a o s o

delica te rebu t of their arg ments T h e c nseq n ce u . o ue

of thi s p amphl et w as to lienate himself m re fro m

, a o

the reform p ar ty w hich w as th e more de ter min d to

,
e

carry th p jected meas re de pite his obj ections

e ro u s, s .

It w as nd r these ci c m t nces th at th Di t met in

u e r u s a e e

1 84 3 T h p r gramm
. e f the r efor mer e mbraced
o e o s

the pr in cipl e of gen er l taxati on the r ights of t he a ,

peasan t y to sell their f ct and if able to pu r

r u su r u
, , ,

chase their c mplete lib rty by payin g a su m eq i a

o e u v

lent to th v l e of the l n d they possessed T he

e a u a .

l atter poin t w as carried after many a w ar m deb te ; a

the pr in cipl e of t ax ati n h w ever b ides b ing o ,

o ,
es e

ect d by t h L or d s h d n t even a m j rity of the

j e e , a o a o

L ow er Ho se in it fa o r A n u tter f ilure attended

u s v u . a

th e comm ci al q esti n er H ngary it m st be re

u o u ,
u

membere d i n Spi te f p itive l aw s to con t ary e ffect

, o os a r ,

w as till s bj ected to th c mmerci al yst m of A tri

su e o s e us a,

a gri an c
ev w hich h ad cc pi ed th e atten tion of th e
e o u

states in th e time of M ar ia- Theresa as w ell as in the ,

beginning of the present cent ry ; tho gh it full im u u s

portance w as far fr om h ing been d uly ppreciated av a .

T he prohibitive system of A tria comp ll d Hun gary us e e

to tr ad nly w ith th
e o A str i an domin i ns and she e u o ,

w as th s comp elled to p r ch e manu f ctur es btain

u u as a o

abl e else w h er e of a b et t r q u ali ty and at cheaper e a

rate . N or w as thi s all ; the most i mp rt an t branch o

of comme rce r aw prod ce w as m teri lly i mpe d d by

,
u ,
a a e

the s u bsistin g toll and cu stom du ti es Every articl e .

2 38 F OR M AT ION A N D FA ILU R E OF T H E

the l angu ges sp ken by the minor races coul d po

a o ,
s

s ibly h ave b een tho ght f as th b tit te Of th u o e su s u e

L tin r n vail bl m di m Of g n eral in te cou rse

a , o a a a e e u e r .

By thi s time w hen th pr gr ,

f th H ngari an e o ess o e u

l ngu ge b th in lit t and in ocial in te co rse

a a ,
o er a u re s r u ,

bec me to vi ibl th bi h ps w ho f m ly obj cted

a o s e, e s o ,
or er e

t oth e u se of living idi m no m e lamen ted th

a o ,
or e

d th onement Of the dead L ati n Thi meas th er

e r . s u r e, e

fore m t w i th littl
, e r n oppo i ti on Th n ct e o o s . e e a

ment on thi h e d c nsisted f th f ll w i ng pr visi ons

s a o o e o o o :

l t Th at th Sp ch es fr m and th e add
s ,
e es to th
ee o ,
ress ,
e

th r n eo h ld h n cef th b e in H ng i n ; not in
,
s ou e or u ar a

L atin 2d Th t the ch n c lr y h o ld i s e it o de
, a a e s u su s r rs

in H n g i n ; an d f th er th t th t idi m h o ld
u ar a , ur ,
a a o s u

su pers de the L tin in me b n ches Of pu blic in

e a so ra

s tr u cti n an d dmini st ati n

o F m th e e p vi ion s
a r o . ro s ro s

Croatia w a ex mpt d t in ing its f ll lib rty to m k

s e e ,
r e a u e a e

us e f t h L tin or of i t ow n t n gu i n th e c rts an d
o e a s o e ou

co nty s mblies A r g d the Di t it w s nact d

u a se . s e ar s e , a e e

that ft r th e l p Of i y
,
a e th C r ti n m m
a se s x ear s, e oa a e

bers hith rt pe isting in th

,
e o Of L ati n ho ld b
rs e u se ,
s u e

b nd t
ou th e H ng ri n i n th di t l d b tes
o u se u a a e e a e a .

T he fi t m n if t ti n f a p actic l meas r
rs a t
es a o o r a u e a

t mpt d by th e refo m rs
e e ft er th Di t of 1 84 3 w r e ,
a e e ,
as

t he t bli h m n t f n
es a ssoci ati n w i th t h
e Obj ct f
o a as o e e O

f st ri ng h m i nd t y T h n m
o e o e f thi asso i ti n
us r . e a e o s c a o

w as Ved— e
gy l t (D f n i e U n i n
)ew hich c n i tede ef s v o ,
o s s O

members w h o b n d th em el es t u se ll th m n ou s v o a e a u

f t e t b p d c d n d i t a pice in pr f n c
ac u r s o e ro u e u er s us s e er e e

t of r ign arti l
o e Th p id nt f thi p omi sing
c es . e r es e o s r

u ni n w o C n t C mir B tthy ny ; its direct r w as

as ou as a a o

Lo i K u s t h w h did m t t w
ossu d it e t bli hment
,
o os o ar s s s a s .

T h ard r w i t h w hich thi idea w

e ou mb ce d by a s as e ra

l arge portion Of the d cat d p p l tion pr mi ed i t e u e o u a ,

o s
 D E FE N S IV E U NION A SSOC IATION . 2 39

fa ri cc s th gh it l ti mately p oved b rtive In

su e s, ou u r a o .

thi in t n c al S ech ny in eighed gainst the en

s s a e, so, z e v a

l
c e avo u of th r f m p rty p r dicti ng th
rs e e or f ilur e f a , e e a o

t he s h m ; th e
gh m ly j d in g f om t h e u n as i r
c e
g ou ,
er e u e

n e ssthi s ni n c d m ng the m n f ctur rs f

u o au se a o a u a e o

A tri t h
us n t rp r i
a, pp d to b by n o mean Of
e e e se a eare e s

a h p le o e an d i mp ssctic bl nat re In fact ny on ra a e u .

,
a e

a t all cq int d w ith th e phy ic l cap biliti s of

a ua e s a a e

Hu nga y m st h r n th t
u h n exp i m nt w
ave see a su c a er e as

a t on ce p mi si ng j dici ro s an d w l l w or th th e t i l
, u ou , e r a .

T h e s pe i ity of n c ntry over n ther i n

u r or o e ou a o a

b ranch of pr d ction say J hn Mill o u ft n a i s,

”
s o , o e r es

only f om h in g b g n it n r The e may b e n

r av e u soo e . r o

inh rent d an t g n ne pa t r di d ntag on th

e a v a e o o r , o sa va e e

o th r b t nly p nt s p i ity f cq i d kill

e , u o a rese u er or O a u re s

an d p i nc A c nt y w hich h thi kill an d

ex er e e. ou r as s s

e xp i n c y t t acq i may in th
er e e e o p ts b u re o er r es ec e

b tte ad pt d t the prod cti ns th n th e w hich

e r a e o u o a os

w e e li r in t h fi ld ; and b id s it i
er ar e ej t e e ,
es e , s a us r

m k th t n thin g h s gr t r t n d ncy t p omot

ar , a o a a ea e e e o r e

i mprov ments in n y bran ch f p d cti n th an its

e a o ro u o

tri l n der a n ew se t Of c on diti n It m y b h ”

a u o s. a e O

ser ved th at thi argu ment u s d by thi

,
s th o in e s au r

f v r Of p otecti on m y th mor fitly apply to t he

a ou r a e e

c in p int w hich w a n ent pri f a moral rath er

ase o ,
s a er se o

th n of c mme ci l ch act r ; n d w
a a o r may b
a ar e a as, as e

see n n th
,
contrary in ten d d t act as c n
o e ,
e o a ou

t p i
er t
o se A t i n p t ct i n
o T h e f ilur e f th
us r a ro e o . a O e

D f nsi Uni n may b ttrib ted chi fly to the di

e e ve o e a u e s

tract d t t f the c nt y c d by th erio

e s a e o ou r ,
au se e s us

m m nto s politic l q
o e u ti ns w hich ng g d the p b
a u es o e a e u

lic min d ; nor can th l tary infl enc s i t l ft b hin d e sa u u e e e

n H u n ar i an i nd t ry he lt th er d ni ed e e
o
g o
g us a .

In the middl e of 1 84 4 Kossu th p r ted w ith th

‘

,
a e
 24 0 INF LU E N CE OF T H E PE S TI H I R LA P .

Pes ti H i r lap, a j ou rna l which did mu ch for the cu l

ture of th e Hu nga i g r d t h politi

r an la ngu age as re a s e

c al dep artm n t n d w hich i pectiv f its a t

e , a , rr es e o v s

influenc on th q sti ns of th day gre tly ser v d

e e ue o e , a e

i n widening the sph ere of politi cal pe cu l ti n in H u n s a o

ry T h r0 ri t pp or tu n i t f d oin g w a
g a .e a
pp p y a e o or so s

Offered to the able j u rnali st in 1 84 1 w h en the acces o ,

si n of A u str i a t
o t he G e m n Z ol lv erei n seeme d t be
o r a o

a matter of p r b bil i ty A t thi j n ctu re Kossu th

o a . s u , ,

in di cus sing the qu tion fr m H ngari an point Of

s es o a u

view f r the first time b ght b f r th not ice f

, o r ou e o e e o

th e p bli c sev eral f th e broad pr i nciple of politi cal

u o s

e cono my provi n as r e ar de d the m in poin t at issu

g , g ,
a e,

h ow the Z ollverein wa n ly an an sw er t the E nglish s o o

c ro n law s excl ding the ,

aw prod c e Of Ger many
u r u ,

and mean t t pr tect Ge man ind try ; how H u n

o o r us

gary still m re backwar d in in d stry than G rmany

,
o u e ,

w s not likely t
a b e ben fi t d by i ts accessi n to the
o e e o

Zollver in which as Ge m ny w as it elf n g i l

e , ,
r a s a a r cu

t ral co n try w ou ld of c u rs
u u Open no n ew mar k t
,
o e e

f r the Hu ng i an aw p d ct
o ar T h s n dn ess f
r ro u s. e ou o

su ch r a oning w ill har dly b e called in qu tion by

e s es

e oc n omist of w hate er ch ol Kossu th howe ve

s v s o .
, r,

e rr e d in pporting hi arg m nt in ddi tion On p r ly

su s u e a u e

n ti n al gro n d
a o an d w as do bly mi tak en in
u s, lleging u s a

th at the Zollv r in w u ld o n ffect th p litic l n ion

e e o s o e e o a u

o f Ge man y an d th at it w o ld p ove i nj r i ou s t
r , u r u o

Hu ng r ian n tion lity I n f ct thi peculiar ity of

a a a . a ,
s

K u th by w hich h red c d
oss , y qu e ti n if po e u e ev e r s o ,
s

sible to the t an dard Of n ati onali ty t n ded on m n y

, s ,
e a

a n cca i n t giv f l e dir cti n to hi r as nings

o s o o e a a s e o s e o .

W hile th li b r ls w e th t ining th ir ner es

e e a re us s ra e v

to r ai se th e m n tal an d phy ic l c n di ti n Of th e co n
e s a o o u

try an d w hile sev r al cou nties w ere vicing w it h each

,
e
24 2 SP E E CH OF KOSSU TH .

n ov a tion introd ced into ver l co nti

, u kn w n se a u es , w as o

by th n am f th dmini t t y tem nor w as th

e e O e a s r a or s s er e

n u n bi sse d th in kin m an w h di d n t p c iv h w er e o
a a
g o o e

m ch s ch reg l c mmi ssi n r w o ld i nfl e n c th

u u a a o o e u u e e

n er l d m i ni ta t i n f t h co n ti s ra T h f m enta
O e u es . e er
g e a o

ti n c
o d by thi s Mett r nich policy w hich w
au se e ,
as

t ngly
s ro pp rt d by the H u ng i n ch ncell A p
su o e ar a a or

p ny thr w sid f r a time the di c i n of th c n

o ,
e a e o s u ss o e o

t mplat d
e f rm an d fo med the m in t pic f d b at
e re o s, r a o o e e

i n t he C n ty A ss mbli es ou T he f ll w ing e m r ks . o o re a ,

b ing th b t n c of a spe ch d li d n th at q e
e e su s a e e e ver e o u s

ti n by K
o th (1 84 5) i n th C o n ty A mbly f
oss u e u sse o

Pesth m y rve t el cidate th p int t i e

,
a se o u e o a ssu
“T he y te m aid th rat
s s
“w h
”
s int d ction int
e o or, ose ro u o
,

H ng y w s tt mpted by s m st t m n I h
u ar a a e o e a es e ,
av e

n o hesitati n in saying is n ither H ng i n n r

o , e u ar a o

c n stitu ti n l n d w once v inly tt mpt d by

o o a , a as a a e e a

g r teap ri n c at a ti me w h n th
e, w h l e n at i on w e e o as

s u nk i n d eep l mb r Now w e ar
s u w k e rep
. in g e a a e, os

a ft r a w a f fi e an d t w n ty year s w hich f n d
e r o v e ,
ou us

likew i w k A n d b i ng aw ak w ar e nabled t
se a a e. e e, e e o

g uar d o lv e a
g
u rse i n t t hi c omm i
s a y- ya tem w hich
s s ss r s s ,

f il d b f
a e A cc o di ng to th e g e nm n t me
e ore . r r ov r e as u e ,

n obl Stat th lo d-lie ten nt i t giv place t an

e e s, e r u a s o e o

a dmin istr t r w h i a o , p n i bl t n n e f w h t h
o s r es o s e o o o or a e

d e an d i s to ct in cc d n c w ith th e op n n d
o s, a a or a e e a

c t in t cti n f th h n c y lik w i i p n si
se r e s ru o s O e c a er ,
e se rre s o

b le In d d ch a f n cti n y in o r co ntie h a
. ee ,
su u o ar u u s, v

i n g th al f th e c n ty i n hi h an d p vid d w i th
e se o ou s s, ro e

m n ey n d if q i ed w ith t he di p s l of mil it ry
o , a ,
re u r ,
s o a a

p w er w o ld p v v ry m ch i mil t the di tri t

o , u ro e e u s ar o s c

c mmi ies in B hemi ; h w ld b in a position

o ssar o a e ou e

t i nfl
o n c e th e l
ue ti ns se b ib y n d intimid ti n
e ec o ,
u r er a a o ,

and th u s p ar aly e all t h od i in fr m ou r m n i u

g z
g e o ar s o
 NE W RE FOR M P A R TY . 24 3

ci
p i
al n tit u ti ns s L e t u s r e memb er t h t a str nge
o . a o r

att ck on o r con stitu ti n w not ven attempt d by

a u o as e e

Joseph I L n d that H ng y w hen ever b ft f it

, a u ar , er e O s

mu nicip ali ti i s su r t b c me a mer A tri n p

es, e o e o e us a ro

vince S me p alli ate the inj stice of this m ur

. o u e as e

w ith th d order a w rd w hich w as d by ’

w e or , o u se

Phillip H in tur ni ng the N therl ands i nt

. l nd f e o a a o

desol tion n d by the C ar in exting i hing th libe

a ,
a z u s e r

ti e Of P l n d
s Heav f b id th at Hu ng y ho ld
o a . en or ar s u

e ver expe ien ce an rd f this s t ! A mid the en

r o er o or

o me nt f h r ow n l w s H n ary w ant n bi ry
j y o
g
e t a a ,
u s o ar r

meas f order and if th in tr od cti n f s me r

u res o ,
e u o o o o

an i c ch n g i c on templ t d i t i s only th
a e s p re sent a a e e re
g ,

ti es f th n ation w ho can d it
”
v o e o .

In th me nti me e n w ref r m p arty ros

a kn ow n
, a e o e,

by th n me f the C nt l i t w hose d ctrine w er

e a o e ra s s, o s e

e x o n d d i n th e P e ti II i l p w hich by thi ti m s r a s
p u e e , , ,

h d p a sed fr om the h an d
a s f Koss th i nto th f s o u ose o

L adi sl au s S alay and w hich w as s bs q n tly on

z ,
u e ue c

d cted by A n thon C sengeri T he fun dament l ide

u . a a

o f this party w as to pro e th e nec e sity of a r p n ible v s es o s

ministry in ste d Of th e H ng ri an C en t al C rt in
,
a u a r ou

Bu da an d the Hu ngari n Chan c ry in Vi nn L ok

,
a e e a. o

ing at th e irreg u l ariti es s b si tin g i n the v ar io s p art s u s u

o f the cou nt y as for e xample t he differen t in ti t

r , , , s u

tion s an d privil eges Of th e c nti es Of th tow n an d ou , e s

th dist icts Of the C m n the Hai d ks nd th

e r u a s, u , a e

ixteen tow ns of the Zips mu ch co ld b s id i n

s , u e a

f v u r of th e p in ciple f centr li ation

a o T he e tab
r o a z . s

li h men t f
s mi ni try ho w v p o s pp d th e
e
ar r - s ,
o e , u ose

di min ti n of the pow er f the county instit tions

u o o u ,

w hich l n e re isted in times f over w h el mi ng tyrann y

a o s ,
o
,

th e g ras pi n g p ow er of th e c row n — a cir c ms tan c e u

w hich w as su ffi ci ent t r en der th e c entr ali ing idea o z

 2 44 ADVA N CE M E N T OF L ITE RA T U RE .

pp
u n o u ar . C entralists indee d draw ing amfly
l T he , ,
o n the e x ample and doctri nes of forei n cou ntrie
g s, ex

pou nded their ideas w ith considerable precision and

abili ty b u t th ey f r t th e most vital p oin t T h
, g oese o .

reformers see me d to h av entir ely left u t of vi ew e o ,

th t the mai n q e tion for the cou n try lay in g tting

a u s e

se curi ty f r th e trict observance of law an d n t t

o s o o
,

h ave con idered th at the mere n mination of a H n

s o u

garian in depen dent and respon si ble mini try u n t s ,

a

ten d d by e uar antee s w o ld b e en tirely at th e mercy

g ,
u

of the vereign nd liable to b e d m li hed by th

so , a e o s e

singl t oke of hi pen T he maj rity of the peopl

e s r s . o e,

th e efore sided with the Kossu th p ar ty w hose Obj ct

r , , e

w as n ot nly t p eserve b u t to extend the influenc

o o r
,
e

an d sph er of acti n of th e co u nty mu nicipalities

e o .

A m idst th ese fl u ctu ations and progressive eflorts in

'

th e sph ere Of politics, L i ter a tu r e exh ibi ted still stronger

si ns of en u i n e advance ment
g g .

Within th las t fift n years a snrprisingly l r g

e ee , a e

n mber of w ork s
u both in pro e an d poetry issu e d
,
s ,

fr om th pre s su rp sing th se of the K azin czy p r iod

e s , as o e

i n ene gy finem nt of sen timen t an d ou tw ard poli sh

r ,
re e , .

A ll th e prod ct i n s Of this t i me are marked by a y u th

u o o

f l pi it an d inten se ar dou r s w epin g aw ay many Of

u s r , e

t he most i nveter te prej u di ce an d ar e imb ed w ith

a s, u a

de p feeli n g of patri ti m
e o s .

Am ng the pros wr iters w h o e xerci sed a p arti e u

o e

lar in fl n ce n this epoch Bar n N i ch lau s Josi ka

ue o ,
o o

clai ms th first place e This nobl m n a member f . e a ,

o

th e C ommittee of D ef n ce d r in g th e w ar of 1 84 8 e u ,

and n o w an e x il e in B elgiu m w s t h fi rst wh o i n tro , a e

d uced the m der n n ovel i nto th e H u n garian li teratu re

o ,

a s w ell as a chi ef in str u ment i n mou ldin g th e H n u

24 6 SPE C IM E N OF V O R O SM A R T T S
’
POE T RY .

t he po ts e o f th e p b
t ceen t ry
gi n ni nnd
g Of th e r ese n u a

t hose f th n e w e poch w hi h comm n c d w ith P tii fi

o e , c e e e

i n 1 84 2 Vorosmarty w
. th c t of t h om n ti as e r e a or e r a c

Hu ngarian po try and th fi rst w h n ti ly fr d

e , e o e re ee

him elf fr m th tr mm l f th nci nt classic H i

s o e a e s O e a e s. s

verse i p rv ded w i th a rich ein f imagin ti n an d

s e a v o a o

a s ing l n bility Of ntim nt ve yw her clothed in

u ar o se e ,
e r e

a pu r and idi om tic styl

e Hi larger w ks con si t
a e. s or ,
s

ing f hi storic l d mas n d e pic

o a e ad n d w it h
ra a s, ar or e

m ny gr c f l i mp r n ti n ; nd t h tyl
a a e u bou nds
e so a o s a e s e a

thr g h
ou o t w i th d uli n
g m t ph th g h t h
az ze re i a e a ors, ou s

w an t f p w e i n th d li n ti n of ch aract
o o r an d in
e e ea o er

u n ity f e pO i n in the f m r an d a l ck of g n ral

x r es s o or e , a e e

e xec tion br d incid nt n d g an d ur in th latter

u ,
oa e s, a r e , e .

F or his p op l r i ty Vo ii m r ty i chiefly in debted t

u a r s a s o

hi mino poe m th m t e te m d n d w id ly-kn w n

s r s, e os s e e a e o

of w h ich r his A ppe l n d a d inking

a e n g c lled a , a r so a

F ti -D l T h A ppe l e pr ssi n t h e f eli ng of

o a . e
g a , as x e e

th co ntry an d imb
e u d w ith th p litical sentim n t
, ue e o e ,

soo n b ca me th f v u r i t n ati n al on g
e e a o e o s .

T H E A PPE AL .

Be tru e to th e land of thy bir th ,

Son of th e M agyar r ace ;
It nou ri sh
’
d, nur sed, and soon its ear t h
Wi ll b e thy r esting place .

What though th e world is very wide ,

N 0 land wi th t hi ne can vi e ;
Come weal or woe on for tu ne s tide,
’

H ere must thou li ve and di e .

B ehold the dear th e h allow d soil ,

’
,

On whi ch our fa thers bled ;

L O her e ten centu ri es of toil
H ave b ou nd th e mighty dead .
SPE C IM E N OF v OnOSM A R T Y s POE TR Y 24 7
’
.

T he foeman s ranks our heroes brok e

’

Of A rpad s marshal band ;

’

A nd H u nyadi s ar ms from slavery s yoke

’ ’

Once fr eed our fatherland

H ere di d th y flag , 0 fr eedom swell,

A nd r ed o er b attle w ave,
’

In long and deadly fight h ere fell

T h e bravest of th e br ave .

In pite of fortune s angry fr own

s
’

Through war and str ife s fell reign ’

,

Though bent yet never broken down

, ,

Our p eople still r emai n .

T he mighty w orld, the common land

Of many nations, saith :
T en centur i es of war de mand
T he figh t for li fe or death !

It cannot b e that p atri ots tru e

In fr eedom s cause so slai n
’

A nd hearts b y sorrows broken too ,

Were sacrificed in vain .

Su ch mind, and strengt h , and p urpose high ,

Th ey sur ely cannot b e

Foredoom d t o w i ther droop and die
’

By ster n F ate s dark decree

’
.

A time will co me— a better time

M us t co me,hope we dare ;
to
M illi ons of fer vent hear ts incline
T o raise the nati on s prayer
’
.

Bu t h
s ould here come a moment dread
t ,

A n awful str oke of doom ,

A people s blood for fr eedom shed

’

S hall lave our cou ntry s tomb

’
.
24 8 C H A RA CTE R OP P E T OE I S
’
POE T RY .

The land in which a nati on di es

All peoples w ill r evere ;
A nd millions then of weeping eyes
Will drop the mourning tear .

True to the land wi th stedfast faith

E ver then M agyar b e !
In li fe i t nourish d thee —
,

in death
’

Its turf will cover thee .

What though the world is very wide ,

N 0 land with thi ne can vi e ;

Come weal or w oe on for tune s ti de,
’

H er e must thou li ve and di e 1

.

It may b e Obser ved th t Vorosmarty evinced n i n, a o

considerable kill in hi tr n l ti ns of foreign poetry

s s a s a o ,

the most s ccessfu l of w hich is h is version of th e Ju liu s

u

Caesa f Sh akspeare N xt t h im par tic l ar m n

r o . e o u e

ti n mu st b e made of Baj a an d C u c or ; th latter

o z z z e ,

n e of th most e nli hten ed ccl esi astics issu e d several

o e
g e ,

most gen i ne pop u lar song ; as w ell as Gar y th e most

u s a ,

pop lar b llad writer K n o Csasar and A lexan der

u a , u s, ,

Vachot n o le ss known poets th e latte r b l ngi ng to

, , e o

more rec n t date T h P gas u s Of Petii fi tr ck a

e . e e s u

more gen u i ne and fr e h er fo ntai n from the s il f u so o

Hung ry There i gr ater car lessne s n d irre

a . s a e e s a

ul a i ty i n hi s poems th an i s to b e fou n d in an y Of the

r
g
prece ding poets th o gh hi w rks spread w ith a rapi
, u s o

dity and acqu ired a pop l arity hith erto u nknown

, u ,
.

N or did any one better u nderstan d the lan g age of u

th e people w hich as may he remarked is gen er lly

, ,
a

th e most c orrect an d m t th or o ghly idiomati c P

os u . e

tOfi m se i exceedi ngly f n d of roami ng al ong the

’
s u s o

endless pl ins of L ow er H ngary

a — w hich s h e himsel f u , a

T hi s versi on is du e to M W Jaflray
'

r . .
2 50 SP E C I M E N S OP PE TOF I S POE T RY ’
.

F OR T HE E , M Y COUN TR Y .

F or thee, my country, still r emains

T he love my father s bore ;
M yhear t i ts sadness b u t retains ,

Till thou art free once more .

T hy altar let my breast enclose,

A s i n a h oly fane ;
T he temple may b e crushed b y foes,
But still w ill i t re main !

For thee in p rayer my voice will rise,

M y soul wi th ar dour glo w ;
M y bleeding breast, w ith bitter sighs ,
Will curse my cou ntry s foe ’
.

To none I tell the love I bear ,

In secret I ador e ;
Bu t none the less est eem th ee fair ,
Or less th e gods i mplore .

N ot as my h
s adow follows me,
R evenge the tyr an ts cri me ;
’

Bu t ebbing, fl owi ng, like th e sea,

I w atch th e proper ti me .

Bu t as h night th e shadows grow

wit ,

Till darkness hideth all ,

T he tyrant torrent s dark ning flow,

’ ’

M y deeper griefs r ecall .

A nd h h wine my comrades seek

w en wit
Their dr ooping sou ls to r ai se ;
Wi th b urning lips though blanched cheek
, ,

Thei r M agyar land they praise .

Then lift I too the goblet high ,

T he p u r ple wine contai ning

Bu t scalding tears stream from my eye ,
T h e bitter dr augh t in dr aining .
 SPE C I M E NS O F P E T OE I S
’
POE T RY . 2 51

With the n r r ppr ch to the memo ble m ve

ea e a oa ra o

men t of 18 4 8 PetOfi ff i n s con t ntly i n crea d in

’
s e us o s a se

th ir
e n tn ss nd i nten ity T h h ri n f h i
ear es e a s . e o zo O s

p tic vi i n bec me h n cef r th c im n d w ith c n

oe s o o e o r so e s e es

Of blood h ed ; h i pi it p anting f
s a spr ing of
s s r or

mighty w ar w h n bl dy r s bl som on the w ar

,
e oo o es os

i rs b t an d l nging f r a ki s
r o
’
r eas , o o s ,

Ki ss from thee , 0 fr eedom ! h e av enly maiden !

Glori ous keedom ! thou my h eavenly bli ss !
T he effect p rodu ced
by the s ngs w as n exampl d se o u e ,

and w o ld h av e b n till t e r h d th p et b en t e a
u
g r ee s ea a e o

lib rty pl i nly to ing w h t lay t hi he t an d had

e a s a a s ar ,

e ch v nd h Op r ti n of th e c en
’
a n ot erse n t er e e a o sor s
g u o e

sci ssors T h e f ll w in g p oem T he P i ne

. o o d hi , r so r an s

Ch i n may b
a ,
id to be on f th e mo t cce sful i n
e sa e o s su s

thi tyl
s s e

T HE PR I S ON E R A N D H I S CH AIN .

A you th i n the b attle of liber ty fou ght,

When hi s comr ades were r ou ted and slain ;
A nd thus t o th e du ngeon a cap tive was brou ght,
A nd bound with a ponderou s chain .

In th e gloom of the dungeon, at hear t u nsu bdued,

A hold of his fetters h e took ;
A nd deep w ith the spiri t of fr eedom imbu ed,
These irons h e cursed and he shook .

T hen to h i m the chain in its angui sh repli ed,

M y sorr ow is equ al to thi ne ;
Immur ed in thi s dungeon, to fr eedom deni ed,
Disconsolate gri eving I pine .

So curse me not, ca ptive

b u t constant me sh ake, ,

This echo let ever resou nd ;

M y din is a cur se th at attends in th e wake
Of desp ots wi th tyr anny crowned .
2 52 SPE C IM E NS O F P E T OP I S
’
POE T RY .

Alas, fellow ca ptive ! thou dost not me know,

I gleam d as a s wor d in the fight ;
’

Perchance, in thy h ands, have encou nter d the foe,

’

M ai ntai ning thy fath erland s righ t

’
.

U nfortunate soldier ! where new dost thou meet

W ith thy equally luckless sword ?
Bu t sh ake me ; i ncessant thy shaking s repeat ;
M y clank i s the tyr ant s re war d
’
.

A h
c ain t hey h ave made me , a sw ord at thy si de
For fr eedom determined and bold ;
A nd thee , who in battle th e tyr ant defied,
H o w dr eadful to think that I hold !

This garment of rust th at around me hath gro wn

B etokens me grievi ng and pained ;
Bu t shake me ; my echo i s sa ppi ng the thr one
Wi th bloodshed and perj ury stained .
1

N ow l only s bj in one of Petofi s p litic l

w e w il u o
’
o a

song p bli hed hortly b fore the l t w ar in n

s, u s s e a e , a

albu m w hich w as p rin ted ou t Of H u ngar enti tl d

, y , e ,

Oft entimes I si t i n musing blind ,

A nd kno w not w ell the though ts that snatch my

S wift o er my cou ntry s length I hover
’ ’

Through the earth and all th e wi de world over ;

A nd th e str ains su ch fantasy p rolongs
A re of my moonhke r oa mi ng sou l th e S ongs .

Y et all these vagrant ht

drea ms are naug
Per chance the fu ture rather needs a thought ?

Why guess ? God s goodness i s unended

’
,

A nd o er my thou gh tless lot will still b e bended ;

’

Then th e careless notes that lift their tongues

A re my b u tterfly-light sou l s untrou bled Songs
’
.

1
T hi s poem is translated by M r James Kemp .
2 54 AN C IE N T M A GYAB PO E T R Y

c n tented to peep into the spinning parties of the vil

o

l age gi l and to sing h l y on the bea ti s of c u ntry

r s, er a u e o

lif an d n t r e H i rsifi cati on is ea y and c rrect

e a u . s ve s o ,

and h i p d ct ions h av
s ro pon the w hol
u oothin
g e, u e, a s

char act r w hich remind of the poem f Longfellow

e , us s o .

N o m ll addition w as made to th g n
s a l poetry e e e ra

by the coll ction of all th p pu lar p ems and s ngs in

e e o o o

t h e v lu mes a tas k cc mpli h ed by J hn E r d ly

re o ,
a o s o e ,

h i mse lf a poet T h r d r w ou l d b e greatly disap

. e ea e

p inted i f he expecte d to fi nd the g n i n r the fab u

o e u e o

l us Magyar po try in this collecti n T h romantic

o e o . e

min trel y str ongly blen ded with the H nni h le

s s ,
u s

e n dry an d w hich live d n t he lips of th p eopl e i n o

g ,
e

th e first cent ry of th ei E rop ean exi t n c gradu ally

u r u s e e,

di ed aw y mid the religi u s pers c ti n ttending

a a o e u o s a

i nt d ction of Ch ri ti nity u n d r St Stephen

O

th e ro u s a e ,

an d h ad b c me e xti n c t i n t he t h ir teent h c en tu ry ;
e o

w h en the e rli st L atin ch n icl er a th e n n mo s

e
y ro s, a o u

N tary f Kin g B el
o o n d K e ai h ad in th i i no
g a, a z , e r

r ant cr itici ms discar d d th s l tr adi tion s an d r f sed e e ora ,

e u

t o rec or d th e n cient n
g i n or de r t
a h a ve xcl siv so s, o e u e

c p f r th ir own spec l tion ev n of th compara

s o e o e u a s : e e

tive ly b right H u nyadi p i od on ly few lin r emai n ed er a es

re ferri ng to th e electi n f M tthias T h m j ity of o o a . e a or

the ong tho gh J dgi ng from th i ten r they

se s s, u u e r o

w o ld s ee m to pp ert i t o the fifteen th en t y are

u a a n c ur ,

u n d u btedly the prod ction s of

o m ch l t r date u a u a e .

T h gre te t part of thi colle ction b ears

e a s mu st be s
,
as

r e mar ked th e u n mi stak e bl sign s of q i t r c n t tr ans

,
a e u e e e

formati n n d ma
o
y safely b e as
,
a m ed to b lon g to su e

th e ixteen th seventeen th an d eight nt h c n t r ies

s , , ee e u .

A s su ch i t p r en ts in i ts bsen ce of nything l ike

,
es ,
a a

boldness or high s ar ing im gination th t e mirror o a , e ru

of th ose ages ; for i f th e m s do n ot al w y flee th e u se a s

 C OLLE CTE D B Y JO H N E R DE L Y . 255

din o f ar ms, th ey ve dw ell nder the same roof

can n e r u

w ith desp ai r I t i th e w ord of c n q e t like th t f

. s s o u s , a o

R om e w hich t th Hippocrene a boiling th t f

, se s — e a o

u n ce in g s lf-d f cc g in st en mie w itho t an d

as e e eu a a e s u

w it hi n a the w ord of H n ary w s w ill dr it

s s
, g y p u a , u .

T h b e t of th es po m th e m l nch oly n es a e th
e s e e s, e a o , r e

u tt er an c f h art w dd d t
es o rr w
e n d h lf
s cne e o so o a a re o

cil d t w arin s t rning mid occa i n l longing n d

e o e e s, u a s o a a

fi tf l e m ti n s t th i n ni mat b ings ar u n d t h em
u o o o e a e e o ,

s u re at l e st fr m th em to m
a t w i t h n o an gry l o k
o ee o or

ru de reb ff Thus w e u . th hepher d; lik an ing se e e s e e rr

w in d at n c e fly over the rolli n w av s Of th e r iv r e

, o
g e s,

tou ch the g n me d w p by th t epl of t h

r ee a o s, ass e s e e e

Chu r ch an d th n ligh t n hi fl k of h p an d
, e a o s oc s ee ,
re

t n t him lf B id the w ild c rc ly n

ur o se . es nt
es, ,
s a e u acco u

a ble s lli s f om n Obj ct t q ite a di ff en t n

a e r o e e o u er o e,

s o p ec li r t um t f th
a o po m i th ir su dd n
os o e se e s, s e e

t n iti n in th s m v
ra s o fr m a tru ly p tic im g
e a e er se o oe a e

into an empty n v y tr i m S h w p p ly u sa ou r u s . uc as ro er

th e hi t y f th e p e pl p cipitated in to th e d pth
s or o o f
e, re e s O

mise y an d sh m bef re ightly w e th t t h y j t

r a e, o r a ar a e us

w aved o n the t ide Of vict ry This frequ nt in ter o . e

o rse w ith n at
c u e Oft n h pp en s in t h e w y
ur f e a a o ex

t mpore po tr phi in g n t xc epti n g even th

e a s o s ho t,
o e e s r

lived yellow M ay fly ; in the w ay of simpl comp o r, e a

ri n as in th e f ll w i n li n es
so , g o o

T h e Danu be w aters downwar d flow,

’
s

Y et to i ts bosom still
fou ntai ns swell ; new

Bu t sh ould fr om me my loved one go,

0 wh o h er place w ill fill, pr ay tell me, tell !

At h
eveni ng , w en th e su n s
at rest
’
,

Th e thir sty plants b y sweet dew dr op s are fed ;

When my love faithless leaves my breast ,

Into my eyes the dew-dr op s too ar e shed !

2 56 S E P C IM E N S o r A N CI E N T POE T RY

In instance s thi lil q i ing if cou pled w ith

so me s so o u z ,

lo ve,c r ie aw ay th he phe d so far to confound

a r s e s r as

lif an d death nd i n d p ir h e ha te ns p th e hill

e , a es a s u ,

the e to dig f r him lf a gr ave to ee w h e th er h i s

r o se ,
s e

l ved by any who w ld pl nt a garl an d n hi s tom

o ou a o

w hile i n a m e m d te g i f he is apt to confo n d

or o er a r e u

his tear s dr ppi ng dow n n hi b nd (sh eepskin cl ak )

o o s u a o

w ith the fallin g r i n a

I fanci ed that heavens did fall

rain from th e ,

S o fitful and coldly the moonlight is gleaming ;

Al as ! only tears fr om my eyeli ds are str eami ng,
A s vainly I seek h er sweet br eath to r ecall .

M y dovelet is lyi ng, all p alli d and cold

M y voi ce cannot rou se h er, my tou ch not awake her ;
‘

An d from me to b ury, I know they will take h er ,

Though w herein to lay her , by none a mI told .

In trying t
cc unt fo th irregu larity and w ant
o a o r e

o f c nn cti n
o app aren t i n th ese compo ition
e o so E r dely s s,

j tly ema ks th t they mu t b e heard n d n t een

us r r a s a o s .

T o thi r mark w e thi n k it necessary t add th at many

s e o ,

n n w rep e n te d
o on e w h le n o d u bt ori i
r se as o
so
g s
g , o

n lly f r m d a m ny diff
a o e t ng as there now
s a ere n so s are

ve rses an d w th i cl e conn e cti n to n other link

,
o e e r os o o

o f ymp thy th n th e t n e to w hich they w er e rigi

s a a u o

n l ly s n g
a B t if th e t t of th p opl m ke t h
u . u as e e e e a s e

w or d e nti ely s b er i n t t o th lay w hich i lik wi

s r u s v e e , s e se

m e m l di
or th an h r moni o
e o th chief d f ct f
ou s a u s, e e e o

th e f r me li
o in the eff rt t c tch a hy m w hi h t
r es o o a r e, c o

th e Hu n g r i n p pl e m
a t be a n ecessary a re
eo e s e s o as

i i t i n s n t h e ji n l o f t h p r i t t h n
q u s e
g g e as a e O s u s o e

tion al d n ce the C a d T h r en dering f su ch

, sar as . e o

p etry into another language may thu s easi ly b e im

o a
2 58 P C IM
S E E N S OE M A GY A R POE TRY .

Pray thou to good G od, my dovelet, go

Come after chur ch, thy kiss to bes tow

T hy prayer fu l sweet lips I ll devour again

’
,

A nd more than a fortnight from oaths refrain !

Of the wine or drinkin g songs fou n d i n this collee

t ion , some of w hich are u tterly u ntranslatab le fr om the
idiomati c ex pressions, an d w hi ch are the u tteran ces of
open h ear t and u nrestr aine d mi n d, t he su cceeding

lines may su fi ce to con vey some idea

A way wi th water !
I t tastes not to th e tongueh
Gi ve me wine, wine !
" ‘
I is wine that makes me you ng !

If fury vex my soul,

Or gri ef my spirit wound,
I fill th e bowl wi th wine, with wine !
Then grief and care are drowned .

L et the keen wind blow

H ere my full flas k I hold ;
A nd looki ng at the wine the wi ne !
,

What reck I of cold ?

A h, lu kewar m li fe !
What wert thou withou t wine ?
H ad I not dr unk of wine of wine !
,

E ven in the other world would I repine .

F ull of th e joyous grape

E ven N oah, holy man, became
Why therefore not drink wine,
I, poor sinner th at I am !
N or do I p it
s are

N o tax my thr oat restrains,

Which still shall flow with wine, with wine !
So long as life remai ns !
 WINE SON G . 2 59

T he following will be fou nd more character istic

WIN E S ON G .

A way wi th grief, away with p ai n,

L et u s b athe our throats in wine,
A nd q uafl i t to a tu neful strain
'

—
.

Wine for me the joyous vine,

Whose sap can make one strong .

Wh o drinks not wi ne th e M agyar name

,

T o h im may not belong !

T he fis h loves water for its part,

N o fish s shap e is mi ne I
’

For me th e wine that warms th e heart

B orn beside Tokay s vine,
’

Wh at s water u nto me ?
’

Whoever drinketh not of wine

N o M agyar can b e .

Cold beer the lazy G ermans swill ,

We q uafi the grape with song

’

For beer fr om water they di stil ,

T wo-p ints-a-penny strong

Wine to me bring her e ,

Wh o drinks it not th e M agyar name

,

H e holds not ever dear !

T h e Sclavonian brandy loves

With wine our blood can glow,
N or wi th their fiery li qu or pr oves
T he stu d of life below
'

L et wine my glass o erflow ;

’

Who loves not wine, th e M agyar name

H e cannot truly know !

Winter or su mmer , wi ne is good,

In winter i t is fir e ;
In su mmer it i s hunger 8 food
’

Our glasses wi ne require .

Wine then let us pour ;

2 60 S P E C IM E N S OF M A GYA R PO E T R Y .

Who holds no t for th , th e M agyar na me

On hi m h
s ould r est no more !

Pass mai den wi th thy check so fine

, ,

In thir st no ki ss I ask ;
Ofl monk that dusty book of thi ne
'

, ,

A nd each who bears no flask

S o win e to me bring in ;
Wh o calls not so , t he M agyar na me
Di sdains h is i cy ki n !

T he r o ma n es or c
b llads f r the m t p rt l ti ng
a o os a re a

t ch ar c ters somethi ng lik th at f Robi n H od m t

o a e o o , us

b e c nfe od to be rath meagr p od cti n

sse er e r u o s.

sh ll ther f give t w o peci m ns f th m d rn ball d

a e or e s e o e o e a

w i ting as th t i b e t re p es nt d i n th A rp d b ll d
r a s s r e e e a a a s

A
( p adr
ok ) f G a yo ra

L E H E L A N D H IS H OR N .

T h e t ale of Leb el s lo u d h orn

’

F rom th e fine old days li ved late,

A nd gr eat as the fame of hi s h orn,
S O th e might of hi s ar m was great .

One of th e Chi eftains seven,

From A si a ca me L eh el of old,
H is h orn the gr eat call of his tr ibe
When to b at tles of blood they rolled .

Wh en triumphed th e race of A rpad ,

L ehel e h orn their vi ctory hai led

’

A nd when th ey were vanqu i sh ed i n figh t ,

Their sorrowful chance it bewailed .

N ow, in L ehel s long locks

’
raven

There mi ngled the down of the s wan,

26 2 P C IM E N S
S E OP M A GYA R P OE T RY .

Tell th e M agyars said Otho with sneers

, , ,

If they come it is thus th ey go back !

”
,

S till trickle th e wounds of L ehel,

Wh o fitfully shakes hi s chain,
A nd he cannot live in his shame,
An d he cannot di e from hi s p ain .

Why tarry spoke Lehel in rage ,

Why spare me some fier cer fate ?

H aggle more wi th my life,
no

If the ransom you still awai t .

T hy fate i s co me, ”
said the em eror,p
A nd being a chi ef thou sh al t fall
Bu t ere to the axe thou goest
A boon thou canst give to us all .

T hy brave horn hung b y thy side ,

Whose fame thr ou gh the world is blown

A s is said to old A rp ad a r ace
’

It has sounded of oy alone.j

What I long to hear now from thee ,

Is a str ain that of woe may tell

Blow the funer al note to thy comrades ,

An d then if thou wilt thy farewe

, ,

Thus spoke the emperor jeering , ,

A nd played with hi s capti ve s state ’

Th en said L eh el at once I will ,

For the thou ght whi ch aroused him was great .

U nbound were hi s chains from off him,

A nd then grasped L ehel once more
H is treasur e—hi s sou ndful fri end,
T hat now his last purp ose bore .

A nd before th e emperor pping ste

H e swelled no dirge fr om his throat ;

 THE LA S T OP T H E A R PA DB. 26 3

Bu t wi th both hands lifi ing the horn

Otho s red forehead he smote
’
At .

”
G ofixrst to the world of death, he said,
There seek, if thou needest a slave
Bu t if ghosts of ser vants have need,
Then will Otho serve L ehel th e brave ! ”

Thus he spoke—his last words they were

H orn and H ero still mu te r emai n
T he H orn was split on th e front of Otho,
L ehel b y many a sword fell slain .

T h e follow ing is th e con cl ding ball ad

u of G aray s
’

book
T H E L AS T OF T H E A R P A DS .
l

InBu da s lofty castle towers in the chapel of S aint John

’
,

Behind the mighty dead in pomp the funeral sweeps on ;

T h e covering of velvet, th e coffi n all of gold,
Tell of the rank and royal state that cofiin doth enfold.

T he old and young, th e rich and poor , are cr owdi ng one and all,

Grief sits face , from every eye th e te ar drOps fall ;

on every

T h e tolling bells are mingli ng thei r melancholy boom ;

Who is i t to b e buried ? who closed wi thi n th e tomb ?

Th e lastbranch of an anci ent root that from an anci ent day

H ad flouri shed in th e M agyar land and over i t held s way
,

T he blood drops last and latest of th e A rp ad line so brave

Ki ng A ndre w s corpse th e mourni ng crowd are follo wing to the
’

T h e last A rp ad king, A ndrew III , died, as was related, i n

1
.

1 30 1 , wi thou t leaving male i ssu e ; the S tates irreconciled to

the idea of a female r ule, having refused to crown hi s dau ghter
E liz abeth, who afterwards k
too th e veil . T he hi story of h
t is
u nfortunate princess will b e known to some readers from Kings
2 64 S PE C IM E N S OF M A GYA R POE T RY .

By God s decr ee this noble tree w as planted in th e land

’

T h e seed came from fair A sia s plai ns u nto Car pathi a s str and ;
’ ’

T hrou gh tw ice two hun dr ed years i t gr e w, h

and s ot i ts stem on

high
Through t wi ce t wo hundred years i ts leaves were green ag ai nst

th e sky .

M any and fierce the s tor my blasts this tree h as h ad to stand ,

A nd many a branch was wrenched away by ti me and tempest s

’

hand
Bu t now h death h as lopped th e latest b ou gh aw ay
t he scyt e of

Dies with their king —ki ng A ndr e w the A r p ad line for aye , .

R ou nd A ndr ew
’
s bier wi t h many a tear the sorr owing people
t hrong
B eside the last of A rpad a house to vanish ’
, and er e long
E ven the gu ar di an angel of th e M agyar mu st wee p,
Qu enching i ts torch among th e clods where A ndr e w soon mu st
slee p .

Bu t who i s this that kneeleth, bending low beside the bier ,

M u tter ing a prayer while kneeli ng there and sheddi ng many a

,

tear,
I n garb of black veil bedi ght
woe, fr om t op to toe, in a ,

L ooking like daybr eak burs ting on th e middle hour of nigh t .

It is th e poor E liz abeth orphaned b y yonder bier , ,

S o fu ll of ch ar ms so p lea sant like the spr i ng time of th e year ;

, ,

l i s she th e b eau tifu l alas ! orph an of fath erland

” ‘
, , ,

H er sou l and b ody like a flower cr us hed b y th e fr ost s cold hand

’
.

H igh head the stormy clou ds ar e gatheri ng to break

her
’
o er ,

A nd ab ove her and ar oun d h er a thicker dar kness make ;

An d faction s t wining ser pent and intri gu e s spider net
’ ’
, ,

Leagu ed in a dar k conspiracy h er e very p ath b eset , .

A gainst thi s dastard host has ri sen a brave and gallant knight
To hield the last
s of A r pad s blood wi th the wea ons of hi s
’

p
might
M atthi as Csak the pillar of this hou se augu st and Old
N ot t wo su ch sons th e M agyar land wi thin i ts bou nds doth hold .
26 6 SPE C IM E N S OF M A GYA R POE TR Y
Leave my house, nor arry t here
Y et whither canst thou go
T o build again thy nest, where, oh where !
A bove thee li ke a fear
H angs God s curse, and thou shalt hear
’

T h e wailing of despair

Fly away to the sou th wher e the su n waits for th ee,

Good bird fly away thou ar t gladder than we .

Fate gave thee two countri es, we only had one,

A nd that one is lost and forever undone .

Fly away ! good b ir d, away !

If thou meetest in thy flying
With our wander ers in the sou th, to them say,
We are fading fast away
We are dying
We are scattered far and wide
Like a sheaf b y stor m unti ed
Some li e wi thin the tomb ;
S ome in th e p rison s gloom ;
’

Others wander i n th eir sadness, dumb with woe

S ome wi th a star t ar ise,
Terror gleaming in their eyes,
T o seek another fatherland beyond th e A tlantic s flow
’
.

N o bri de is longing sadly

For the one to h er so dear ;
N o p arent w eepeth madly
Besi de his children s bier ;
’

Old age is smiling gladly

T o thi nk i ts end is near.

Tell our brethren who wander

That shame shall b e our part,
Shame ne er to b e u prooted
’

L ike th e oak tr ee at whose heart

Cling the worms that devour it .

As among u s day b y day

N eighb our ploteth agai nst neighb our
E ver trying to betray,
An d ki ns man against kinsman
S peaketh lying wor ds alway .
 FOR M A TION OF ACADE M Y OF SC IE NCE . 26 7

A way, good bird away, gi ve this message to the keeping

Of thy silence lest the traitor should hear i t and betray .

Tell it not to those who wandering for fatherland are weeping,

L est their sorr ow turn to loathing of the glad home far away .

We tur n n ow fr om p oetry to scien ce .

T he cientific depar tment of liter tu re w as chiefly

s a

rep resen ted by the A c ademy of Sci en c e called in to ,

life in 1 830 A s regar ds the organ i ati n of this in

. z o

stitu ti on its l ab ou rs w ere divide d in to th e foll ow in g

,

departments philology philosophy j risprudence

, , , u ,

n atu ral sci en ce an d hi story B t s general politics . u a

w ere excl de d from th eir di scus i on s by or der of go

u s

ern m nt th e r eader ma i magin e th t i n ri

v e , y j p ru a u s

dence and history e peci lly mode n the r ar che,

s a r , ese s

exi ste d only in the i ma in ati n T h m e its of this

g o . e r

academy in r ef re n ce to th e c l t r e
e f the H ngar i an u u o u

language are j u stly entitled to prais thou gh more w s e, a

done i n th t lin e by the in divid u l fforts f F garossy

a a e o a ,

Vajda Block and S oreny On Of th e g eat errors

, ,
zv . e r

committed by this body w as its w asting mu ch time in

the di sc u s ion of ab stract scienti fic q estion s clearly
s u ,

expou nded in the lite ature of the m re civilized nar o

tions and in w orks w hich might have been introdu ced

,

w ith littl e trou bl e an d expen e In fact th ere w as an s .

,

app ar en t w an t of practic al sen se i n th pr ceedings f e o O

this academy ; for in tead of furni hi ng th nation

,
s s e

w ith some v l abl e con trib tion s to the arlier periods

a u u e

of H n gar i n hi st ry a tas k w hich w oul d n ot h ave

u a o ,

been m ch subj ected to th mu tilations of the censor

u e ,

these v nts often sq andered their energies on far

sa a u

fetched spec l ti ns appertai ning to th ani mal king

u a o e

dom or on su ch su bj ects as the an cien t costu me of the

,

Magyars efforts not the best fitted to raise the national

,
26 8 LITE R A T U R E RE P R E SE N T E D B Y A CA DE M Y .

i nt llect l Of g eat r practical tility w the Ki fa

e . r e u as s

l di S ci ty w hich i d many w ks of characte

u o e ,
s su e or a r

at nco m re pop ula nd m re

e o ef l r a o us u .

I n spi te f m n y d fect in h e n t in a i i ng lit r

o a e s re r s e a

tu re th ,activi ty nd
e l wi th w h ich t h c l tivati n
a ze a e u o

o f th n ti e l ng u ag and l tt
e a v w as car ri d on p
a e e e rs e ro

mi e d a r ich futu re
s M ny w h had lready g ined . a o a a a

n am in th fi ld f G man lite tu r or w re e
e e e o er ra e, e u

tirely ng g d w ith it b g n to pply th ms elve t

e a e , e a a e s o

th e t dy and c lt r
s u f t he H n gar i n ; u f ct toou e o u a a a

impo tan t t b h re mi tt d A n u nmi tak ble sign

r o e e o e . s ea

o f the spread of th e H n garian l an g age amon g th u u e

1
philology and antiquarian research in whi ch branches the
In ,

academ
y w as b e st r epresented p arti cu la r ment ion mu st b e made ,

of S teph en H ar vat ; of F ejer wh o lately pu bli shed a book on th e ,

or igin of th e Cu me ns ; of Koller th e mini ster of the Protestant ,

S clave commu ni ty at P esth ; and of Schedi u s In philosophy .

,

the name of Pur gstaller stands for emost It would however .

, ,

b e u nj u st to p ass b y h ere wi thou t mentio n Dr Toldi th e secre ,

tary to th e academy Toldi besides doing mu ch to make the

.
,

H u ngar ian known among th e G ermans gr eatly contribu ted to ,

th e cu ltur e of th e n ational i di om in H u ngary ; hi s energy not

k
slac e ni ng even now p pitiou s cir cumstances T he
in most u n ro .

task thi s learned man h as p roposed to hi mself is th e pu b

li ca tion of a complete national li brary comprising the three ,

last centur ies H is latest work i s a his tory of H u ngarian li ter a

.

ture (M agyar Irodal om T Ort é nete) wh ich however th ough , , ,

amply pr ovi ng t h e au th or s rese ar ch i s s car cely mor e than an

’
,

i ndex of u nknown books and manuscri pts U nder the head .

H un Poetry for ex ample all we ar e told is th at Pris cu s R hetor

, , ,

saw how A ttila u sed to b e entert ai ned at h is cour t by a maiden

h
c oru s singing various S cythi an lays ; and th at it is hi gh ly to b e
r egr etted hat th e
t said Pri scu s di d not r ecord some of these

song s . What is wanted i n H ungary is methi ng in the style

so

of S is mondi, G er vinus, or the recent b ri ef H i story of E ngli sh

Li teratur e b y S palding .
 2 70 PR OPH E C IE S OP CO U N T SZE CH E N Y .

bridge at B u da-Pesth Szecheny deser ves the gratitude ,

of h is c ou n try men for t he re ul ation of the Th eis s th

g , e

largest river in Hu ngary after th e D an be and the u ,

es tablish men t of a Th eiss t ea m -boat company In s .

his last b ok entitl d o

“ T he Politic al Programme e
, , ,

pu blished in 184 7 Szecheny proclai med war agai nst ,

the w h ol e r ef r m p arty minglin g i n his u s ual w a

o
y ,

his political arg u men tations w ith vi si n s an d str ange o

proph cies Some of his predictions thou gh in con

e .
,

se q en ce Of e ven ts n ot su rmi sed by h im w er e f l

u , u

fille d w ith a preci i n calc lated to fill the h eart f s o u o

every H ngari an w ith aw e ; whil e i n some oth er car

u

din al point the noble cou nt pro ed a false prophet

s v .

Szech ny beheld in th e visions w hich he so glow ingly

e

described the rising of the H ngarian peasantry against u

their mas ters and procl aimed the Hu n gar i an sw or d t

, o

b e bl n t and r sty
u I n b oth th ese point h e was
u . s

s i nally mi t aken for d rin t h e c o rse Of the me m

g s
g ,
u u o

rable e vents th at oon follow d th e H u ngari an pe asan t

s e ,

Sh ow d hi m lf ma nan i mo s an d th e safest defen d r

e
g se u , e

o f p blic or der ; an d th e Hu n gari an sw or d pr oved

u

bright nd tr nch ant more pow erf l than it ever had

a e ,
u

been since th d ys Of M tthi as Hu nyadi

e a a .

Thu s did Hu ngary dr aw near to the u nexpe ct d e

drama .

C mpared with other Civili ed cou ntr ies of Eur ope

o z ,

Hu ng ry stood far behi nd in art cience and general

a ,
s ,

c l tu re
u a cir c mstan ce su fficien tl
,
u
y acc ou n te d for by

i ts geographical position an d pecu li ar ly tragic his tory .

I t h ad h owever man y things to bo st of w hich might

, , a ,

b e looked for i n v ain among th e more c u ltivate d n eigh

b ouring n ation Whil in oth er more ad vanced
s. e

co ntri s life b came redu ced to the op r ation of arith

u e e e

m tical cal culation s in H u ngary it flow d in its n atu ral

e ,
e
 SO C I A L L I FE IN H U N GA R Y . 27 1

channel free alike from artificial refi nements nd their

, a

con comi tant vices Virtu e needed there no stim l

. u us

from con ven ti on al r u l es n or r elie d f s pport on th

, or u e

scaff ldings of o tw ar d ceremonies and decoru m bu t

o u ,

lived on the spontaneous and fresh r u nning fo ntain u

o f th e h ear t On e of the fir st orn aments of life ho

.
, s

p i talit
y w,hich h ad b e c om e w e ll n igh extin ct i n oth er

n ati on s as th ey pr o r esse d in p ow er an d r ich es still

g ,

re mai ne d i n Hun gar y u n di min ish ed and so t o speak , , ,

a vital element of society w hether among lords or

,

peas ants — affording an u n d ni ble proof of inherent

, e a

nobleness of mi n d in th e people By this hospitality

.

mu st not b e u nderstood merely th at i nclin ation w hich

makes man n ow an d then de irou s f h in g his meal
s o s ar

w ith his frien ds b u t th at i resistible i mpu lse w hich

,
r

cau ses the heart of man to long for the intercou rse Of
his fellow creatu res an d t fin d delight in open ing t
,
o o

his gu est w ith ou t restr ai n t the thou gh ts of his min d

an d the feeli n gs of hi s h ear t O penness pe ak w ell
. s s

for in dividu al ch aracter ; and w h at a criterion is it

not if it con stitu tes the pr omi nent ch aracteri stic Of
, a

w hole people ?
 C H A PTE R X .

TH E DIE T OF 184 7-8— N OM IN A TION OF A H U N GA R IA N

M I N I ST R Y — T H E R E FO R M L A WS— C O M M E N C E M E N T

O F IN TE R N A L T R O U B LE S — C O N V O CA TI O N o n T H E

D I E T A T P E S T H — O P E N W A R — P E ST H T A K E N B Y
THE A U ST R I A N s . 1 84 7

THE year 1 84 7 w as chiefly t ken p w ith th e lecti ons a u e ,

w hich as in B itai n w
,
n tr lw ays th s lt f
,
er e o a e re u o

convicti n n d w hich w ere rend d par tic lar ly liv ly

o ,
a ere u e

in H ng ry from th e l arg q ntiti s f w i ne

u a n e ua e o co

s u med on ch occasi ns B th p ti e c n er v ti
su o . o ar s, o s a ve

as w ll as li b r l
e e xhibit e d a like
e a , cti ity in th i a v e r

e ff t t
or s c th t n of th ir r p ctive c ndi
o se u r e e re u r e es e a

d te A n d tho gh th f m r c mm n d d m ch i
a s. u e or e o a e u n

fl n ce by the i d f th
ue oy la dmini t t r it h
o e r a a s ra o s, e

c ame n v th l e e id n t th t in th
er e e ss c ming Di t th
v e a e o e e

lib l w ld h a the m j o ity in the L ow er H u

er a s ou ve a r o se ,

i n c a yi ng t l
rr t ome f th in ten d d ref m
a eas s O e e or s.

Several f th m t p mi n n t f th lib l i to
O e os ro e O e era ar s

cracy s the C n t L o i n d C imi B tthy ny

,
a ou s u s a as r a a ,

a n d C o nt R ad y th
u w all th w igh t
a , f th ir i n
re e e O e

fl en ce in to th
u c l to bt i n th e t rn of K s th
e s a e o a re u o su

f r t he c u n ty f Pe th In thi ff t th ey s cceed d
o o o s . s e or u e ,

de pite th e co n t r n d av r
s u f the c u rt p ty
e e ou s O e o ar .

S ch ny al pr ferred to sit in the L ow r H

ze e so e e ou se ,
2 74 PR OG R A M OP T H E m R A Is .

ad mi nistrat ive -
u n it I t wa s in the lfi d the
'

y . t q u art er

d u ng e fir m mnsfi t u fi m d fi gh ta att e mpt ed t o snb

v e rt t he n a tio na li t and i nde en de n ce of H u n ar
y p g y .

I t is to this s vs te m, de veloped s it has con sta n t l v

sfi fl efi M If these S tates in co nformi ty u it h the de -

mm ds of th e agg and the pri nciples of eq u iry and j u s

-
of E u ro e , w e are con v i nced, w e sa t hat ou r int er e st s
p y,
con ld t he n b e s il comb in e d w ith thos e w hich are a t
a
y

empire w ou ld be inv igorate d, an d knit t oge th er b v a

common ti e, an d t he u n ite d monarch y , b y a gu aran te e

bemg t hu s affor de d for its mate n a l and i n tellectu a l

' '

s tor ms an d conv nlsions

-
b y w hi ch it might h ere after b e
”
ass ai e l d .

n ou nci n his s ee ch i n hb gyar ), w as the electio n of a

g p
 DE R A T E s ON T H E A DDR E SS . 27 5

Immedi ately after follow ed the d bates on th propo e e

sitions made by t he cr ow n w hich hi nte d at th e ne ces

,

si t
y f r
o e for m o n som e m ost i m p o r tan t p oi n t s A fte r .

a lon nd n i m te d di scu s ion on the address w hi ch s

g a a a ,

gav th e first opp rt nity t th tw p arties f measu r

e o u o e o o

i ng th i r t n gth th e lib r l s h eaded by K ss th

e s re ,
e a , o u ,

Obt i ned a m j o ity i n the L ower H se in f vo r f

a a r ou a u o a

d aft w hi h set f rth pecifically th know n gri v

r , c o s e e

ances s ch a ,
the n ominati n of admi ni st tors
u s o ra , as

w ell as th w an t of any gu ar n te f r the pr per

e a e o o ex e

cu tion of the l aw s This draft w as rej ected by th

. e

Upper Hou se an d the C omm n s ccordi ng to sag e

,
o , a u ,

determine d to shelve it lt g ther rath r th n answer th a o e ,

e a e

royal speech in t he tyl e of v u e c m m n pl ace Th

g s a o o . us

e n d d th e fi
e t man oe vr e rs F rm diets had alr ady u . o er e

en acte d l aw s in virt ue of w hich ever y p n t h oldi n easa

, g
ten r e l nd w as en titl d to r d em him elf nd hi
u a s e e e s a s

t n re
e u ither by paying to the l r d f the soil n d
,
e o o a a e

q t s m t on c or for h rt p i ds pr p r tioned
ua e u a e, s o er o , o o

to the m n y h w as abl e t o ai
o e e F rth step r se . u er s

w r n ow th o ght n ec essary to r en der th ese l w s mo

e e u a re

practic l nd effici nt T h topic h owe

a a e w hich
. e ,
ve r
,

chiefly eng ssed the ttenti n f th S tat w as th

ro a o o e es e

p inciple f gen eral t x tion In reg r d to this i m

r O a a . a

port n t q sti n many of the conser tives agreed th at

a ue o
v
a

th n obl e sh
e ld p y the co nty r t s an d c ntrib t
s ou a u a e , o u e

tow ar ds the t bli h men t f es a n ti n l f n d w hi ch

s o a a o a u ,

w ast b e appli d to th e f n d ti on Of r o d
o e n d the ou a a s, a

f th eran ce of other p blic w ks

ur They bj ect d u or . o e ,

how ev r to b e assesse d for the w ar ta ; an d bove all

e , x , a
,

refu se d to cknow l ed e th ei r li bili ty to be t xed al ong

a a
g a

w ith th e r est of the comm nity T h e final ol tion of u . s u

all th ese poi nt w as h ow ev r long delayed min

s t e , (
, g , o

the su al dil ato ry p roceedin gs of th e U pper Hou

u se .
27 6 E FFE CTS OF TH E NE WS OF PA R IS .

N or is it c
n e essar y to s
h at both l y nd Spi it l a
y, t a a r ua

lord w ere f r from s p cti ng ho w li ttl th ey w l d

s, a us e e ou

in thi s in stan c g in fi om del ay M re u nanimi ty p

e a
'
. o re

vailed wit h resp c t to th langu g q ti n w hich wae e a e u es o ,

s

a g i n b ou ght b f re th e h
a r e In spit f the for me
e o ou s e r
p .

law e nj ining th e of the Magyar tong e L tin and

s o e us u , a

G erm n ontin u ed to b
a c d in m ny d partments of e u se a e

a dmin i t ati on T o obviate thi

s r . bill w intr du c d s a as o e

to th foll ow ing eff ct

e l t Th at w ith th e eception : s , ex

o f t h e pa t dne e (m an ing C ro ti
r es a aand Sl a
'
ni a) e a a a vo

the M gy r h u ld b a a d pt d in the cho l nd ll

s o e a o e s o s a a

the d p a t ment e f p blic admin i tr tion 2d Th t

r s o u s a .
,
a

t he ve s l of th H ng ri an L ittor l
s e s e h ld bear th
u a a e s ou e

Hu ng ian fl g A s to C roati its lf nd t h thr

ar a . a e a e ee

Sl v nic co n ties i t w p rovided that in th ir corre

a o u as e s

n d n c w i th the m th r c ou n t y th y sh ld e mpl y
p o e e o e r e ou o

the M gy r T he bill w s p
a a . ed by th L ow H a as s e er ou s e

a l most n animo sly nd w hen it cam bef r the L d

u u ,
a e o e or s

a s h r t di sc s sion arose in efer n c t th alt r ti n

o u r e e o e e a o

o f c rt in exp es ion w hich it con tai n d

e a r s C ou nt D
s e . O

minik Teleki spoke in f r f th b ill s pp r ti ng hi a vou o e ,

u o s

m n t by p in ti n t o Brit ain an d Irel n d w h r e e

ar
g u e
g o a ,

n ei the I i h n or Welsh b t the Engli h l ne w as

r r s , u s a o ,

th v hicl of n ti on l in t r c u rse
e e e a B t t hi qu ti n
a e o . u s es o ,

a w ell s oth rs f e at e m men t pr vio

e ly r eferr d
s a
g o r r o ,
e us e

to w e
,
on t o
re so
giv e w
y b e f r e a n ew t n f even t a o ur o s

w hich f llow e d — t he int llig n c e f the Fren ch

o e e O re vo

l tion f F br ry
u o e ua .

T h fi t ff ct p rod ced by this n ew in A u stri it l f

e rs e e u s a se

w as gen e
a l di st st in t he
ra lv n cy Of th B n k an d
ru so e e a ,

t h c onsequ ent n xi ty f th
e people to xchan g th
a e O e e e e

b nk-n t s for som thing more su b tanti l A imil

a o e e s a . s ar

f lin g
ee
‘ n man ife t d its lf i n H unga y an d
soo s e p e r ,
es e

ci ll in Pre b u r t h e seat of t he Di et Th u s it h
p a
a
y g s , .
 K OS S U T H S M O
’
TI ON .

a sta e of t
perplexity and danger the end of which w e ,

cannot fore e nd w hich mus t entail u n speakabl

se , a e

misery u pon our co ntry H avi ng b en called t gether u . e o

by Your M j sty for the pu rpose Of carrying o t

a e u

meas ur s of r form w e have resolved th at p n th

e e , ,
u o e

bas i f an eq l taxation w e w ill t k u r sha e in

s o ua a e o r

th e pu blic bu dens by w hich the expen

os r f th se s o e

m nicip l admi ni tr ti n h as hith t been defr ay d

u a s a o er o e ,

an d pro ide for w h t far the

v hall be r q ir d We
a r s e u e .

h ve l e olved to fr the c ntry f om fe d l

a a so r s ee ou r u a

b u den s ind mnifying at the m tim th pr p i t s

r , e sa e e e o r e or

o f t he il ; and thu by recon ciling th inte e t f

so s, e r s s O

t he p eopl n d th e n b ility to t en gth n the t hr ne

e a o , s r e o

Of Y r M e ty a d est bli h it U p n the w llb eing

ou
j a s , n a s o e

f th o n try at l ar e O n of the mo t i mp o t n t f e s r a O
o e c u
g .

o u r t sk is t a all i te the b d n f th p nt y
s o ev a ur e s o e e asa r ,

as r e a ds th e qu ar ter i ng an d th e n c s y p ro i ion s e e sar v s

g r s

for t h ldi ry B li ving in th n c ity f ef rm

e so e . e e e e ess O r o ,

as r e ard th e mu n ici l i ti e of th e t w n an d di t ict a o s s r s,

g p s s

w e ar lik w i e of Opin ion th t th e time h a arrived f

e e s a s or

n tin p li t ic l i ht to th e p pl e
a T he r nt y s eo
g ra
g g o . cou r

o ex ect measu r es to be carr i ed ou t or r ai s

ha s g h
a ri
t t p f
i ng ou r i n du s tr ia l r esou r ces, ou r commer ce, a nd ou r
a r i cu ltu r e
g A t th ti
e s ame . m pi i
e th e S r t of ou r con

sti t ti on d emand s fr ee d v lopmen t

u n d r a tr e r e e u e u e

present tive system an d the int ll ct al int e t of

a , e e u er s s

th e n ati n lik w i se d man d

o pport b as d p n free
e e su ,
e u o

d m o O ur military in stit tions eq ir a t h o gh

. u r u e or u

r f rm
e o -a r f m the n cy f w
e or hich i s p re e d ur e O ss
, g
u p n us by eg d to Yo r M j e ty throne and the
o a r ar u a s
’
s

f ty Of o
sa e co n t y We cann t l ng r c ns nt t
ur u r . o o e o e o

a p tp n ment f the constit tion l pplication Of th

os o e o u a a e

state re en es of H ngary an d the r n d rin g n e

v u u ,
e e a x

ct accou n t Of th r even u e and ex e nditure I n en

a
p e .
 DISC OM F IT U RE OF T H E L OR D S . 27 9

ter tai ning ver l of these q estions it becomes req i

se a u u

s i te fr m ou r el ti ons with th e h er editary province s

,
o r a ,

to recon cile as far as pos ible ou r m t l intere ts s u ua s

,
an d reser vi n i n ll c ases ur n ation al i ht an d in
g a
g o r s

dependence w e readi ly off r to those count ies the

, e r

h and of brothe hood We are more ver con vinced

r . o ,

that all meas re proposed as aids to r constitu tion al

u s ou

progress an d to the elevation of the mo al and ma

, r

terial c on di ti n of ou r cou n try can

o n ly attai n real ,
o

val e and vitality w hen a n ati nal g vernment shall

u o o

e xi st in depen den t of fore ign infl u en ce w hich ma give

y ,

its s n ction t s ch measu e ; an d w hich b ased on tr u e

a o u r s ,

c nstit tional principles sh ll be re ponsible to the

o u ,
a s

n ati on t he v ic
, Of w hich it w ill d uly r pres nt
o e F or e e .

these reason it i that w e con ider the conversion of

s s s

th e p rese nt sy t m of a govern ment by bo ar ds an d

s e

c mmis ions into a resp nsible Hu ng ian min i try

o s o ar s ,

t h e chief con di ti n th e most essen tial gu a ntee of ll

o ,
ra a

meas res Of refor m

u This adress having been carried
.

by g neral acclamation w as sent t the Upper Hou se

e ,
o ,

w h en their L or d hip s on th e pl au sible p ret xt that th e

s ,
e

pal ti ne the president f th hou se w a absent in

a ,
o e ,
s

Vien na ref ed to take it u nder their con sideration at

,
us

all . T he more easily to avoid the p essu re of the r

momen t th e m gnates resolv d to su sp en d th eir sittings

,
a e

al o t g th er
e till t h e ar r iv al of t h e A r ch -d k e ; and to u

sec r e th emselves c ompl etely g i n st th e i mp rt u ni ti es

u a a o

o f th L ow er H o se the Jn dex C u riae an d T ernicu s

e u ,
av ,

th e tw o legal s b titu tes of th e p alatine be took th em

u s ,

se lves also to Vi en n a and th us l eft th e Upper H ou se ,

w ith o t a pr e id nt
u This proceeding as might have
s e .
,

been expected evoked seve cen su re from the L ower

,
re

Hou se and th e bold front the Commons then assu med

,

might easily have been taken as s

ym p tom s O f t he
p r ox ~
280 M OV E M E N T IN P E STH .

i mity of political atmosphere H appy enou gh

a n ew .

to el u de p blic O pin ion for a fe w days t he m g nate

u
,
a s

i n their tu rn h ad the mortifi cati n t see the ofli i al

'

o o c

dignit ies pee dily qu it Vienna w h re they w ere over

ar s ,
e

t ken by the revolu ti n of Mar ch 1 3th and retu rn to

a o ,

Pre bu rg soon to b e overborne by the demands f the

s , o

day .

An ddition l imp lse i mparted to the legi l tors f

a a u s a o

Presbu rg w as th n w spirit w hich manif sted it lf in

e e e se

P th In this capital the you th of the University

es .
,

e mb lden d by th e im l tan eous ar ri al Of the n ew

o e s u v s

from Vi en n a nd elsew h r a determi n d to p nt a e e, e rese

petition to the Di t comprehending the follow ing d

e , e

mands — 1 t A n nn al Di t t Pesth ; 2d Equ ality

s , a u e a ,

before the law ; 3d T he Hu ng ri n egiments to b ,

a a r e

wo to the con sti t tion an d the est abli h men t f

s
rn u ,
s o a

n ati on al u ar d 4 th T he lib r ti on f ll p olitic al ri

g , p e a o a

sou ers ; 5th T h e lib erty f th e pr ess

,
This movement o .
,

th ough greatly exaggerated at Presb rg w as nu u ,

do bt dly n nmist ke ble manifestation Of n w

u e a u a a a e

or der of thi n ab u t to daw n n H u n gary ; an d th o ugh

g s o o

th e r dent you ths in those m m n ts li ttle thou ght at

es a o e

w h at p ri ce u ch liber ti s m t b b u gh t th ey h w ed es us e o ,
s o

m ch u l in i mmedi ately carrying in to ffect the l st

z ea e a

tw o of th e said p oints O n the 14 th of Mar ch they .

ass mbl d to th e n u mber

e e f seve l th ou an ds and o ra s ,

proceed d to the cas tle f Bu d w he e th y lib rated

e o a, r e e

fr m p rison Stancis a man w h o w ith the ed u cati n of

o , , o

a peas nt had aft r w ards r isen by h is u n aide d ex er

a ,
e

tions to the p ition of an a tho and w ho f r h avin g

os u r, , o

expr sed hi s Opi nions n th e w ron gs of H u ngary in

es o a

r ather un co rteous an d st ai htfor w ar d w a h d b n

u
g y e e r , a

for several year s sighing in a d ngeon T h oth er u . e

st at e-prisoner rescu ed w as M urgo an ad vocate of ,

282 T
E S E RH AZ Y A N D M E S Z A R OS .

characters Prince E sterb a y the ow ner of the largest

. z ,

lan ded p pe rty i n Hun gary w as t he mo t c n spic u s

ro , s o uo

amon g those magnate s w h o lad t f r e t amid the

g o g , o ,

cu
jy
o m n ts e
an d h w ydi tin c tio
s n s f tho Vi nn e se co rt
s O e e u ,

t h ir ow n c
e n t y i ts l w s n d l n u age c n ten te d
r o
ou
g
, a a a ,

themselves w ith pending in foreign co n t ies their s u r

vas t ann al reven es rai ed by th man l l bo of

u u s e ua a ur

th ou sand f se rf
s o T oo w ell w are f th e infl en ce
s. a o u

comman ded by w lth in the di plom tic w ld th e

ea a or ,

astu te M ttern ich se l ec te d E t rh

e y for the flattering s e az

ost of A str ian ambas sador at th rt f St J m

p u co u es e o a ,

an d th us it h appen e d th at f m th s mpt ou m n ne ro e u u s a r
,

of hi lif
s an d hi
e, or eo s di am n d man tl
s th e n m a e
g g u o e,

o f thi magnate s on b ca m f mili ar in t h diplomatic

s o e e a e

v oc b l r
u
y
u a de pite hi ,
d efi cien cy in th
s e q ali tie s
s os u

w hich co n ti t te s st tes manu In c lli ng E sterh y

a a . a az

t o the port -f li o o f f r ign o ff i r s C u n t Batthyany

o e a a , o

h ad a d bl oubj ct in view fir t to tt ch th by
e o e ,
s a a ere

th at pri nce to th in ter ests of hi co n try and by th at

e s u ,

means to tt r ct to H ngary th e at t n tion f the c bi

a a u e o a

n ets Of E r pe S ch an ticip ti n how e er w ere

u o . u a o s, v ,

to b e en tirely di ap poi nte d E sterb azy chose to play

s .

th part of a sh ll w an d b seq i u s c our ti r rath er

e a o o u o e

th an assu me a po i tion w hich might h ve con f rred s a e

u pon him a n ame i mil a to th at f L oren o di M di ci

’
s r o z e .

T h e momen t Hu ng ry became e lly th r at n ed w ith a r a e e

danger E ste hazy ceased t exi t for H nga y Of

,
r o s u r .

a tot lly differen t s t mp w as and still i s M

a a aros es z .

Thou gh grown grey in A str i n er vic and in th u a s e, e

camp of Rad t ky at the ve y time of hi nomi n tion

e z ,
r s a

thi s mi n ister r t i n d imm c l t his pat i tic fe ling

e a e a u a e r o e s,

an d (w h at is till more trange) bro ght to his n w '

s s u e

o ffice a deep er an d wider knowledg f th e ex ct e o a

scienc es th an any oth er member of the Batthyany ad

 E NE R GY OF TH E LOWE R H O U SE . 283

mi nistr ation Bu t tran spl anted su dden ly fr om a sph ere

.

of the strictest militar y disciplin e i nt o a new ly tran s

forme d society j st on the p int f being precipit ted

, u o o a

i nto the gu l f of revol tion Mes aros w as not ad qu ate u , z e

to th e n ergetic an d d r ing measu res expected fr m

e a o a

min i t r of w ar
s e I n h o t Me . ros h ad the q alitie
s r , sz a u s

r q i ed for a
e u r o d min i te r f j u stice w i th o t th u e
g o s o ,

b ldness nd resol tion indi p ens ble for a man w h e

o a u s a os

o ffice w as to organi e an d govern a revol u tion ary ar my

z .

Thi s ad ministration how r w as u pon the w hol a , e ve , e

happy combin ati n n d t ly deserved the n am of

o ,
a ru e

th e t l nted mini t y
a e That its being called int
s r . o

life w s both against th stomach and consci n ce f th

a e e o e

Viennese cou rt an d th at th app aren t sincere sancti on

,
e

o f re p on sibl e H ng r i n admi ni tr ti on as th fi n l
a s u a a s a e a

a n d m st effective i mp ov men t
o pon the Hu ng ri n r e u a a

con tit tion by the Hap bu rg dyn asty w as chi fly

s u s , e

ow in t th e pe c uli ar ci c m t n ces in q estion i

g o r u s a u ,
s

s ca cely necessary to mention ; l though it is not

r a su

erfl t o r emar k th at f om w h at th en took pl ace i n

p u ou s , r

th e h ere ditary S tates it w as fi ml y anticipated th at ,

r

the w h ole of the A u strian empir e w as t o en ter u pon a

constit ti n al life
u o .

Bu t to retu rn to Presb rg A b an don i ng the su al u . u

w ay of ying m ch and d in g nothing the legi lato

sa u o ,
s rs

re su me d their l abou rs ab u t th en d of Mar ch w ith o e ,

an ener y an d ton e w hich d ampe d th e p r ou d r e i st an c e s

g
of c arn al an d fal se d c t rs an d w hich tran sf r m d o o ,
o e

Hun gar y into a real ly free r lm T he follow ing m ea . su

mary of th e l aw s enacted wil l give a cl ear idea of the

long cont sted vict ry of reason over prej u dice and
e o

inj s tice A mong the thirty-one articles passed th

u .
,
ese

are th e m o re p romi ne t n — l st A n annu al Di et i s t z , o

b e h eld at Pesth and the members to b e no longer

,
 SU M M A R Y OF T H E RE FORM LA WS .

bou nd hitherto by instru ctions from the cou nties

as .

2d T h e king ann t di olve the Di t b fore the b d

, c o ss e e u

g et i et tls s
e d by t h e as s m bly 3 d T h e p e id en t f e .
,
r s o

the Upp r H use to b e e ppoin ted by th king nd

o a e ,
a

th t a f th e L ow r l ecte d by b llo t
o 4 th T h right
e e a .
,
e

o f el ction aw ard d to every H ng i n bove the g

e e u ar a a a e

o f t w enty w ho po s ses in tow n proper ty t the valu s es o e

o f L 3O and in the cou n ty a corr pon di ng v l e f

.
, .
es a u o

l nd 5th T he elective fran chise lso conf rred irre

a .
, a e ,

s
pecti e f th eir in c me
v o u po n phy sici n l aw yeors , a s, ,

t ch e
ea an d al l oth r l ar ne d pr of si ns as w ll
rs, e s e es o , e a

u p n manu factu fer nd trad sm n 6 th T he Di t

o s a e e .
,
e

to con sist f 4 4 6 m mber : 3 7 7 f r Hu nga y nd th

o e s o r a e

ann ex ed ter ito i es i Cro ti an d the three Sl

r r ,
v z ., a a a

vo ni an c u n ti s and 6 9 f r Tran syl an i a

o e w hose o v ,

u n i n w i th Hu n gary h ad be n d
o r d 7 th E ch e e c ee .
,
a

dep ty to recei e a d ily ll w anc f 10 p r diem

u v a a o e o 8. e ,

b ide a s m ad qu ate t o d fr y hi h
es s u e r nt 8 th e a s ou se e .
,

T h p in cipl Of general t x ti n t b e dopt d f r all

e r e a a o o a e o

classes f th p p l ti n and g ne l pl n of t ation

o e o u a o ,
a e ra a ax

t b e l id b for e th e n ext Di t by th mini t rs

o a e 9th e e s e .
,

T he b t i e f d l l bo r a w ll
ro a , . .
,
th tithes t th
eu a a u ,
s e as e ,
o e

l ndl rd an d the cl rgy to b boli hed ; in virt e how

a o e , e a s u ,
~
ev er f a comp en s ti n to b after w ard determin d
, o a o e s e ,

es pecially to the po rer clergy l 0th T he u n iversity o .

,

h n ceforth to b e n der th ju risdicti on of th mini t r

e u e e s e

O f i nstru cti n an d pu blic teaching to b g at i to ly af

o , e r u us

f rd d to ll clas se Of r ligionists 1 1 th A ll p rsons from

o e a s e .
,
e

th age of tw enty t o fifty p ss sing a cert in am u nt

e o es a o

of pr operty to ser v in t h e Nati n l G ar d w h o e es

, e o a u ,
s

t bli hment h ad b e n decreed 12 th J dg

a s to b e th
e .
, u es e

on ly crow n offi al s ci n ot r em ov abl e — TO these laws

n ed only b e a dde d th
e provi ions made to en re th e s su e

liberty of the press and the p w er lodged w ith th ,

o e
28 6 JOY OF T H E PE O P LE .

e ven the military borderers who had hitherto sighed ,

u n der a petty an d in tol rabl despoti m e e s .

T he j y diffu sed th ou gh the w hole c u nt y at the

o r o r

repor t Of th e n e w stat f affairs can scarcely be de

e o

scr ibe d ; n or sh ou ld i t b pposed that th people f e su e o

Hu ngary although hith r to patient u nder th Oppres

,
e e

si n had been dead t

o ,
i ts inj u stice T h e pe sant of
o . a

Hu ngary an d especially the Magya too w ll felt th

,
r, e e

state f degrad ati n i n w hich h e stood to h is master

o o .

Bu t thou gh the pe asant l ooked w i th a sen ti ment Of

di dain n t perh aps u n mi ngled w ith h atr d on the
s , o e ,

n oble w ho as it pleas e d hi , hu mou r w o l d now call s , u

hi m to hare in a brother ly bow l and then n ot scr uple

s ,

to xercise u pon him h i j di ci al rigo ur either for som

e s u e

real or i magin ary ofi n he on the oth r h an d b

'

e ce, , e e
,

si des resign in g hi mself t feelin g of f tali m so com

o a a s ,

m n among O ri en tal tri b

o w as m re fi ll d by hi es, o e s

or ph an -like feelings ar i ing fr om the consci n ess of

s ou s

the i sol te d position of hi o w n race in th e midst f

a s O

Eu rope and th s led to ex lt and pride himself in the

,
u u

ver y con templation f th e w ealth an d n control l d

o u e

pow er of the very nobl by w hom h e saw hi race re es s

p re nt d T O thi s t te f mind in th H ngarian

se e . s a o e u

peas nt m t be attrib t d the ab sence f bloody scenes

a us u e o

i n H nga y simil ar to thos w hich th e A us trian go

u r ,
e

v er n me nt so cr u elly n c u r age d ag ain st th e n obles of

e o

G alli cia .

I n sh ort, by these n ew r adical reforms, H u ngary

an d T ran sylvani a, w i th a p opu lation of more th an

comprehending a territory e qu al to the

wh le o of t he province th s at compose the res t Of th e
A stri
u an e mpire see med
,

Changed li ke th e world s great scene, wh en wi thou t noise

’

T h e r isi ng sun night s vulgar light destroys

’ ”
.
 IN TE R N A L T R OU B LE S . 28 7

This g dly w o k how ver w as s on to be marred by

o r , e , o

t h in corrigibl e m r l of dyn asty w hich did not shrin k

e o a s a

from av ilin g it lf of the dir e t f mean s

a se — the mu t al s o , u

mur d r f i ts ow n s bj ct
e o T he l n d of promi se w a
u e s. a s

soon to b en vel ope d i n fl mes n d re kin g blood com

e a a e ,

m n d by a avage w arfare of r ac ag in st r ace

e ce s ch e a , su

as H n ga y h as n ot w itn
u r e d sin ce the v ry ti me of ess e

i t c n q st t b e carr ied on n di gu ise dly t its u t

s o ue , o u s o

mo t li mits by th e dyn asty it elf

s s .

NO o n er h ad th e min ist ers r rived at th c pital

s o a e a ,

B d -Pesth th an intellig n c came of a state of f r

u a , e e e

me ntati n in C roati a an d mon g the Sl von ian of

o a a s

the S ou th f Hu n gary w hich d ily ass med a mo

o , a u re

decid d app ar ance T h Cro ts sembled at A gram

e e . e a as
,

o p nly p f ss d th ir di b di n c to th o ders
e ro e e e so e e e e r

o f th H ngari n mini try n d o n present d a

e u a s ,
a s o e

petition to the emp r r demandi ng chi efly l st A n e o , , ,

i nd p nd nt C r ti n min i try an d Diet ; 2d T he

e e e oa a s ,

u ni n of C r
o ti th e three Sl voni n C
oa a, n ties an d a a ou
,

D l m tia ; 3d That Jell chich (th n col nel) b e no

a a , a e o

mi n t d comm n der of all th fr n tier tr o ps an d m

a e a e o o , e

pow red to convene an sembly T he other poin ts

e as .

h ad refe en ce to th se lib r ti s w hich had been ensu re d

r o e e

by the acts of th e l ast Di t f P sbu rg Of a simila e o re . r

n at re w s the mov men t m an i f sti n i ts l f mon

a e t h e
u
g g e a e

Sou thern Slavonian s called R it n R as ians or , a ze c ,

Se bs The e Rait en
r . h s l e dy b n r l ted
s z ,
as a a r a ee e a ,

s ettl e d i n H u ngary abo t th en d f th e seven tee n th u e O

ce ntur y w h en t h ey fled b f
, th de p tism of the e or e e s o

T rk ; and inh bit the most f rtile parts f H ng y

u s a e o u ar ,

kn own by the name of Ban at and the Bacs c n try on ou ,

th e L ower D an u be T h e b lk of the Rait n profes

. u ze s

adh erenc e to th e Greek Chur ch ar e fierce an d mo e , r r

w arlike than the C roats and as regards mental cu ltu r , e

 288 B LO O DY WA R IN T H E SO U T H .

far below the level f the N r th-western Slavonians ofo o

Hu n gary T he chi f deman d m de by the R i tzen w

. e a a as,

that the cou nties they in habite d b e ere cted i n to a sep a

rate rovince u n der th n am of Vai ods hi T h

p , p e e v . e

Croatians contente d themsel es at first with m r ly e v e e v r

bal demonstrations of h sti lity w hile the Rai t en met i n o , z

an asse mbly at C ar l w itz an d o n dete r mine d t o t k

o , s o a e

u
p arms E ncour
.
ged an d led n by ath eir p atri r c h o a

R ajaacs they soon f r med in to different armed b di s

,
o o e ,

co mm n cing thei act

e f vi l ence w i th a fury w hich
r s o o

w a fan ned to i t ex treme li mits by fanatic pp a l

s s a e s,

a n d w h ich soon pr ead des lation throu gho t th n i h

s o u e e
g
bo ring cou nties Isolat d acts f plu nder an d l gh
u . e o s au

ter so n aSSIi med th

o ch aracter of an Obdur ate and
e

ex ten ive w ar f re ; an d as m n y of the Rait

s a n w e a ze er

military bor derers and theref re u sed to ar ms th i

, o , e r

in cu rsi ons ag inst th i np

a vided neighbou r M ag
e r u ro s,

a as w ell as G erma n c u ld n t at first b e met by any

r o o
y ,

se ri ou s resi st ance N ot to p as over entir ly in ilence

. s e s

t h atrocities of th at fan atic an d infur i ated popnl

e ace

atrocit i es whi ch b t f r t h ,n decided and mi ld

u o
p e u o

licy of the minist y mig ht have bee n at fi t s cces

r , rs u s

f lly met an
u d se ere n —
v ly p i hed it wi ll be ffi ci nt u s su e

to mention th t the R it n appeared to ex alt in th

a a ze e

v er y martyr cry of th w r tched victi ms w ho f ll liv e e e a e

h
into t e r a i h n d s — th t they Oftentook car e to p long
,
a ro

s ffer i n g by a p roc e f d l t t ss — th t m ny
u o
g a or r e a r ua u , a

a captive w as k pt tarving f r d y in a sh d or ty
e s o a s e s e,

t see i t at las t fir ed v r h is h ad th u s to pe i h a mid

o o e e , r s

th e d ble pain of the gn wing hunger and bu rning ;

ou a

a n d final ! y to ou tr age all l w s of hu m n i ty thes

, ,
a a ,
e

follow rs of the Greek patri arch n ai l ed many n nu

e a

fort n ate to a cros s an d left him there t en d h i

u ,
o s

on i es N ay it happened many a ti me th at bodi es

a
g .
,
290 B L O O DY WA R IN T H E SO U TH .

i n tr
s u ct ons .i T he perplexity
pr d ced by ch a stat o u su e

o f thi ngs is too app ar en t to re q ire any commen t u .

T he H ngari an re gimen ts as m y b e remembered

u ,
a ,

w re fi h tin t th at ti me f r the A t r i an d na t i n
e
g g a
y y o us s

It ly T h B tthyany mi ni try hop f l f pee dy

a . e a s ,
e u o a s

ac ifi cat i n in th S th f H n gary b t ain e d fr m f l o

p o e ou o u , a s o

low ing a more d ter min ed lin f c n du ct and declin d

e e o o ,
e

th e Offer f th e p pl O f S gedin to go pon th

eo e o ze u e

Raitzen th y t m d i t w hile th Vi nn se g
,
”
as e er e ,
e e e o

ve r nm nt adopte d q u it a con tr a y co rse

e I n se le r u . vera

of t h e T ki h provin ce l
ur s w r o g ni dt fr s evres e e r a ze o u

n i h r ei n f c men ts t
s or e th R it en and e iting o e a z ,
r cr u s

w e re
er
g l ly c rr i d
u ar n in Se vi by a th A
e tr ian o r a e us

co ns u l May hof r fl g an t fact w hich E p n

er e , a a r u ro e a

diplomacy ffected enti ly t ign re T he C ar how

a re o o . z ,

e v r as w ill b e en did n t ign e the prese nc f a

e , se , o or e o

f w th
e an d Poli h v l n teers i n H n ary
ou s
g s w h o u u , ose

n mbe h
u rm l tipli d at hi f e ple
e u re e W lik s r e as u . ar e

by natu re and in cited by f n atic ppe ls the Ser i n

,
a a a , v a s

p r d in th o n ds in t the B n t to i t th i
ou e u sa o a a , as s s e r

b eth n f kindr d f ith gain st th h retic M gyar s

r re o e a a e e a .

T he w thar d ily um d more thr at ning p ct

us a as s e a e e as e ,

w hil J lla h i h recen tly n min at d B n

e e c c , n tin d hi o e a ,
co ue s

prep rati f r th pen Obj ct f in v din g H ngary

a on s o e o e o a u .

B t th gh t he con d ct Of the Ba
u ou n d hi p lam u rr a s roc a

t io n s n h ow d th t h e h ad
soo s m thin g el i n vi w
e a so e se e

th n to giv to C ati a
a e f e and in d p enden t mi ni
ro a re e s

try i t w
,
ld b e nw ar r n tabl t
ou m that th er
u a e o as su e e

w re n t m n y en gag d i n thi w r w i th th e in c
e o a e s a s er e

d ire f ervi g thei p c li n ti n l int rest I t

es o s n r e u ar a o a e .

wa h we s, o m e p i nfi l ft w d to ee th t thi
v er
,
or a I a er ar s s a s

bloody ci il w ar w as n thing bu t a gh tly r ic p r

v o as se v e e

for med f r a dyn a ty i n aid f th

o t bli hm nt f
s , o e es a s e o

en ral l v ry N on e i n f ct co ld h ave s m
o i d a ur
g e s a e .
, ,
u se
 IN F L U E N C E O F PA N -SCL A V I SM . 291

th at the Slavonic mov m nt in th S o th f Hu nga y e e e u O r ,

fr om w hich t he No th-w te n Sl v n i an f Hu ng y r es r a o s o ar

r main d ex mpt n d w hich w as fann e d b

e e e
y t h , s a e o

call d Pan Slavonic party then a sembl d t P ag

e - s e a r u e,

co l d h ve v d
u a impli itly the d ign f th
se r e so c es s o e

H se f A t i I t w in deed t tling igh t t

ou O u s r a. as a s ar s o

s ee th t w hil t h e tr
a h mpi n of Poli h lib r ty
e ue c a o s s e ,

u ch s B n an d Demb in k c m i nt H n y
s a
y
er e
g ,
z , a o u ar

t figh t g i n t the common n my w i th th e

o a a s -c all d e e so e

tyrant Magy r Jellach ich th p et n d d champi na s, , e r e e o

o f Cr oati n liberty a w ell a th Pan -S l vi t w h ,

s as e c a s s, ose

a vow ed ff rts w er to n ite the diff rent p rts f

e o e u e a o

t h e Sl v n ic lemen t n d th eby to i it th
a o e a er r a se ,
us

c o- ope ated w it h th e arm

r f p w w hich keep s o a o er s

u nit d end lave y n d th kn t Sl v n ic p p

u er s r a e ou a a o o u

lati n s p ing by many million th g test civi

o , ur ass s e rea

li d n ati n
ze o .

In additi n to th t bl s and difi c lti T n

o ese rou e u e s, ra

syl ani f r b ded imil c ne n d the Batthy ny

v a o e o s ar s e s, a a

min i try til l con tin d to l k t t h thr on f

s s id ue oo o e e or a ,

a n d occa i n lly t make p pli c ati on f r h lp to th

s o a o a o e e

A str i an g ve nm nt in f l l h Op
u o Repu di ati ng it
r e u e. s

co nn ec ti on w ith ll the e t bles A tri th n p a s rou , us a e ro

f sed th e on ly p int t i
es e b et w e n h s lf nd
o a ssu e er e a

H ngary t b th ref
u l f th l tt r to t ke p n
o e e u sa o e a e a u o

it lf h ar f th A tri n n tion l d bt T h
se a s e O e us a a a e . e

r e ason of t hi s f l w v y pl i n in m ch
s r e u sa ere er a ,
as u as

H n g y n i th
u ar cei ed ny ben fit f m th
e er re v a e ro e

A tri n p blic l an n or w as it i n any w ay p ar ty

us a u o s, a

to th con t cti n f th d bt
e ra It w ld h w ver b
o o e e . ou , o e
, e

doing g oss inj tice t the c mmon n s Of th

r us o o se e e

H ngarian ministry to suppo e th m d btf l f

u s e ou u o a

secr et con ne cti n b et w e n th e c r t of Vi nn

o nd e ou e a a

th e st te of m tter in th e so th ;
a nd th ei
a m s u a r o
2 92 P O L I CY OF T H E CO U R T OF V E N N A I .

derati n their st i ct ob er v n ce of th so -called legal

o , I s a e

p th th o gh stigmati d by p blic pinion as pu sill

a , u se u o a

n i m us m b acc n t d fo by t h sam m ot ive

o
y ,
a e ou e r e e s

w hi h mad it i mperati ve on th
c e c rt n t penly t e ou o o o

a v w w hat the ar m m nt f th Ban an d th the

o a e s o e ,
e o r

trou bl in w hich H ng y w a
es mbroiled w ere u lly ar s e ,
r ea

m an t fo
e T he vi l n t h ck th dyn ty recei d
r. o e s o e as ve

f m th
ro l tion j st acc mpli h d at Vi nn and
e r evo u u o s e e a,

w hich w as f ll w ed by sol emn impe ial p mi s Of th e

o o r ro se

g rant f fre och rt ;a t h re v se R d t ky

a s er e er e s a e z us

tai n d at the h an d of th M il an e b ck d by t he Ki n g
e e es , a e

o f S di n i a ; th e i of t he li be l p rty i n G rm n y
ar r se ra a e a ,

a s w ll th pr en
e as of p blic in Fr nc O f
e es ce a re u a e,

w hich L m rtin e the n i t h a a d said th t it w as n t

,
s ea , a o

o n ly th p ntative f th d m c tic p i n iple of

e re r e se O e e o ra r c

Eur pe b t lso it ldie

o ,
u a w e e so m n y s so n r,
”
- r a r easo s

f th H p b g t d l y n p n
or e a s ur pt e with H n
s o e a a o e ru ur u

ry nd t pp t h d i ff nt c w i th fl t t r
g a , a a a e e o e s ere ra e s a e

in
g p m i Si
ro m il r ise s .m st n c m d e i t lik a c rcu a es a e

w is impe tive o th e B tthyany mini t y p tiently

e ra u a s r a

t o suff r d u bl -d lin g an d b
e o ti fied w i th idl im
e ea ,
e sa s e

pe i al p cl m ti n g in t the ebel n d i l t
r ro a a o s a f a s r s a v o a or s o

l w a T h f w egi m n t pl c d t th di p
. e e r l f th e s a e a e s osa o e

H ng i n gove n m n t w r as w b fore st t d
u ar a r e , e e, as e a e ,

c hiefly fo ign ; t he scarcity Of m c ld n t h ld

re ers ar s ou o o

ou t m ch h pe f a p dy o gan isation Of v l ntee

u o o s ee r o u rs,

a s cheme ft rw ard u cc f lly d pt d ; and it might

a e s s e ss u a o e

th re
us n ably h ve b en fe
aso d th t m e d cid d
a e ar e a a or e e

an d n qu iv
u l m n tran c n th p t of the H n
e oca re o s e o e ar u

r i n go
a nme nt w l d at on ce d t r mine th t e c ur
g a ver o ou e e

t t h ow ff the m k an d or der t h e e r egim nt t

o r O as ,
s e s o

a ct p nly ag in t th t gove n ment B ides thes

o e a s a r . es e,

th e w ere th r rea n for ab stain in g f m an op n

re o e so s ro e

r p tu re
u vi the cu rrent belief th at the dyn sty
, z ., a
 294 M AN I F E ST O OF FE R DIN A N D .

th e military fi on tie r also sh ares in the l egis l ation

'

common to all You r national and mu nicipal righ ts,

.

r el ative to w hich evil and maliciou s rep orts h ave b een

spread are by n o means thr eatene d b u t on the con

, , ,

t rary, e nl arged an d sec ur ed ; an d th e u se of you r na

tive l angu age i s l aw fu lly u ar antee d to ou , n ot only
g y
i n y ou r s ch ools and Ch u r ches, b u t al so i n t he pu blic
asse mb lies, as intr odu ce d i nstead of the L ati n .

C alu mniators sou gh t to make you believe that the

Hungarian nuti on desired to su ppress you r langu age,
or at l e ast to prev en t i ts fart h er devel opmen t We .

ou rselve s assu re o th t t h ese r ep orts are false F r

y u a o .

e ight c nt ries h ave y u been nit d t H u ng ry

e u o u e o a ,

d ring w hich long time th e legi latu re h a ev r main

u s s e

tai n ed d e regar d to your n ation ali ty

a u H w cou ld . o

y o u,t h re f re eb eli e t
oh t it,
s h o l d b e n ow h ostil e t
ve a u o

i t ? F merly in H ngary an d its d p d nci es w

or u e en e ,
e

a d minist ed the exec ti p w er by

er H ngarian
u ve o ou r u

Ch n c y and H ome-ofii ce t w hich the Ban f

a er ,
o s o

Cr ti D alm tia an d Slavonia ren d red ob dien ce

oa a, a , ,
e e ,

as they w er e bo n d i n m re r e mote tim u to Ob ey the o es

or d rs f ou H ng i n th rities i d nder dif

e O r u ar a au o ss u e u

f e t fo ms
er n I n t h l s t H nga i n Di t i n cou s
r . e a u r a e , e

n ce f t h e requ e t m de to s by o f i th fi l St ates ur a r
q ue O s a u ,

w u id d by ou r e w n f w ill s n c tion d th e law r ee a e

e,
g o , s

i n th e l t Diet acc ding t w hich

as ,
r b l v d cou sin
or o , o u e o e

th A r chd u ke S teph n p l atine of Hu ng y w as de

e e ,
a ar ,

l red o r royal li e t nant th u s to d min i t r the

c a u u e , a s e

c tiv pow er th gh ou r Hu ng i n mi nistry

ex e u e ro u ar a

w hich w imu l t ne s sly app ointed I n pi t of thi s

a eou . s e ,

B n J llachich w h m w e appointed B n f Croati

ar o e , o a o a,

D alm ti and Sl v ni is acc used f h ving th

a a, a o a, O a e

t me ity t ref se thi d e Obe dien ce disr g di n g ou r

e r o u s u ,
e ar

p tern l exh ortation which we have address d to him

a a s e .
”
 M AN IFE ST O OF FE R D IN A N D . 295

Thi docu men t n xt g es on t d t il th e acts f dis

s e o o e a o

o b di nc ef rring b ide t th p er n l affr ont

e e e, r e es s o e so a

o ff d i n C r tia to th e p lati ne w h o e p trait w

e re oa a ,
s or as

pu bli ly b n ed in th e p es en ce of th B n afte
c ur r e a ,
r

w hich th Kin g-E mp e r th e contin es N0 other ro us u

me n s w er l ft to r li ve o r
a e e y l th r ity and to
e e u ro a au o ,

u phold o r law s than to s n d o f i thf l p ivy co n

u , e ur a u r u

c illo Fi ld-M r hal H r ab o ky to in ve tig t th

r e a s n s s a e ose u

l wf l proc edi ngs and to d p rive B ron J lla hich

a u e ,
e a e c ,

u ntil h is p fect cl rance f m ll th s ch a ge

er ea f ro a e e r s, o

a ll h is di gniti e s a B n an d of all his milit y ffice

s a ,
ar o s.

I sternly xh r t you to r no nce ll pa ticipation in

e o e u a r

se di tio s w hich im t
u ep tion f m a r H n a a s ar a ro ou u

a i n cr ow n
r a L i te n to the v ic f r king ad
g .
y s o e o ou ,

dressing you s his f ithf l C o ti n nd Slav a a u r a a s a o

T th se w ho l ked m r d ply th an th
”1
n ian s . o o oo o e ee e

m r s rf c
e e f ff ir
u th e t t l i n ffi cacy
a e O a f thi
a s, o a e O s

pr cl m ti n an d the p mpt y f al Of th Ban

o a a o , ere or re u s e

to bey the r d rs f th c mmissi n r m n ti O i ed

o o e o e o o e e I ,

w er n matte of u p i t h o h n n xp ct d
e o ; g
rs o o e s e e r r se u e

th at w i thin f w w e ks an th er roy l pr cl mation

a e e o a o a

s ho ld b e issu d ( s w as r ally d n e) p ais ing the

u e a e o , r

Ban f r hi s fi d lityo I n the m ant im th min i stry

e . e e, e

beg n to b e more aliv to th common dang r an d

a e e e ,

so on r esolve d to r aise a f w v l nte r b tt li on till e o u e a a s,

s ome mor e d ecid d mean h ld b e t ken by the Di t

e s s ou a e

a bo t to as sembl t Pesth ; and no n w s th

u e a so o er a e

mini t ri l app l i ss ed th an th y th f th c n
s e a ea u e ou o e ou

try f r the most p art st den ts th ong d to th e n ati on al

, o u ,
r e

1
This , as i mportant docu ments, wi ll b e
well as several ot er h
found in th e A ppendices to th e followi ng interesting books
T he War in H u ngary, 1 8 4 8-1 8 4 9 , b y M ax S chlesinger ; T he .

M emoir s of a H ungari an L ady, b y M adame Pulszky ; and T he

M emoir s of G eneral Klapka .
296 TR E A C H E R Y OF T H E A U S R A N O F T I F ICE RS .

d
sta n ard. T he ex ample of patriotis m w as in many
instances set by the professors th emselves, amon g w hom
w as T avas , on e of th e most popu l ar professors of the
y
Protestan t College of Pesth, w ho exchanged hi s chair
for t he camp A few days thu s su fficed to organ iz e
.

te n battalion s, cal led H ou s ed defen ders of

w hich w er d tin d to f rm the pith of th large
e es e o e

nati n alo my su bse qu ntly rais d

ar T h e w r o n th e e . a e

Low er D an u b w as all th e w hil r ging w ith r ed bl d

e e a ou e

fu y an d the t e h r s con d ct of the A stri n

r , r ac e ou u u a

Offi cers pl aced n u d r t h comman d of the Hu n gari n

e e a

ov nm n t n d espe ci ll y th at of G eneral B ch tol d

g er e , a a e ,

co mm a de i
n r - n- chi ef be came d ily more appar en t ,
N a . or

was this evil medied by th e additi n of th n ew n

re o e a

ti onal for c es as long a the chi f c mman d rem in d

,
s e o a e

in the h n ds Of u ch men F ar fro m re ally tte mpti ng

a s . a

to exp l th e R i t en f m th i r p siti on s Bech t ld

e a z ro e o ,
o

rath er seeme d t di e c t his man te u r s s to enabl

so o r v e a e

them u n di t rbedly t t ngt hen th m lv s in th i

s u o s re e se e e r

for tifi cati n s Int n di ng t assa lt th stron gholds of

o . e o u e

these m d m ss thi general w ould m ny a tim

ar e a e s, s a e

arr y h is b tt li on s w ith in th e ran e of the n emy s

’
a
a a
g e

a rtill ry po t d
e p n th rampart th u s xp ing h is
s e u o e s, e os

men t a u ele s and dr df l m

o s scre In the mid t ea u assa . s

Of a b ld n d effec tive at tack on t he n t en ch men ts h

o a e r e

w o ld o n d a s dd n r treat w hil his ar till ry con

u s u u e e ,
e e ,

si sti n g f A u t ri an an d f lly w ar e f th eir c mrades

’
o s s, u a o o

presen ce i n the opp ite c mp b t f ign dly s ppor ted os a ,

u e e u

t he ch rge a f th e foot n d h r s
s o Th s did tw a o e. u o

ar mi s c nti n
e ot kill ch oth r f r mon th at th
ue o ea e o s, e

graci u s c mm n d f H ap b rg clem ncy a cl

o o a —s o s u e e

men cy w hich b f r h n d c a ri e d in to p actic e th

e o e a r r e

principle Of eq li ation f ll the n tion liti as pr

ua z o a a a es o

claimed soon after w rds bv Franci -Joseph T he t a s . u

298 D IE T OPE NE D BY P A L A TIN E .

provinces of the L owe D an be r u , to ex ci te the i nha bitan ts

o
f those cou n tr i es a a i ns t one a nother
g w ho dif er i n lan
g ua
ge a nd r eli
g i on, b mean s o
y f a ls e r e or ts a nd a la r m
p f
i ng ta les, i mpelling them, by s la nder ous ly as ser ting tha t
the la ws o
f the la s t Diet w er e not the f eer expr es s ion o f
his maj es ty s w i ll, the domi ni on
’
vi olen tl
y pp to o os e o
f
la w s f and o th
re u artg l m h ve au thor it ; an d
y a so e a

c rri d their edition t s ch n xt nt t s rt

a e s o u a e e as o as e

t h t th ir pp o i ti on i in t n d d t p mote t he in te
a e o s s e e o ro

t f the x lted yal h use an d i x rt d w ith

res s o e a ro o ,
s e e e

th k w ledg and ppr b tion f hi s m j ty T

e no e a o a o a es . o

q i t the min d th ref r of ll the i h bit n t f this

u e s, e o e, a n a a s o

c nt y n d f v y l ng g nd ligion I th
ou r a o e er a ua e a re , ,
a s e

re p en tativ of his m j ty h r by d clar th t his

res e a es , e e e e a

m j ty i d t rmin d t p t ct th in t gr ity of the

a es s e e e o ro e e e

Hu ng i n thr n g in t e e y att ck f m ab d
ar a o e a a s v r a ro roa

an d att mpt t divi i n t h m ; an d th at h i m j sty

e a s o a o e s a e

him lf w ll se ll th m mb
,
as e f hi as ayal h e e ers o s ro ous e,

on d mn i n t he tron t m n n r th e d i n h di h d
c e
g s
g es a e ar ar oo

o f th e i n dividu l w h v n t r t a e t th t n y
os a s o e u e o ss r a a

u nl wf l c ti n w h at v r o a n dio b di nc t l w e e r a so e e e o a
a u
y ,

f lu th ity i compatibl wi th the mo t high w ill f

au or ,
s e s o

h i m j ty r h
s a es h pp n ed f r th ad ant g of hi
,
o as a e o e v a e s

ro y l h e A ft r f rring t the w r i n L mbard

a ou s .
”
e re e o a o

V n ti c ri d on w ith t he h lp f th king of
e e a, ar e e o e

S a dini n d th It li an pow r w hich as w f

r a a o er a e s, , as ur

th r i nti mated h d n t yet b e en b rough t to

e ,
a t mi o a er

n ation th p alatine con l d d s f ll w

,
e Hi c u e a o o s s

m j ty nt t i n n do bt th t th Di et h ving in
a es e er a s o u a e , a

vi w th ins par ble nited int t f th y l thr n

e e e a u er e s s o e ro a o e

a n d c n stit ti n al f
o d m w ill w ith t d l y adopt
u o re e o , ou e a

ry l ti n w hich th w lf r f t h e c o ntry e a e o
ev e
g re u a o e u so

u r
g n tly dem n ds
e — C n id i n
g t
ah e ci rc ms t n c
.
”
o s er u a es

in w hich th ese disti nct and forcible expressions of an

 TR O U B L E S IN T R A N SYLVA N IA . 299

i y w e re ma e,
x et d th y c l d not fail to prod ce w ith
e ou u ,

some fain t l
g eams of h p gen r l f ling of bew il o e, e a ee s

i h did the R it en sl cken their

dermen t ; as ne t er a z a

bl ody ca eer n J ll chich betray any tokens of

o r ,
or e a

a b n d ning hi w like p ep r ti n s T he m sur

a o s ar r a a o . ea es

of th e mi nistry h ow ev r d iv d additi n l import nc

, e , er e o a a e

from the pre sen ce f the Diet w hich se ved to all y o ,

r a

i n some meas r e th e an i ty f th p ople n w ly

u x e o e e ,
e ex

cited by th tro bles incr ing in T n yl ni

e u
‘
In e as ra s va a.

or d r th e m r e cl ea ly to c m r h nd th e n tu r e
e o f r o e e a o
p
th ese t bles few p r f t y rem ks ar n eces ary
ro u ,
a e a or ar e s .

Transyl ania as lr ady t t d i inh bited by three

v ,
a e s a e ,
s a

ra ces t he M gy rs par t f w hom con tit ting th

: a a , a o ,
s u e

milit ry border
a al on
g th e D an bi n pr ovi nc
er s re u a e, a

1
Transylvania forms one sixth of the H u ngari an ki ngdom
both in r egar d to terri tory and population Fr om the mother .

cou ntry i t is separ ated b y an ar m of th e Car p athi ans while a ,

ch ain of sn ow-clad mou ntains di vi des i t fr o m M oldavi a and

Wallachi a Its mou ntainous natu re not allowing the ex panse

.

of wi de plains th e level land of t hi s pri nci p ality i s h er e and th er e

,

i nter cep ted b y chains of undulating vine-clad h ills being u pon the ,

whole more fer tile th an th at of H u ngary which is in many parts ,

covered over wi th qui cksands N or is it p oor er th an th e latter.

in those mineral sp rings whi ch are as wholesome for th e sick as

,

they ar e palatable and r efr eshi ng for th e healthy One of it s .

chief advantages over H u ngary ho wever may b e said to consist , ,

i n i ts comp arati vely good roads the ch ief of whi ch leads through ,

a su ccessive line of or ch ar ds i nter cepted b y streamlets from , ,

Klausenbur g to Kronstadt near th e Wallachi an fr ontiers This , .

latte r to wn and H er manstadt both of which are inhabi ted ,

chiefly b y the S ax ons form th e centre of the Tr ansylvanian

,

manufact u ri ng i ndus try In Tr ansylvania it must b e her e sai d

.
, ,

both th e M agyar nobles and S ax ons clung more pertinaciously

to their ex clusi ve pr i vileges th an was t he case i n H u ngary
Proper b y whose advancing spirit it was involuntarily carri ed
,
300 TR O U B L E S IN TR A N SYLVA N IA .

kn ow n by the n me of S ekl r ; the G ermans called

a e ,

Sax ns ; and the W llachi ns called Dacians or R ou

o a a ,

U p to the year 1 84 8 the Wall achi an s by fa , ,

r

the m st nu merou w re e xcl ded fr om any p r ticipa

o s, e u a

ti on in l gi lat r an d d mi nistrati on as th ose m ng

e s u e a ,
a o

t hem w ho at tai n d n
y d g r ee of i mportanc e b eca m
e a e e

i n co urse of tim M gyar i ed w hile th e m j o ity con

e a z ,
a r

s ist d lmost excl i ly f s rf T he acts p se d by

e a u s ve o e s. as

t he l t Di et
as s h b en seen remedied thi crying
, a as e ,
s

ev ,i l by in cl din g w i th t ny distin ction t he w h l

u ou a o e

pop l tion T he W ll chi ns h wev r w ere

u a . a a n a ,
o e , soo

ta ght n ot to tr us t i
u th goo d m easnures and th es e e

se c ri ty
u f th ir e m ncip ation and w ere st di o sly
o e a ,
u u

in tig ted t lift u p th i b ttl - e against their lat

s a o e r a e ax e

mas t w h s p rop rty th y xp ct d t divid

ers, o e e m ng e e e e o e a o

t h m lves
e se T he S x on als who h oped t rec i
. a s, o, o e ve

additional privil e f r th m lve w ere re dy t ai d

g es o e se s, a o

th ce t by i nciti ng t h for mer and by maki ng com

ou r e ,

mon c e w it h th e A
au s t i an c mmand r A s in th
us r o e . e

B an at th mu rder of t h M gy rs beca me al so in thi

,
e e a a s

pri ncip lity the chi f im of the i nf riated mas se w h

a e a u s, o

w e e all at on ce see n t b
r provided w ith ar m an d o e s

amm n i tionu Gen e al Pa chn er the A ustr ian com

. r ,

m n d r-in-chi f in T n ylv n i thou gh ordered by

a e e ra s a a,

th e mi ni try r ef se d to m r ch an d ch asti se thes

s , u a e

r er n d er th e pl
s, u f i ous idl e p retext s ; ft r
ea o v ar e
av a
g a

w rda penly renou ncing hi ob dienc to the H u n

s o s e e

g a i
r a n
g v e r n m eont n d u n di g i se,
dly co-
ao pe ratin
g s u

w ith t h Wallachi n s w h
e lik the Rait en i n th
a ,
o, e z ,
e

mids t of their m r d r p f e d to b e doing t he w ill

u e s r o es s

of H i M j e ty
s aT h e m n tain s of T an ylv ni a s on
s . ou r s a o

b ecame s bl ody as th S th n pl ains f H n gary ;

a o e ou er o u

a n d th e Wallachi ans this o th erw i e fin e race , nd f s ,

a o

m ch p r mise if c l tiv ted h ing b e n i n process of

u o u a , av e
302 D ILE M M A or T H E

t he l expe nse requ ired for the mainten ance f

ann u a o

su ch a f rc w o ld amo nt to p w ar ds of fou r millions

o e u u u

s terling and uggested t th ame time the id a f

, s a e s e o

iss i ng p per m ney n th p bli c pr perty of Hun gary

u a o o e u o ,

w hich l ng w ith v l n t ry c n trib tions w o ld

, a o po u a o u ,
u su

ply th nec sa y su m till the final b dg t b s b

e es r s u e e u

mitted to th h se It is lmost n e dle s to say th t

e ou . a e s a

t his m tion w a carri ed mid

o t o n di ng accl amation
s a as u s,

repe te dly in t rr p ti n th p e ak er w h o in c on cl u
a
g e e u s , ,

si no aid
“ sIf as m ch n gy w ill mani fest itself i n u e er
, ,

th xecu ti n th ere is p trioti m in the offer then

e e o as a s ,

H n ga y w ill emai n u n conq e ed even if h ll itself

u r r u r ,
e

sh ld ri e gain t h r l A w xpected volu nt ry ”

ou s a s e s as e ,
a

o ff ri ng flow d in from all p rts f th kingdom ; th

e s e a o e er e

w s c a c ely a f mily of n y w
a s r l th w hi h did not off
a a ea c er

i t plate n d j w lle y f th e rvi ce of th co n try

s a e e r or se e u

and u ch w as th e c n fid nc in th e p licy of th e g
s o er n e e o ov

men t th t n oon r w t h H un g rian p per m n y

a o s e as e a a o e

i ed th n p ple bestirr d them lves t get id of

ssu a eo e se o r

th A u stri n b n k-n otes A ll thi p tr ioti sm how ev

e a a . s a ,
er

n co a in w as til l i n p t n a ailin ; for th c n ar v e

e
g gur , g s u ou

t y b in g h r m tically
r e l d w ith t a single n igh
e e sea e ou e

b thr gh w h se territ ri s arm might h ave b n

our ou o o e s ee

i mp rted the p p r ation f def nc w e e n c sarily

o , re a s o e e r e es

in c mplete n d t r dy A f w d y aft th e ol ti n
o a a . e a s er e r s u o

of th levy of a n ational f c w s c rri d f ll w ed th

e or e a a e , o o e

d b te on the ddress t h most p plexi ng p int t

e a a , e er o o

mi ni ters b eing th e p ass g i n th e r y l sp ech refe

s a e o a e r

ri n t o th e It li an w A t hi an omi n ati n a pri m s s

g ar . o e

mini te C n t B tthyany th o gh r peat dly li ci ted

s r, ou a ,
u e e so

by th e A tri n go rnm n t declin d to pl dg him

us a ve e ,
e e e

s elf ou th e p art
,
f H ng y to acc ept a p ar t f t ho u ar , o e

A t an rusi s tat -debt w ll as to giv

e p mi e th t
,
as e e a ro s a

H u ngary w o ld i t A t i in the Itali n p vinc

u ass s us r a a ro es .
 H U NGARIAN M I N I ST R Y . 30 3

A s matters n ow s oo t d
trian cabinet ll th , the A u s a e

w hil e rep di ating th u ide f its compli city w ith the e a o

in ter n l tro bl s of Hu n g ry n th the h and g ve

a u e a ,
o e o r a

i t to b e n der too d u th at i f H ngary w o ld

s , i t u u as s s

A u stri to p t n en d t th e w r i n It ly t h A tri n
a u a o a a e us a

over nm nt w o ld ssi t i n p tti n a stop to th e H n

g e u
g a s u u

ga i n civi l w r I n this dil mm led on th on

r a a . e a, e e

h n d by f ling of s lf-pr e v tion and act ated

a a ee e es r a ,
u

o n t he other by th e i mp es i n th t th Italian r s o a e s

w er e fighting in a j st c us e th B tthy n y mi u a , e a a

n i tr
s
y d et ermi ne d t i n er t i n th dd e p
o as
g s e a r ss a sa e

t th e foll ow in g eff c t
o i Th t H ngary w l d e ,
v z a u ou

do it b est to bri ng b o t c mp mi e in L mb d
s a u a o ro s o ar

V n ti w hi h w hi l c mp atibl w ith the dignity of

e e a, c ,
e o e

A t i a h o ld t th e sam ti m en
us r ,
s u a e li b rty t th e e su r e o e

It lians on c nditi n th t A tri w o ld rest e p c

a ,
o o a us a u or ea e

i n H nga y u T h e m e id of promisin g any f rthe

r .
”
er ea u r

a id t A t i o
g ai n t th e It li n w as
us r a a m y b esn a a s , as a u

d rst od s ffici nt t r o s e p blic opin i n g i n t th

e o , u e o u u o a a s e

mi ni st y an d it acc r dingly ll d f rth vi lent cen

r , o ca e o o

su re f m th e b en ch s of th e
ro pp iti n n d i n e o os o , a ,

par tic l r from th me mber for B d M F ro l

u a , e u a, . e ze ,

a ft w rds di ting i h d
er a a s
g n er al Evu s n K s s th e as e . e o u
’
s

ver ion of this pi c f p licy c ld n t pp

s e e o th o ou o a ease e

mi nd f the pp siti n n d athe e ed t di minish

s o o o o ,
a r r s rv o

for a w hile t he p p l ar ity f th fi n n c mi n i t r o u o e a e s e .

O n thi occa i n K s th f ll w ed line f c ndu ct

s o ossu o o a o o

as or igin l i mp litic by xpr sing his pini n b th

a as o , e es o o o

as a mi ni ter n d a i ti ns In th f r m r cap ci ty
a c ze . e o e a

h e expl ined th r s n w hy mini t fo n d it n ces

a e ea o s s ers u e

sa ry t p mi e aid t A st i whil p king a

o ro s o u r a, e s ea as

pri vate citi n h e xp s d h i joy at the vict ri f

ze , e re se s o es o

the Itali ans In h rt t h w h l speech w as n

. s o t ,
e o e a ac

of great indi screti n r vi n n p r p o e w h ateve

g o ,
se o u s r .
304 D E BA T E ON T H E ITA LIA N QU E STI ON .

While s ch a discussion contr ibu ted to let the A u

u

trian cabinet better kn w the senti men ts of the o

people in Hu ngary the attention of th e Diet w s soon

, a

t r n d to th e c onsider ti n f mo e t n gible obj ec ts,

u e a o o r a

vi z ., the state of the w r on the L ow r D an u be a e .

A lmo t every day brou gh t fr sh i ntelligen ce from the

s e

c mp t h t Bech told p r p sely abstained from defeat

a a u o

i ng and e xp ellin g t h Rai t en f om th ir differen t e z r e

stron h ld an d th t the b aver of th e H on eds sent

s,
y a r
g o v ,

to -in f rc
re th e tr p in th e sou th
o e er v d nly to
oo s s e o
,

e xp s th m to dest r c ti n throu gh th e t achery of

o e e u o , re

th ei l ead s
r S ve al members pu tting sid every
er . e r , a e

feeling of false decor m m de in terpell ati ons i n nu u , a

mi tak bl e lan g ge p in ting in p rtic lar to the

s ea ua , o a u

as a l t u pon St Tho mas w hich h ad bee n j ust con

s u ,

du c ted in su ch a man n r s no l nger to l ave any e a o e

do bt of th real de ign f the comm nd r in-chief

u e s s o a e - .

F er c l th memb er f
ze , e B d lou dly atte t d that or u a, s e

e ven c rp r l if in ear nest w ou ld have t k n that

a o o a , , a e

s trongh ld w i th su cho force an d express d hi con a , e s

v i cti on th at treason h ld r l in th e camp Su ch e u e .

,

hw o w as th e f r be aran
e ver , of mini st rs th at these
o ce e ,

den nci tions w ere fir mly ep diated and tho w ho

u a r u , se

u t th m f t h seve rely
e orb k ed Th at t he mini try re u s
p .

did n t entertain any spici n abou t the con d u ct of

o su o

t he A st ian l eader i
u r car cely imagi nable ; and it
s s s

w ou ld in f ct b e di ffic lt to d etermine wh t h e this

,
a ,
u e r

a ll - pa ing policy of th H ngarian mi nist y or the

s r e u r ,

mor l d p i ty of the A t i an C abi net w a th more

a e r av us r ,
s e

t r tli ng in this i nstanc

s a F r it is w ort h remar ki nge . o
,

that at th at ti me w hen So th rn H u ngar y w at the u e as

mer cy of s vage dep ed ti n s nd l a ghter T nsyl

a r a o a s u ,
ra

vania al ready a prey to a imilar civil w ar and Jella

,
s
,

chich in addition preparing for the invas ion f H u n

, ,
o
306 DE BA T E ON GE R M A N Y .

part of the A u str ian pop l tion w hich from a s ber u a o

conception of its wn interests of those of th dyn as ty o , e ,

as w ell as f r the s ke of fre ed m w ish es f r th e u n ion

o a o , o

w i th Ger many T h e econ d i s the r eaction th thir d

. s
, e

t he A stri an mini stry an d th e fo rth th e Scla

u ,
l u ve e e

me nt A s t the A t ri an mi n i t y l d to beh av
. o us s r , e e

tow a ds s hith e t o in a m st
r u n f i en dly
r nd nj t o u r a u us

man ner I cann t cc se it of imi ng to n der min

,
o a u a u e

Hu ng r i n independ nc nd freedom and t restore

a a e e a , o

a bsol ti m What I b li v i th t that g e n m n t

u s . e e e s, a ov r e

i so m ch ngr o sed w i th th e d ir e of takin g f om

s u e s es r

ou r h n ds the p or tfoli
a of fin an ce an d w ar th at os ,

th e by it i nvol n tar ily

re r es as a too l to the r -
u action se v e .

T he re-action th e Scl ve elemen t an d the min istry I

, a , ,

w o k in t each th
r h n ds t h o
o h w ith di
o fferenter s a
S a
y , g ,
u

i ntentions T h first is nxio s to rest re bsol te pow er ;

. e a u o a u

th secon d d ire to establi sh a Scl ve-A

e es s tr i n mo a us a

n ar ch ; w h il e th e mini t y i s b n t u pon etti n i nt s r e

y g g o

i ts h an d s t he H ngari an fin n ci l an d milit ry r u a a a e

so u c es r A ll th es thr e g n ci es h ow ve
. e n deavour e a e , e r, e

to i n pi w i th
s v rsion t w ards H ng ry th A
re a e o u a ose us

t ri n s w h
a ,
i n th e first m m n t of th eir n w li bertie
o, o e e s,

h ad hib ite d symp thy t w ds u s by pointing th m

ex a o ar e

t w h at th y term th
o p r ti n f Hu ngar y B t I
e e se a a o o . u

w l d f i n a k w h t w ill h appen if by th e cu rse f

ou a s a , o

Heaven the A tri n governm n t ho ld ucc ed in

, us a e S u s e

n atchin fr om t h e dm i n istr ati on us f t h e fi n an ci l a o a

s
g
a nd military dep tm nts n d p r h ap s al o th e com
ar e ,
a e ,
s ,

me i l ? I S i t th t A u stri w ill b come the by

rc a a a e re

s ti t tion ally fr e ?
u NO i i n ch a cas e wh t w ill
e su a

h ppen this th at w i th u n contr oll d pow r

a Is ,
th e e ov er e

fi n n ces n d th e tro p th e A tri n g ver nmen t w i ll

a a o s, us a o

k ep down B h mi an d G llicia w ith H ng i n

e o e a a u ar a

a rmi es gar r i on A u tr i a w ith B oh e mi an

,
s nd G allici n
s a a
 KOSSU T H S SPE E ON A U STR IA
’
CH . 30 7

soldiers ,
se d to H u ngary A u strian s and C roats and
n ,

the res lt w ill b e common Slavery

u L et th erefore .

e ve ry free min ded man re memb er t h at the restorati on

of the old s tate of things w ill only prove th e tomb f o

A u str i an cons titu tionali sm A u stri a can onl y th n

. e

ex pec t to b e con stit u ti on l w h en H ngar y i s al low d

a u e

to preser ve and devel pe h er i ndepen den ce o only ,

th en w h e n i t remai ns in the enj oyment of all th o e s

r igh ts which it d oes not ow e to the cl emen cy of ou r

ki ng Ferdinand V b u t to treaties of three hu ndred

.
,

years standing T he speaker then w ent on to

”
. ex

plain how the re-action excited the German-A u str ian s,

by poin ting to the circu mstan ce that Hu ngary n ,

u

w illin g to accept p ar t of th e n ational d b t w as beside e , s

abou t to reg ul ate its c ommercial afi airs accordin g t

'

i ts w n liki ng an d how turnin g t the Sclaves the

o ,
o re

acti on in cit d th t
e a e l m en t g i t e so called ty
a n
e s th - a

ran n y of th e Magyar s h oldi ng o t to the m fl atter ing

,
u

an d e mpty promises I n con clus ion Kossu th prov d

.
, e

the n ecessity for A u stria if r eally desirous Of f ee dom

, r ,

to b e cl osely u nited to Ger many a cou ntry con tai ni ng ,

i n itself th e guaran tees of ci vili ation and libe rty ; z

fi nally obser ving th at the w orkings of th e Sclave par ty

Opposed t su ch a u nion w ould only lead to th n ni
o e a

hilation of every vestige of lib rty an d to th e s l e , o e

aggran di ement of anot h er great pow er

z T he decl . a

r ati n of th e u n i on w ith G er m n y this fir st piec e

o f a , o

dipl macy of the Hu ngarian execu tive and legi l tu

o s a r e,

passed Off with great applau se nd satisfacti on e p a , s e

c i ally after h aving been reali ed by th e desp tch f z a o

tw o en voys to the centr al gover nmen t of G m ny er a ,

en v ys to w h om creden tials w ere given by th e p al ati n

o e

w ith th e consen t of th e A u tr ian government an d w h

s
, o

w re e d ly received t Frankfort That this mission

u a .
 308 F OR E I GN M I SS ON S. I

proved alt gether abortive it is al most needless to nar

o ,

r te w h n it i s remembere d th at the h ead of t hi s new

a ,
e

Germany w as a member of the r oyal family John ,

A r chd ke of A stri a
u Of more i mpor tan ce nd more
u . a

promi w as th mission to the French R p blic a

se e e u ,

mi ion in tr st d t C o n t L adi l a s T leki A b tter

ss u e o u s u e . e

choic cou ld scarc ly have b n m de th n th at f this

e e ee a a o

nobl e m w ho t n ds s a n obl i nstance f civi c virt e

an, s a a e o u

a n d libe lity of p in ciple m ng the H nga i n mag

ra r a o u r a

nates T h pr ence of Tel ki i n H ngary might how

. e es e u

ev er h prov d of more imp tance than hi diplo

ave e or s

matic p ost in Pa i T he mis ion to the E nglish

r s. s

g ov e rn m nt w hich
e w as, of a l at r d te d e v lve d on e a , o

Fran ci P ls ky a gen tle man no less know n among

s u z ,

t he lib r l f H u nga y an d po es e d of more talent

e a s o r , ss s

t han w as req ir d to d f n d th u cau se h

e re re
p e e e e

se nted That th Hu ng ian govern ment sho ld h a e

. e ar u v

a ltog the lost ight Of Cons tantinopl a qu arter oh

e r S e,

v io ly the m st i mpor tan t f m ario s con id r tion s

us o ro v u s e a ,

e n tir ely i pective f any traditi n l c llection w as

rres o o a re o s,

i n f ct gri v
a a f lt nd scarc ly t b e excus ed n
e ou s au ,
a e o o

th ple
e f i n xperien c i n dipl matical b u i ness N or
a o e e o s .

i it
s sup fl er hortly t inti mate that an a ly ap
u ou s s o e r

plicati n t t Uni ted S t t a c o ntry which e

o o he a es, u u

it r ! y sho k off in it i nt -n ti nal policy the age of

e o s er a o us

idl etiq ett might ha e i n the nd pr v d prod cti e

e u e, v e o e u v

o f l tar y resu lt in pit f the i ndi ff n c Observed

sa u s, s e o er e e

by the w estern pow ers of E r pe ven after the H u n u o , e

ar i an ti on h d as
u es m d E ropean ch ar acter
a su e a u
g q .

T he def n ive pr parati n i n th e m n ti me ad

e s e o s, ea ,

va n ced t p f r th er circ mst nc o wing chi fly to

a s e a ,
a u a e e

the e t bli h men t

s a f a l arge g n facto y at P th
s o u r es

Y t thi s e t bli hm n t plac d n der the

e s a s e rv ill n ce
,
e u su e a

o f an E ngli h man an d car ied on by many E ngl ish

s ,
r
3 10 T TE
S A OP P U R L I c FE E LIN G .

p oor k i d d Ferdin and contente d himself w ith

wea -m n e

g ivi ng in articu l ate answ ers an d the t w o min i st rs and ,

e

t he dep tation ret r ned to Pes th only t

u u fi nd that ,
o

J ll chich h ad lr ady crossed th e D rave w hich di

e a a e ,

vides Hu ngary fr m C roatia Of th e tw o chi ef Oth

o .

c ers w ho comman ded the H n gari n troop the ne u a s, o ,

n ame d O tti n e e nt str i ht v r to t he en emy s

’
g w g r, a o e

camp w hi le the ther A dam Teleky c n t nted him

, o , , o e

s lf w ith si mply all w i n

e t h B an to dv an c w i th o t e, u
g o e a

o ff ing n y resi t n ce w hate ver

er a s a S ch a state of . u

th in g accomp n ie d as it w as by most over b arin g

s, a e

declamations on th p art of the Ban in additi n to th e ,

o e

sa v ge w ar on the Low er D anu be an d Tr n ylv ni

a a s a a,

w as j u stly calcul ted to x as per ate t he min d of t he

a e s

mo t patient an d most loy l s bj ects of the H psb rg

s a u a u

dyn as y S ch a l g li e o d ble dealin g and i ni

t . n un f - o ou

q itica served SO to spe k to Sp ad a veil f deep

u ,
a , re o

g loom v er t h
o p opl e ; t he e d c t d cl as e
e e scar cely u a e s s

a ble to recover fr m th ir su rp i e at ch policy o e r s su a

proceeding from a throne w hile the pe santry p ,

a ,
o

pres ed by a feeling of tt r bewilderm nt and de

s u e e

onden y began t c , thi nk th t the I ten f the M g

o a s o a
s
p
h d e a d t look dow n
c ase o n them
o I n Spite
y ar s p u .

o f all this r ock ,

f h pe pre en t d it elf in th e good
a o o s e s

w ill n d stron g arms of this e y de ponding peopl e

a v r s .

T h short inter val d r i ng w hich H ng ry enj yed a

e u u a o

fr ee p r e th e p a
ss,s n t s b e -min ded by n ature h ad
e a ,
so r ,

o pp rt nity t become f lly acq aint d w ith th e t n r

o u o u u e e o

o f th e n ew l w n d all th t w
a s, a pas sing befo e their a as r

e ye and th s n derw nt in a f w w eek co mplete

s, u u e e s a

mental tr in i ng T he
a c mpli h ment f this t k
. ac o s o as

w as chi fly o i g to j o r
w
e n n l i l d ep Ba t (th
e n t t N -
a u a e ra e

People s Friend) c n d ct d by Vas G r b en th n

’
,
o u e e e , a

w h om no one n derstood bet ter to speak in the peopl e

’
u s
 NA TION A L CH A R A C T E R . 31 1

langu age This p aper w as call d into life and main

. e

tained t th e e p n se of the min i t y w ith th e view f

a x e s r ,
o

exp ou n di n t o th e r us tics th e tru e me n i ng of th a e

g
w or ds ons ti t ti on
, c li be ty an d eq li ty in orde to
u ,
r ,
ua ,
r

prevent any scen es of anarchy Thus it h appened that .

th ou sands on th ous an ds w ho h ad h ar dly ever thou ght

o f w h at is c ll ed a n w spaper crow ded i n th eir r pec
a e ,
es

t iv vill a es r o nd the n ot
e or some oth er a th ority u
g y
u ar ,

to h ear from hi s mo th th n ew s of the d ily p e u e a r ss .

A very st nge being in deed the Magyar peas ant i s

ra , ,

a s myste i s s i s h is co u n tr y s hi story
r ou a — his symp athy ’

th gloo m and me l anch oly rever i es fond of br oodi ng ,

i n a seemi ng l th a gy on byg ne d y at th e momen

e r o a s,

w hen his hear t i s ready to kin dle w ith all th e fir e of a

Cr u sader When free from his d ily l bou r and amid

. a a ,

hi h ppy momen t eve y thin g w ith this r u stic seem

s a s, r s

m rk d w ith su dden tran ition s fr om ne state of mind

a e s o

into another entirely opp site A pparently in the mi dst o .

o f f ll bliss h e i
u een
,
t o si n k i nst o sorr
s ow — soon to

bu r t forth with ex ltati n -again to plun ge into deep

s u o

g r i ef w hich c on stit u tes the begi n nin g an d the en d Of

,

his fr li ki ngs R arely or per h p s n ever i s th e Magyar

o c .
,
a ,

seen to ch eer th ro h t h i n cit m nts s al w ith

p g u u e e e u u

o th er peopl T he Gip y thi s ro gh di amond of the

e. s , u

hu man species thi inartic ul ate b t most exp ressiv

,
s u e

i t rp
n e ret er f the M gy s w eal an d w oe h as fi rst t
o a — ar
’
o

t ike th ch or ds to a most pl in tiv t ne if h e w i sh es

s r e a e u

to kin dle in to enthus ias m h i s M gy r au dit r In a a o .

s h rt w hether he is sorrow i ng r r j icing he d es so

o , o e o
,
o

n ot nly f r him
o sel f b t for h i s b r ethr n an d h is l an d
o , u e .

Revering th ir spirit u l p tor th se pe s nts are fre

e a as s, e a a e

from w h at is c lled p rstition and b ld eno gh t

a su e , o u o

offer th ei r pr ay rs to H ven for them l ves w ithou t

e ea se ,

the i nter c essi on of the priest as an indi spens abl e me

3 12 GE N E R A L E x A SPE R A T I ON .

dium . On Su nday after noons, i ndeed, the peasant

i s often to b e me t ei th e r w alking along his fi eld or in
the comp any of his fr iends ar ou n d or i n th e tavern,
making u p the qu arr els and j eal ou sies of the w eek, and
l
p g ged i n n ew fr ien d shi s amid th e flo w i n
p g of the w i ne

cu ps . Bu t, e ndow e d as he is wi th intense religiou s

feelings, w h en i n the h ou se of G od, his lips Open to
r ayer w i th the fr esh ness w i th w hich th e l eaves of the
p
tree expan d to the descendi ng dew of heaven S u ch .

is the ch aracter of the people wi th w hom chie fly reste d

the defen ce of Hu ngary .

T h e peopl e of th e capital , Sh ocked at the very idea

of see i n P esth c ap tu re d by th e C roats, lou dly u rged
g
the government to p rovide spee dy means of defence,
offer i n g th e ir ser vices w h ere ver th ey Sh ou l d b e t e

qu ired Thu s en cou raged and propelle d by p u blic

.

Opinion, Koss u th determin ed to proceed to the cou ntry,

to c al l th e p eopl e t o a r ms T h e v oic e o f sel f-defence
.

as exhi bi te d i n the diffe re n t app e als the n made p u bli c

i n th e j ou r nals, and t i nged as th ey w ere w ith the hu e

of s ome thi ng like pr phe ti i i n w hich n w w ld o c v s o ,
o ou

seem to m n y r th xt rdina y n d i nc nc i bl
a a er e rao r a o e va e,

w ere n othin g m e th n th e tr eflex

or f the enti a ue r o s

m n ts f a pe pl e w hich amid th m
e o o f tro ble ,
e az e o u s

r ad ally u c cee din g ch th r t od a h as t

g arcely s o s
g u s ea o e , ,
c

da i ng to thi nk f w h t w as l king behi nd th at d rk

r o a ur a

an d d ep l id ch m
e a p rt
a f w hi h it saw l
s e e, dy a o c a rea

exhibit d b f e it ye T h f ll wing ppeal Of

e e or s e s . e o o a

K th w hich nter d like li i ng fl me in to th

os su ,
e e a v a e

h rt f th people w ll d rve to b h r in rte d ;

ea o e ,
e ese s e e e se

n or w ere ch ppe l the ff p ing Of p emedit tion

su a a s o s r r a

n d a st di d p p d c ct W ”
a p
u t e e ff
ur h
ose n o ro u e e . e ,

sa ys the ste n bli d R p blican of E ngl nd G od

r n e u a ,

co mman ds to take t he tru mpet an d blow a dol ro r o us o

3 14 AP E A P L or K OSSU TH .

ou
y , that my present predicti on w ill come to pass an d ,

i t i s this that from th e invasi on of Jellach ich w ill

,

en su the fr eedom of Hu n gary

e I entreat you H u n .

ari an s by th e sacr ed n ame of o ur poor and betrayed

g ,

fath rland to believe in this my foretellin g and it sh all

e , ,

b e fu l fill ed .

Wherein con sists the pow er of the in vader ? It

is a material pow er made u p of from six ty to seven ty
t h usan d men i n p art disciplined bor derers
o ,
Bu t .

w h t h as he else t rely u pon ? Wh ere is th e people

a o

in pired w ith a feeling of j tice to su pport his un der

s us

taki ng ? Surely n ow h er ! S u ch a h ost may u cceed e s

in layi ng was te ou r c ntry b u t can n eith er c n qu er ou ,

o

n or foll ow u i ts vic tor ies B at u Kh an th e T ar tar

p .
,

le der once i nu nd ate d ou r l an d w ith nu mero s h ordes

a ,
u ,

a nd th ou gh he l aid it w as te h e w as in the en d forced

to rece de A Jellachich ex pedition is at mo t like a

. s

l c t swarm pressing ver for w rd—contin ally to

o us , e a u

dimi ni h— to b e in the n d entirely destroye d

s Th e . e

dee per these invaders p ress into the hear t of ou r

count y th e more certain w ill it become that n t many
r o

of th em sh all agai n dr in k th e w aters of th e S ave .

W Hu ngarians have on ly to w ill and w e are enou gh

e, , ,

to destroy th em even w ith tones in our h ands,

T he s .

Magy r w ill n ot deserve t see the light of the u n of

a o s

G d if his first th ou ght at mom

o , nd h is l ast a pira ,
a s

tion at evening b e n t the emembrance of th t black

,
o r . a

perj ry and treas on w hich o inhu manly conspir d to

u s e

e xtirp te him from the ranks f the livi ng Wh at the

a o .

people have therefore to do is to rise in masses and to lay , ,

low those w ho in vaded th ir he r th and ravaged their e a

h mes If the people do n t do this then they are

o . o ,
a

cow rdly r ac e w hose n ame w ill be c ome a syn n y m for

a ,
o

abj ectness and sh ame — a p eopl e w hich w ill thus make

,
 A PP E A L OF KOSSU TH . 31 5

foul th e memor y of their ancestors and of w h m G od ,

o

w ill say I repent to h av cr ated thee Then I s y ’

, e e .
, a ,

t he M y ars wi ll prove to b e a G od-

a smitten p opl to
g e e,

w h om the air h al l deny it vivif in g pow e

S n d er s r, u
y
w hose h an d th e fru itful soi l h all t rn a b ren st ppe
s s u ar e ,

an d before w h om th all- e n livenin g spri ngs

e h all dry S

u
p . H om l ess sh all th e H n gar i an th en w and r on the
e u e

ear th an d i n v i n implore c mp assion for

, a c mb of o a ru

bread ; no lm w ill b e given to h im nd hi cheeks

a s
,
a s

w ill b e smitten by th os stran

g rs w ho h ll m ake
e e s a

him a b eggar in his ow n l an d w h ere h e w ill b ex ,

e

osed to be l i v d by y w tch lik

p n u nr e en
g es a e e r a v re e

s tray dog In short then th H ngari n w ill beco me

.
, ,
e u a

like to those Indian pariahs th t a e tr cked by bl d a r a oo

hou nds I n vain h all he t rn in his distress to religi n

. s u o

it will gi e n comfort to him w h o hi mself laid in d t

v o us

the i mage of G od Vainly therefore w ill he hope f

. or

for given ess Of his sin s T h maiden to w h om h e sh all . e

lift u p h is yes w ill ch ase hi m from her thr esh ld w ith

e o

her b room as on e does n nclean animal ; h is w if a u e

w ill Spit in c on tempt in h i face while the fir t w ord s ,

s

u ttered by th infant will be a cu rse on hi f ther It

e ,
s a .

is frightf l to thin k of w h at I h ave said b t I attest

u ,
u

to you by he ave n by th me mory of ou r an cest r w h o

,
e o s

pur chased this l and with th ir blood that ch things e ,

su

w ill come to p ass i f th e H ngarian s be cow ar dly u

enou gh n ot to r ise agai n st th ei r ene mi es an d scat te r

th em like ch aff b efor e th w in d N o l no l th Magyars e . e

cannot be dastardly ; nd therefore do I tell you

SO a , ,

that fr om thi invasion w ill ri the freed m f H u n

s a se o o

gary Fir t to con quer n d th en to reckon ; thi is ou r

. s , , a s

task Up th
. fore to ar ms w hoe ver is a m l A n d
,
ere , , au

e w omen of Ve s p rem an d W i nb u r
z
g digy e a h
g e se u e
y ,

rave i n which Sh all b e b ri ed ei th er our n ame h on ou r u

g , ,
31 6 A PPE A L O F K OSS U TH .

an d na ti on r ou r enemy ; and on which sh ll either b e

, o a

raised th pillar of o r i nf my w ith th e i ns cr ip ti on So

e u a , ,

does G d p ni h cow di e — or the ev rgreen tree of

o u s ar c e

libert y sh ll be plant d the eon the t ee fr m am ng

a e r ,
r , o o

w hose foli g th e v ice of G od w ill b h

a e d to Sp k o e ear ea

as it did from t he b um in
g b u sh to Mose sayin
g T he s, ,

p lac e w her eon thou i s holy : so do I r ew ar d s tan des t

br avery, r eedom, o
jy f
a nd bles si n
g to the M a
gyar s !

h
T o ar ms, t erefore ! H e w ho oes n ot o e the d by
law sw or n to by the kin g hi mself i a t r i t r ; an d h e ,
s a o

w h w ill pr ve
o tr ai t r l t h im b
o a tak n h ld of and
o , e e e o

deliver d ver to law A ll w e po e i ou r fath

e o . ss ss s er

land ; i n ing it w s ve ou rs l
s av Whosoe er
e a e v es . v

comm n d a an
y i
s n fl u nc i n tow n r vill ge let hi m
e o a e,

r aise t h t an d ar d ; l t s he ar n t h w ide pl in
pu e s e u o e a s

of H u nga y n o th er so d b t th tirri ng an d sad

r o un u e s

R k c y m rch and l t v ry one as h m y g th r

a o z a e e e , e a , a e

tens h ndr d
, u tho an d of men nd m rch on the
e s, us s ,
a a

road of Vesz prem ; th e le t th e w hol e p eo pl as s mble

er e e ,

as man kin d h ll i n th s D y f Ju dg me nt n d th en
a e a o , a

a t th e n my ! Up Hu ngar ians ! w i th
e e , i G od n d us s a

j u tice l
s
”

T he tic pop lati n l d in their sual costum

r us u o , c a u e

n si sti ng f Sh e p ki n cl o k h an in v h
( co o a
g g e o ersa r t a S o

c u t sh i r t w i t h,
l w -crow ned h ts on th ir he d ) armed
o a e a s ,

w i th muske t and scyth s oon b egan to p u r i nto th e s, s o e

capit l m a , ing on tow ds Weisenb rg whither the

ov ar u ,

Ban w as xp cted to ad v n ce In o d
e e to b pre a . r er e

p ared f th w o t the government d t r mined t

or e rs , e e o

h ave e nt en ch m nt th w n p n the banks of the

r e s ro u o

D an b n B u da th e to fight if n e d w ere th
u e, ea r ,
er , e , e

decisi e b ttl w ith th e C at N O ooner w as an

v a e ro s. s

a ppeal made to th p e pl than hu nd ds of the in e o e, re

h abitants of B u da-P sth h astened to the pot p inted e s o

3 18 M UR DE R OF LA M B E R G .

si oner, the cou n t L amberg, had arrived from Vienna

acco mpanied by A us trian t roops, and e mpowered to dis
solve the Diet, and assu me the su p re me pow er This .

p
re or t, calcu lated to infuri ate the already ex asperat d e

mi nds of the people w as soon changed in to a matt er

,

of fact by the act u al app ar an ce of t he commissi on e e r

passing al ong the bridge from B u da to Pesth A s .

sa l ted by a crow d of t h
u excite d popu l ace the co nt e , u

w as dragge d ou t of his car ri ge an d soon fell u n d r a ,

e

the blo ws of hi s infur i ate d ass il nts T he report f a a . o

thi s m rder w hich t rtl ed the Di et w as calcul ted t

u ,
s a , a o

produ ce fear in many f those w ho repaired to th o e

camp l est th e A u stIi an offi cer s as w ell as their eneral

, g , ,

Moga Should refuse to resist the advance of the Ban

,
.

S ch fears were in fact op nly expressed by C ou nt

u , ,
e

L ou is Batthyany and Sh ared in by several oth r mag

,
e

n ates present i n the c amp fears w hich w er e h ow ever , , ,

repu di ate d by Per c el w h o remi n ded th ese n obl emen

z ,

th t if no one desp aired of th e cause of H un gary on ac

a

cou nt of the cru el m r der of th ous an ds of in nocent H n

u u

t ian i n th e sou th th ere w as n o r e ason w h atever fo r

g a s ,

au u rin g u nh appy iss es from th e death of a Sin l

g u
g e

man how ever innoce nt he might b e deemed

,
Th . e

opinion of Perczel w as soon confirmed by the A us trian

offi cers th emselves w ho h ear d of the fatal even t w i th
,

u t betr ayin g an symptoms of i ndi n ation Th us i t

o
y g .

h appened th at the troops w ithou t being at all affecte d ,

by what took place at P th p as sed the night in e es , x

ectati on of b ei ng attacked b efor e morn in g ; nd a

p
sca cely had th e sun ri
r n th an t he C ro t tpost
se a ou s

appear ed on the surro nding hills (September u

T he general engagemen t c mmen ced in the forenoon o ,

and w as conti n u ed t ill bo t su nset ending w ith tha u , e

rep l se of the Cro t Th ough in itself this vict y

u a s. or
 D E FE A T OF T H E CR OA TS . 31 9

w as ra ther of an indifferent natur e it w as on the other , ,

hand a so rc of great gratificati n t find how idl

, u e o o e

w ere th thr t e f the Ban s w ll as his l d

ea s o pe ,
a e ou ex r s

s ions of fe r l st the Diet of P th h ld not aw ait hi

a e es S ou s

arr iv l b u t
a , bandon th c pit l before hi tri mph ant
a e a a s u

e ntry J ll chich h ving ked tr c of three d y

. e a a as a u e a s,

w hich w impr dently g n t d by the H ngari an

as u ra e u

comman der us e d thi s i nt er v l t eff ct apid l n!

, f a o e a r a c

movement tow rd Vi nn ra
g ar dl e s of th e cer tai ne a, e ss

fate w hich aw ait d th e o tposts left b ehin d to ma k h i

e u s s

flight I n the mid t of his flight the B n u mm n d

. s a s o e

the f rtres o f C om rn to s rr en d er a dem n d th

s o o a u ,
a e

answ er to w hich h e di d n t w ai t to e ceive i n hi o o r s u

w ar d ma ch t th e A stri an frontier ; n or w as th e f r
r o u o

t u n e of h is ar m ch nged by th simperial m nifest

a e a o

o f O ctobe r 3 w hich appoi nt d hi m governo of H u n

,
e r

a ry A few d ys afterw ar ds c am a u t h e r eser v e

g .
p e

o f the C roati n army n mberi ng u pw ar ds of

a ,
u

men u n d r the c mman d Of th g n r als R oth and

, e o e e e

Philippo itsch v These w ere soon rre ted by Per el

. a s cz

a n d G Or ei
g I n thi s inst an c e th e H ngari n h d til l
. u a s a s

as ier l y or after a Shor t man oe vre th

e
p f a , ,
u ,
e

C roats lai d down their ar ms their tw o generals f lling ,

a

prisoners into the h nds of their adv r aries Thu a e s . s

e n de d h
t e m ch dr a d d an d
u l on
g
-p r ep ar e d J ell chich
e e a

e xpedition — an exp dition w hich pp ing in the e ,

a e ar

di s tan ce lik a de tr ctive temp t pr v d w ith th

e s u es , o e , e

e xc epti n f the r av ge th Cr ats c mmitted n

o o a s e o o o

th ei r w y a re al bl ssi ng N thi ng w a so m ch th en
a , e . o s u

w anti ng i n H ngar y r ms w hich th e C

u t n w as a ,
roa s o

su pplied f the e q ipm nt f ten Honved battalion

or u e o s,

w h o h ad oon to m et th e r g l r A tri an ar my ‘
s e e u a us .

It was b
a ou t h
t is time t hat L ord Ponsonby commenced his
curi ou s series of r e or ts. p H aving fir st caused th e H ungari an
 320 I
V N E M OU N TA IN S OF H U N GA R Y .

A fter th ese victories, the peopl e, w ho mi stook the

prel u de of the w ar for the w ar i tself, gave themselves
u
p w i th m ore t h an u su al alacri ty t o th e pl eas ures of

th e vi ntag e .

T he v nei mou n tain s in

H u ngary be ides the pre ,
s

ci on h ar s t t h y yi el d g
ve s tly te nd t t he comple
e r ea o
,

ti n of th gen r l cen y ha ply ou tlin d in the

o e e a s er ,
S r e

l ng lofty m ntai n r ng s c ntras t d w ith th no less

o ou a e , o e e

i mp ing cha acter f t he b n dl s pl ain w hich ex

os r o ou es s ,

t ndi n g
e l ng the h re of the D an b the Thei s
a o S o s u e, s ,

and t h M r s now pr nt black oil yi lding rich

e a o , e se a s ,
e

c ro
p w i ths t ny s ti m l of man r
ou tha n b arren u us u e, e

s teppes c overe d over w i th q icksan ds

, T he nob l st u . e

o f w in th T k y fl w fr om th e bosom of th
es, e o a , o s e

So th rn C p thi n m u n tai n rang Vin hills of

u e ar a a o e. e

an i nf i r q al i ty c ll d E rmellek a i e i n defi nce

er o u , a e ,
r s a

o f th san dy pl in s of D eb rec i n w hil a s p ri or sort

e a z , e u e

of r p es alle d th b d th h n ot to b m a cs on ,
g a ,
c o
g co e a u e

p re d to the men of th A ad co n ty c ve the hills

a es e r u , o r

of S l d p adi ng t h eir odorou n es to the deep

za a ,
s re s s

oa ky B kony-w d the h ppy hom of the swi ne

a oo ,
a e .

T h vi n e in h rt fl ri h
e ,
i n e v ry p art of the
s o , ou s es e

c ntry i ncl di ng th ba n oil f C r tia and the

ou ,
u e rr e s o oa

b s f th snow y mou ntain s of Tran ylvania Some of

a e o e s .

th e b o nte
es hills yi ld in excepti n to the gener al
u ou s e , o

p
t roo s to go over to the Ban, h e t en made the latter , on th e 5 th h
of O cto er, a w ee bafter h is k
ig t, assu me a strong osition
”
fl h p
on t he mou ntains of B
u da, ou tlawi ng, ami d t ese e vents, Count h
L Batthyany,
. along wi t h many other no bles , by a decr ee of th e
Diet, moreover, M adam Kossu th and her childr en
and sending,

to H ambu rg T o these r emar kable facts w i th which he favour ed

.

th e F or eig n Ofi ce, L or d P onsonby also added acu te r emarks,

to th e effect th at at P es th a p ar ty w as at w or k wh ich cr eated mi s
chi ef i n P ari s and B er lin, an d whi ch strove to make su ccessful a

system of soc i al war l- See S ta te P aper s, vol lvii i pp 8 5, 8 6 . . . .

322 VIN TA G E FE STI VITIE S .

as a mong or i hin th w ood n u tensils are packe d

w t e se e

th e an d n
e ar th ern, less imp rt nt cooking inst ru o o a ,

men t the g ardis, hip of w hich i al w ays d l g t d

u a ns s e e a e

t the cook-
o maid th mo t c on pic o s figure in t h
, e s s u u e

v an Wi th a Cle n w hite k r chief c v ring h r l ng

. a e o e e o

w ft f h air w hich r n tr igh t d w n her b ack th

e o ,
u k s s a o , e co o

t ke her s eat i n th c n t e f t h c ar i age h lding i n

a s e e r o e r ,
o

h r h an d s a fryi ng-p n
e a l dl e of p ri m y i mpo t
a or a , ar r

a nc as th e insigni
e f h r p w er While the n i
a o e o . va s

thu s m ing on th m t f the f as t i n the mean

ov ,
e as er o e

tim aw i t
e th e ar r iv l of th f i en d he h
a s in i t d a e r s as v e ,

t hen bri kly foll w s ith r th s me day or th d y

o s, e e e a e a

a ft r th ou gh alw y
e , t ppi ng n the road in q
a st f s o o ue s o

n w gu e ts
e A rrivi ng t t he sp t he finds in th li ttl
s . a o , e e

c ttage at the foot of the vi neyard an d con sisting f

o , o

tw or th ree sm ll
o par tm nt ev rything in d
a a e s, e or e r,

a n d th e l arge Obl on g t bl c v red With d ybre k a e o e . a a

a fter hi s arr iv l th w o k b gi n s ; the noddi ng br n che

a e r e a s

e sa ily p art w i th th eir t n d tem by th g ntl to ch e er s ,

e e e u

o f th e vine reap q lly ref eshing himself by th

er , e ua r e

fl a vour an d su b t n c f t h grape w h il e the m te

s a e o e , as r

nd ests do th ir be t to di mi nish t he q e ntity f s ua o

a
g u

th new w in
e by a l w nd incessan t p oces of
e s o a r s

co n mpti n of w h t seem mos t att ctiv

su o ither
a s ra e e

t th e e or t he p al te T h e ch ar ms of su ch d y a a s
o
y e .

b ing too str ong t ll w f long early di nn rs th

e o a o o e ,
e

chi f meal gen r lly t k pl ce after s n t n d th e

e e a a es a u se , a

u su a l di h es as ro t d m tt n f wl and pec li
s , as e u o ,
o ,
u ar

meal meats or pu ddi ngs re w h ed down by th i d f ,

a as e a o

t h e cu p over bri mmi ng w ith t he Old i n th e p r ence f es o

the yet li ghted n ew w in ; th e cou ntenan ce f th lor d

s e o e

o f th e feast r adi n t w ith j y i n p opor tion to t h n um

a o r e

b r Of the gu ests h has been bl e to gath er t h r ing

e e a ,
e

i ng of the glas es begi ns imperceptibly to mi ngle w i th

s
 RE S I GN A T IO N OF COU N T R ATTH Y ANY . 32 3

th e sou n d
f songs, in w hi ch all the males an d females
s o

soon h ear tily j oin n d v y vi ney ar d c o tt a e l i n

, a e e r
g y g
n e ar each oth e r, seems t h u s to b e th e ab ode of u n

mi ngled joy We say see ms, b ec au se over the w ildest

.

b
ou t u rs t of H ng i n ivi lity th
u lw y h v ar an co v a er e a a s o er s

a ti n f l
e o m t h i n i ibl m ni t
oo f n ati n l
g i f e v s e o or o o a r e
g g ,
.

This w s th la t int g a n ti n l
e j icing i s v a e or a o a re o s n

H ng y Wi th th l p f l th tw l e m nth
u ar . e a se o e ss an e v o s

t h g ll w m rke d th e w y f m on
e a o s a i n y r d t th a ro e v e a o e

o th n d the g t f th int g w m tly h nt d

er , a u es s O e v a e e re os u e

H ng i n i n di g i
u ar a Ev i ce th t y th
s s u se . er s n a e ar , es e

a b d m d by n t e f th j m mg f m n
o e s, a e a ur or e re c o e ,
a re

i nf t d by h t f f ig g n d m nd pie w hich
es e os s o o re n e s
’
ar es a s s,

re nd ci l lif b d n
er so a e a ur e .

B f p oc ding f rth r t th s ene f w r w e

e or e r ee u e o e c s o a ,

m t h tly i di t t h Ch n g in th g v nm t
us s or n ca e e a e e o er en

b f th ng g m n t w ith th B n f C ti t k
e o re e e a e e e a o r oa a oo

pl ce H i ng f il d in hi la t att mpt m d w i th
a . av a e s s e a e

t he c ur t f Vi nn a t
o b ing b t a p cific l ti n
o e o r a ou a so u o

o f th p n di ng di ffi c lti
e e C n t L i B tthy y u e s, ou ou s a an

r es ign d t p f ll w d by ll his c ll g
e , a s e xc pt
o o e a o ea u es e e

S m ze th
ere, r t y f hom ff i
e se c e ar H ving or e a a rs . a

s hortly v r t d b f r the H u se t the c l mi ty

re e e , e o e o , o a a

a nd c nf i n w hich mi gh t b
o us o xpect d t r is n e e e o a e o

t he ppro ch f th D n if th co nt y w
a a o l ft w ith
e a , e u r ere e

o ut n a e c ti S me decl r d h i
ex u ve di n
, nd ze re a e s rea ess a

d ty t c n tin i n fli e s l g hi n mi n ti n
u o o ue O c o on as s o a o

w u ld n t b
o c nc lled by the ki g hi m lf Thi
o e a e n se . s

p i w thy atti t d ind ced K th l to d cl r

ra se or u e u oss u a so e a e

hi i nt n ti n t
s e m in t hi po t n d th
o s o it h p
re a a s s , a us a

pened th t in te d of th l ate mini t y a c mmi tt

a , s a e s r ,
o ee

o f d f nc we e n mi n at d by th
e Di t w ith th last
as o e e e , e

me nti n d min i ter as it p e id nt L et s n w re

o e s s r s e . u o

t u r n to th c mp e a .
324 O U T R R E A x A T VI E N N A .

No sooner dden movement of the B n

w as the su a

tow ards the A u stri an frontier m de know n than th s a , e

Hu ngari an troop s w ere ordered t pur s e the enemy ; o u

b t bef re th ey cou ld b e v rtaken the C r oats h ad

u o o e ,

alr ady cr ossed th e fron tie r s

e T he A st i n c api tal in . u r a ,

contin al agitati n ever sin ce the m nth of March

u o o ,

b came the m r O aft r the appr ch of Jellachich

e o e S e oa

b came know n On the 6th Of O ct ber the popu la

e o

t i n ro e in ar ms an d fter h avin g w ith

o s nex
, p c ted a , u e

i nt pidity t rmed the ars n l they demanded n

re ,
s o e a , ve

an ce n L t r t he min i t
o at w ar w h o had al w y
a ou s er a s
g e , ,

b en distr t d by th pe ple and w ho e secret nder

e us e e o ,
s u

t
s an di ng w ith the Ban had become a matter Of f ct a .

C arryin g v ryt hing befo th m they en ded by w re k

e e re e ,
a

i ng th eir fury on L atou w h w as dragged fr om hi r, o s

pl c f conceal men t an d h nged from a lamp -po t

a e o a s .

A ft r thi v n t
e p dy con c ntr ti n f troops to k
s e e a s ee e a o o o

pl c nder th e c mm nd f Prin ce Windi ch gr at

a e u o a o s z,

f r th e pu pose s migh t e ily h a e b n fo e e n f

o r , a as v ee r s e , o

fi st tak in g Vi en
r n d th en c mmen cin g perati n
n a, a o o o s

a
g i nst H ngar y
a C ommo n e n se w ou ld su r ly h
u . s e ave

dict t d th j dicio ne of attacking J ll chich b

a e e u us ss e a e

f ore his j n ction w i th Win di chg at

u T h e Hu n ga s r z.

r ian Committ f D fen ce an d Di t how e r th gh t

ee o e e , ve , ou

o th r w ise
e T o th m th c o in g of the A u stri an
. e e r ss

fr ntiers th at is t
o , y th e d in
g of th e sam thi n
o sa ,
g o e

t h t the Ban h d don e

a med a m tter of seriou s c n
a , se e a o

s ider ti n A p licy idl in the extreme an d of co rs

a o . o e , ,
u e,

highly disadvant ge s Thr e w eeks h d p a sed a ou . e a s

w hen the resol tion f mar chin g th e t op s acro

u o ro ss

t h fr ontier w
e t l st d ci d d u p nas a time w hen th a e e o , a e

p p l tion of Vi nn n w ho e irr ption the H ng

o u a e a, o s u u a

r ians re ck n d had alr ady u ndergone long i g

o e ,
e a s e e,

a n d th s b c ame h alf di pirited

u e Scar cely m t ring s . us e
 26 IN T E R C E PTI ON OF S A T TE LE TT E R S .

no bl
me n, h itherto Sidi ng w ith an d ai ding th e n ation al
e

cau se, determined either si mply to retire or to le ave

th e co u n try A mong th e former the most con spic u ou s
.

w as P ri n ce E s terh az y, a man w h o, fro m h is v ast r ich es,

o w ed the reatest de bt to H u n ary ; amon t h e l atte r,

g g g
th ou g h by n o mean s from w an t Of p atr iotic fee li ngs,

w as B ar o n E Ot v os, th e min i ster of pu blic i n stru ction ,

than w h om n one advocate d more w armly an d con

s t an tl t h e e s t ab li sh me n t o f a H u n ar i an mi nis try
y g .

Bu t little as the H u n gaIi an re vol u tion su ffere d by the

ab se n ce Of th i s l atter mi ni ster , i t w as n o t SO w i th r e ar d
g
to C S ch y w h
o unt ze
p w d i n th
en d ,
b t o, over o er e ose ou

f l m m n t w it h gl my f reb di ng f ll
u o e s p yt oo o o s, e a re o

in nity m l dy n d w hich h l b
sa ,
a a a t thi d y
u er e a ou rs o s a .

H w fo th t t t m n might h v
ar a infl nc d th
s a es a a e ue e e

cou r se of e t d i g th t my d y th t n f l
ev n s ur n e s or a s a s oo o

l w d it w ld b diffi lt t d t min B t m ch
o e , ou e cu o e er e. u as u

m y f ly b
a sa e rt d th t S h y i f in Offi ce
e as se e , a s a z ec en , ,

w ould h h d n e gy n gh t
ave x t t ict Ob di
a e r e ou o e ac s r e

enc q lity w hich ft w d w as m t Of ll th r

e, a ua a er ar s os a o e s

in q i iti n
re u s o .

A n i id t f n sm ll i mp t n c w hi h h pp n d
nc en o o a or a e c a e e

j t t th ti m f th d nc f th B n w th
us a e e o e a va e o e a ,
as e

int c pti f th l tt
er e f th w
on O mi i t eL t e ers o e ar n s er , a ou r ,

t J ll chi h
o e T hi c
a cp d nc n ti ly l id b a
. s or r es on e e e re a re

th p licy f th
e o t f Vi n
o
g d d H
e cou r
g y O e n a as re ar e un ar .

A ding t th e pl n n e t d th B n w t d
ccor o a co c r e ,
e a as o a

v nc p n th c pit l f H ng y w hen G al
a e u o e a a O u ar ,
e ner

M y h fr w
a er p t d to bj g t o th n H n
o e as ex ec e su u a e s u er u

g y
ar G n , l P h n
e t d
era p n G ac d i n er o a v an ce u o r os var e

fr m T n yl
o i nd b dy nd G n l Sim
ra s v an a, a a o u er e er a u

n ich t m h i t Upp H g y f m G lici

o ar c n o In er un ar ro a a.

additi n t thi p l n f
o o t t d in i t s y mb ya ,
r u s ra e s ve r e r o

by the n cce sful m nm re of the Ban and th

u su s a uv
, e
 AS EP CT OF E U R O E P . 7
0

o ther g nerals menti n d the A str i n go rn m nt

e o e ,
u a ve e

re ck n d n g tting p es i n f th fo t se n d
o e o e oss s o o e r r es s, a

th reby
e bj cti g t h rr n ding pl ce B t in
su e n e su ou a s. u

t h l t in t n c
e as l t h sch me c mpl t ly f iled
s a e a so e e o e e a .

G n lM
e era w i hi ng t pl y C m n i n t th e h n d
arz , s o a o or o a s

of th A t i n gov n m n t w as di co ncer t d in hi
e us r a er e , s e s

d ign by th vigil nc f th p opl f the t w n w h

es s e a e o e e e o o ,
o

s c d d in thr w i ng int th t i mp egn bl b lw rk

u c ee e o o a r a e u a

se v l vol t r b ttali n s ; w hile P t -V d in th

er a u n ee a o e er ar e ,
e

n xt f rtr
e f gre t i mp t n c w
o es s o re c d to th a or a e, as s ue e

n ti on by th
a p tri ti m f th l te Don Migu l gi
e a o s o e a e re

m nt n th w it h t n din g th at i t w as Officered by C r o t
e ,
o s a a s.

A ll t h e ci m t an
es how v r w e ins fli ci nt t
rcu s ces , e e , er u e o

di t t t th H p b g dyn ty a c n ili t y line f

c a e o e a s ur as o c a or o

c n d ct b t n th ntr a y th y s r d only to in
o u , u o e co r ,
e e ve

c reas e th d i f th bj g ti n f H ng ry by
e es re or e su u a o o u a

f c
or e o f m Th p ct f E pe it m y b h
ar s. e as e o u ro ,
a e er e

ad d d em d t th t ti me r th f
,
see e rabla f r ch a a er av ou e o su

a d fi nt p licy In It ly f m which q rter A

e a o . a ,
ro ua u

s tri n i fl
a n wa n f w m n th g most th e t n ed
ue ce s a e o s a o r a e
,

R d t ky b c m by thi tim en bl d t
a e z e a me th
e s e a e o as su e

Off n iv n d t ep s hi m lf f M ilan in th pr
e s e, a o r o sse s se o , e e

se n e f c p blic n F ance l d by C ig n c gen

o re u a r , ru e av a , a e

r al w h f ll w ing w h t i t r m d
o, o o l i f i e p licy a s e e a a s s ez a r o ,

con tent d hi m lf w i th th f r m ti n f the A lp co ps

e se e o a o o r

o f b o v ti n m m
ser a w hich w
o in n o w y c l
, a an u vre as a a

cu l te d t
a t ik f i n t the h e rt f th H p b g
o s r e e ar o a o e a s ur s.

A nd w hil A t i th u gh t h e l f th
us r a cu re d f m o er se u s se ro

Fr anc i t h d n t h ther h n d m h g o n d to draw

e, a o e o a uc r u

c r g f m the ttit de t ken by th c rt f St

ou a e ro a u a e ou o

P t b rg F r it i w ll k n w n th t at the tb e k
e er s u . o s e o a ou r a

of p p la m v m n t i n W ll chi b t the ti m
a o u r o e e a a a
, a o u e

in q ti n th
u es C r i mm di tely d r ed hi t oop
o ,
e za e a or e s r s

t m rch acros the Pr th f r the s pp ress ion of w ha t

o a s u o u
 328 A R DI CA T I ON OF FE R D IN A N D .

w as cal e l d the revolu tionary spirit thu s extendi ng his ,

C ossacks to the very fron tiers of Transylvani a .

A m ng t he less important b u t omin ou s phenomena

o

o f those days may be mentione d th e appearance of th e

fi rst Peace Cong es r A t s ch a moment w hen so many

s. u

o the down trodden n ations w ere in th e a t of sna

f -
p c

ping their ch ai ns w hat w as natur al to expect w as the

,

a ppearance of a society both pr ching and aiding the ea

down fall of tyranny T o see instead a su mmon s to

.
, ,

n i ersal peace i ss e from th e de mocr atic cam m ight

u v u
p ,

w ell b e taken as a symptom e ither of the ab sence of

e arn est sympathy w ith fr eedom r of the mor bid and ,
o

idle character of that sympathy if it did exist .

T h e su bj u gation of H ngary w as accordingly enu

tr u s ted n ot to the Ban w h b t yesterd y w as n omi

, o u a

n ate d ple ipot

n e n t i y governor f that cou ntry b t to
ar - o
,
u

Prin ce Windischgr at a general w ho after having

z,

bombar ded Prague an d scattered to the win ds th e

Sclave congress sembled in th at city s cceeded

as , u ,

th ou gh w ith more di fli culty in renderi ng hi mself mas ter

,

a t Vienn a w hich w as defen ded by the Poli sh g neral

, e

Be m who su b sequ e ntly playe d su ch a con picu ou s

,
s

par t in Hu nga y A mid these warlike prepar tions

r . a

th e dynas ty dete min e d r pon caus ing the poo weak

u r

min ded Ferdinand to abdi cate in favou r of Fran ci s

Jos ph the son f th A r ch-du ke Franci -Ch arle
e ,
o e s s,

brother of the Emperor Ferdinan d and hei pres mp , r u

ti e t o the th rone
v O wi ng to the scar city f arms the
. o

prepar ations on the part of the H u ngarians contin u ed

t p rogress b u t sl w ly
o o M ch how ever w as expected
. u , ,

from the reorganisation w hi h took pl ace in the ar my c

,

n ow u nder t he chi ef comman d of G ii rgei the h ead

‘

u ar ters of w hich w re Pr esbu rg O f thi s offi cer s ta

’
e
q .

lents very little cou ld b e kn own u pto th at time ; the only

330 GOR GE I A S COM M A N DE R .

eat bi r d or drive thes w o thles f llow s t

die an d e r s e o

the d il ; th t i if I do n ot p revio ly rd r th m t o
ev a s, us o e e

be h t s o T h ch l r
. i ts ; nd if th en my doe
e o e a ass s a e e s

h i p ar t th tr i w ill
s
, en h ve fi ni h ed the
o
g m soo a s a e.

B t I c ann ot co mpr h n d this f ll w (h r i me nt

u e e e o e e s a

th e A tr i an c mman de ); he is t l
us o t tw ic s tr ng r a eas e a s o

as I am yet h d not ttack A ll hi pat l k

, e oe s a . s ro s as

o n ly f r h u sar ; m
o fi ts tt m p t s h al l b t m ak e rs
y e a e s o

hi ma sk f r th H n ds l o T h yo g f ll w
e o ve n t a so . e un e o s are o

m h di p ed t ve nt re th em lv
uc s os o l ss th y h u se es u n e e av e

ea ch c nn n i n their h v rsack ; nd b id th t
a a o a e a , es es, a

o n e hu ssar on their right nd an th n th i l ft a o er o e r e

h and B t p ti n c l th f v w ill b te t l ngth ;

. u , a e e e e er a a a e

i t i tr e the H ngari an fe r gen

s u lly l as ts g d
u ve er a a oo

w hil e . I hope it w ill d o b f re n t pri ng ; th t o s e o ex S a

i if w e li e s l n g S ch ntim n t of co ”1
s, v o o . non u se e s u r se e

Of th os p oor H n ede wh after w r dso h tter d th

v s, o a s a e e

A t i an f c
us r w o ld h ve i m gin d to h ve b n
or e s, u a a e a ee

h arbour d by t h ei c mm nd r
e I t w ld b idl i
r o a e . ou e e a

d d to y th t th H on ds ne
ee sa a t fi rst t n ed
ese ve v er a ur

th i b ack in th e day f b ttl ; b t b it r me mb e d

e r s o a e u , e e re ,

th t ev n among th t
a e my w hich foll w d B n p rt a ar o e uo a a e

t o the vi t y f Mar n g w e regim nt w h fl d

c or o e o er e s o e

r i i t t lva e d w op n ly ban k e d i n the b l leti n

e re re u u s
p ec
p e

of th t gr a t c pt in
ea a a .

H ving l arn d from the papers the bdicati n f

a e e a o o

F din n d nd th cc ion f Fr n i s J eph the

er a a e a ess o a c os ,

Di t in conf mity w i th an nci n t l w w hich y

e , or a e a ,
sa s,

that the King f H ng y cann t b di sch ged f m o u ar o e ar ro

1
We give these few li nes of a letter of w ich h
G Orgei gi ves
only an ex tr act, ad mitted b y th e au t hor to b e a tri val pr odu ction,
b u t which b e inser ted to ser ve as a p roof of his cr itica l posi tion and
e —
moder a te hop s M y L ife a nd A cts i n H u ng ary , in th e years
.

1 84 8 and 184 9 By A r thur G Orgei, vol i , p 1 28

. . . . .
 I
M A N F E S O OF T FR A N CIS-JOSE PH . 33 1

t he d ties of his overeignty wi thout the consent f th

u s o e

S t t s and that in c e f ign ti n th Di t ha

a e , as o re s a o ,
e e s

th e a ppointm nt f g nc
e
y
”—
od ecl ar d th e
a re ets to e se ac

b ill g l an d th t n
e e a , l l gi n w as d e to Fran ci
a o a e a ce u s

J eph so long as he w a n t c w n d by th c n en t
os
,
s o ro e e o s

f th e n ti n T h e n ew mp i n the me nti me
'

o a o . e er o r , a ,

a nn n c ed h i
ou cces i n t th th ne in a m n if to
s a s o o e ro a es ,

d t d D cember 2d i n w hi h p f s e pr mi
a e e
,
w r c ro u o se s e e

n t w n tin
o a f f t i n i n th pi it f li b t y er
g a r o
g eu u e re
S r o .

H is m j esty t the m tim

a
,
a d ting to the con diti n
sa e e, a ver o

O f the t bled p in
ro u d cl d his dete min ti n
ro v ce s, e ar e r a o

to r du c th em by fo c
e e f ms Thi l atter de l ra
r e o ar . s c a

ti no
,
might b e exp t d
as d only th m t ec e ,
se r v e e ore o

st re n th n t he pi r it f re i t n c b t h i n H n ry a
g e s o
g s s a e o u

a n d th e It li n p vi nce H ng y h d th to g th
a a ro s. u ar a us a er

h er str ngth f r m ti ng th
e o l n emy t a j nct
ee e r ea e ,
a u u re

w h n t h w r i n t he B n t
e e a d i n Tran sylvani a w a a an as

r i
g g
a n fi r c ly as ev
as e I
e n th s t h t h e w ll
er . e ou e

pl n n d p ti ns of Vett nd Col m n a w ll
a e o er a o er a o a ,
s e

as th e b ld e pedi ti n o nd x t ken by D myanico s u er a a s,

w er e in d d calc ul ated t m k th Rait n r e th i

ee o a e e ze u e r

h ving first pp led to a m S ch w as not the c e

a a ea r s. u as ,

how v r in T an ylvani w h e the A u stri n army

e e , r s a, er a

nd r P ch n er o p r ti n g w i th t he l r e mas s of
u e u ,
c o
g
e a a se

W ll ch daily gained g nd A nimat d by h pe

a a s, ro u . e o s

o f e i ng th e m el es m t r
s e s f the p p ti s th
v as e s o ro er e , e

o wn er sf w hich w ld b e
O ti p t d t h ou W ll h ex r a e , e a ac s

r i d
ca r e n th e w o k of l a h t r a i n st t h Ms er a e
o
g g gy u
ars a

w i th t th l ast reg rd t e aWi th f

o s ex or
ou e e
g r a . a e o

city lt g th r n acc nt bl th
,
a o e e u vage ma a ders
ou a e, ese sa r u

took fi n dish d light in th t t e of th f male

a e e e or u r e e s ex ,

committing acts of bru tal c lty th m in di c ti n ru e ,

e e re a o

O f w hich w o ld be too u ol ti n
g f th ese p re v
g s I so or a e .

l ated cou ntry seats vill g n d even sever al of the

,
a es, a
332 CR U E LTIE S IN TR A N SYLVA N IA .

larger towns were su ccessi vely destroyed w ith fire and

sw or d by th ese bloody confederates f the H apsbu rg o

thr one w ho took pleasu r e i n the Sight of the sm u lder

, o

ing corp ses of th e defen cele s inh abitants A mong the s .

tow ns thu s l aid de olate w as E n ed a town contai ning s

y ,

w ithin it w alls the e te t Pr testant s chool in Tran

s
g r a s o

s ylvani the foundati n f w hich w as laid by th e

a, o o

liber l p in ce B thl n -Gabor and which w as the re

a r e e ,

osi t f a l arg n u mb r of r are b ook an d man u

p y or o e e s

script A ll of these w r e red ced t ash e al ng w it h

s. e u o s, o

the gr ter p r t of th e in h abitants sever l h un dreds f

ea a
, a o

w hom w r e b ur nt liv w ithi n the w ll s of a ch rch i n

e a e a u

w hich they had vai nly so ght a r fu e Transylvani a

g u e .

pre nted at that time n aspect of u n tte able deso

se a u r

l ati n a de ol ti n the more pai nf l by the rec llection

o , s a o u o

t h at it w as p erpetrat d in the n ame of th mperor e e e ,

a nd u n der th e i mperi al tandard A fter th e l apse of s .

b u t a f w mon th wh en t h H u ngar ian army passe d

e s, e

triu mph an tly fro m n e xtr e mity f th t prin cipalityo e o a

t th other had th re trib tion been d l t o t as in

o e , e u ea u

discrimi nat ly as w ere the crim s a million of Wallachs

e e ,

w ou ld h ave cover d w ith th ir c rp ses its already bl od

e e o o

s te p d s il
e e From ch vengeance howe ver from
o . su , ,

w hich m ny a more civili e d nati n h

a n t i n Si mil ar z o as o

circum tan ce sh u nk back the H ng rians mag na

s s r ,
u a

n im u ly o fr ined
s re a .

Windi schgratz j ined by the remn ants of the Ban s,

o
’

army and n mber i ng alto eth er above m en

, g u ,

i nvaded Hung ry in the month of D cember T h a e . e

H ngarian s u nder the command f G iirg i had their

u , o e ,

h ad q arters in P sb rg Fr m it con tig ity to

e u re u . o s u

th e A u stri an fronti rs t hi town w as in th e sixteenth e ,

s

c nt y ch sen as the rend vo s of the A u str ian party

e ur o ez u ,

a n d th s con tin ue d t
u b e the per man ent seat f the o o
 PE S T H T A K E N BY

If the Sta tes thi nk I , by my per sona l i nfluence,

noble

may do somethi ng for the ca us e, I wi ll r ea di ly be a mong

T he d ep u tation w as ac cor di ngly de
”
the nu mber .

s atch ed to the e nemy s ca mp — o nly to be i mme diately

’

p
made p rison ers by h i m to w h om they offered the Olive
branch H aving bee n foiled in the atte mp t at a peace
.

fu l negotiation, th e Di et d e termined to a bandon the

c apital, and to tran sfer its seat to D ebrecz in, a tow n
on t he o th e r side of th e Theiss, i n L ow er H u n gary In .

a c ou n cil of w ar held at t he same t i me, i t w as de ter

mi ned th at G ii rgei, w i th the b u lk of th e army, Sho u ld

re treat th r ou gh th e mo u ntai n di stricts, w hil e a s mall

body u n der Perczel w as to mar ch strai ght to Sz olnok,

w hich stan d s o n the Th ei ss, midw ay b et w een Pe sth
and D e bre cz i n This pl an of operation w as the w ork
.

of Vetter , w h o w as calle d to th e c api tal fr om th e ca m

p
of th e L o w e r D anu b e, an d w h ose c ou n cil s w er e mu ch

n ee ded i n D e bre czin O n t he 3d of J an u ary 1 84 9,

.

Windischgratz , to the constern ation Of the people, took

p os sessi on o f B u da- P esth , ann ou n ci n
g h is reign by a

procl amation of the state of siege .

T h e e ven ts w hich h appen ed from the sa n c tioni ng of

th e l aw s of March in Pr esb u rg, to th e c onvoca ti on of
t he Di et of Pe sth , to p rovide for the safety of th e
country, and from that ti me to the nomi nation of Win
dischgratz, as plenipoten ti ary military r u ler of Hu ngary,
ha e be n h
v e ere h r tly
t d to requ ire a re
too s o n arr a e

c apit l ti n
u a n or o , sh all w
dd any c mm nt W re e a o e . e

Sh kspe re to rise from hi Sle p f thr e hu ndre d

a a s e o e

years gai n he might excl im

,
a a

0 A ustri a !
What a fool art th ou ,

A ramping fool ; to br ag and stamp and s wear

, ,

U pon my p arty 1 thou cold blooded slave ,

 TH E A U S R AN ST I . 33 5

H as t thou p
not s oke li ke thu nder on my si de ?

B een sworn my soldi er ? B iddi ng me depend

U pon th y st ar s thy for tu ne and thy strength ?
,

A nd dost thou now fall over to my foes ?

Thou wear st a li on s hi de ! dofi it for shame
’ ’ '

A nd hang a calf s skin on those recreant limbs .

 C H A PTE R XI .

TH E D IE T DE BR E CZ IN — FU R TH E R E VE N TS on T H E
IN

WA R — F IR S T R U SSIAN INVASION — r n n SP R IN G '

C A M PA I GN D E T H R ON I Z A T I ON or TH E H A PS

B UR GS -SE C O N D —
RU SSIAN IN VA SI ON E N D on
W — M AS SA C RE S A T A A D — SU B SE Q U E N T
TH E A R
n
E VE N T S

DE B R E CZ IN w h e the g vern men t to k p its eat

,
er o o u s ,

i sit ted in th mid t of a v t s n dy pl in xt n di ng

s ua e s as a a e e

a ol ng th b nks of th Th i s rive n xt to th
e a e e s , a r, e e

D an b the l g t in H ngary an d w hi ch taking it

u e, ar es u ,
s

i in th m u n tai n s c nty f M rm o district

r se e o ou ou o a or s, a

r ich i n alt mi n on ti n
s it co e of fi e h n dr d
es, c u es s u rs v u e

mil d w n to Tit l w h e i t van i h s in th w t rs f

es o e , er s e e a e o

th D n be Thi tow n n mbe ing

e a u . in hab i
s u r

t nta l m t n ti ly P te t n ts pre nts w ith it

s, a os e re ro s a ,
se s

l ng and p ci
o t ts s n if r mity
a f lin f l w
ou s s r e e a u o o es o o

h thatch d n d w hite-w h d w hich is r li v d

ou ses, e a as e ,
e e e

o n ly by a f w b ildi ng of an imp e ing asp ct s ch

u s os e ,
u as

t he l arg P test n t c ll g
e a fewro f th ch u ch s
a o e e, o e r e ,

an d t h t wn h
- se
e T h e i nh abit n t of D eb ec in ar
o ou . a s r z e

m tly m ll l n d d pr pr i t rs h ving in ddi ti n t

os s a a e o e o ,
a a o o a

larg h th w hich r
e ea comm n p tu r e mall
,
se ves as a o as ,
s

p tch s of land tu ned into ineyards Inacc s ible

a e r v . e s

t the d man d
o f ev r dv n ci ng time th Deb rec
e s o e a a ,
e

z iner with v ry f w ex cep ti ons con tin u e th ir li ves

s, e e ,
e as
 338 OPE RAT IONS OF WIN DI SOH G R A T Z .

A s w as ant icip ated Windischg at contenting h im ,

r z »

l ith di g om of hi troop dow n to S oln k

se f w se n n s e s s z o ,

a bst in d f m i mmedi t ly comm n cing a regu l ar e

a e ro a e e x

p e di ti n
g a i
o n t th n wa t of t h
s Di t T h e e ns e sea e e . reaso

fro doing w er t bvi s Besid th ext m

SO e oo o ou . es e re e

f tig
a of h i ar my h
ue co ld n ot f g t th in imic l
s ,
e u or e e a

f eli ng f t h p p l ti n Of th s
e O e n ti o t h o gh
u a o o e cou es r u

w hich he tr i mph ntly p as se d n r b e bli nd t

u a th , o o e

d ng r w hich might b f l hi m i n dv n cin g th gh

a e s e a a a r ou

a t i t y c v d w ith w amps n d n t d f i t
e rr or o e re s ,
a o e or s

w r t ch d
e d in ddition t the p as ge of th Thei
e r oa s, a o sa e ss ,

i r w hich w ith the light st ch ng f th w e th r

a r ve ,
s e a e o e a e ,

might h ve c n v rt d th e s rr ndi ng pl ain s in to sea

a o e e u ou a .

B t i
u , p ctive f ll thi th A u t i n c mman in
rres e o d
a r- s, e s r a o e

chi f h d mu ch r n t b li v th t D b ec in w ld
e a e aso o e e e a e r z ou

b i n t n tly t k n i th e by P h n
e s a a n w vic to i
e e r uc e r, o r ou s

i n Tr n yl ni a r by G en e al Schlik w h
s va a, o d n ce d r ,
o a va

fr m G lli i to th tow n f K sh n w ith o t me ti ng

o a c a e O a a u e

w ith any i ch ck M tt rs h w e t rn d o t
se r o us e . a e ,
o ve r
,
u e u

o th erw i A ft r t h c ptur
se . f Vi n n by Wi ndi ch
e e a e o e a s

g r at B z m ,
t h P oli h
e
g en eral f ll ow d by
,
e h n df l
s , o e a a u

o f t he y u th of th t capit l s cc ed d i n m ki ng
o a a , u e e a

hi s c pe i nt H ng y n d w so n ent t d
es a o u ar , a as o ru s e

w it h th c mm n d f a c p Thi co p f me ly
e o a o or s. s r s, or r

u nd er th e c mm n d Of C lon el K atono h ad b n
a o a, ee

u tt ly r t d by the A u st i n f c in T n ylv n ia
er ou e r a or es ra s a ,

w hich n w an ticip ted th o p u e f Gr V d in

t s- a e ca r O os ar e

an d D b ec in e B t n o soon
r z did Be m as m th
. u er su e e

c mm n d f these sc tt r d t p in the m nth of

o a o a e e r oo s, o

D ecemb th an b e in t n tly d pt d th Off n ive ;

e r, s a a o e e e s

an d d n cing w ith hi
a va al an d m t extr din ar y s u su os aor

r pidity
a h e at on ce
,
pp ar d bef e th e w lls Of a e e or a

Klau senb g th c pit l of Tran ylv nia P art f the

ur , e a a s a . o

A u str i an garri son were captu re d an d th e r st w er e e

 PR O C LA M A TION O F c h as m . 3 39

for ced to a precipitat D eb ec i n w s th e re r ea t t . r z a us

r en d re d sec ur e from the

e ide of Tran ylvani ven s s a, e

befor the A tri ns e ntered B da-Pe th w hile th

e us a u s , e

a dvan c f the S hlik co p w as soon

e o c te d by r s arr e s

K lapka This H ng i an Offi cer fter w d di tin

. u ar , a ar s s

u i h ed a a g ne r l met the e n e my at T l
g s s e a , n e ar arcz a ,

Tokay n d ft tw d ys figh ting c mp ll d them t

, a a er o a
’
o e e o

retreat S ch vent contrib uted to as the mi nds f

. u e s e e o

the m mbe s of th Diet w h o b g n r

e r e l ar ly to con e a e
g , u

tin n e th ei itting w hil th C mmi tt f De f n c

r S s, e e o ee O e e

w as nc e a
g d t o c r y
our n w i th r d
e bled i a rr t h o ou v ou e
g e

e q i ment n d a mi n Of n e w l vi w hich p d
u
p g a r r e e es, ou

in to D b rec i n A to th f t Of t h G ii ge i ar my
e z .
1
s e a e e r

in i ts t t th
r e r ea
g h th e m u n tai n ous di tric t n thi n
r ou
g o s s o

cer tai n tr n pi re d axc pt th m of procl m ti n

s , e e e ru ou r a a a o ,

d at d J n
e y 4 th 1 84 9 i d by G o g i at W it n
a u ar ,
ssu e r e a ze ,

b f e c mm n ci ng his m ch O p ning hi h a ang

e or o e ar . e s r ue

w ith a s t of lf- ccus ti n f r ha i ng ob yed th

or se a a o o v e e

o rders Of t he v rn m n t w hich xp e d t he tr t e os
g o e
pe , oo s o

se l s n d h ar as i n f ti G ii i p d d t c t
u es a
g g u
ge sroc e e a es, r e o as

bl me pon the gover nm nt f r h ving dd nly l ft

a u e o a su e e

th e capit l ; f r n din
a
g a d p t at i n Off r in
o se
g p ac e t e u o e e o

Win di chgrat w ithou t th e kn ow l dge of hi ar my ; an d

s z e s

the n afte poi nting to the play of indi vidu al interest

,
r ,

1
T hese events did not much i nfl uence the determi nati on of
the Bri tis h amba ssador at Vienna Fr om L or d P onsonb y s dis
’
.

“
patches we learn that the Diet in Debreczin seeing the i mposai
b i li ty of p ersisting i n their r eb ellious plans , h ave r esolved on di s
bandi ng th e H ungari an army, and that S chlik will advance
”

u pon Debrecz in with the i ntenti on of confir ming th e Di et i n

their r esolu tion

”
Besi des this, we learn that B ern is totally de
.

feated ; that the i mperi al troops close i n u pon th e r ebels on all

Si des, and th at th e war is looked u p on as nearly at an end
”
.

S ta te P apers, 1 8 51 , vol lviii , p 1 3 1-14 0 . . . .

 34 0 PR OC LA M A TI ON OE c o mm .

as ll as repu bli can intrig u es he ended with the de

we ,

claration that his cor w d y t d f d t h l w

, p rea o e e n e s
a as s

san cti ned by Kin F e di nan d V b th a ains t foreign r

o
g g .
, o

an d i n testin e enemi s ; an d th at it w o ld nly a ce de to

e u o c

a pe ace w i th the e ne my w hich w oul d n th n e hand ,

o e o ,

an tee th e l aw s of t he c
ar n t y an d c n t h ou r
g u u re o e ,
se ,

oth e t he mili tary h n our of the corps

”
r, T he general
o .

ten f this procl m ti n nee d scarcely be dw lt u pon ;

or o a a o s e

its Obj ct t lower the g ve n men t in th e eyes Of the

e o o r

troop being too e id nt t requ ire furth r xpl na

s v e o e e a

t i on N or c n it be n d st od h ow G org i in p oin t
. a u er o e ,

i ng at p blican intrig
re u f w hich th er w as not u es, o e

th en t he slight st sh d w i n th bosom f the govem

e a o e o

men t co ld i n fu ll earne t ccu se this gov n men t for

,
u s a er

a ttempting a pacification w ith the A u st i an com r

m n d -in -ch ief

a er B t irre pective f ll t h t th e
. u , s o a a ,

tenor f ch a h arang w as u n dou btedly q ite n

o su ue u u

w arran ted n d m st arrogan t from t h

a o m th of a e ou

c mman der w ho u p to th d te in q esti n h d not

o e a u o a a

s ingl victo y to boast f T he most pl asing part of

e r o . e

thi procl mation is th e declaration n ot to O b y rder

s a e o s

e xcept th y came from th minister of w ar M aros

e e ,
esz ,

o r hi u b st it te
s s It w ill s on b e een how f r G org i
u . o s a e

rem i ne d f i th f l in h i p of
a a ions of ob di n c to that
u s r ess e e e

tru e p tri ot n o w in ear ch Of

a ,
n w h ome in th t an
s a e e r s

atl an tic wo rld T he chi f r eason w hich might h av

. e e

m e d th at Officer to is
ov s ch a docu men t w a
p su e
r u s o

b bly his belief Of th w r s b ing alre dy t n end ;

a e a e a a a

a n d the d e clar ti on of all egi an c e to Fer di nan d mad

a e

in it w a pr b ably me nts o a s f
g d i n c se a f as a e u ar a o

b ing c mp lled to
e o end
e This as mpti n seem
su rr er . su o s

i n f ct to b e pl ace d almost b y n d do b t by the state

a e o u

ment f G g i him lf F r in hi book th e reader

s o or e se . o s

i r p tedly told of h i readi ness to su rre n der a n at

s e ea s ,
34 2 VI CT OR Y OF R R A N I s O .

mi ght ther h ave been meant as a atire T he g l

ra s . a -
3

lant Brit n h w ev r pr d Of t his mark of dis tin ction

o , o e , ou
'

soo n ralli d hi w rn- t b att li on

e s o n d hi m lf h ew
ou a s, a ,
se s

i ng the w ay u h d w i th hi f llow r,
r s e n the n my s o e s o e e ,

wh ft
o, a h arty and h an d to h and fight w th own
er a e ,
as r

fr m hi fortr
o s d p ition and fo ced to seek re f ge
e sse os s, r u

in p r cipit t fligh t
e a e A ft thi s f t f v al
.
l
r the er ea o ou ,

fi t in G ii g i c mp th Hu n g r i an s m ved on w ith
rs r e
’
s a ,
e a o

ou t mu ch p i ti n f th t wn f E r ie s,
p o r a
os o
p eas a s e o o

w hich th ey reach d i n t h beginnin g Of F b a y

e e e ru r ,

w h n a r g l ar comm n i cation c mme n ce d b et w een

e e u u o

the G o gei rr ps n d th
co t o p mbl d n th
a e r o s as se e o e

Theiss In th meantim D brec in b c me nliv ned

. e e e z e a e e

by t he ar i l f Demb in ky a Poli h gene al know n

r va o s ,
s r ,

from his c am p igns g i n t th R a i n Dembinsky

a a s e u ss a s. ,

wh o u
p t t h t do te liv d i n P
a i s Off e d hi s
a vice s ar , er se r e

to th H n g i an amb
e u ar d r C o nt T leki by w hom assa o , u e ,

the Offe r w cc pted Thi v t n ldi r ff t d his

as a e . s e er a so e e ec e

e n t y i nto H n
r y i n di g i s ; nd n
ar s on r h ad s a o o e
g u u e

h m d h is pp
e a e n ce i n D b
a c i n th an he w a no
e ar a e re z s

min ated c mm d -in- hi f It w ld b

o an er nj t herec e . ou e u us

t pr n
o o n ou d cided pi ni n on th milita y t len ts
ce a e o o e r a

o f D mb i ky w h
e ns w ill b
,
n h d n
o, as O
pp t e see ,
a o or u

n it
y i n H n
g y t u
o e hibi t
ar th e m n t h vi n
g b e
x n al ,
o a e

l w ed t ca y u t any f h is pl n f op ti n I t
o q rr o o a s o er a o .

se m e how ever that his fame m ch rpassed hi s real

s,
, u su

abili tie s.

In h is b ook (M y L ife a nd A cti ons ) Gorgei, in referring to

th e b attle of Br anitzko, speak s of th e tor ments he ex per i enced
”

fr om th e u ncer ta inty as to t he i ssu e of t ish cri tical aflair ,

'
”
and

of h avi ng been carri ed in his despair to the heigh t of intel

his
lectu al acti vi ty ; fr om w h ich th e still h op efu l look bolder th an ,
”
ev er attemp ts to p enetr ate th e vei l of th e fu tu re
, On this .

si ngular p assage General Kmety (R efu ta ti on qf some o f the Pr is»

 L
B A TT E OE K A L P ON A . 343

chief fe t r of the c mp aign now concerte d

T he a u e a

w as th con cen tr at i n of a m ny tr p a p
e o ibl s a oo s s os s e,

f r which p r p o
o even t he army of t h
u se Bntw e a a as

or d d t leave th se dis trict n tir ly u n p o t cted

er e o o s e e r e ,

a nd t m ch tow ar ds S lnok t th Th i
o ar Th zo o e e ss . e

n c s i ty of w i th dr w i n
e e s t h se t o p f om t h o th r o r e s u
g a e s

w as th mo e ri ev a th e A t i n con tin
ou s,d t s us r a s ue o
g re

r c i e le vi s fr m S ervi
e e v e a t k chi fly acc mpli h d
o a, as e o s e

by the S vi n gen ral Kni t h nin T he rmy plac d

er a e c a . a ,
e

a t the di p sa l Of Dembin ky mus te ed ab

s o t fifty s ,
r ou

t h ou s nd men
a n d th first battle w s f ght o n th
,
a e a ou e

2 7 th F b ry
e at Kal on a w h e n c e Wi n di chg
r ua
p ,
t ,
s r a z,

w it h th b lk of h is army n w
e u c r d fr m thei , o r e ov e e o r

fatig tho gh t to advan ce u p n D b ec in Thi

u es, u o e r z . s

battl w hich c ntin d f r two d y nd d w i tho t

e, o ue o a s, e e u

e ith p ty b ing ict riou ; nd w hil it w th ght

er ar e v o s a e as ou

i n D b ec in th t th e l
e r z w a on t h sid
a f th H u n os s s e e o e

g i
ar an s th p
,
pl fe P sth s
eoe i n
g e th r et oti n
g e , e e rea

co ul mn Of th en my w ere l d to beli v q ite th

s e e , e e e u e

c nto y T he most di g ee bl ff ir conne c ted w ith

r ar . sa r a e a a

thi s b t tl ah w ver w a th e di n ions w hich b ok

e, o e ,
s sse s r e

o u t i n th H nga ian c mp the m j ity of th high

e u r a ,
a or e

O ffic r r f i g to ckn w l dge D mb in ky a th eir

e s e us n a o e e s s

c mm n d
o a-in-chi f er A nd th s it h pp n d th t in
e . u a e e a ,

th e pr nce f S mer the l t minist r fo h m

e se o ze e, a e e r o e

a ffai r an d pl n ip t n tiary-c ommi si on er i n th c mp

s, e o e s e a
,

cipa l M iss tatements i n G orgei s Lefi a nd A cti ons ,

’
in ex
pressing his wonder that on the critical evening when G uyon and
h is devoted b at talions wer e engaged in th e sangu inary conflict,
t h e distr essed comme a der-in-chief caused hi s ofli cers to enjoy th e
pleasures o f a soir ée dansante l m k h “
, j u s t y re ar s t at t h e inevi

tably near and great dangers Ought to h ave forced Gorgei not
”

t o the height of intellectual activity,

”
b u t to the heig ht o
f
34 6 RU SSIAN I N V A S I ON A ND D IP LOM A CY .

cou nting the n mber of the nemy and ndau nted by u e , u

the s v e t los e Bem carri d on hi m n oe vr

er es s s, e s a u es

w i th hi s w on t d eal an d activity an d th o
e z
g h h e at u

first Op er ted w i th t t h S kl r wh o
a b q ntly
ou e ze e , su se ue

con tit t d the b lk Of hi my h pr v d m th n

s u e u s ar ,
e o e ore a

a m tch f r th e A
a t i n o B m w as n d bt dly us r a s. e u ou e ,

o ~
,

at the c mmen cemen t of his c mp i n m ch

o enc u
g a a ,
u

r g d by th d v ti n f th ar i toc
a e e cy m n y f w h m
e o o o e s ra ,
a O o

e n r l le d as p ri v te in h is
o nk w h il oth rs i ded hi
a s ra s, e e a s

Op ti n by th ir milit y t lent T he m t f tal

er a o s e ar a s. os a

b ttl h f ght w t Piski ; and tho gh w ith b t a

a e e ou as a u u

h n df l Of men nc r g d by the u nexampl d brav ry

a u ,
e ou a e e e

of K m n y hi e u nd u n te d
e r c ns r te d d feat e
, g a cou a e o ve

in to vict ry A b t th n d Of J n y the A tri n

o . ou e e a u ar us a

commander w h se head -q rter w re H rmanst d t

, o ua s e e a ,

the chi f tow n f th e S x n se i ng th e i mp ssi bility

e O a o s, e o

of Off in g ern
y f r th re i t n c e
a ppli e d f r h elp t o
u er s s a , a o

L d rs th c mm n d r Of th R i n f c in th
u e ,
e o a e e u ss a or es e

D n bi n p i ncip liti
a u a deman d re dily granted
r a es, a. a .

Th R e i n in the beginning f F br ary cc d

u ss a s, O e u ,
a or

i ngly n t d Tr n ylv nia t king p th ir q t rs

e er e a s a , a u e u ar e

chi fly i n th t w n f H m n t dt nd Kr on tadt
e e o s O er a s a a s .

A s th irc l of C n t Ne elr ode h ve ec ntly

e c u ar s ou ss a r e

e nj ye d
o p c liar kin d f n ot i ty we Shal l h re re
a e u O or e ,
e

pr d ce the f ll w in g p ass g f a d p tch f that

o u o o a e o es a O

diplom ti t to M B n n w R ian mb s dor at the

a s . ru o ,
u ss a as a

c ur t f St J m w itt n n th su bj ct of the R s
o O a es ,
’
r e o e e u

s ian int rventi n A ft r aying th t th R ians h ve

e o . e s a e u ss a

been invi ted by th A us t i n gener l P ch ner nd a e r a a u ,

a

d p t ti n f the pe ple of H man t dt w h m the

e u a o o o er s a ,
o

C o ssac ks ar t d f n d ag inst th cr lti s Of the

e o e e a e ue e

M gy r s th Ru s i n mi i t r proceed : Y o wi ll
a a , e s a n s e s u

c m to th c n l u i n th t th mpe r i n au tho i ing

o e e o c s o , a e e ro r z

the e ntrance of some tr oops into Transylvani a h as been ,

 RUSSIAN IN VA S I ON A N D
'

D IP LOM A CY . 34 7

solel i m ves o hu ma ni t T h e measur e

y fl n u en ced b
y oti f y .

h
s oul d c id
b e on s er e as pu r ely loca l, havi ng nothi ng d
i n common w i th an ar med i nter venti on i n t he n er na i t l
af
fairs Of A u st ri an gover nment
the T he A us tri an .

empir e is too pow erful th a t po w e r h as b een prove d

,

too glor iou sly in former ti me s, by the en ergy w ith

w hich th at e mpire has, by itse lf, su ppresse d fo ur su c
ces si v e i n su rrecti ons, for i t to re qu i re mater i al assist

an c e fr om u s in Tran s lvan i a A l re ady mas ter of H u n

y .

ry, i t h as n early accomplish e d t he d efeat of th e r ebel s

ga

an d the c aptu re Of H e rmans tadt an d Kr onstadt, if Bem

had su ccee de d in effecting it, cou ld only be tempor ar y,

wi thou t tending to save the ebels from th d str u a r e e

tion w hich ltimately aw ait th m B t how ver h rt

u s e . u e s o

w o ld h ave b en th e occ p ati on f th ese tow n it w

u e ld u o s
,
ou

h av b n fficient to h av d liv red th em t ma cre

e ee su e e e o ss a

an d de ast tion ; an d i t i
v a thi g t uit ou s mi f tu n s s ra s or e

w hich we i n co nc er t w i th t h
, A t i an au thor ities e us r ,

hav d sired to avert Thi w the le obj e t of the

e e . s as
“
so c

mov m n t w hich ou r troop h ve made

e e It i in thi s a . s s

se n s M l Baron that you w ill h ve to reply to th

e, . e ,
a e

inter pell tions w hich per ons m y address to yo w ith

a s a u

rega d to a p as si n
r in cid n t w hich h as no oth e li ti r
g p e o

ca l i mpor tance than tha t w hi ch i ll-

w i ll w ou ld w i sh to
”1
a ttach to it .

N o t todw ell here on a s bj ct in olving SO many u e v

rav con iderati on s the q est i n i nv olu n t ar ily

g e s
pre
,
u o

sen ts it lf w hether Rus i w hich in the f ce f the

se ,
s a, a o

w or ld i c arryi ng on the w o k of l a ghter for a w h l

s r s u o e

gen erati n g i nst an nofi nding n d most gall nt

o a a u
'

e a a

peopl vin ced more fin se or effr ntery in pr cl im

e, e es o o a

ing i t i ntervention in H u n gary as a measur e Of a

s

See State P aper s, 1 8 51, vol . lviii . p . 145 .

34 8 RU SSIAN IN v A SI O N A N D D IP LOM A C Y .

pu rely moral ch ar ct r w i th no political intenti n s

a e , o

w hat ever or the co r t f St J mes mor e f b earance

’
, u o a or

i n exp ressing its ti f ti n w ith s ch an expl n ati n

sa s ac o u a o ,

a s by su ch cond ct it man if tly acknow ledged it elf

u es s

t he d p e Of R u ssi n dipl macy ! I n f ct it can scar cely

u a o a ,

b d n i d th at s ch
e e e piece f di plomacy is ha dly di
u a O r

sti ble eve n by xp ri e n c d n d h arde ned E ur n

e e a
g e e
p o ea

s t ate smen and th at de p t ch

,
of a si mil r ch aract r s a es a e

n tit te a str n e m n
s l f d e voti n f r th dipl O
co u
g a a ua o o e o

matic neophyte l This i ntervention how v w

.
, e er , as

m h pp sed by the Po te w hich in u ch an act w

uc o o r , s sa

t he vi ol ati n of h er xclu ive sovereignty over the

o e s

1
We cannot refi ain
' -
quoting a few lines from the A ge of
fi cm
Br onze a p oem wr itten at a time wh en the cour t of S t Peter s
,

bur g then u nder A lex ander professed feelings of compassi on

, ,

towar ds Sar dini a and S p ain similar to those which w e see

N ich olas express towar ds H u ngary A n unsur passable ma nuel .

dip loma tique these lines of B yr on ar e ! wor thy to b e committed

to memory b y every s tatesman of E ur ope They are besides .
, ,

w ell w orthy of qu otati on if only to p rove th e great p ower s of t he

,

h ar d wh en hi s muse w as br ou gh t to grapple wi th th e reali ti es of

E u ropean soci ety t a l ar ge— a m u se w h ose c h i ef str ength accor d ,

i ng to a not unfashi onable belief lay in the mor bi d power of ,

creati ng B yrons in th e sh ap e of Corsairs and M anfr eds Su ch .

g r as p o f sa t ire as t hi s may ch all enge comparison wi th the bi tter

e s t ep igr ams of the A ge o f G old

R es pl endent s ig ht ! B h l d t h o comb C zar e o e c x ,

T he a t crat Of wal t
u o d fw ! z es an o ar

A s e ger fo a p l u dit a a
a r lma s rea ,

A nd j us t as fit f fli t i ng th h el m ;
or r as e

A C alm ck be ty wi t h u auC k wit a oss ac ,

A nd g e e ous p i i t wh n t i t f os t-b it
’
n r s r , e s no r ,

N ow h lf di l ing to li b al th w '
a sso v a er a ,

B t hard en d b k wh ne t h m ning raw ;

’ '
’
u ac e er e or s

With no Objecti to t l b ty on r ue i er

E cep t t h at i t wo l d m k t h n tions f ee
x u a e e a r .

H w well t h e i mpe i al d dy p tes Of peace !

o r an ra

H ow fain i f G eeks w l d b h i
, r laves f ee G eece !
ou e s s , r r
 350 R E E ON ST R AN CE or T E E P ORTE .

tion , w hich France

hers lf w ould regre t to be f rced e o

t o adopt b u t which he w o ld n ow fi nd herself com

, s u

pall d to f ll w H e th n t ld me he had t ken th

e o o . e o a e

re l tion of inf rming the (R ssian) gene l th t h

so u o u ra a e

m t hold h im resp n i b le f r all conseq uen c s ; that

us o s o e

a ny me asu re of th n at re of the one n ow con t mpl te d e u e a

w as a n in fr action f th e l w f n ati ons an i nfr action

o a o
,

O f th T reaty f 1 84 1 to w hich R ussia h erself w

e o a , as

par ty and that in th n m f t he Su ltan as hi e

,
e a e o , s r

presentative in on f hi pro inces he decl red him e o s v

, a

se lf Oppose d to the movemen t ”

.

T h re monstr n ce of th P r te w hich as it appears

e a e o , , ,

w as highly comm n ded by Si Stratford C ann ing w as e r

,

o f cou rse u n av ailin g i n th e ab s n ce Of any enc u r ge e o a

m n t fro m D ow nin g S t
e t For it mu st n ot b e fo ree . r

o tt n th at in answ r t n in t e pell ati on made by e o a r

g e ,

L d D u dley Stu t th n bl lord th en at the h ead of

or ar , e o e

for ign aff irs sp k

e f th R si n i nvasi n of H n
a o e o e us a o u

a ry i n the tone of th d p atch of C ou n t N sselr ode e es e

g .

Th t L ord Palm rston w s n ot as f l ly aliv t the re l

a e a u e o a

n atu r e of the h m e m ti es of the C ar th n as h e

u an o v z e ,

mu st h ave be n t th t meaning of th t mo l i n
e o e ru e a ra p

nce w hich N lr d i ndic ated as the gr o n d Of

fl ue esse o e .
u

t he R ssi ans cro in g th e Pru th alter the M en ts hi kofi

'

u ,
ss , c

a ff i r can h dly b
a , p p d
ar e su ose .

T h e Ru s i n s w n d n t say after enterin g Tran

s a ,
e ee o ,

s ylvania tried al s t f v r w ith their prot ction th

,
o o a ou e e

S ekl er districts B t -th brave mou ntaineers w ho

z . u ese ,

r d th emsel es as th d cen d an ts of th e H n s
v e es u
re
g a

o f A tt il a an d c mm n d d by th e resolu t C olon l
,
o a e e e

G al declined th is f i n d hip s w or d in h an d and th

,
r e s , e

C os acks w ere thus c n fin d to the Sax n tow ns B m

s o e o . e
,

however continu ed nd n t d in spite of th R s ian

,
u au e ,
e u s

a u xili ary corp s and th ou gh on ce repu lsed w i th sev r e

,
e
 E X U P LSION OE T H E R U SS I A N S. 351

loss f om th e w lls f H m n t dt h s on g in
r a O er a s a ,
e o a a

a tt mpt d t captur it A pp i d of th ppro ch f

e e o e . r se e a a o

B n en c mp d t Sch b g P chne l
er a e a ing th as ur , u r, eav e

R i n b ehin d in H e m n t dt det mi n d p n
u ss a s r a s a , er e u o a

s dd n
u elly in th de d f night in f ll h pe f
sa e a O ,
u o s o

f ci ng the b l to a
or nd
re by
e s pi l Bt su rr e er a su r r sa . u

w hil the A e tr i an m ch d t w d th ir p j ct d
us s ar e o ar s e ro e e

vict ry n ci c it ro te Be m mov d n H er
o o a r u ou s u ,
e o

man st dt by th t ight
a d A ft e s ra hea y c n n r oa . er a v a o

a de f sev al h rs th e R
o er i n w e e d i n f om
ou , u ss a s r r ve r

u n d r th e alli des c t d t h t di t nc rfr m or s a e o

p e sa ,
e e e a a s

t he g te of t h t w n the H ng ri n
a s e o n r nd , i ng u a a s soo e er

th m elves m
e s t rs f ll th o tw k A th da k
as e O a e u or s. s e r

n es of t h n i h t m d i t i mp
s e ibl t o c ann oit e t h e oss e re o re
g
p iti n f t h en my C l n l A l n d Ki h n
os o O e e ,
o o e ex a er s ,
o e

Of t h b v t f th e Tr n ylv ni n fli c
e ra es O ca s d a s a a o ers , u e

th e d r kn a t b e di p ll ed by th w in g p
e ss o me s e ro u so

rock t w h en t h H n d b r k i n t
e s, eth t w n o nd ve s o e o e o ,
a ,

aft a h rt t e t fi ght
er s - o cceeded in o ting and e
s r e ,
su r u x

pelling the i n ade (M ch v Nev r f getf l t

rs ar e or u o

f llow u p hi vict r i e Bem de p atch d f w c lu mn

o s o s, s e a e o s

t o p rs e th flyi ng en my lre dy j in e d by P chn er

u u e e a a o u ,

an d both w r com
p ll d t e k r f
e eo
g e i n th e Wall
e e o s e e u

a chi an te r i t y w hith r they p n t at d th ro gh th

r or ,
e e e r e u e

n rr w d fil
a o f th R ed t w er
e e o A i mil ar f te soon
e -o . s a

aw ai t d th e R s i an di i i n q
e rt
u s ed at Kr n t adt v s o ua er o s ,

a n d b f e th e ormon th of Mar h w e v r T n ylvania c as o e ra s

w as cl red f m R ian nd A t i n w ith the

ea ro u ss s a us r a s,

e xcepti n f th ga i n f K lsb rg a f rt es w hich

o o e rr so O ar u ,
o r s

th e H ng i n v in ly att mp te d t
u ar a s capt r T he
a e o u e.

G tt Of St P ter b rg t i d t give to the xp lsi n

az e e e s u r e o e u o

O f t h R si an th e ir Of v l n t ary retreat
e us s a p licy a o u , a o

al so i mi t t d by t h R i an dipl m tists Th at the

a e e u ss o a .

C z ar might h ave felt perfectly reliev d aft r the flight e e

3 52 EX U P LSION o r T H E R U SS A N S I .

of C ossacks from his anxiety bo t those inh abi

hi s a u

tants of T nsylvania w hom he w i hed to sav from

ra , s e

ma acre w ill b e s e n f om th f ll w i ng Offici al info

ss , e r e o o r

mat i n se nt by th B i ti h con l t Sir St atfor d

o e r s su o r

C nning
a M r Grant l ft H man tadt and took e er s ,

h is station on th roof Of a h o in the F ub o g

e u se a ur ,

from w h en ce he saw th w h l H u nga ian f r ces oc e o e r o

cu p in g the hi gh ro nd b h l f an h ur d i
’

y g t u s, a ou a o s s

tan ce f om H e rman t dt h avi ng in th ir f n t t h

r s a , e ro e

R ian ; th e fi e w a ac ti ly k pt p chiefly by th
us s s r s ve e u e

artill ery from fo r cl k p m till half-pas t eigh t ’

, u o oc . .
,

w hen the R si n pr ipi tat ! y tre t d thro gh

us a s ec e re a e u

H rman t ad t
e sT h b gh g . d Of t he tow ne n ur er u ar ,
‘
o

se in th i re t at th r w
s w y t h i r ar m n d fled in
e
g re , e a a e s, a

a ll dir cti n ; th H n g i n cl
e o s ly p rs ed the
e u ar a s ose u u

Ru s i n thro gh the city s f as t h f bo gs of

s a s u a ar e au ur

Schell b rg w h r e th y e t bli h d th i o tp t an d
er e , e e s a s e e r u os s,

then t k p th i qu art in th diff nt qu ares f

oo u e r ers e er e s o

th e tow n n d b b N t an act f pillag pp

a su ur s. o o e a e a rs

t h av s ll ie d th eir con d ct ; n t a h
o e u fir e d T h u o o u se . e

men deman ded an d took r fr hm nt f s h Of th e es e s o uc e

i nhabitant s em ined n d bivo ack d w itho t m

s a r a , a u e , u co

mitting any f th h ors w hich

o um r h as hi th ert
e orr r ou o

ttrib t d t th H n ga i n ldiery ”
a u e o e u r a so .

I n th me n tim th e G ii ge i
e a my p ep red for the
e,
”
r ar r a

c mmen c m n t f per tion p n P sth ccording

o e e O o a s u o e ,
a

t th pl n l id d w n by G n
o e a a l V tte w hile in th
o e e ra e r, e

B an at aff i r s m d r th a th r t nin g as pect

a s a su e a er ea e .

Strength n d by f e h l i from Servia the A st

e e r s ev e s u ro

Rait n army r v g d ll th
ze an din
g caou n tie a e su rr ou es,

an d adv n c d a f A ad
e for t
as in the h ands
ar as r ,
a r ess

of the A us tri an an d h ld n der ieg by a H nga

s, e u s e u

r i an cor p Th S in ys M r F onb lan q e ”

s, e erv a s, sa u ,

o u
“
British c ns l general t B lgrade have been driven
- a e
,
3 54 TH E NA TION A L A RM Y .

t h w ever proved completely u seless the m

effo r s, o , ,
o

m nt H nga y w a th re te ned w it h w r
e u r Sc rc ly
s a a . a e

had a si ngle p r cl mati on r e ch e d th h o a ars q ar a e u ss , u

t re d i n G lli i
e n d t he oth r p r ts Of th
a c a a A tri n e a e us a

e mpire th an b nd ning th i po t th ey b ke th ir
, a a o e r s s, ro e

w ay h me go rdl s f t h
,
r
e n m r
e a O b t
es c l a
ond - u e ou s s a es

pe il they nco n te d b f e r ching th fr nti r

r s e u re e or ea e o e s

o f th i r f th l nd Th se d
e a rt
er a - hu sars form d th
. e ese er s e e

pith f the H ngarian c v lry w hich soon p v d a

o u a a ,
ro e

m tch e v n f r th A stri n c i
a e o ir Th i
e u a u rass e s . e h

f t y likew i s n mb ed a f w th
an r e n d Old
u ldi
er e ou s a so er s ,

th o gh m n y f th
u n w H n ed r
a o
g i m nt e p rove d e o v e e s

fr m t he very begin ni g s b ra e an d
o r vice bl e n a v se a as

any disci li n ed tro p T h p e c u li r ch ar ac t i tic Of e

p o s. a er s

t he h ssa i a
u t f chiv lro n
r s sor an d f ll con fi
O a us ess, a u

dence i n hi p riority er the A tri n On n

s su e ov us a . o e

occ i n w h n an att k w as o d r d n th nemy ’

as o e ac r e e o e e s

a
c va lry h ar g nt i aid t h v tt re d th
, a u ss ser ea s s o a e u e e

f ll w i g p y r
o o n O G d ll I b
ra e ch of th i n t
: o , a esee ee , s o

t i t th A tri n and th n my w k w il l b d n
o ass s e us a , e or e o e .
”

This n cd t w h ate r i t u tho ity m y b gar ded

a e o e, ve s a r , a e re

as tr ly ch ct istic f th feelings f th hus ar

u ara er O e O e s .

Divi d d int th b di the Gorg i- r my fte

e o ree o e s, e a , a r

h vi g c
a n d the Th i t F d dvanc d n
r os se e ss a ure , a e o

t h P th r
e d T he comm nde s f th th bodi
es oa . a r o e ree es

w ere D my n i cs G
,
a p r nd Kl pk ll f w hom
a ,
as a , a a a, a O

h ad b een adv n c d t t he nk f gen r l

a e Whilo ra O e a s. e

Damy n i cs tr ied t o
a tfl n k t h e n my
g n er l
ou a e e ,
e a

S hlik n
c f th e bl t n d most g n r
,
o e o a f th es a e e ou s o e

A t i n c mm n d s n g g d th G p r bri g d a t
us r a o a er , e a e e as a a e

Hatv n (A p il
a A ft h ving fi mly r c iv d th
r er a r e e e e

o n t f th A trian c v l y by f ming th m lves

se O e us a a r or e se

i nto q a s t he H n
u d aided by a i m l t n u
res, o ve s, s u a eo s

a tt ck of s ve al h u
a q adron assu med th Off n
e r ssar s u s, e e
 TH E S PR I N G C A M PA IGN . 3 55

s ive T h e nemy s tillery w as soon silenc d th

. e
’
ar e ,
e

ce ntre b k n n d the w h le comp lled to etr at

ro e ,
a o e a r e .

T wo d y ft er w rd s a si mil r vi t ry w a gained by
a s a a a c o s

th e thi rd r D my nic c p o a t Bec sk a w hi h s ff s or s a e, c u r

c ien tly p ’ed th i mp s ibility ofth A tri an makin g

rox e o s e us s

an ad v an c B t n ng m n t mor ser i t h
y a e.
g u e
a n a e e e ou s

a n
y f t ho e th a t hos d hi th r t b e n fo ght to k place
a e o e u ,
o

on th 6 th of A p il t I ssas g Thi b ttle i n w hic h

e r a ze . s a ,

t he b lk of b oth
u mi t k p r t and w hich l as ted fr m
ar es oo a ,
o

morn ing til l n t n den i bly proved th s p i ity

su se , u a e u e r or

O f th D my n i c r ps v
e a a t he
cs t f the H ng arian
o o er r es o u

ar my as w ll as th i in vin ci bili ty
, e A fter th e Klapk
e r . a

brig d w as c mp ll d t pr ipit t etreat and in

a e o e e o a ec a e r ,

s pit f th se e th rmy p not ha i ng occ pied

e o e - v n a cor s v u

t h i r i n t n ded p i ti n D my ni c
e e os w h o for me d th
o , a a s, e

r i ht w i n c i d w i th v nd nt d br v ry n d n au e e a
g g ,
r e e e u a u

fl gging st adin ss the w hol hock f th e enemy

a e e ,
e s o
’
s

a ttack H i lin
. cl ed p lik w a at each gap
s es os u e ves

mad by th e A s t i n artill ry c n ti n ing n ow t

e u r a e , o u o

re p l the n my h rse at th p in t f the b yonet

’
e e e s o e o O a ,

a n d th n t d n ce till th Klapka co ps ag in ral

e o a va
,
e r a

li d w h n th e n my w s w ith th l t r ys of the s n
e , e e e a e as a u

d i en f m the b ttle fi ld T h e flying col mn f

r v ro a e . u s o

Windischg t r ch ed the s b rbs Of Pesth w hose

ra z ea u u ,

inhabi tant d w h pe from th e very roar Of the ca n

s re o

n on — th u n mi take bl e harbin ger of the approach f

e s a o

t h e H n
g ri
u an ar m y —
a and w ere fill d w ith s c t j y e e re o

w h en th s tra
gg g lien A st ians r etreate d w ithin th u r e

precinct f th t w n D myanic imm di t ly ad

s o e o . a s e a e

v an ce d p n W it n a t w n lying fu rther u p th
u o a ze , o e

Dan be n d aft r
u ,
a h rt and b ld as au lt drove o t
e a s o , o s , u

an d di sp e e d th A t ian g
rs i on
e us r arr s .

S u ch w th f t f the A stri n army u pt th d t

as e a e O u a o e a e

o f th e l oth of A pril Driv n consecu ti vely from th . e e

356 RE TR OSPE C T OF T H E RE VOLU T ION .

banks of the Th is to the D n be by troop w ho h d

e s a u , s a

scarc ely h d tim to o thr o h t h lph ab et Of di s

a
g g ee u a

c i pline for the most p a t b y Offi cere d by b ar i t rs

,
r o s, r s e ,

chaplains schol rs and pr f ss rs it w al ready di

, a ,
o e o , as s

co u r a d n d h l f-de morali ed
g e a a z .

Th r e l tion w hich b t f w m nth b ck w as

ev o u u a e o s a

b s t w ith all im ginable tr u bl n d ppar ntly i n

e e a o es, a a e a

m t sickly t t
os t od n ow forth w ith the m f
s a e, s o ar s O a

g i nt
a t ik
, i
s n
r
g t rr i n t th h e rt
e f i
orts d e ar i o e a o a v rs es ,

an d c mm n ding t h enth sias tic devoti n of i t f l

o a e u o s o

lw
o ers . A ll cl se Of th p p l ti n allied r ou n d its
as s e o u a o r

t n d d — th g
s a ar te p rt Of th ari tocracy ser v d it
e rea r a e s e

e ith i n c n cil r in the fi ld me Of th m n t

er ou o e , so e o

sh i k g f m t e g t t ac es su ch as th
r n in h ro s i fi — re a e s r c e

n blo C o nt St ph n Karoly w h b id s bmitting

e u e e ,
o es e su ,

w i th hi tw o s n t th e f ti g
so nd p
s, ils Of the
o a u es a er

ca mp i d a h sa gim nt be in g hi wn n am
, r a s e us r re e ar s o e.

I n ho t s v n th higher r nks Of the ccl i tic l

r , e e e a e es as a

or d i n m rk d c o tras t w i th th c n d c t of th
e r, a e n e o u e

seve nt nth c entu y

ee nit d th ei eff r t t p o m t th
r ,
u e r o s o r o e e

n ti n l c
a o ase No w au th e p u r ly m n t l evol ti n
. r as e e a r u o

le st iking th n i t m nif t ti n n th e battl fi ld

ss r a s a es a o s o e e .

T h lon g ri
e f t h dyn tic pl ot g ad lly
se es o emin g as s r ua co

t light mid th
o a s v
g sce n e of civil w a
e a l d tah e s r, e e

pe ple t think f the H p b rg dyn ty nly w i th

o o o a s u as o

h ror an d di d i n
or m ch Ss a t pit t th m n
,
so u O as o s a e e

ti n f n imperi l promi o w s m n does t th

o o a a se r vo , a a a e

sight or mem y f n ncle n thi ng B t w h t rv d

or o a u a . u a se e

t o li n te fr m the dyn ty v n the i ndiff r nt

a e a o as e e e e

t hi nking p rtion of th e p op l ti n w as th p m lga

o u a o , e ro u

tion f th con ti t ti n f th Emp ro F n cis J seph

O e s u o o e e r ra o ,

March 4 1 84 9 Thi char ter n t w an ting a m y

,
. s ,
o , s a

easily b e c n ceiv d i n p r vi ion s truly c on stitu ti nal

o e , o s o ,

w as meant to tr an sform A u stri a into one i ndivi i bl s e

 3 58 N OM I N A T I ON OF A M IN ISTR Y .

and w as follow ed
im u n omination of by t he u n an o s

Kos u th a g vern r A f w d y ft rw rd f ll w ed
s s o o . e a s a e a s o o

t he f r m ti n f the n w mini t y n d
o a o o th P mier e s r u er e re

s hip Of M S m re the l t mini ter for Hom A ff i

. ze e , a e s e a rs,

a nd w h d i n g th v i
o ph
ur f the w ar exe ar o u s ases o

hib ited an n remi ttin activi ty u C o nt C i mi r as

g . u

B tthy ny on
a a f th m t chi al o
, e O m gn t f e os v r us a a es o

H ngary w h had se v d th vol ti n n th b ttle

u , o r e e re u o o e a

fi ld w s c ll d to t h p rtf li Of F rei gn A ff irs ;

e , a a e e o o o o a

V ko i c a n me f p tl s rep u t ti n
a v s, a n d w ell
o s o es a o , a

kn w n i n the r nk f th H ng i lib l w n o
o a s o e u ar a n e r a s, as

mi n t d Mini t r f J tic
u e nd C s eny th n o
pleni us e, a sa ,
e a

p t nti y-commi i ner in T n yl ani mini t r f

o e ar ss o ra s v a, s e o

P blic W rk ; w hil th portf li f P blic In t

u o s e e o o o u s ruo

ti n w a
o iv n to H th f th e m t e nli ht n d
g s n e
g
or va ,
o e o os e e

o f t he ccl si as tic k n wn
e e th th s,f a Hi t ry o as e au or o s o

O f H ngary and w h om th e
u ,
l tion l v t d to the r e vo u e e a e

bi hop i f C d
s r c o s an e .

Wh t w e the sons w hich in d c d the l adi ng

a er rea u e e

politici n t p cl i m th i nd p n d n f H ngary
a s o ro a e e e e ce O u

b f re the e d f a mp ign w hich th o gh n d bt

e o n o ca a , , u u ou

a dly mo t nc i
g g
s n w e n t
y t t
ou r a n n d it i s , as o e a a e ,

h ardly p ibl t c n iv Thi m ch h w ev m y

oss e o o ce e. s u ,
o er , a

b e said (th gh th e i t n ce Of chou id in th

e x s e su an ea e

min d f t h l gi l tor s c n n t b w ith m h r

s O e e s a n a o e uc e aso

a su
s m d) th t by thi
e , t t h f ir st pport ni ty w s
a s ac e a e o u a

o ff r d t th pow
e e o f E r p Ope nly to p n n e
e e rs o u O e ro ou c

o n th p iti n f the H n g i n p pl T h events

e os o O u ar a eo e. e

w hi h f ll w d i mm di t ly ft w ar d h w ev
c o o e e w re a e a er s, o er , e

th e b e t c mmen t n th t ct
s o From W it en D my o a a . a z a

a ni s l c vi ng G Org i b hi nd w i th his t ff t gi
, ea e e s a o ve

himself p t hi c i tic l m ing n th D cl ati n of

u o s r a us s o e e ar o

Ind pe ndence pre d w d t Nagy S l H r

e ,
ss e on ar s o ar O . e e

th n my str th n d by v alen i m en t w hic h s

e e e
g , g e e se er re
 D E FE A T T I
or T H E A U S R A N S . 3 59

i
h ad w tn esse d th e i per i
d s f th e Piedmo ntese ar my
s on o

on t he field o f Novar a, la en c amped a mo n th e mou n

y g
tain p asses, u nder the command of Gener al Wohlgu
mu th . By t his time, it may h ere b e observed, W in
dischgratz h avi ng b een c alle d t o the c ou rt u n der th e
pretext of takin g part in a cou ncil , w as re mo ved from
his offi ce , an d su persed ed by Welden T he H u n ga
.

ri an s, al r ea dy e mb old en ed i n t he ex tr e me an d enr a e d
, g ,
i n additio n, by an or der o f the day from th e A u stri an
comman der , w hich fell in to th ei r h an ds, i n w hich , of

cou rse, no very respec tfu l all u sion w as made to the

r eb el H onveds c c d c ith
”
,
o mm e n e t he a t t a k w an ar

dour an d i mpetu osity w hic h elicited lou d cheer s even

fro m t he ir vali an t comman der , r ep ea tedly ass au l ti ng
t he en e my s ar til le ry despi te of th e gr ape sh ot spr e adin g
’

death ar ou nd A fter a deadly fight contin u e d fr om

.

daybreak till late i n the after noon , the A us tr ians,

broken in the c en tre, w ith their left w ing en tirely
r ou te d, aban do ned th e fi e ld to t h ei r vic tors, an d fi ed

as far as the A u s tr i a n fr o ntie r This battle w as fou ght

.

o n th e 1 9th o f A p ril , an d w as soon f oll o w e d by th e

r eli ef of C o mor n , as w e ll as t he e va c u ation of th e c api

ta l by t he A u s tr ian r ese rve, w i t h t he e xc epti on of t he

fortress of B u da, w hich w as occ upied by a s mall gar
r is on
l
. N0 less b rilli an t w as the su ccess w hich atten ded

1
Fr om th e di spatch es of L ord P onsonby, one is led to thi nk
that all th ese s u ccesses wer e scar cely anyth ing mor e th an a
d re a m . A ccording to his E x cellency, F i eld-M ar shal Windis ch
g r at z or der ed a r e connai ss ance to b emade on the 4 th and 5th
of April to lear n
,
t h e r eal nu mber of th e e nemy, and after havi ng
fou nd that they were str ong he r e tr eat ed t owar ds Pesth ;
,

b u t u p on thi s “ the i nsu r gents advanced u pon Issasz eg when ,

t hey were r epu lse d wi th consi derable loss Lor d Ponsonby

”
.
,

however seemed to know that the A us trians were ou t-mane u vr ed

,
 3 60 P H E N OM E N A or A R E V O L U TI ON .

th e H ng ian ar m in the S u th With an army

u ar s o .

h tily
as
g ni d n d
or m ta
e i n
g b t ze
a f w tah d us r u e ou sa n

l d rov b f r hi m th e A t ~
,

t i d oldi rs P
r e s e , er cz e e e o e u s ro

S w R it en army t k w i th on b ld as
e - a z l t th e
, oo e o sau

s tr ngh ld f S t Th m
o o nd lo e d t he l n
g li n of as, a c e ar o e o

th R m n
e nt en ch m n t
o a It w now b f r th
e r e s. as ,
e o e e

t i mph n t m ch
r u af P l th at th e Rai t n most
ar o er cz e , ze

f l t the w i gh t f retri b ti j tice

e e o u ve us .

S ch w th a p ct f H nga y b f re the m nth

u as e s e o u r e o o

o f A p il p d w y ; n thing b t tidi g of j y n
r asse a a o u n s o ,
o

re p t b t th t f vict y A nd l t it b h n t d
or u a o or . e e er e o e ,

t h t d pi t t h
a , u n y mp thi i n
es e
g p olicye f E p s t a z o u ro e, o

h e l t th H ng i n R l ti n ft it h d e ch d
av os e u ar a ev o u o a er a r a e

t his pi tch f s cc s m t b o w n d t o app

u es , lik us e o e e ar e

a m t r pi c
as e f mi m n ge m nt e e I t i s as r dly
o s a a e . su e

n o slight m tte f m m n t t c nt mpl t u ch

a r o a az e e o o e a e s

d y w h n by st ng p
a s e ,
t he m t h t
a ra
g e r ocess , os e er o e

n eon n d mo t r p l i
s a p rticl f ci ty b c m
s e u s ve a es o so e e a e,

so t p e k in th m m nt f t h i c mpl t di l
o s a , e o e o e r o e e sso u

it on n it d in t an in di l bl w h l — w h n w h t
,
u e o s so u e o e e a

see m d lid lik i on is t n c di l d lik e h il

e so e r a o e sso ve a

t n i n th e n li h t ; w h t m d yi ldi
s o es g su n
g a see e as e

as W l p f rth w ith i n w f t l ; nd w h t
ax ea s o s e s o s ee a a

b t y t d y w ld h v b n h ld ick m n s ’
u e s er a ou a e ee e a s a

drea m w lk f,
th t d y in e n t r li ty
- a s or ll p w o a ar es ea , a - o er

f l n d m j tic
u a A n i mp f c t n m R v l ti n f
a es . er e a e e o u o or

suc h t t f thing ! A n idl pl y f h m n e n

a s a e o s e a o u a r as o

to a tt ib te r h ph n me p to w h t r t m d v
u s uc e o r . a a e er e re o

at Waitzen , a fact h ehen several attr i bu tes to De mb insky, t

days jour ney fr om that to wn and in r ev enge for which h e causes ,

th e H u ngar ian garr ison of Comorn ab ou ndi ng in good bacon and ,

to eat horse fiesh — S ee S tate P apers vol vi ii pp

”
w i ne , .
, . . .

1 7 8, 1 79 .
362 A U S R AN A T I PP LI CA TION T o R U SS A . I

theref re b l oked f r s me wh r lse With his

o , e o o o e e e .

f e li ngs tow r ds the government o nr ser vedly pu t

e a
,
s u e

for th i n the p ocl m ti n of W it n G org i r a a th

o a ze ,
e , as e

ti t l r comm nd r-in-chi f nat ally took u mb age t

u a a e e , ur r a

th e men d l ing th ind pend nce of H n gary

’
se s ec ar e e e u

w i th u t hi s c n sent r au th ri ati
o o an d th o th u g h t o z on, us o

p r per to p ni h the g v nm nt by allow ing th A s

o u s o er e e u

t i ans t
r c v an d t nite w ith th near pp ch
o re o er o u e a r oa

i ng C ack
o ss Whil th A st ian b ll tin s p cl i med
s. e e u r u e ro a

v ict ies m d know n th gh the p pe rs to th w hole

or , a e rou a e

o fE p
uro e n d f i th f
, lly
a
pi d by L d
a P o n son
u by f r co e or o

t h i n f rmati n f t h B i t i h g v nment the c

e o o o e rt r s o er ,
ou

se cr tly appli d g in nd gain f aid t R i

e e ,
a a a a ,
or o u ss a.

T he fi rs t req e t w as m d i n M ch an d in c n e
u s a e ar , ,
o s

q uen ce of th pid a d n ce of t h
e ra H n
g ar i n tr vap e u a oo s

not of c o r e f om p d c d by v b l
( n
u s
y f e r ro r t h e a e a u e r a

decl aration of ind p n d n ce) the A t i n p im mini e e e ,

us r a r e s

t r Pr i nc
e , S hw a t nb g m r
e c mph tic l ly soli
r ze ur ,
o e e a a

cited th p dy mar ch of at le t ne R i n c ps
su
e s ee

pp r ti ng hi dem n d by poi ntin g t the f tal nse

o s a
as o

o
u ss a

a co
or

~ ,

n ces w hi h w ld n i f t h b l s sho ld take

q ue ec e
ou e su e re u

Vi nna W h ll n ee th t th C w as not
e . e s a s oo s a e z ar

l g in g nting th re q st ; an d in th m ntime
on ra e ue ,
e ea ,

l t u r t n t B d
e s e ur o u a.

Thi tow n lyi ng n th right bank of the D n b

s , o e a u e,

c nit f
o s s s o al det h d g u p f ho es ; th chi f
sev er ac e ro s o us e e

street i s i n fr n t f th i e and xt n ds u p to t he
o o e r v r, e e

pl ace call d O ld B d t t w o mil s distan

e u T he
a, a e ce .

f r tr
o i s l ofty
ess ck rr u nded by a w all f ming
a ro su o ,
or

i n i t el f
s m ll tow n t h fin e t p t of w hic h i s th e
a s a ,
e s ar

sq ar e in th
u , en t r of w hich s tan d th r oyal p l ac
e c e s e a e,

su r o u
r n d d by ev r l e l ss m gnific n t edific n ce
s e a no e a e e s, o

i n t he d y f M t thi H ny di T h f r t ess as a e o r
so
g ya a s o a u .

is divided by a deep an d n arr o w v all y from th high e e

 D E SCR I PTI ON OF BU DA . 3 63

mou n tai n c i from th e s h e vi ne i ht cl d

'

r an ov er n t -
g e,
g g a

hill lying f th r ff w hi h c p
s ur e it o , c e n om as s e s i n the form
of a c sc n t i t t w
re e xtr miti e ching th b nk f
, s o e e es r a e a s o

t he bl e-r llin g D n b
u o T h l ft f nt f th is mo n
a u e. e e ro o u

tai n i ing it b w bo e th e r t i c ll d the Bloks

,
r a s s ro a v es , s a e

b g n d i d rn d by n ob
er ,
a s a t y I n th n
o e w a ser va or . e arro

p th that int r n es b tw n the Bl k b g and the

a e ve e ee o s er

Dan b b bble f th v r l w r m p ings l ng ince

u e, u or se e a a S r , o s

tr an f me d i nt
s or e
g l w at rin -pl
g o r w hich m
u arc h e ace s , ,
u

as th y r ve d i n f m r d y
e se t he l th w ornd d e a s o a e ou e ,

a re a t p nt of n o l
re s e i mp tan c in trengthen ing e ss or e s

the w ak n d i n pe aifying th ncl O n t he Old

ur e u ean .

B d a id imil pr i g i fr m th o ky tr t
u s e s ar s n s ar se o e r c s a a,

know n s th Emp a B th O pp it t th l g
e er or s
’
a . os e o e ar e

a nd mpt su b ldi g o hi w t ri g pl c n
i n f
u ou s t n -
u s s a e a e, a

i l n d f t w o mil in l ngth li s in th middl f th

s a o es e e e e o e

r iv fo me ly th f v i te
e r, r r t of the ld p al tine
e a ou r r e sor o a

J seph nd kn w n by th l g nd y n m f St M ar
o , a o e e e ar a e o

g ar t Ie l ’
asnd T h
s e s t n gth f. t he f t es f B d re o or r s o u a

lie chi fly in the st pn of th

s e k w hich r n d rs
ee e ss e r oc , e e

an lt or th sc ling of i ts low w ll hazard u

ass au , e a a s, a o s

atte mp t ; an d i t p i n is so f f m ch con e
s os sess o ar o u s

q uen ce as i t
g
,
i s compl te c mm ved ov P e th nd e o an er s a

t h opp i t
e id of th D n b Thi larg tow n i
os e s e e a u e. s e s

q ite diff ently si t at d f m B d cc pying s it

u er u e ro u a, o u , a

d a l v l pl in w hich xt nd v r l mil ou nd
o e s, e e a ,
e e s se e a es r .

B ing p p ly Sp aki g n w tow n P th c n b as t

e , ro er e n , a e ,
es a o

of n
go rel ly b ilt
u ar q I t l g t
u i ght t t
s u ares . s on s ra s r ee s
,

p re n ting a r w f h e f di ff nt sh pe n d
se o o ous s o er e a s a

h igh t are how v r e q al to th

e s, ,
f any of th
e e , u ose o e

E p an pit ls T he m t i mp in g f th e is the
ur o e ca a . os os o es

D an be lin e more th n a mil long w hich w h n lit

u , a e , e

a t nig ht se ms t ,
di ta c like a row of l mps float
e a a s n e a

i ng on the D anu be T h finest edi fices of this town . e ,

3 64 SI E GE OF B U DA .

w hich lively as B da from its b e c ti h

is as u ,
u r au r a c c a

r acte w as d ll ar e th h otel s
r, u n r ally b ilt i n th e e
g , e , e u

f r m of t ri angl p es nti g
o a w ide id i n th fr n t
e, r e n a s e e o ,

and n li ene d by c ff -h se n th g nd floo

ve a o ee ou o e r ou r,

t he l pl ace f end
u su a n d for th
o re di n
r
g f ez vou s , a e a o

t he n ew p ap r N r d
s th e enj oym nt ff r d d b y
e s. o oe s e a o e

n din n h t w i n ch c ff -h i m pl
s
p e
g o r o a o s a
u r
y u o ee ou se

i n H ng y t h e n e c
u ar ity en n e of pu tti ng i n
ess or con v a c

r q i iti n th e se
e u s ic s of the w i t
o rv S o m ch as t
e a er. u o

the pect of th c pit l

as e a a .

T h Si g e f B d c mm n ce d on t h 4 th of M y
e e o u a o e e a .

T he pri n cip l c mmand a f the b i gi ng co p w r

o ers o es e r s e e

N gy S nd
-
a A li h K me ty n d Kn e i h
a or , u c A bo t
, , a z c . u

thi ti me
s compar ati ly t ifling accident cc ed
a ve r o u rr ,

w hich bereft H n a y f th b t of i t r
g ne lo e r a ve s s e ra s .
g u

Whil driving near C m r n D my ni s th H ct f

e o o ,
a a c , e e or o

the H n g ri n r my f c t red h i leg in c n eq u n c

u a a a ,
ra u s o s e e

o f f ll Thi di as tro
a a . incid nt n pr d as f t l
s s us e soo ov e a a

f r H nga y s w as th d th of Epamin n das t th

o u r a e ea o o e

a msr f th Th ba ns
o T h fi rst w e k f th e ieg
e e . e e o s e

p d aw y mid n in ff ct al c nn nad x h nged

asse a ,
a a e e u a o e e c a

b tw n the g i on d th H n g rian batt i

e ee arr s an e u a e r es,

w hich w p t d in v r i p iti n long the mo n

e re os e a ou s os o s a u

t i
a n n
g ra c ll d S eb nb a
g nd
e p ci l ly
va o n the e er , a es e a

Bl k b e g
o s This n glig n ce i c d by th b i ging
r . e e ev n e e es e

co r p w satt i b t d
as by N r
gy
- S nd
u e t o GO
g i w hic h a a or r e ,

h did n ot h it te to i n dicat to th e g
e es a nment A e o ver . c.

co ding to G ii g i s ow n t t m n t h w v r the i
r r e
’
s a e e , o e e , h

ffi f th e ie w w i n t t h b s nc f l ar
as o
g r o e a e e o e
e
ycac
g o
g s e

g n
u w hich
s, w nly f t w d b u ght f o m C
er e o a er ar s ro r O

m n or T h c mm n d
. of th
e o f tr H n t i bei ng
a er e or ess, e z ,

su mm n ed t o ur nd o r j ct d t he p
a s po al
re er , e e e ro s as

p m pt ily it w m d ; nd n bl to Silence th
e re or as as a e a u a e e

fire f th e b esi g rs su b eq ently carr ied on w ith more

o e e ,
s u
 36 6 C H A R A C TE R OP T H E C A M P A I GN .

w h m he had so mu ch ligh ted ; and after his death

o s ,

w hich foll w e d s n ft o w b ied by them w it h all

oo a er , as ur

t he milit y ho no rs d e to h is
ar nk u u ra .

T h stormi ng f B d w as nd o bt dly a high f t

e o u a u u e ea

o f al r w hich lik t h s cc
v ou
, , f th w h l p i n g
e e u e ss o e o e s r

camp ai n m st b t t ib t d t t h p w f t h
g , u o e o a or u e e r e ss e

ar my t l g r th r th n t
a ar e, n a
y d p
-l i d pl n
e a o a ee a a s or

t t gic kill
s ra e A n d w hil it w s highly fl tt i ng t
s . e a a er o

see b alt m ffic r s dd nly

su e o i d t th nk f
e s, u e r a se o e ra o

g n
e l p
er a s,ro e m t ch vf t h l
a. d nd r n w n e d l
a d
or e o a e o ea

r
e s o f th A tri n a my it m t t t h
e us a m ti me b
r , us a e sa e e

n ted th t th e
o ,
aw t ictly p ki ng n p min n t
re as, s r s ea , o r e-e e

mili t y g n i
ar in th G O g i my
e us Th e p ing cam r e ar . e s r

i n it m t f rt h b b v d t h h it t i t l
p g a , us e u er
g ar o ser e ,
ou s u

h d w as Go gei h d n thing f th indi id l cha

ea r , a o o e v ua

a t r w hic h m
r c e k d th mp ign f N pol n or ar e e ca a s o a a eo

9 W llingt n
. e It w th w o k f m ny th gh as
o . as e r o a , ou ,

re
g d
ar e xec ti n
s D m uy n ic s o n d o
, b t dlya w as t h a u u e e

f rem t
o os .

O n th m tion of S m r th e prim mini t r th

e o ze e e, e s e , e

g ov r n men t d t
e m i n d t b e t w
e er n Go
g i
e th e
fi ot s o o r e rs

l
c as s m d l o f mi li t y di ti nc ti n w hich w c on y d
e a ar s o , as ve e

t B u d by
o d p tati n G O g i h w r ef d t
a a e u o . r e o e ve r u se o

a cc pt f thi m k f di tin tio nd r th pl th t

e o s ar o s c n, u e e ea a

su ch r w r d w e a n t c omp tibl e w ith th e n at

s er e o e of a ur

dem r tic g v n ment

oc a o er I n t h m n time c nfu se d s.
”
e ea o

ru mo f t he pp ach of th R
u rs o a i an daily g in e d
ro e u ss s a

n d ; w hil G ii r
g i i n te d f l di n t h
e , rmy i n s ea ea
g r ou
g o e a

a dv n c n d to k a j n y to D b i n th e ( s
a e, u er o ou r e e recz , er a

a pp f m hi a p te i e c n f i n ) to en
ear s ro s os r or th o es s o s s u re e

law s f 1 84 8 g i n t th H p b g ty nny by c n
o a a s e a s ur ra , a o

su ltati n w i th
o f w d p ti w ho
a e ft the end f
e u es, , a er o

t h w ar g ve th m lv
e ,
a th e fl t t r i ng n ame of t h
e se es a e e

Pe ce P ty
a S ch a tate of afl irs gave f cou r
ar . u s
'

a o se
 COU N T N E SSE LR O DE ’
S D I SP A T C H . 36 7

a mple ti me to th Ru ssi ans f r appr aching w ith eas e o o e

to th H nga i an fr on ti e
e u w i th ou t any p r tic u l a f
r rs, a r e ar

as to th e f rt u n e of the A o t i an dyn ty In thi s us r as . s

in t n ce C o nt N s lrode n mor Sp aks of the tt

s a u e se o e e u er

h lpl ness of the H ng i n eb l nd the ill-w ill

e e ss u ar a r e s a

w hich w o ld i mp te to R u ia p oli tic l m tives f in

u us s a o or

t f r in g i n th
er e ff irs of H n ga y ; m t w onderf lly
e a a u r os u

forg tti ng th fi t R ssi n i nvasion w hich t ok pl ace

e e rs u a o

tw o m nth s b f o Th R i n mini t r fter c n

e o re . e. u ss a s e , a o

fe in g t he pr g e w hich th e eb l h ve made nd
ss o r ss r e s a , a

p inting t th P li h offic in the H nga ian camp

o a e o s er s u r
,

w ho s i
,
insi n ted abs l t ly decid the pl ans of
a s ua ,
o u e e

w ar w hich i
,
t b f ll w d by an in s r ec t i n i n
o e o o e su r o

P l nd speak th u t M B nn w T he e mp ror
o a ,
s s o . ru o : e

i n l vi ng to hi g e t
ea g
,
t th e p as ive ns d e r a re re , s a x

cta nt p o i ti n w hi h h e h ad hi th
s oto mai n t i n d c er a
p e e ,

r em i n n ot t h
a l s faith f l t the pi it f h is f m
s e e s u o S r o or er

decl tions I n f t in an n ncing th t he ecogni d

ar a . ac , ou a r se

th ight of st te t decid
e r they ho l d thin k fi t
a s o e as s u

re p e tin g th i
s c p litical instit tion i n cr p l ly
e r o u s
, s u u ou s

ab t i n i ng
s a t th m ti m f om in t f ing in t h
a e sa e e r er er e

ch nge of th i g rnm nt a well of their in

a s e r ov e e s, s as

tern l o gani ti n H is M j ty has t k n care alw ays

a r sa o ,
a es a e

to reser ve to hi m elf an en ti fr e d m of tion w h n

s re e o ac , e

e ver n ighb o ing evol ti n sho ld pl c e his own

e ur r u o s u a

s af tv in d ang
e d w h n v r t he te i t i l eq ili
er , an e e e rr or a u

b ri m est bli h ed pon h is f n tiers ho l d b e tr ou bled

u a s u ro s u

to h i p j dic s B t th at o r i n te rn l
re u e. c rity i u u a se u s

me n ced by w h t i p sing an d p r p r ing i n H u ngary

a a s as e a

is vi d nt f om th pr j ect n d t he v w d ff r t f
e e r e o s a a o e e o s o

th e in u rgen t ; an d eve y t t ck p n the integ i ty

s s r a a u o r

an d u n i n of t h A stri n empi re w ill b e one on th

o e u a e

act u l st ate of te
a itori al poss ssion w hich is in rr e , ao

cord n e w ith th
a c spirit of tr eati es and which H ie , s
 3 68 COU N T N E SSE LR ODE ’
S D I SP A T C H .

M ja estv think
y f r t h e b l c
s n e essar
a n ec o f p ow e r in o a

E r p an d the s f ty f hi own S t t s
u o e, a e Hr o s a e .
”l
e e

C o nt N el od contin to shew that n ind pend

u e ss r e u es a e

e n t Hu n a y c ld n v h v ch c f pp ti
g r
a oun e o oe
r n
ger e a a su

it elf against th p w f A str i ; and w hil pene

s e o er o u a e

t t d
ra e i t chief ar w ith a h til
, a s s pirit g inst
s e, os e s a a

R i it w ld n t th l
u ss a, c nstit te g t d g r
ou o e ess o u a rea an e

f h r
or I n sh ort like X
e . w h o pr l im d th t
,
er x e s, oc a e a

A ri tid s q n d r d th tr
s e s uar f G e c th C
e e e e as u e s o r e e, e z ar

ex pr hi w i h t v n q i h an a chy c nfi dent t
esses s s o a u s r , o a

th em ti m in th e ackn w l dg m n t f hi s n bl
sa e e o e e o o e

e ff t b y the w t rn p w
or s T o thi d c men t w
es e o ers . s o u e

h av n thing t add w e sh ll ag in ret rn to th

e o o , as a a u e

i nt r venti n q ti n ; con t n ti ng
e o u es l e w i th r
o e ou rs e v s e

m king th t i n thi an n o n c m nt f t h i nt rv n
ar , a s u e e o e e e

t i n in H n y m d e to t h c rt f S J m h
’
o
g u ar t a e t e ou o a s, e

C r par tic l ar ly ll d t hi m it in h ing cr ed

za u a u es o s er av oss

t h Pr th nd ccu pi d th D n bi n provi n ce
e u a o e e a u a s.

But w hil th E r p n c r t kn ew p f ctly

e e u o ea ou s er e

w h t w as gath in g ve H n g ry
a er lre dy o d l ged
o r u a ,
a a s e u

w i th bl d th g v n m n t in D brec i n w a
oo , e o er tt ly e e z s u er

i n th d k e t th m v m n t f th R s i n fo c
ar as o e o e e o e u s a r e s,

b li vi g th t th y w r nly int n ded t h ld G allicia

e e n a e e e o e o o

i n rd r t
o n bl
e A tri a t w i thd w th n ce all he
o e a e us o ra e r

tr oo p T h C a k in th m ntim d w n
s. e oss c s e ea e re ear er

to th f n tie w hich p d c d h w ver n o vi ibl

ro ers, ro u e o e s e

s ign f h ld r me u r e D mbinsky l y at th t tim

s o o e as s. e a a e

e n amp d on t h
c ef n ti f G llici w ith body f
e ro er s o a a a o

men T he t k f thi Ob r v ti n c p
. as o s se a o or s, as

m y a ily b e e n
a e s
gh t t h av b
se n to , g
ou n d me t o e ee o a e

th R e i an n th P li h il w hich in th w t c as
u ss s o e o s so , e ors e

i m gi n ble w ou ld t l ast h v e given mor tim f r

a a a e a e e o

1
S ee Sta te P aper s, vol. lvii i .
, 1 8 5 1, p . 20 3 .
3 70 DE BA T E IN T H E B R ITISH PA R LI A M E N T .

policy pu rs ed in reg rd to the affairs of th Italian

, u a e

peninsu l a T he E l f A ber d en w ho chiefly c n

. ar o e ,
o

tr ibu ted to the disc si n of th at night acc d th us o , u se e

M ini ter of Foreign A fi airs f a t chero policy '

s o r ea us ,

sayin t h t h w l d t gi f thi f i r
g a , n o a er n
g r ou
p ve a o a

vate p ot st made in th king s ( f S ardini ) ar g inst

r e e
’
o a e a a

commencing a w w ith A tri ; nd th t th hos ar

“ us a a a e

tility e vinc d t w ard A e t i lm t amo n t d to

o s us r a a os u e a

f elin g of in an i ty
e I n sh t th n bl E ar l deplor d
s . or , e o e e

t he p r fidi ous c n d ct f H er M j ty v nmen t

’
e o o er
o
g u a es s

tow ar d h r sn i t elli e an d d eply r g ett d th

a c en a s, e e r e e

condu ct of the Briti h C n l t Rom in havi ng s o su a e

g iv en p a sp or t s to sfo i g n ers n
g g d i n th t w ar re e a e a ,

t ho gh s ch c on d ct
u u w dmi tt d s rv d t v
u , as as a e ,
e e o sa e

their liv s Fin lly in depl ring the ho til f li ng

e . a ,
o s e ee s

o f the B riti h ag n t t A tri a th n obl E rl co ld

s e s o us , e e a u

o nly fin d a p oi n t of con ol tion in th c nd ct of L rd s a e o u o

P ns nby w h as it w r m k d t ld hi t y in
o o , o, as e ar e ,
o s s or

a downr ight w ay, a n d w ho con tr adi cted the i n sinua ti ons

”
a nd ca lu mni es w hi ch w er e so w elcomed i n E ngla nd .

T he fo llowing d y M r Be nal O b t hv a r s or ne, af er a in

g
taken a revi w of th p t hi tory f Hu ng ry nd
e e as s o a ,
a

s how n w ith hi , l p in t nd p ci ion th diff r nt

s u su a o a re s ,
e e e

s tr ggl f H ng y w ith the h s of A tri d wn

u es o u ar ou e us a o

t th year 1 84 8 an d h ow then F di n n d V h ad
o e ,
er a .

be n sh ffl d ff th th n and cce d d n ot by
e u e O e ro e, su e e ,

hi s li n e l cce sor b t by hi n phew F ncis-J ph

a su s ,
u s e ra o se
,

t h s con tinu d i n refe n c

u t L rd J hn R sell
e ,
re e o o o us ,

w ho i n p king of th aff i
,
s ea f H ng y m de e a rs o u ar ,
a u se

o e
“
f th w or d in s r ecti n (w hich h w ve hi l d u r o
”
o e r, s or
,

ship in int pti ng the p k s i d h h d n t s d

, erru s ea er, a e a o u e

as implying that the movem nt w n nj st n ) e as a u u o e .

T h n obl l rd w
e q it co ct ; he sed the ter m
e o as u e r re u

w ith out refl btion w hich althou gh signifying illegality

e , ,
 DE B A TE IN T H E B R ITISH PA R LI A M EN T .

in this cou ntry in Hun gary ignifi d what w as leg l

,
s e a

a n d r i ht for whe n th ey mad e a l evy en masse i n

g , ,

defen ce of their li berti es the H ngarian term u sed , u

w as i n ecti o ; an d w h en the H u ngari an Diet

su r r in ,

1 7 4 1 said Vi ta m ct ng i nem p o no t o et ege th t

, ,
sa u r s r r , a

w as in ecti o in the Hu n gar i an sen se of the w or d ;

su r r

that indee d w as an ins r ection in good sense I t u r a .

w as th e legal term of H ngary Long might ch u . su

insurrecti ns b e in fas hion ! S ch was the insu rr c

o u e

ti on for w hich Ha mpden die d S ch was the insu . u r

r ection f 1 688 l Ins rect ion s w hich for me d t h

o ur e

r o d st pa es in ou r own histo y ; w h ere th e

p u
ge
pe r r

fi dy of a d spotic co r t h ad been defeated by th

e u e

ri hteo s str g le s of d et r mi n d p eople I In an oth

a e e
g g
u u er

place th y had been t lking of th paternal govem

,
e a e

ment f r an ci ent ally ; an d it w as ext raordin a y

’
o ou r

to r mar k h ow by an adr oit ad ptati on of epith ets th y

e ,
a
, e

mi gh t d ceive the pu blic min d f r a series of year s and

e o ,

make th at appear p ater nal w hich w as only tyra i

’
un

cal .Wh at had been th e cond ct of this patern l g u a o

ve r n men t ? H e n ee d n ot poin t to th e atrociti es i n G al

licia ; there the peasant w as set against the noble and ,

th e nobl agains t the p asan t

e H e n eed not poin t te . o

the c nd ct of th e pat rnal government i n bombar din g

o u e

Milan an d Venice on th one h and and on the other e , , ,

Pe th and Presbur g H e need n t p oint to the p

s . o a

tern al governmen t w ho in vited th e b arbarou s C

’
, os

s ack t o E astern E ur op
s w h o if su ccessf l w o ld e, , u , u

o pen a road to C onstantin pl and E astern Eu r p o e, o e

w o l d become a Rus sian p rovi n ce — a p aternal gov m

u e

ment w hich had cou nten n ce d th e order of the R a us

si an gen er al Pa ke w itch by w hich h e con demn d all

, s , e

Hu ngarians who w ere f n d w ith H ungarian note t ou s o

b pu blicly whipped
e Shou ld h e refer to the patern al
.
 3 72 DE BA TE IN T H E BR ITI SH PA R LIA M E N T .

condu ct gover nment in hanging Pr testant

of the o

clergymen and Roman Cath lic priests with s ch im o u

parti ality as no one ven in Irelan d could blame e

S hou ld he refer to th e paternal con du ct of bur ning

down vill ages ; o houl d he r fer to the pate nal care
r s e r

w hi ch flogge d w ome n f rank and shot pr is oners of o

w ar ? Bu t thi s w s the p ternal gover nment of

a a
’
ou r

anci ent ally w hich met w ith su ch dee p symp ath y in

’

a n th er place
o H e passed over the commer cial ad an
. v

t ages w hich w u ld b e derive d by this cou ntry an d

o
,

they w o ld be very gr t ; for o r ancient ally of

u ea u ,
’

w hich h onourable gen tlemen and nobl e lords h ear o s

m ch h ad al ways impose d a d ty f 60 per cen t n

u , u o o

E nglis h merchandise H e pa ed o er the commercial. ss v

adv ant ges to b e d e i

a d by this cou ntry by the recogni
r ve

tion of th e free and in d p n den t ki ngdom of H ngary e e u .

There w as another q estion in his mind f mu ch u , , o

reater i mportanc Th i s w as n ot a mere st u l f

g e.
gg e r or

H ungarian indep ndenc H e looked u pon this tr uggl

e e. s e

w hich w as goi ng n in E urop e as a str uggle f th tw o

o o e

principles of despoti m and constitu tional gove nm nt

s r e .

I t w as a struggl commen ced in Hu ngary ; b t w h

e u o

kn w w here the tr ggle might not extend ? When

e s u

th e l ast b arrier w as w ept aw ay H ungary an d th s

, e

fi nest p arts of the t f E r ope w ou ld becom n othin

eas o
g u e

m re than slavi sh depen dents of the Rus i an empi

o s re .

H e had given a vote for bitration in th bstrac t ar , e a

principle of w hich he perf ctly agreed ; b ut he wo ld e u

s y
a , th at a tim might arrive w hen he might prefer
e

r ath er to fi ht the b attl of E ur opean liber t in th e e

g y
B ltic than in the British Channel
a .

These sentiments might not be agreeable to ome s ,

b u t the evil w as more i mmedi ate than th y thou gh t e .

When they heard people in another place whose poli cy ,

374 DE B A T E IN T H E B R ITISH PA R LIA M E N T .

i i t
ta n n o a w ar , no matter for how j ust or hon ourab le
a pur pose , he w ou l d soon become u n popu l ar .

M r Roeb u ck
g d w ith M r M il nes th at th is w as
a r ee

a Eu r o ean q u esti on an d th at th e at pri n cipl th e

p g ,
re e

Ho se had to deal w ith w as th at in the internal ffair

u ,
a s

o f ny cou nt y n o extern al force sh o ld b e u se d to

a r u

c erce the will of the people A fter h aving premised a

o
”
.

fe w remar k s on th e de po ti sm of Fran ce w hich did the s ,

s ame thi ng i n R me th at th C ar h ad done in H u nga y

o e z r ,

the high- pir ite d member fo Sh ffi ld proc ed d

s r e e e e

That he c l d not agree wi th the hon r b le mem

ou ou a

b r w ho Sp ke l a t th t i n ll cas s th e foreign min i

e o s , a a e s

t erw ou ld b e n p pu l ar w h o i n v lv d E n l n d in
u
g o o e a a

w r a H e di d n t thi nk th at a gr at or w ise en ti m n t
. o e s e .

H e maintained th t the p ople of E ngl an d like d t hat a e

mi niste r an d h ld him t thei h ear t w h m intai ned

,
e o r s, o a

the n ti on al honou r
a H e w ou ld n t believe in any . o

sch ool of p litici an s w h o took th t l w l ev l of n ati n l

o a o e o a

mor lity th t w e h o l d bind p ll u f ling in th

a , a s u u a o r ee s e

In t r ch an ge of c mm ditie on the
e o did qu e tion of
o o s s r s

pr fit and lo s H e believ d th t the people of E ng

o s . e a

l nd h d a d ire to see good government trengthened

a a es s

o ver th w ld and t h great nam of Englan d u sed

e or ,
e e

a s a m n f t pping th
ea dvance of bar b i n des
s o s o e a ar a

otism w h eth er n de r a F n ch or R u ssi an b nn er

”
u re a
p ,
.

T h e l a ne d me mber th n h ow d h ow E n gland inter

e r e s e

f ed i n the ffairs of B lgi m an d Gre c h w the

er a e u e e, o

c ivili ation of E u ope w thre t ned by the Russian

s r as a e

i t r ti n in H ngary and how nb coming it

n e ve n o u ,
u e

w u ld b e in the pe pl e of E n gl n d to Sh t th ir eyes
o o a u e

a nd say Oh l w e are pe c ble people ; w e do not

,
a a ea

w an t w ar ; w e ar e f id f w ar ; w w ant cotton spin a ra o e

n i ng an d lin en
,
pinning nd w ooll n pinning n d s ,
a e s , a

w e w an t th e p rofits th ereof H e (M r R oebu ck) h ad .

 D E BA TE IN T H E BR ITISH PA R L IA M EN T . 37 5

no ish to b e considered as linked to the chariot w heel

w s

o f the n oble l ord ; n d th gh h stood ther e rath er in

a ou e

opp ositi on t th p nt ove n me n t et b approved

o
g e
y rese r , e

of the con du ct of th e n obl e l or d t the h ad of th e a e

foreign offi ce wh se p i nciple h d b n to keep su ch

,
o r a ee

a fr n t to a ll for ei n n ti on s
o as to let th em k now
.
g a ,

that nder cer tain cir c mstances th y must fear Great

, u u ,
e

Britain .

Vis co nt P lmerston in rising first reverted to th

u a , ,
e

imp u tations cas t u pon him in the other Ho e s ying us , a ,

that s ch impu tati n if they b e sincere are the re

u o s, ,

s u lt of i n r n ce n d f lly n d th t i f ins in c ere h

g o a a oe , a a , ,

left other t q lify th m as th y m y Th en the

s o ua e e a .
”

noble lord fter expre ing hi

a pinion that the politi
ss s o
,

cal i n d p en denc a n d libe ti e of E rope w re b ou n d

e e r s u e

u
p w i t h th e mai nt e nan c e of th e i nte r ity
g f A us tria o ,

admi tte d t h t A tri h ad in the Opinion of a great

a us a ,

part of the c ntin nt been id nti fi d wi th ob tr ction

o e , e e s u

t
o prog e s r s A cir c u mstan ce the n bl l rd con
.
,
o e o

ti nu ed , w hich nf r t n ate ly m de h er p roportion

u o u a

ately a fav it in the y s Of some ; an d w hen one

ou r e e e

hears s ch d cl mations in favou r of A u tr ia he w o ld

u e a s , u

w arn the A trian g vernment n t to tr st too mu ch

us o o u

to su ch protestati n B fore tur ning to the main ”

o s. e

point Lord P lme ton ll ded to those m n wh

, a rs a u e o

passed their wh l lives in ad i ng A u stria becau se

o e or ,

they deemed i t th ymbol of th Opini n which they

e s e o s

n te rtai ned m n w h o t an f rr d th eir all i n ce t

e ,
e
g r s e e e a o

Fran ce in whi ch they saw n eq al l an ing to the

, a u e

a bitrar y p ri n ciple
r after w hich the noble lord thus
,

proceeded
With regar d to the present qu estion I am su re ,

that everyb ody w ho has hear d w hat ha p as sed—every s

body in this country w ho has given att ntion to th e e

37 6 D E BA T E IN T H E BR I T ISH PAR LIA M E N T .

most i mpor tant even ts that h ave taken pl ace in H un

—
gar y mu st feel th at my honour able and all ant fri e nd g
n eed have made n apology for dr wing th attentiono a e

of th e P arli ament f Engl nd to tr an saction s deeply

o a

affec ting th e political pr incipl es of E u rop e and h a in

g ,
v

a most i mp ortan t b ri n u pon th e en r al b al anc of

g g ea e e

E uropean power T he Hou se w ill n ot xpect me to

. e

foll ow those w h o h ve spoken t — day by en deavo ing

a o ,
ur

to p as s j u dgmen t eith er w ay b t w en th A u stri an e e e

over nme nt n d th e H n ari an n ati n I th e

g a
g sa
u
y o .

Hu ng i n n ation bec se in pite of wh at has fallen

ar a , au ,
s

from th n obl lord th e me mber f r Tyr ne I do n ot

e e , o o ,

behave from the inform tion I h ve re i ed— and I

, a a ce v

do n ot pr t nd to y I may n ot b e mi staken— b u t I
e e sa

fir mly believe th at in thi w ar betw een A tr i a nd

,
s us a

Hu ng ry there i exhibited n the ide of Hu ngary

a ,
s o s

the h earts and sou l s of th w h le p e ple of th at c u n e o o o

try . I believ th t the other aces distin ct f m th

e a r ,
ro e

Magyars h ave forgotten th former f d th at exi st d

,
e eu s e

betw een them nd the Magyar pop lation n d that

a u , a

the g eater porti n of the p eople h ve e ng g d i n wh at

r o a a e

they con id r a g at n tion l c n t t It is tr e a

s e re a a o es . u ,
s

my h on ou ra bl e n d g a ll an t f i en
a d h as s id th a t H u n - r a ,
s

ar y h a fo c
s n tu i es been a St te
r e w hich
r th u h
g g a , , o

u n ited t o A u st i by th link of th e c own has never

r a e r , ,

th eless b n sep r te nd distin c t fr om A u t i by its

,
ee a a a s r a

ow n compl ete c on stit tion That con titu ti n has

u . s o

many defects ; b t some of th se defects w r I b e

u e e e,

lieve remedied not long ago an d it is not the on ly

, ,

an cient con sti tu ti n n th contin n t th at w u scept

o o e e as s

ibl of g e t imp ovement There w r mean pro

e r a r . e e s

bably w ithin the force and res ur ce f th e c n titu o s o o s

tion itself to reform i t ; an d it might h av b en hoped e e

that those improvements wo l d h ave been carried int u o

3 78 D E BA T E IN T H E BR ITISH PA R L IA M E N T .

cess u f l ccess of w hich is bro gh t abou t by

w ar , the su u

f reign id ; laying th at w holly as id it is bvi us that

o a e, o o

e ven the su ccess of A u str ia if it is simply ccess of , a su

f rce w ill i nflict d ep w nd on the f b ric n d frame

o
, a e ou a a

o f the A tri an e mp ire us It i therefore m ch to b e . s u

desired n ot simply on the prin ciple f gen eral hu

, o a

ma ni ty bu t on the prin ciple of so nd E urop n p li cy

, u ea o ,

an d fr om t he mos t f i ndly regar d to th A us t ian r e e r

e mpire itself— i t i I say devo tly to h w ished that s, , u e

this g e t con test may b bro gh t t a te rmin tion b

r a e
y u o a

s ome amicable arran emen t b t ween the conte nding

g e

partie w hich h ll n the one han d ti fy the n ati nal

s, s a o sa s o

feelings f th e Hu ngari n and on t he oth h an d n ot

o a s, er

l ve to A stri nothe and larg P land wi thin

ea u a a r a er o

h er mpire e H r M j e ty s g ve n m n t h ave not in

. e a s
’
o r e ,

the pre en t state of the matte th o ght th at an y ppor

s r, u O

tu nity h as as y t p s n ted its lf th t c ld en able

e re e e a ou

them w i th n
y p c t f dv n t t m krosa n
p e o a a a
ge a e y a o

Official c mm nication f tho e opini ns which they

o u o s o

e ntertain on this u bj ect I s y Offi ci l as c ntra s . a a , o

di ting ish d f om Opini ns expressed in m r private

s u e r o a o e

an d con fid n ti l mann er ; b t e nd btedly if any

a u , u ou ,

occasi n w oto ccu r th t Shere ld l d the m to think

o a ou ea

th e p
e i n of s ch pini n w o ld tend to a fa
x re ss o u o o s u

v ou r b le ra lt it w o ld b e the du ty of the gov m

esu , u e

ment not to let s ch n pp ortunity p s by Upon u a o as .

t he gen er l q tion nd in gard to the conduct

a u es ,
a re

w hich it ou gh t gen er ally t b e th e d ty of this govem o u

ment t pu rsu in i ts r el tion to foreign p ow ers I

o e a s ,

hav hea d w ith g e t sati faction mu ch that has

e r , r a s ,

f llen f m th e h n o rable ge ntl men w ho h ve taken

a ro o u e a

a part in thi d bate I thin k the rec rd f the senti

s e . o o

ments th at h ve been expre sed w ill be of great u ti

a s
”
lity .
 DE BA TE IN T H E BR ITISH PA R LIA M EN T .

Here th e noble lord w ent on to show how it w as de

sir abl that fo eign nations ho ld know th t Engl nd
e r s u a a

w as d irou s f peace b u t th at on the oth er h an d sh

es o , , ,
e

w oul d s bmit to no w ron ; and continu ed

u
g
I agree w ith those w ho thi nk— and I kn w that o

there are many in t his country w ho entertain the

opin i on— th at there are tw o bj ects whi ch Englan d o

ou ht p c li arly to aim at O i t m i n t i n p e ace ;

g e u n e o a . s, a

the oth er i s to c ou n t for ome thing i n the tran saction s

,
s

of th w o ld— th at it i s n ot fitting th at a coun try

e r

o cc pyi n p d a p i ti on as E ngl an d — th at a
u
g o rou o s s

co n tr y h avi n
u su ch v ar iou s an d exten ive i ntere ts s s
g ,

sho ld lock herself u p in a simple regar d to her own

u

intern l ff i rs and sh o ld b a p assive an d mu te

a a a ,
u e

s e ct at r f e veryt hi ng th t i goi ng on arou nd It i s a s

p o o .

qu ite t u e that it may b e aid You r opinions are b ut

r s ,

opi nion s and ou express th e m g ain st ou r O i ni on s

p a
y , ,

w ho h av at ur c ommand l rge armi es to b ck th em ;

e o a a

w h at ar e pini ons again t mies ? Sir my an swer

’
o s ar ,

is , pini ns are stronger th an armies Opinions if

o o .
,

they re f n ded in tru th an d j stice will in the end

a ou u ,

prevail ag i nst the bay n t f inf ntry th fire f

a o e s o a , e o

ar till ery an d th charges f cav l y Therefore I say

,
e o a r .

th at arm d by opi ni on if th at opi nion is pr on ou nc ed

,
e ,

w ith t th and j ustice w e are in dee d strong and i n

ru , ,

th e en d lik ly to make o r opi ni n s p rev il ; and I

e u o a

thin k that w h at is happening n the w hol e rface of o su

th c n tin en t f E u r ope is
e o proof that this expressi on
o a

of min is tr th e Why for a great many years the

a u .
,

gove nm nt of E urope imagined th ey coul d keep down

r e s

opini n by f rce of ar ms an d th at by ob stru cti n

o o
g p r o,

ressi ve i mp ov me nt th ey w ou ld preve nt that e tr e

g r e x

mity of re volu tion w hich was the object of their con

stan t dread
”
.
380 D E B A TE uv T H E BR ITISH P A R LI A M EN T .

Here th e speaker bs rv d th at Engl nd wa givi ng o e e a s

an opinion to the con trar y ffect t Gov n m nt who e o er e s,

use d to s th at he w h o m th y r al ly h ate d n d f are d

a ,
y e e a e

w as not the vi l nt Radical b t th m derat e o e

”
u e o

Reformer .

Those g vernm nt s r ns th pee ch th

o e s, o u e s ,
os e

p wers of E pe have at l as t lear ned the tru th f th e

o u ro ,
o

o pinion exp essed by M r C anning th t those w h

s r ,
a o

h ave checked i mp ov ment beca se it i i nn v ti n r e u s o a o ,

w ill on d y r ther b e c mpelled to acc ept i n n v ti n

e a o o o o a o

w h en i t h a cea ed to b e i mprov m nt I s y th n ’
s s e e . a ,
e ,

that it is ou r d ty not t emain passive Sp ct t rs Of

u o r e a o

even ts th at i n th i imm di ate c on eq nc

e r ffect th r e s ue e a o e

co ntrie b u t w hich in th ir remote d c rt in c n

u s, e an e a o

e u en ce s ar t c m b ack w i th di sas tr s ff ct ou e e
s
q u r e o o e e s

u pon s ; that so far as th cou rt ie of i nternati nal

u , e es s o

interc u r e m y pe mit t do it i our d ty peci

o s a r us o ,
s u ,
e s

ally w h e n o pini n is a ked it h b en on m ny

ur o o s ,
as as e a

o ccasion n w hich w e h ave b en bl m d for gi ing it

s o e a e v ,

to state u r opin i n f nded o n th exp ienc

o o s, f this
ou e er e o

co un try — n exp eri n ce th t might h v

a b n nd
e a a e ee ,
a

ou h t t o h b n an ex ampl
av e t l e
ee f r t n ate c n e o ss o u ou
g ,

t ri es.A t th ame ti m I am q ite dy t dmit

e s e, u r ea o a ,

th at i n t rf r nc e o ght n t t h ave b e n c
e e e u ied to th o o e arr e

e xten t of n d n e in
g o r r l ti n wi th
e a r t h r c ou n
g u e a o s o e

tr ie Th re e c
s. elike th at w hich is now th
ar as es, e

su bj ct ofe disc ssion of n p w r h avi ng i n th

ou r u , o e o e ,
e

e xercise of its own s ve ign right i nvok d th e a si t o re s, e s s

a n ce of an oth r p w r ; an d h ow ver w e m y l m n t
e o e e a a e

th at ci rc u mstan ce h ow ever w m y b e ppr h n siv

,
e a a e e e

th at th erefrom c onseq n ces of gr t dange and vil ue ea r e

may flow still w e are n ot entitl d to int p

,
i n any e er ose

mann r th at w ill c mmit thi s cou nt y to emb rk i n

e o r a

tho e h stilities
s o A ll w can j u stly do is to take ad
. e ,
3 82 EN GLISH P OLI CY .

nati on, feel none of t hat respon sibility w i th which every

j u dge having to deal w ith the fate of a single man i s
ne cessarily penetrated ; for it w oul d b e a h op eless tas k

to prove that th ose w h o r ul e the co u ncil s of the first

pow ers of E urope are exempted from the w e ight of
respon sibility as re ards th e con stru ction and appli ca
g
tion of the in ternational law , w hich th ey conti nu ally
,

invoke, and the u pholders of w hich they proclai m

themselves to be . Tac itly to sanction r u de slau ghter,
as was su re t o b e the w ork of mus kets an d 984
ns w as u n dou bte dly n o small oversi ht ! N or w ill it
g u g
b e ou t of place h ere to r ecall to min d by w hom an d
u n der w h at cir cu mstan ces th e mos t essen ti al p art of th at

law, viz , t he right of inter ven tion, w as in trodu ce d an d

.

a pplied . This happened at the congresses Of L aybach

an d Veron a be tween 1 8 20 and 1 8 24 A t that ti me
.

C ount Nesselrode and Pri n ce Metternich professed to

have discerned the w orkings ofone an d the same spectre
i n the differen t p arts of E u rope, — a spectre w hich they
—
called revolu tion and for the defeat of w hich A u strian
troop s w ere se nt to Naples an d Pi ed mo nt, w hile the
Fren ch army was to attack th at B ri areu s in Sp ain,
w hile prelimin ary meas u res w er e c onc er ted how to
su bd u e i t in G reece T he cou rt of St J a mes , then,
’
.

throu gh L ord C as tl ereagh , p roteste d agai n st thi s in

discri minate assu mption of the right of interference, a
disapprobation w hich of cou rse w as far from leading
th e n or th ern p ow er s to relin qu i sh th eir p olicy . On
the accession , h ow ever, of M r C ann ing to t he h ead of
affair s, w h e n some of th e con ti n en tal pow ers offer ed

aid to Spai n again st h er colonies, the n oble statesman

declared, that any foreign interference would only b e an

indu ce ment for Britain the sooner to acknow ledge the
independence of the Spanish colonies From these .
 EN GLISH PO L I C Y . 383

i nstances it will b e clearly seen th at the complete as ,

sent of t he E n li h r n me nt to the i ht of in ter

g g s
g ov e r

v ention assu med by Ru i has n precedents t plead ss a o o

in its favour ; especi lly if it i re memb ered that bea s ,

t w een R s ia and th e H ngar i n t rr i to y l y th er

u s u a e r a o

provinces o th t thi int rv ntion c ld n ot h ve be n

,
s a s e e ou a e

j stified ev n on the pl sibl pl a of w hat is termed

u e au e e

the d i t de
ro i i n ge vo sTi me soon proved th fall cy
a . e a

of thi p olicy the chief

s , bj ect f w hich a xpressed o o ,
s e

by Lord P l merston w as to pr ser ve the b l ance f

a ,
e a o

pow er Thi i n t th pl ce for an enl rged c itici m

. s s o e a a r s

o n the policy of th at m t xperie c d f stat men os e n e o es

b u t so m ch may fely b
u m d a th t thi n obl
sa e as s u e s a s e

lord w as n t the man to take h ld f th opport niti

o o o e u es

t hrow n in h i w y by th m v m n ts f 1 8 4 8 f r th
s a ,
e o e e o , o e

r e con stru cti n of w h at h e w as p r f ctly c n vinc d did

o e e o e

not w ork w ell L or d P a l m rs t on d o n o t b el on t e es

.
g o

t hat cl ss of B iti h tatesmen w h f l l in to a sw oon at

a r s s o a

t he r eport f some being p s d ”

lly
’
o d nci en t ea r a a s r es e

by hi s bj c ts f th grant of a ch rt r ; n y h h d
s u e or e a e a ,
e a

e ven the hea t to hint t ch a di stress d ally the na

r o su e

cessi t of yi ldi n B u t his le t i ng policy if w e ma

y g e .
y c ur ,

s o call it ften behin d h n d w a

, o u r e to prove abor a ,
s s

t ive as soon as d n ger se med to h ave p a e d aw ay

a e ss ,

n cour gi n cir c m t n ces h ow d th em lves ins a

o r e g a u s e se

o ther qu ar ters Fi n lly L d P l m ston in one sen se

. a ,
or a er

a imed at oo ch
t m u e n i p i ili i
m s b ,
t — ve tr ng S os es a s o ar

din ia as the b sis f f ee I aly

a t — o an n imp air ed
a r u

A u stri an d a H ng r y nited to i t w i th a f e con

a, u a u re

s ti tu ti n
o S ch
. ch m it mu t b seen w as not
u a s e e s e

possible t b re lised Th at a fr ee and ind pendent

o e a . e

Hu ng ry w ou ld have served a do ble p rp se on th

a u u o , e

o ne h an d l n di ng stre ngth to T rkey

e n d n the th r u , a o o e

c hecking the prepond rance of Ru ssia it is scarcely e ,

384 A D V A N CE o r T H E R U SS A N S . I

necessary to prove This however the lea ding states .

, ,

me n of West rn Eu rope refu ed to e s

A nd n w to r e me ou r narr at ive A f w days after

o su . e

the capt re of B u da the Di t and government returne d

u , e

to the c pital to the n bou n ded j y of i ts in habitan t

a , u o s.

G Orgei w ho had been nominated min ister of w ar oh

, ,

viou sl a fair pretext for his rem val f om th e com

y a s o r

mand w as not m ch trou bled abou t th e aim of this

, u

nomi nati n Pr ferring to h ld both these ofi ces he

o . e o ,

e vinced m ch acti ity in remo ing fr m the c mmand

u v v o o

of the differen t c rp the G en ral Perc l G uy n o s e s ze , o ,

and De mb in ky Ofli cer w h om h e h t d an d the more

s , s a e ,

s o as they w r e tr e an d obe di n t to th e or ders of th

e u e e

g o vern ment I n the m ean ti me.t he R us i an s w h o had s ,

al r ady c rossed the Hu n

e r i n frontier simu ltaneously
g a a ,

a dvanc d from all sides T h H ngari n commander

e . e u a

i -chi f all th w hi le en deavo re d to sec re th la ws f

h e e u u e o

1 84 8 an d w ar d off the Rus i n i nvas i n by a recant

, s a o s

tion of th e d claration f i ndepen de nce an d com

e o ,

mencing his ope tions in the Up per D anu be only i n ra

t he latt r p art of J ne w hil e H ayn au now th e com

e u , ,

man der in chief of the A st i an f rces an d j oined by

'

- - u r o ,

a R s ian brigade nder Pant in l y already en

u s u u , a

ampe d at Pre b rg On th 20th J ne the c n l

c s u . e u o

c en tr te d A
a tri n f rces ngaged a H ngarian corps
us a o e u

o n th e right b an k of th e D an u be n e r N arasd an d a
y , ,

ompel l d th m t A ft thi secon ded by

”
c er tr at e o e e . er s,

1
See M y L ife an d A cti ons, vol vi , chap x i ii . . . .

A S app ear s from the offi ci al R u fi an statement, the invad

i ng ar my in H u ngary Proper under P askewitch nu mber ed 1 6 8
, ,

battalions of infantry , 1 3 8 squ adr ons of cavalry 5 2 of Cossack s , ,

6 2 8 guns, 6 8 generals, and 3 5 3 staff-o fficers . Th e ar my u nder

L u ders, invading Tr ansylvania from the Danu bian provinces ,

counted 28 infantry battali ons , 16 q

s u adrons of cavalry, 18 of
 FR U STR A TI ON OF T H E P LA N OF WA R .

su cceeded in resol u tely r pelling the i nvaders ; b t e u ,

u nmi ndful of the l i n men the R ussi an masse

o ss ,
s

p essed u pon the H u ngar ian batteries w hil the C

r , e os

s acks by thei r al m st i n c
, dible skill in climbing pr
o re e

ci ice an d c rossi n st ep mo nt in s began d u lly

p s,
g g e u a ,
ra a

to merge i n th e r ar of th n ti onal troop

e e A lready e a s.

w ou nded w it h h is bl o d ru nn i ng d wn his ch ar ge
’

,
o o r s

s id Ki ss continu ed t n i m te his small band by

es , o a a ,

advanci ng at th ei r h ead to r epe ate d ch ar es till afte

g ,
r a

desperate str uggle h e fell into the h ands of the C sack ;

, os s

th H on eds at on c f ltered an d soug ht refug e in p

e v e a ro

misc ou s flight
u A fter thi th e Ru ssi n s w ith ou t en
. s a ,

c un tering any ob t cle advanced u pon H ermanstadt

o s a , ,

t h n tu rn ing to the R e d T w er p ass w hich th y vain ly

e o , e

a tt mpte d to fo c
e from th Wall chi an sid
r e an d e a e,

w h n ce th ey n ow
e cc eded in expelli ng the b av
su e r e

ri on u n d er th e c mman d of Ih as w h o sou ht
g ar s ,
o
g z,

re uf ge on th e t r ito y w h en ce th e in vad rs cam

e r r e e.

B m th en at a di st n c fr m th e spot p rove d a con fi

e ,
a e o , s

dent as e ver hOping th e better to avenge hi mself th

, e

d per the R ssian w ld p n etrate In thi in tance

ee u s ou e . s s ,

h w ever he w as ign llydi app in ted ; havi ng n gl ct d

o ,
s a s o e e e

b ti me t c oncent t the Tran sylvanian troops he had

e s o ra e
,

o n ly p owe r to nn y n d ch eck th e R u ssi ans fo

a o a r a

ti m w i th ou t mat i lly i nj
e, ing th m er a ur e .

T h e necessity of th c nc n tr tion of t o p in H n e o e a r o s u

ary Prop er w as t o obvi s t su ff r an f th r d ou

g o
y u r o e e e

l y an d i n ord er t
a , av th e ar my of th e U po
p s e er

D nu be fr m u s les l ghter it w as d termin ed th t

a o e s s au , e a

i t h l d at on ce
s ou tr at t B da th ence t ffect
re e o u , o e a

j u nction w ith the other divi ion s of the rmy T h s a . e

or der t that eff ct w s delivere d to G iirg i by th

o e a e e

mi ni ster C sany a nd t wo g nerals w ho ret rned to e

, u

P th w ith the message of G iirgei s u neq u ivocal pro

es
’
 M E S A R OS A Z ’
PP E A L T O G b R G E I. 38 7

mise to xec u te the order H aving f iled how eve t

e . a ,
r, o

d s h e w as th e follow in g day attacked by the enemy

o o,

i n his en trenche d position at S ony an engag ment z ,

e

w hich w as on both si des c rr ied on w ith eq al c urag a u o e

an d d t ermi nati on
e b t w i th o t m ch advantage t ,
u u u o

e ither p arty In the me ntime Mesz aro the lat

.
1
a s, e

minister of w ar w as n omin ted comman der in-chi ef

,
- a ,

w hil e the over nmen t deter min e d to tran s fer the se t a

g
of th e Di et to S e edi n a tow n on the Th eiss o th s
g z , , u

w ard taking p its momen tary stop t C egl d a fe w

, u a z e ,

miles fro m Pesth w h re F o el al w ays r eady to , v e er z ,

s er e

his cou n try i n a few d y o gani ed a f esh c r p

,
T he a s r z r o s.

ne w c omman der- in -chi ef G n er al M es aros sen t th ,

e z ,
e

follow ing p atr iotic app al t G 6rgei dated J ly 8th e o , u

I su mm n y u in n ame of th e c un try w hich y

o o o ou

pr tend to love o m ch to declare w hether you mean

e s u ,

to s bj ec t you w ill to the decr e s of th e govern m n t

r
u e e ,

a n d w h eth r y u mean t o c on du ct th e army t o thi

e o s

place ? We ought to know w h at t think and w hat t o o

d ; w e h ave v i n ly l ke d for the arrival of yo

o a oo ur

tr ps ; if they do n ot come here th y mu st be m

oo e e

ployed in another di rection T he co ntry is in dange . u r,

and you r del ays h ave in creas d th at dan ger If y e . ou

w i h to avert it y
s ou gh t t move your t roop s n th
,
ou o o e

ri ht b an k of th e D an b e ; this movemen t i s still u a

g
matter of possibility A g i n I s umm n you t d la . a , o o ec re

your intentions ! General N agy-S andor h as been or

On this occasi on Gorgei led in person his tr oop s, and re

1

cei ved a wou nd, whi ch was r umoured not to have come fr om

th e o pposi te si de. bringing Gorgei to task

G eneral Kmety, in
for ridiculing Bem wh o was decorated with t wenty Polish and
,

H u ngar ian wounds says L et the arrogant G orgei think of hi s

, ,

own sore and discredi table woun d or broken head given hi m at , ,

Comorn for his brutali ty by one of his own men .

388 ISO L A TE D RE TR E A T or Gene ral .

dered to Waitzen an d G odollo ; I expect your re port in

C egled
z G iirgei it may eas ily be gu essed w as n t
.
”1
, , o

mu c h di st urbed by the su mmons of Mesz ar s to w hom o , ,

as may be rem mber ed he vo wed obedi en ce in hi s pr

e ,
o

clamation of Wait en In tead of moving toward z . s s

Bu da and C eg led to render po s ible a c ncentration

z s o

o f an i mposi ng force on the Thei s G iirgei co mmence d s ,

so li tary retr e at l eadi n hi m j u s t in t he f nt of th ro e

a
g ,

mai n Ru ssi an b dy to arive at A r d w ith w orn-

o , o t a u ,

di minished and discou raged troops n ly after the lap , o se

o f a w hole mon th w h e n it was so to speak too l t t

, , , a e o

re triev w hat had been lo t It w oul d be idle to s

e s . us

p e
o t G o r ge i of h avi n g at th at time de ter mi ned p n u o

hi u ltimate act of b seness th o gh h is con d c t i n t

s . a , u u s o

th e less ea ily e plicabl Envi o s and mbitio s by

s x e. u a u

n t ure an d ne v r h vi n e i nc d si n c re m p athy
a , g e
y
a v e e s

w i th th e c u e w hich h w as accid ent lly c ll d u p n

a s e a a e o

to def nd h as w as en oon l ked down with

e ,
e, se , s oo

c ntempt pon those w ho had rai e d him - c nt mpt

o u s , a o e

w hic h n t r ally in cr ea d in pr porti n to t he in d l

a u se o o u

enc e h e xp e rien ced at t h eir h n d T ki n

g pl e a s a
g e as ure .

i n settin g at n ou ght the command s of the gover n m n t e ,

he su bor dinated th e m to any w hi m f h i o wn an d w it h o s ,

imp t nt nvy t i d t impai r the fortu n of othe

o e e r e o e rs,

w i tho t th e cap city to m n d hi

u a wn F or h d h e s o . a e

p se s d the p w of draw i ng o t a fix d plan f hi

os s e o er u e o s

o w n h e might h ve manifeste d it by pen deedsa nd o a

u n mbi us w ords nd n ded hi s c ar e th a w i e

a
g uo , er o er se

t h n by
a disgracef l di ctat rship of t wenty-f
a u o ou r

h u rs
o .

Kossu th th m t popul ar of national leader w h

,
e os s, o

did mor than ny other in castin g the different el

e a e

S ee M emoi r : o f G ener al K lapb a , vol. i .

, p . 1 98 .
3 90 HAY NAU S
’
P R OC LAM A TI ON .

du ity and love w ith w hich th e first president of A meric a

s er ve d the cau se of hi s cou ntry s i n dep endence Bu t ’
.

h e w as a Rob espierre wi th ou t a gui lloti ne an d an iron

wi ll , anWashington w itho t a sw ord It is how
d a u .
,

e ver to he remark d that K ssu th w as in no w ay

, e , o

s ti mu l ted to an e ne rgetic con d ct by h i coll agu es

a u s e .

T h p ime mi ni ster M S emere from a c rtain cool

e r , . z ,
e

n e s s bsisting betw een h i m an d th e

s v rn r th o e o , e
u
g
r a on of w hich it w oul d b e idl
e s here t i nv tigate e o es ,

w as seen r ather to approach t G ii r i th an t pp e ar

g o e o a

a s h is antagon i st an d th it h appen d th t b t a f w
, us e a u e

day before th e en d f th e w ar w hen c alled u pon t

s o ,
o

lay open th e state of affair he spok f G iirg i s con

’
s, e o e

du ct in a manner w hich the Diet in S eg din con z e

s t ru ed in to pr i se a .

No soon er had the government a sembled at Szege s

din th an H ynan took possession of Pesth

a On t h . e

1 9th of J ly thi s gener al i u ed

u procl mation c n ss a a o

l ding as follow s
c u L i sten to the w ar ning of an old
so ldier w ho has proved how he keeps his w rd D eath o .

a t th e sh ortest n tice w ith o t disti n ction of rank or

o , u

s x s
e,
h all b e th lot f hi m w ho by w o d or deed or
e o r ,

th w e a i ng f re ol u tiona y b adges h all d are t s p

e r o v r ,
s o u

port the c se f the reb l ; d th n him w h ven

au o e s ea o o

t u res t i ns l t w ith w or d r d e d any one of my br a

o u o e ve

so ldie or those of my allies (the R ssian s); death on

rs u

hi m w h o en ters in to treas on b le c on nexion w ith th a e

e n e mies of th crow n nd w h s ek t ci rcu l ate re

e ,
a o e s o

p rts to fan the p k of th e rev l ti n ; and d ath n

o s ar o u o e o

him w h o sh all nt r t e c rete arms an d w h o n e

ve u e o s ,

g l eet t ss rren d er s ch rms w i thin th e t r m speci fi e d

o u u a e

by me Fou r d ys afterw ar d bef re c mm ncing

.
”
a s, o o e

t advan ce tow ar ds th e n ew se t f th e Di e t H ayn a

o a o , u

ai n poke to the inh abitants of Bu d a Pesth sayin

-
a
g s
g , ,
 R AY NAU s
’
PR OC LA M A TI ON . 3 91

tha if t
they sh ou ld forget his orders w oul d l k “h e oo

u pon th em all as responsibl f r one and one respon e o ,

sible for all and consid r thei lives and propertie as

,
e r s

for f ited i n expiation of flag i ti s d ds You r bea ti

e ou ee . u

f l city sai d th at man (wh ose cold li mbs t he very

”
u ,

ear th might h ave sh dd red to rec ive i nto h er u e e

bosom) w hich now only p rtially bears the ma ks of

,
a r

j st pun i hmen t w o ld so n b e t urned int a heap f

u s ,
u o o o

ru i n a mon u men t of y
s, r tr as on ; be l ieve me I ke p
ou e e

my w rd the faithl ess i nha bit nt f B rescia m y se

o ,
a s o a r ve

as an ex mpl e w h e th er I h w m r cy t ow ards r eb l
”
a s o e e s.

This s ffi ciently indi cate d the fate that aw aited H n

u u

ary i f van qu is h e d Wi th the dvance of the e n my

‘
a e
g .
,

This proclamation seems to h ave fr ightened even many in

1

th e B ri tish metropoli s ; for on the closing day of th e sessi on of

1 84 9 L or d N u gent moved with a feeling of noble comp ass ion
, ,

made it t he su bject of an interpellation H e (Lord N ugent) .

w is h ed to know wh ether this proclamatio n whi ch he would ,

not trus t h is o wn feeli ngs to char acte rise other wise th an b y ,

s tyling i t a most astonish ing p ro clamati on and to which th e ,

foreign minister s noble natur e would dou btless p rompt him to

’

ter m, was
”
a fiix a much stronger or was not genu ine ? Viscount
Palmerston hought
t fo r him to say, tha t
i t was unnecessary

H er M ajes ty s gover nment read the pr oclamation with the deep

’

e st p ain, b u t th at h e had no offi ci al knowledg e as to whether i t

w as genu ine or not On this L ord N ugent again asked,

.

S h oul d th e government b e made offi cially cognisant of i t,

wheth er it wou ld then b e pr ep ar ed, as in the case of the Bllit
C onventi on in Sp ain, to inter p ose its good ofi ces and i ts au th o
r it y if necessary, to stop the
perpetr ati on of such horrors which
w er e never before committed or contemplated in war among
T o this Lord Palmers ton repli ed that
”
civil iz e d commu ni ties .
,

H er M ajes ty s government mus t r es erve to th emselves a proper

’

and legi ti mate di scr etion to act in accordance with what the
y
might think fit as circu mstances ar ose .
”

A s to th e result of this interpellation it may b e observed that ,

havi ng had his attention directed to these proclamati ons Lord

392 RU SSIAN A N D AU STRIAN C R U E LTI E S .

Russian or A u strian, the tow ns w ere every w here sacked,

the p p l ti
o u aon e xp sed to th e w anton f r o
y of the l u so

diery m ny vill ges t r n d in a few min tes into fly

, a a u e u

i ng clou d of h s w hil th
as n d latin
es,
g p l in s gli te e u u a ,

tering w i th y ll w c rn w e r br t ally t mpl ed dow n

e o o ,
e u ra ,

or w ant nly t fire t

o seb l in g p in n e ndl ess fl am
o, az u a e.

T he gener l depr e i n f t h p ple w as b id s in

a ss o o e eo es e

creased by th ten f th p peal f the governm n t

e or o e a o e ,

a w ell as th
s r din n c e f a
e o ti n l f t a somew h t
a o na o a as , a

d u btfu l me n f
o w k n i n g t h f elin g of cou g
a s or a a e e e ra e

and r esi t nc s a S till n th

e. d le ding f m S eg
, o e r oa a ro z e

di n t Gro s-V rd in tho sand

o s a n th ou s nd s
e ,
t ood u s o a s

e
r a dy w i t h t h i r b ttl -axe n d c th
y a aw ai tin
e
g f es a s es, ur

th er o de r and in th
r s, m n ti m d i i g c r g e ea e er v n ou a e

f om th e e e of th G ld n Tru mpet r eci t d by th

r v rs s e o e , e e

itin rary min t l S

e
ys re aross .
l

T he pop l ti n of S g di n w h h a e on m ny
u a o ze e , o v a cc

casions prov d th ir p r w e s gain t the Sew -Rait e

e e o s a s z n

troops b ing be ides n cou raged by th app l f

,
e s e e ea s o

Ponsonby , in co mpli ance wi t h th e order of th e S ecr etar y for

F or eign Affairs, sent to L ondon a du pli cate of these docu ments ,
both in th e or igi nal German and in E ngli sh ; and th at whi le
they w ere laid on the shelves of th e F or eign Office, H aynau

co mmenced to ex ecu te his thr eats wi t h the cr oss of St A n

drew , j u st b estowed u pon h i m for h i s merits b y the Cz ar , on

his breast .

1
Th e G olden Tru mp et (A r a ny T r ombit a ), a small work in
rhyme in th ir teen cantos, e mb odyi ng th e h i story of th e war , b y

Juli us S arossy, a h u morou s p oet It may b e aflir med, with .

ou t ex agger a ti on, th at thi s li ttle pr odu ct i on (br i nging wi th i n th e

compr eh ensi on of every pe asant th e open and br oad eve nts of

t h e w ar, as well as th e minu test intr igu es of th e cour t of V ienn a ,

in flowing ver se rendered the more emph atic from the many
,

proverbs with which i t i s i nter woven) i s a piece of genui ne art ,

and will for ages to come b e th e best r ecor d of th e r evolu tion for

the p eople at large .

394 G GR G E I IN A R A D .

ti
trea ng w ith the R
i th e ex act n atu re of w hich
u ss an s,

no one kn ew an d w hich gave ri se to ru mou rs th at th

, e

Ru ssians had something else in vi ew th an to assi t th s e

emperor of A u str i a an d th at C on stantin ,

th e G ran d e,

D uk f Rus ia hew ed no bj ection to gu arantee th

e o s ,
s o e

Hungar ian c n ti t ti on if crow ned with the crow n f

o s u o

St Stephen A dvised by G orgei the g vernment itself

.
,
o

seeme d t hav hoped t gain s m thing by a negocia

o e o o e

tion w i th th e R u s i n c mman der-in -chi f th e con d ct

s a o e , u

of w hi ch w as en t sted t th e two mi nisters S mer e

ru o ze

an d C ou nt C a i mir Batthyan Th
s at su ch p licy a o
y .

w as t prove totally abortiv e in the pr nce of a

o es e

Hungarian r my broken u p nd r etreating on all

a , a

sides no deep for ight w s n cessa y t perc ive A

, es a e r o e . s

is the case how ever i n individ al lif a n ation in th

, ,
u e, e

midst of too man y an d too re l misfort n s w ill in a u e ,

voluntarily di cer n some glimpses of hope in far-fetched

s

ecu l ations h ow ver c on fus d an d in con ru u s While

s
p ,
e
g e o .

th e governme nt w as th s h opi ng to g i n by u ch di plou a s

matic sch em many am ng the p ple l

e s, dy saw in o eo a rea

fan cy th e fl e ts of E ngl an d ppr ch th A d i tic an d

e a oa e r a
,

th e t rb n e d T rks cr ss the D n be ; n ot di car di ng

u a u o a u s

su ch f nd h pe ev n w h n all w as lost It w ill how

o o s
1
e e .
,

e ver b w ll not to fo get th at simil r h ope w ere ls

,
e e r a s a o

e n te rtain ed by a stat sman as xper ien ce d and as n obl

e e e

It may well here b eobserved, that th e H ungarian str uggle

would have consi der ably gained in strength and confidence h ad
th e encour aging wor ds u ttered fr om th e midst of th e ci vilized
and symp athiz i ng n ations always fou nd th eir w ay into H ung ary .

In corroborati on of this asser tion we h ave only to mention the

str ong effect produ ced on th e m aple of S z egedin b y an article

of a L ondon weekly (th e E x ami ner ), qu oted in G a lzg na ni, which

'

w as s muggle d i nto th e cou ntry thr ough B elgrade, and translated

into th e H u ngarian M oniteur .
 G oa e E r DI C TA T OR . 395

in min d “If it b e al so tru e, said Sir Stratford C anning,

.

in a desp atch to th e For eign O ffice, dated Th erapi a,

Ju ly 2 5, as t here
ch re on t beli ve th at is mu as o e ,

General Hayn h as iss ed ord rs to b rn eve y H n

au u e u r u

ari an vil l w hi ch h b th n ti l t p nd
g g e a
r r s a on a o a aou e r o s,

th t th e pr
a e s of the R si an ar my i mar ke d w i th
g o r s us s

u n us l dev stati n it is e y to f r s e that the con

ua a o ,
as o e e

t st w ill n ot
e f r w ith ou t ex e ti n a tr n g symp athy
g o
ga r s o

l ew here on b h alf of th ff
e s e n d f rci ng v ry e su e re rs, a o e e

th er con side ati n to ive w y to th t of h man ity

”
o r o a u
g a .

T h e tow n of A d li s on th b nks f th e M r o ra e e a o a s,

in the cou nty of t he s me n m w hich is w ll kn ow n a a e, e

f r the ich w i n it pr d c J dgi ng from G ii gei ’

o r es o u es . u r s

o de i n t h e N y -S nd r co p t dv nc n th
r
gr
g a a o r s o a a e o e

ro ad t o L w hith t h e De mbi n k
os, m y
er h d r s ar
g u
y a e

t reat d e co ps w hich b t ye te day ffer ed a s vere

, a r u s r su e

lo at D ebr c in and w hich ( cc ding to G iirgei)

ss e z , a or

w as th mo t sel ess h e h d n o re l i n ten tion to ffect

e s u , a a e

th e desi e d j n cti on w hi ch n ow w o ld n ot h ave b een

r u
,
u

of m ch mom n t
u T h e state of aff ir th u s lo ke d
e . a s o

ve ry critic l n d the more s a G ii i b o ght t r r u o

a , a
g o s e

A r ad l ng w i th him th m i n body f th Ru ssi an

a o e a o e

troop A ft r the r ep rt of the defeat of the army n ear

s. e o

T me var h d r i d at A r ad th gov rnment decided

e s a a r ve ,
e e

u pon n minating Go gei comman der-in-chief investing

o r ,

h im w ith f ll p ow e s t tr t f r a p eace
u r G 6rgei
o ea o .
,

h w ev r fused to accept thi n min ti n on the pl a

o er, e s o a o , e

t h at by it n t a in gl e m n w s dd d to h i for ces
o s a a a e s ,

r in n tw i th st an din t t h m ti m p on K os
u
g g , o
g e e , a sa e , u

s u th to re i n an d t i
s nve t him w i th th e s pr me o s
g u e

power Th e f th ministers present C s ny Vako

. re o e ,
a ,

v ics and H rv th th re pon met in co ncil w ith the

, o a ,
e u u

g o ve r n or a n d r e s lv
, e d t n o m i n at oG o g e i dic t to
o r o f e r a

Hu ngary On the 1 1th of A u gus t Kossu th annou nced

.
,
3 96 S U RRE NDE R o r G OR G E I .

hi s gnati n in a pr cl mation in w hich he mad

resi o o a ,
e

G 6 rgei re pon ibl e befor G d n d the p ople to act

s s , e o a e ,

accor ding to the best of h i bility to save the n ational s a

e xis ten c f Hu ngary nd oon after w r ds left A rad

e o , a s a .

T he n w dict tor did n t lie idl on his ss mpti n of

e a o e a u o

t he su prem pow er e N oon r h ad h . r ec eived h i

o s e e s

n ew t i tl th n h e h as t n d to i nf r m th e R ssi an
e a e e o u

g e ne r l R uadi g e r of t hi e v n t i n f r m i n g h i ms at t h e , o ,
e

same ti m w hith e, t dv n ce in er der t rec ive th

o a a or o e e

promised h m ge and m of the Hu ngarian t p

o a ar s roo s.

G rg i
o u n th b l l ti n of P i n c Pask w i tch t
e , so r s e u e r e e o

th e Ca “ h avi ng been in v ted w ith the prem

z r, es su e

p w er lay dow n nc nditi n lly his arms and h i

o , s u o o a ,
s

e xample w ill n dou btedl y b e foll ow e d by th e oth er r

u e

b elli o s d tach men ts

u e T he ofli cers w h om G iirgei h a
. s

sent to ff hio bmi i n h ve declared that th y

er s su ss o a e
,

w er e r e dy to r p i r
a ither w ith ou r own r th e A
e a , e o us

tri an commi i ners t th th r t o ps in ord r t

ss o , o e o e r o ,
e o

dete mine the m to ur ren d r I h av the hon ur t

r s e . e o o

bring bef re the kn ow l dg of you r maj sty th t th

o e e e ,
a e

only condi ti n G o i d eman d i t h t h e ma

g o r e
y ur s s, a s

ren de r sol ely t army o I h ave tak n measu r

ou r . e es

for h a ing hi tv
p g s r ded by th
r oo c o ps of R di
s ua e r u

g e w
r, h om I ch ar
g d w i t h t h e di ae
r m m e n t I a m s a .

abou t to pl c my lf in c mm n ic tion wi th the A 11

a e se o u a 8

tria cn mm nod - i n - hief

a er
g rd th ce delivery ,f as r e a s o

th e p ri ne so nd th er di p
r s, a iti ns w ith refe nce t
o s os o re o

the th e d t ch m n ts A s to G orgei s ow n per n I

’
o r e a e . so ,

h ave o d ed him t b e sent to my he d-q art w he

r er o a u e r s, re

he w ill re m in till the ar riv l of th e orders f your

a a o

m j e ty
”
a s .

T h pl ce w hich G o gei had ch o en for th e su r r n

e a r s e

der w as Vil agos a co ntry se t b elon ging t o Boh

, u a u s, a

n obl e man w h o h ad ser ed the revol u ti on T he ar my

v .
 '

3 98 SU RRE N D E R or A R AD .

herd of cattle by the C ossacks to the n eighbouring

, ,

vi llage of Zarand A n u n precedented day the 1 3th

.
,

o f A u gu st for H u n gary ! O n the pages of its hi tor y

, s

many a most di sastrou s day may b e foun d bu t th ,

e

1 3th of A u gus t w as a d y of dis aster cou pled w ith a

in ffable shame Neve r have the R u s i n arm

e . s a s

g a i ned su ch an easy vict o ry n e v er c o ld th e C ar , u z

have dreamed of so spe dily and entir ely h u miliatin g e

t he Circ as sians of A ustri a w ho al as ! w ere w ith t , ,

ou a

Schamy l at th eir h ead !

T he w h ole w eight of this disaster w as nat ral ly fi rst u

f lt by the for tress of A rad w ith th e di sable d Damya

e ,

n ics for its comman der A D myanics on hi feet . a s

w ou ld as s u r edly h ave redeeme d the dir e sc en e of Vila

os e ith er by a brave d ef n c e of A rad or a gl ri ous
‘
e
g ,
o

death Bu t w hat cou ld a soldier ch ai ned to his sick

.

b ed do ? A fter h avi ng notifie d to R u diger th e condi

t ions on w hich he w o ld u rr en der th e Ru ssi an general
u s ,

as ked G 6rgei to tell the def n ders of the fortr es how e s

impr u dent it w as on their part t demand mor favour o e

a ble con ditions than he did G iirgei th er eu pon wrot . e

an open l etter to Damyanics advi si ng hi m to su rren d , er

a t di cretion s A fter the delivery of this l tter by

. e

Gen ral Bu tu rlin th commander of th fortress con

e ,
e e

v ned a cou ncil del yi ng t answ er for the sp ace of

e ,
a o

s veral h ou rs
e Then R di g r let Damyanics know
. u e
,

th t in case of rec ivi ng no decisive answer at once h

a e
, e

w ou ld w ith draw an d b an d n t he fortre ss to the A

a o us

tr i ans Damyan i cs till del ayed sendi n g a n e w draft

. s
,

o f con ditions of s rren der w hich h aving been peremp

u ,

torily refu sed h e h e lpl ss in b dy and broken i n spirit

, ,
e o
,

actu ated also by confuse d n otions of R us ian policy s

an d magn animity op en e d on the 1 7 th of A u u s t th

, g e

g at es of A rad By thi
. s time K ossuth r oamed a fu gi
 BE M AND G U Y ON IN WA LLA C H IA . 3 99

tive in Tu rkey ; A r ad became the prison of the H un

g ri
a an
g en era l an d m m b ess o f th e Di t ; w hil e G i
eir
gei r e

w as th e gu est of Paske wi tch at Gross Var dein - l

.

Immediately after the tiding of G iirgei s su rrender s

’

re ach e d L o uw h ere Bem w as lyi ng w ith the r e t

s, s
g
o f the army this veter an tr ie d to ani mate th e tr 0 0 p
,
s

t o f rth er esi tan ce and urge d th em to follow hi m

a r s ,

to Transylvani w here h promised them sur su c

a, e e

cess H e pecially su mmon ed G n eral Vecsey com

. s e ,

man der of a corps w hich h ad l ai n for month s en

camped roun d Temesvar an d whi ch w as as fresh ,

for acti n as a b sieging ar my of a fortress h eld

o e ,

by a small disea e stricken d h alf starved garrison

- n s - a ,

might b e s ppo ed to b e Vecsey p ferred to li sten

u s . re

t t he or ders of G iirgei and t f ll w his example

o ,
o o o ,

a dastardly cond ct which br ght him to the gallows

u ou .

B m and G yon follow ed by b t a small b and th en

e u , u ,

march ed pon D eva in Transylvani a when after

u , , ,

In allu di ng in his book to the present made to hi m i mmedi

1

ately after hi s arri val at th e R ussi an head qu arter s, a fact whi ch

at the ti me became notori ous thr oug hou t th e whole cou ntry,

G ergei states, t hat P askewi tch , accidentally in for med of hi s

having b een sh ort of money had first placed at his disposal 300 ,

g o ld h alf i mp er i als h a vi ng sh
, ortly af ter h an de d to him in p erson

another sum of 500 pieces B oth these su ms says the Dic

”
.
,

t ator “ wer e offer ed to me as loans for an indefini te p eri od wi th ,

,

th e u nmi stakeable i ntention of not wounding my feeli ngs An .

u ncommonly noble act of Pri nce P askewi tch tru ly ! A few days
a fter G org ei r eceived th e speci al p ar don of the Cz a r after w hich ,

th e E mper or of A ustria assigned for his r esidence Klagenfurt in ,

Car inthi a where he continues to li ve on a p ension granted b y

,

the b oun ty of Fr ancis -Joseph T o th e lei sur e afforded b y this r e

.

treat is du e tha t b ook the character of whi ch h as b een indicated

,

fr om the refer ences (more numer ous than cou ld be wi shed) al

re ady made to it .
 4 00 JOY A T T H E FA LL or H UN GA R Y .

having encou ntered a Ru ssian forc they w ere obli ged e,

to seek refuge in Wallac hia In the meantime t h

’

.
, e

r em i n der of the Tran

a l an ian ar my w h ich s i nc s v
y , e

Be m s bei ng call d to the ou th w as n der t he com

’
e s u
,

man d of Bar n Ke mcny en tir ly d mor lise d by th

o , e e a e

new s f Vilagos retre te d amid freq en t d sertions t

o ,
a , u e , o

H nyad the frontier of H ng y Prope

u , Placed u ar r.

th e e n der t h comm n d f C olonel Al ex ander G al

r u e a o ,

t hey made a sh rt stan d b t to n o p u E n ve

o
p e , u r os .

t h y crow n d w ith s man y vic t rie

e ,
e w er e oblig d t o o s, e o

l ea th scen and di p rs to sc p the di gr c f

ve e e s e e, e a e s a e o

s rren der
u Str ggling hu ssars w ho c nt i ved to escape
. a ,
o r

n t h ir ch ar e and d j ecte d H on ed sp e ad t he
o e
g rs, e v s, r

mo r nfu l tidings in every vill age the people scarcely

u , ‘

knowi ng w hethe w h at th y hear d and saw w ere r e a

r e lity
a r a dr a m
o T h cour ts f E rope how e
e . e o u ,
v er ,

bett r knew wh t h d h appene d in H nga y than th

e a a u r e

H u ngarians th mselves ; an d w hil the C ar in th

e e z ,
e

c t y of his j y at the s cce s of H ly R i

e s as o u s o u ss a,
”
ex

c lai m d at Warsaw — N obi m Dem ! d i te p p li

e , s cu au , o u ,

e t i i mi ni q i
v nc nobi c m Deu ; an d w hile an oth e
u a s u s r

Te D m w as or dere d to b e ch nt d i n th cathedr l
eu au e e a

o f St Pete r an d Paul at S t Petersbu rg in th pr senc ,

e e e

o f the high l di s a d c av li e rs i n g l a dr es
n a e - Western a a s,

E r p also j ined i n this j y even if it was only a

u o e o o ,

of etiq u tte A ft r th an kin g M Br n n ow fo t h

jy
o e . e . u r e

c mm nication of the n ew s th at n end h d been p t

o u ,
a a u

t th depl orabl e w ar in Hu ng y t h n oble l or d th n

o e ar ,
e e

at the h ad f the B itish For ign O ffice th us ex

e o r e

pressed him elf in a di patch w ri tten on the ame s b

s s ,
s u

e t to L or d Ponsonby I h v i n str ct yo r
j c , t a e o u u

Excellency to expre t the A trian G vernment th e ss o us o

sati sfac tion w hi ch H er M j ty s G ern ment hav ’

a es ov e

f l t at hearing that the cal mitou s w ar w hich for th e

e a ,
 02 S U RRE NDE R or C OM OR N .

pr oof l s and a long series of redou bts in additi n

w al , , o

to o tw orks e rected w ith mu ch l b o r and skil l d ring

u , a u u

th w ar
e I n front of the fortre
. w hich d rives n ss , e o

small advan ta e f om b in i t ated i n the mid t f a

g g r e s u s o

pl in a ci rcu mstan ce highly nfavourable to b i gers

a ,
u es e ,

li the town of the am n ame w hose inh bi tants

es s e , a ,

a mo nting to pw r d of
u u proved as d v ted
a s e o

n d p er se veri n di d th s of A rad Thi s f r tr e

a
g as o e . o ss,

g i
arr so n e d by m e n i n f an t ry an d c avalry an d , ,

p vid d w ith ll th n c a y provi ions and m

ro e a e e ess r s e

m ni tion for month s to come w as comman d d by

u , e

K l pk a on e of the m
a, di tingui shed gen r ls of ore s e a

th e H ngarian a my and a t the same time a g d

u r , , ,
oo

p tri t It w as thu s v y n t r al to su ppose th t as

a o . er a u a ,

l ong a C omorn re m i ned i n national h ands it wo ld

s a , u

w rd ff A u stri an v ng n c
a o an d th at in c a
e f ea e ,
se o a

su rr nder the c onditi on s w o l d b e su ch as t

e , v th u o sa e e

liv of th o e w ho w e lready impri oned ext ort

es s er a s , a

e n eral amn esty r en f c e some oth er pr vi i ono or s

g , o s

e arding the f te f t h c o n tr y at l arg

a o A t t h e u e.
r
g e

fi t su mmons of surren der made by H ayn au i n th e

rs ,

presenc of a be ieging r my con si ting of b th R us

e s a ,
s o

s ian an d A u str i an
s the C n cil of War in th e f
s, ou . or

t ress p rescrib ed c nditi ons w hi c h did it h ono r

o This u .

d termi nation how eve

e w a short-li ed
, A mid th r, s v . e

r ep ated advanc s mad e by the A us tri ans to p rs ad

e e e u e

t he commander of th e fortr s th at th E mp or of es e er

A stria w as th e mor e anxi o s to g t p osse i on of

u u e ss

e very pot of Hu ngary in rder to commenc w ith

s o e

c as his acts of grace P eter vardein w as s rr n d er d

e , u e e

by C lonel Pau l Ki s In a few days afte on th

o s . r, e

2 d of O ct b er Kl pk like w ise opene d the g tes of

o , a a a

C morn to H ayn a
o T he chi f con ditions of su rren d r
u. e e

we the free with dr awal f th e garri son to th eir re

re, o
 E XE CU TI ON S AT ARA D . 4 03

s ective
p h ome an d th
gr nt f p s,
a p orts to th e a o ss ose

w h o w i h d to l s th ir c ntry In thi rrend

e e av e e ou . s su er ,

K l pka w as p ob bly m c h act t d by the

a ,
r a d f t u ua e sa a e

w hich w ait d th e i nh bit nt

a ef th t w n i n c f a a s o e o ase o a

pr l nged i g th gh it i n t th l ss t th t
o o S e e, ou s o e e rue a a

f rtifie d b ar r k if kept by e l te men mi ght e t rt

o ac ,
r so u ,
x o

simil a conditi n fr m a bl od thi ty en my T h

- 1
r o s o o rs e . e

ga r ri n of
so C m n w e d e pi t th e oc on diti n s
or f er , s e o o

th e c apit l tion s b e q ently e n oll d by for ce i nt

u a , u s u r e o

th e A t i n r my ; n or w s H yn
us r a a m ch mov d by a a au u e

th e w rit t n p ot st of K lapka i e d f om O xford

r e ssu e r

Terr ce L nd n a ,
o o .

H ng ry l y n w enti ly pr st at ff ring n t
u a a o re o r e, o e o

the li gh t t
s i t n c to th n g in ar y decree th t
es r es s a e e sa u s a

pa se d c n c rning he T h e R i n b gan t t k
s o e r. u ss a s e o a e

t h ir b ackw ar d
e te to the n o th th Servi ns
r ou r , e a re

t rned to th o th nly the A st i an em ining

u e s u ,
o u r s r a

w ith th eir comm n der H yn r o n de d by bl

a dy ,
a au , s u r u oo

trib n ls and h ngm n In l most e ry tow n f

u a a e . a ve o

s m e imp rt n c s t th e f r i n milit ary j d s t

o o
g a e
g a es o e u e , o

w h m Fr n cis J os ph confi ded th e compl ete p cifica

o a e a

ti on f H ng y
o A r ad an d P sth however w er
u ar . e ,
e

j di ci l pr c edihg By n i
,

t h cen t es f th
e r o ese u a o e s. a n

e x r ble dec
o a f H ynan all the fficers b l ow the
r ee o a , o e

r nk of a n r l i f n ot co nsi ne d to pri son w

a
g g e e a , , ere

pressed a private int the A t i n servic whil ll

s s o us r a e, e a

th e gen r al w er e en t n c d to p i h by th
e s ope s e e er s e r .

O n th 6th of O ctob gall w s w r r cted in A r d

’
e er o e e e e a ,

w ithin ight f the p i on e

s f w odelivered o er by r s rs o ar v

Pas k w it h to the A stri n

e c T h f llow i ng e th u a s. e o ar e

n ames of the el v n gen er al s all of th e m l ate offi c ers

e e ,

1
S ee T he Wa r i n H un gary By G ener al Klapka
. Vol . .

II , Chap
. . II . A lso, The F or tr ess qf Comor n By Colonel .

T haly .
 4 04 C H A R A CTE R o r DA n r A N I cs.

i n the A ustr ian army and mo tly fath rs of famili s , s e e ,

wh w ith e qu l d termi nati on bow ed th eir neck s t

o, a e ,
o

t he A st i n h n m n — E n e t Kis
u r a on e of th e s
g a a z r s ,

rich t landed propri tors of H ngary ; A u lich T iirok

es e u , ,

L ah n er S hw eid l C n t L i ni ngen a n ative f

, c e , ou e ,
o

Ke s n and Polten b g a Vi nnese C nt V csey

s e , er , e ,
ou e ,

Kne ich— in bett r d y th commander of the 3d

z e a s e or

D myanics corps ; Nagy-S ndor w ho most enth i

a a ,
us

as ti lly ser ved th

ca r l ti n and w as th first i n
e e vo u o ,
e

s ac ling the w ll of B d in M y ; and the di abled

a s u a a s

Damyani s It will n t b i l vant to d w ll a little

c . o e rr e e e

on th ch racter of this the mo t singular soldi r pr

e a s e o

d c d by the Hu ng r i n w ar
u e a a .

John D myanics f rm rly c pt in i n the A st i n

a ,
o e a a u r a

a rmy w as bor n i n the di s t i t f th e B nat-B o der rs

, r c o a r e .

A t the comm n cement f the ci il w ar in the so th h

e o v u ,
e

took the fi ld again t th reb llio s Rai t en cco d ”

e s e e u z a r
,

i ng to th i mp eri l ed n d w as s b a quen tly ad

or er , a u se

ve n c d by t he H u n
e ri n min i try to the ank f a ma s r o
g a a

and soon aft r to th at f n r l H li l

j or ,
g e e w as tt o a e e a . a e

a b ve f ty of tall st t re and herc lean mo ld A

o or , a u , u u .

s o mb e fire gl eame d f m hi s d r k eyes d

r p- t nd
ro a , ee se u er

a l g nd open f h d hi qu iline nose len ding

ar e a ore ea ,
s a

d ci i t his f ll
e n s o fo nd d w n -b angin g ch eek
u ace a o s

h lf-cover d by thick black b a d which r sted

a e a e r , e on

hi s b r d pr tr di ng ch t
oa o E n d ow d b y n t
u es . e a u re

w i th s m u ch k een i h tedn e ss as brave y Dam an i c

a -
g s
y r , s

on di c rne d the di e m e th t A st i a w s pl ay
so s e
g r a a u r a

i ng w ith H nga y an d w i th h i ki ndred the R i t n

u r ,
s a ze ,

w hic h b e w ith all hi h a t v w ed to aven g

, s T he e r , o e.

9th an d 3d st dent b tt li n s whi ch ch an ce threw

u a a o ,

into his hands in th ight of so m ny tre h ri

,
e s a ac e es

c ommi tte d by se e l of the l ate A u strian ofli c

v ra ers ,

l ked at fir st w ith s pici n t the manmu res of

oo us o a v a
4 06 E x E CU T I oN S A T PE STH .

hi s disabled comrade w ho w ith a bitter smile aide d , , ,

th e h ang m n by keeping his b ar d in hi h an d till th

a e s ,
e

ro e w adj u sted on hi n eck

p as s .

I n the mean ti me th xec tioners w er no l ess b sy e e u e u

a t Pe th T he first of th e victi ms w as C n t L i
s . ou ou s

Batthy ny the late p emi e w ho h ad been k pt pri

a , r r, e

s one r e ver in ce h e h ad n to th e camp f Wi n di ch

g s o e o s

at w i th an o f f f p c C nt B tth n n
g r z e e o y y
r o a e. u a a , o

h a i ng th t he had b n ntenced to th g ll w
e r a ee se e a o s,

t rie d t d w ay w i th hi lif by th ru ti n a knif in t o

o o a
g s e s e

h i th
s t T he w n d h w ver did n ot p v m r
roa . ou , o e ,
ro e o

t l
a , a nd th e form of h i pu ni h men t w as c mm ted to s s o u

d th by pow der and l ad H i las t t mmering w ord

ea e . s s a s

w ere L ong live the f th l nd l Thi n bl icti m

, a er a
”
s o e v

w as foll w d by C sany th
o e minister of p blic w k ,
e u or s,

w ho s yi ng th at h w a t
a old t o be i n th e li f
g e f s oo e o

e xi le h d res lved to r m i n at A rad fte th r n

,
a o e a a r e su re

de B r on Per nyi l t l rd-li t n nt n d p i

r a e ,
a a e o eu e a a res

dent of t he u pper h o ; an d S ac y ne of the u se z sva , o

m t os r ne t memb rs
ea f the long p li m n t w h
s e o ar a e ,
o

a id d in dr aw ing p th d aft of th Decl r ation of

e u e r e a

Ind p n dence a fine o t

e e T w o oth r gen r l s
, ra or . e e a ,

De ffy n d Ka in y w e by p artic l r gra

sse a z zcn ot , er , u a ce,

h ng d b t hot B id th o e her en mer ted

a e u s . es es s e u a ,

H yna sign d al th d th-w arrant of many les

a u e so e ea s

kn w n b u t n less i nn nt victi ms
o ,
o oce .

A th e diplomatic
s p en tatives f th E rop an re res o e u e

p w r at Vienna ref d t giv pas ports to those

o e s u se o e s

w ho c nt i e d to e c p ig nomi ni ou s
o r v nd el d ath
s a e a cru e ,

A stri an r le w ou ld pr b bly h ave kill d i ts

u u o a e

ti no w i th w ork h d m ny n u nfo t n te n ot su c
ers , a a a r u a

ce e ded in maki ng hi w ay in t the territo i of the so s o r es

c ll d infidel T h d m n d for th xt di ti n of the

a e s. e e a e e ra o

f ge made to th P t by A u stri a and Ru ssi

re u es, e or e a,
 T H E RE FU GE E S . 407

h as b een
made kno w n th rou gh too many ch annels to
r equ ire a min u te r elati on G u ide d by a n atu r al se n se .

o f j u stice and comp assion th e S u lt an r efu se d t he de

,

mand— a deter mi nation in w hich h e w as strengthene d

by Sir S tratford C anning (no w L ord Str atfor d de
R edcliffe) . pow er n w b g n t
T he tw o n ort ern h s o e a o

u se th e t r a s, t thei watchw d of
and so far to for e
g r or

Peac w ith which they d l d d the o th er c t f

e,
”
e u e ou r s o

E rop as to menac th Port w i th the d clar ti n

u e, e e e e a o

that the mere e c pe of single ref gee w ld b s a a u ou e

l ked pon as a
oo u belli I n th is inst n ce it must
cas us . a

b e ob er ed L or d P lm ston seeme d t o h ave f lly felt

‘
s v a er u

th e r p onsibility attac hing to th e p iti on of ne f

es os o o

the de f t j dg an d in t
ac o p t e of the law of na
u es er re rs

ti ns
o I t may b e rem mb ed th t a few w eek b f re
. e er a s e o

th n d of th e w ar th A
e e tri n g vernment d m n ded
, e us a o e a

fr m the Porte the ext diti n of a d tach me n t of

o ra o e

H ng i n tro ops wh fl d fr m Tran ylvania before

u ar a o e o s

th e R ians In an w t th d spatch of th g l
u ss . s er o e e e a

l ant nd noble-hea t d B i ti h mb ador t Con tan

a r e r s a ass a s

t in ople n th t s bj ect L ord P l me ston in his n w e

o a u ,
a r a s r

th ref
us d to th bj ct
erre It w ou ld be a st i n d
e su e ra e

in t rp t tion of t he l 6 th ar ticl of th e t reaty f B l

e re a e o e

g rad e to con str u e it to apply to t h e offi c er s an d sol

,

diers of the H n gari an r mi w h h ve been fighti ng

u a es, o a

the con s ti t utio na l h ri H a a i ns t the

for
g t s o
f un ar
g y g
ar mies f
o A us tri a and R us s ia u h ofiicers an d sol
. S c
d i c not b e deemed t b
er s an rs n s in t n ded t o e th p e e o e o

b e d c ibed by th e exp i n e o te de gen or

‘ ’
es r r e ss o s e s s r s s,

b e cl sed w ith T he n obl

’
to l
as t b ig ds vo e u r s e r an . e

L r d th n expr ssed hi h p s th t as th e w ar w
o e e s o e a , as

n ow ov r A st i a w ld desi t fr m its demand A s

e , u r ou s o s.

i s know n th e ear nest p t of th e q esti on foll ow d

,
ar u e

afte r w a ds w h en the B i tis h govern me nt d ete mi n d

r
,
r r e
 C ON DITION OF H U N GA R Y
to b ck the ref s l of the S l tan by the entran ce of
a u a u ,

th e Briti h fle t into th D ar d an lle a p licy in w hich

s e e e s, o ,

t o the h on o r of F rance th e ov rn ment of N ap l n

u o eo
g , e

al so j oined .

Whil the ref gees w r th s c in A ia Minor

e u e e us e u re s

anothe or t of w ar c mm nc d i n H nga y w hich i s

r s o e e u r ,

car ri d en to t h pre en t d we w h ich tri s ar

o
y a a

u mphan t c w dice s ld m negl cts t w age

o ar This e o e o .

w ar i car i d n w ith a sy tem of tac tics pe cu li r to

s r e o s a

i t lf by gen d m i n t eve y per on w h i

’

a s
se , g s ar es, a s r s o

u n fo tu n t
r n
g h to b e u pecte d f p tr i tis m
a e e ou r as s s o a o ,
o ,

it i th w i e ter m d
s o er ev l ti on
s f lin n d ite r s
y g ; , o u ar ee s a

b ttle-fi ld re th pri n w h re def n d nt j dg and

a e s a e so s e e a , u e,

e x c u ti n r f c e
e o e ch other N ot conten ted w i th mere
a ea .

bl ody rev nge care w as also t ken immedi t ly aft r

o e , a , a e e

th e n d of t he w ar t
e h a t th p c ni y me ns of ,
o ex us e e u ar a

t h p ple B e i d s th va t pri vate pr p ti

e eo . . s on w hich
e e s o er es

the E mperor l id h i h nd n d r w a i ed n
a s a , a or e s ssu e

j ining n every inh bi t nt t d li e n ec i pt

o o a a o e v r, o a r e ,

w h t he pos e ed of th H n g i an b n k-n t
a s ss is d e u ar a o es su e

d ri ng the w r Many f the peopl m d by f ar

u a . o e, o ve e ,

an d f lly b lie i ng al
u th at th
e c ipt w ld b e r
v so e re e ou e

d med by c ent mon y h a t n ed t d liv r p w h t

ee u rr e ,
s e o e e u a

th y b d B t s
e a . o as t h t w as d n an i m eri l
u a
pso n d a o e a or er

decl a d th n ti n l p p m n y n ll w hile th
re e a o a a er o e u , e

commi i n rs of the H ng rian gov rn ment had th i

ss o e u a e e r

p pe ti s c nfi c ted t def ay th am nt f th t same

ro r e o s a o r e ou o a

p p m n y pl ac d t th ir disp s l d ing th w ar !
a er o e e a e o a ur e

T o thi mu t b s dd d the x bit n t t x v r sinc

s e a e e or a a es e e e

l vi d by imp i l dict ; the int od cti n f the

e e er a e s r u o o

t ob acco m n p ly w hich b e id s f ci ng th c lti

o o o , tr ,
s e or e u va o

to sell hi prod ce t the i mp ri l tre s y xp s his

s u o e a a ur , e ose

hou se to b s ar c h d t any m m n t by the forei n

e e
g e a o e

e mpl yés ; an d t he c mplete de m li ti on of all th e

o o o
4 10 JOYS OR T H E PE OP LE .

sit down on the floor rou n d the large stove to li ten to ,

s

t h camp-adv n tur e
e f his son w h o ei ther i n con e
e s o , ,
s

q u e n c e of b e i n
g m t il a t d o r so m e t h eu i m il ar r
e a o r s e

so n , c pe d being fo ced into the A u st i n s rvice at

es a r r a e

th end of the w a
e H w ill h r his son rel te h w
r. e ea a o ,

as a h sa -se geant h torm d the A s tri n b tt i

us r r
, e s e u a a e r es

t S ol n k ; hi s yes w i ll kindl e w i th o in f rthe

a z o e
j y u r

h ring h w the light-horse now st tion ed in th e i l

ea o ,
a v

l ge w e p t t w ild fli ght at Bic ke ; and u tt r

a , er u o s e a

st ifl ed i h be token in s v n w h n tears gl i t n in re s e
g g , g e e, e

h i eye at the m n ti n of th e b rav death of his s con d

s s e o e e

so n n the ramparts of B d
o S ch ar the cen u a. u e s es,

o ft n ep ted i n lmo t e very cot t ge ; an d it n ot

e r ea , a s a

s eldom h appen s th t a di bl d H nved wi ll recogni

a sa e o se
,

i n th A tri n oldi
e us n w qu ar te
a s d p n hi f th
er , o re u o s a er,

h im w h m from hi s o t-p t o ,
ice he had car i d u os s er v ,
r e

a w ay pr is n er O ft n w ill sever al f th e l te n ti nal

o . e o a a o

t roops living in th e s me n ighbou rhood m t in m

, a e ,
ee so e

o f th pin n i ng-rooms w h r th e m id n of the vill g

e s
,
e e a e s a e

ar e as mbl ed t king u
se lly the preca tion to pro ide
, a su a u v

f m am ng them lv
ro o fe w f o t-p se ts to w tch
es a or u os ,
a

t he app oac h f the ge n d me w h o are ev r n th

’
r o s ar s, e o e

m v f m vill ge to vill ge n d re the most o t

o e ro a a ,
a a u

f t h A t ri n ldi e y T h m us emen t
ra
g ueo o s e us a so r . e a

b gins wi th th chanting f som inn ocent spinn ing

e e o e

so n
g w hich, i s soon bl n d d w it h th e mel ody e f a e o

ma ch t th so n d of w hich W it n w
r o e u s t ke n an d a ze as a

t h h ight s of S ar l cl ear d
e e A mid the ci clin g of the
o e . r

w i n -c p often th e gift of c omp a ion th

e u ,
ch u s ss ,
e or

s w ell higher n d high r ; th t o t f th e f th e l n d

s a e e as s or a r a

min gl w ith lo d c se n its f

e u ; an d i
ur n v ai n d
s o th e oe s o

id
ma e s e om n s
n r c m d il n c e i n v i n ed o th e o t-p t
e , a u os s

a nn n ce th e
ou pp aching clas h of arms T he cry of
a ro .

v ng ance sw ell from every breast th at was on ce

e e s
 FE E LIN GS OF TH E P E O P LE . 4 11

bared f r the acred c se the reeling Hon v d f g t

o s au , e or e

t i n g th at h e i l ft on ly w ith on ar m the en th i s tic

s e e , us a

h u ssar th t cr tch ppli th pl ce f l g I n

a a u su es e a o a e .

s u ch tw ar d man i f t ti n
ou d m t mor ph es a d o s an e a oses oes

th r vol ti n p p t
e e u te ito istenc d pit th e ere
er e ua s ex e es e e s v

ru le f ma ti l law n d m t n c p l p ni h m nts
o r a a os u s ru u ou s u s e .

T he p ple h e b ideeo d ep ttl d con icti n of

av , es s, a e se e v o

t h eir ow n w hic h n o , tw d pre ure can oblite ate ou ar ss r ,

a n d f lly aw a e tu w h m th y r w e th e ab li ti n
o o f e o o o o

f d lity (w hich the C r t f Vi nn a w a pr d nt

eu a ou o e s u e

e no
g hu n ot t tt e mpt to oe-e t bli h
a
) t h ey n th r s a s , , o e

o th er h n d t o w ell comp h en d t h
a ,
o n at re of t he re e u

p res e nt
g i m Sc
re c ly fi e.h m n o n t h
ar ee Th i a s er a e ss,

o r a sh ph d n th P t b t k n w th t it i p
e er o e a s a, u o s a s re

po t ron in F n ci -J ph t f rce peopl t l l gi

s e s ra s ose o o e o a e

a n ce n d l v a by ct f vi l n ce ; th t th mp r
o e a s o o e a e e er o

o f A t i a w h t ver b e h i
us r ,
w n ti tl
a e or th ose f hi s s o es o

p arent h s n right t ta H ng ry at his ple su re

s, a o o x u a a ,

to f r c h o s n s i nt
e erhi s o ic n d to send in th ir
o s er v e, a e

ste d f r ign m r c n ar i
a o e ; th y kne w me v r t
es h t e o ,
or eo e , a

n o pow e n d l r cat t h i m t h i h t of di tur bin g r s

g g
e e a e o e

t h d mestic p ace of the i n h bit

e o e ts by ho t f a an a s o

ar me d spi s n d of d l at in t hi trib nal e e t h s e

e ,
g a
g o s u

pow er f d ciding over the p pe ty n d liv s f a

o e ro r a e o

w h l p opl o e The mp eror f A tri an th s h r dly

e . e e o us a c u a

fl tte hi ms l f w ith c mpl t victo y v H ngary ;

a r e a o e e r o er u

n or h th E as p n dipl m cy n w m ch reas n to
e u ro ea o a o u o

r j ic
e o t i ts f ll
e a a .

I t w ld u re dly b t ay n o sm ll d egree of self

ou ass e r a

conc it on th p r t of th stat men of West n

e e a e es er

E ope w ere th y t give th msel es u p to the f nd

ur ,
e o e v o

belief th t th tti t de of R ssi a exemplifi d in th

a e a u u a, s e e

M en sch ikoff lti mat m and its i mm di t c n e q enc

u u e a e o s u es,

i the res l t of some nlooked for an d s dden sch m

s u u u e e
4 12 P RE SE N T STA TE OF E U R O P E .

of the p ice of the C ar ; n d it w o ld fur ther be

ca r z a u , ,

as idl e i n th em to tr li v th at the C d efi
’

y t o b e e e z ar s

an c i n t h prese n t i nstance procee ded f om h is s p

e, e ,
r u

po ition of th impossibility f Sincere nd rstanding

s e o a u e

betw n the French nd E ngli h g vernment F lly

ee a s o s. u

to p ceive the h llo w ne

er f th l ast s pp i tion i t
o ss o e u os ,

w ill b e su ffi ci n t m rely t o e c llect that E ngl nd w s

e re o a a

t h fi t pow er i n ckn w l dgi n g the new N polean i

e rs a o e a c

dynasty despite p blic t ti to w hich h w as

, u rea es s e a

chi f party ; th at t hi s ecognition w s i n itself ffici en t

e r a su

to e x l u de the pos ibility f a C liti n for an th r R

c s o oa o o e e

st oration ; and th at th o gh th C r f lt blig d t

, u e za e o e o

i mit te the x mpl

a f B itain he did it t dily and
e a e o r ,
ar

w i thou t the form w hich mi ht h ave en ti rely ti fie d sa s

g s

t he n w French E mpe or
e A g i n i t i n t rious th t r . a ,
s o o a

aft r the su bj
e ti n fH n
g ry R u i a a m d an d a ss ssu e
g u a o o u ,

e x cised th part f
er p m mp ire in l most v ry
e o a su re e u a e e

p blic q e tion of c tin nt l E p A t the b he t

u u s on e a u ro e. e s

o f th E mper r Nich l as th Pr ssi an an d A u tr i n

e o o ,
e u s a

ar mi facing each oth

es, w ith dr aw n sw rd n th er o s o e

F ld in 1850 ret n d q i tly t th eir h mes ; w hil

u a, ,
ur e u e o o e

o n th occ asion w h n L
e d P lmer ton d ter min d te or a s e e o

di p tch the Engli h fl et on debt-e pedi tion first to

s a s e a x ,

th eG k w at rs th en t th b ay f L egh n th
ree e o e o or ,
e

C r h eld o t th e t th t if t h clai ms made n th

za u r a s, a e o e

D k of T scany w e n t linqui sh d he w ld w ell

u e u er o re e ou

c n id r u nder what c nditi ns to admit Briti h b

o s e o o s su

j ct
e i nto hi s d mi ni n
s H w w as it n at ral t
o o s. o u o

e xp ct after Eu ropean diplomacy h as li ten d w ith

e ,
s e

a pparent re eren c d i ng th e memor bl v nt of

v e, ur a e e e s

1 8 4 8 to the boasts f t he C ar w hile s ndi ng for th

,
o z ,
e

hi C ossacks th at ia w o ld
”
s holy R , f lfi l he u ss u u r

des ti ny how it m y b ked co ld i t h ave been

,
a e as , u

e xp cted that the E mpe o N icholas th s led to look

e r r
,
u
4 14 P R E SE N T STA T E OF E U R O E P .

E u rope ; and f rther th at the efforts made for its u ,

maint nance proceeded chi fly fr om th know le dg f

e e e e o

the radic l ch ang s re q i d to b e made in or d r com

a e u re e

p l e t ly te a ve r t th xi
o sti n
g e vil I n o t
e eh r w o r ds th . e ,
e

pres nt b l n f p we has hithe to be n s ff r d to

e a a ce o o r r e u e e

r m i n and v n bee n
e a , pported f m the knowl dge
e e su ,
ro e

t h t i t v ry b asi w as f l se
a s e N o libe ali ty of p ri n
s a . r

ci le i n eed ed t t h t th p r ti ti n f P l n d w
p s se e e a oo o o a aas

the be t m n t open to Mus co i te ambiti on th e w ay

s ea s o v

int the centre of E rope and the E ast ; and that

o u

A u tri n ru l i n L mb d V neti ser ves only to

s a - e o ar e a

tr o bl the p ace of the S u th T he p s nt Eu pean

u e e o . re e ro

s ystem w rep t w s pport d hith rt on accou nt

, e ea , as u e e o

of it bei n t b d b t by p er mi ttin R i n in te r
gs ; oo a
g u s s u a

ven ti on i n H n a y th e t ate m n of E urop mad r i t

g u ,
s s e e e

still w orse S ch a t t of things ow ing to the ah

. u s a e ,

s en ce of a si n l e man f g en i us i n th bo om of th e
g o , e s

reat civilise d n ati on i n f llibly b e to k e n s the great

s, a
g
change w hi ch is not far di tant s .

A t Hu ngary in p r tic l ar w ith its w ondro

s o ,
a u ,
us

hi tory b fore o r yes it w o ld b e d ing vi olence t

s e u e ,
u o o

h u man reason to pp s it s
g oal th suf r ni shin
g
o se a e u a

f reign m n ar ch w ith th e means an d ar ms f r the op

o o o

pres ion f oth r n tions

s o e a .

A s h as bee n s n n either the l n g calamities of ee ,

o

f r h n dred year s th t fell pon th at people f om th

ou u a u r e

E as t and from the West n r th long ppr ssion s that , o e o e

s u bse q ently foll ow ed c

u ld palsy th ir rm or viti t , ou e a s, a e

thei pirit S till str ng in body nd free in mind

r s s. o ,
a ,

n ei th e b ken by cal mities n r old w ith time ll

r ro a ,
o ,
a

th t h a bef llen them i b t th misf rt ne of child

a s a s u e o u

hood T this beli f of the people in its own inde

. o e

stru ctib le p w er mus t b e ttrib t d their bstin n c

o ,
a u e a e e

fr om p altry an d p ar ti al deed s of vengean ce ; and th eir

 PR E SE N T STA TE P
OF E U R O E .

exempl ary long s ffering as exhibited during th l t

u , e as

fo years it is from the trength of their s lf-e st m

ur . s e ee

an d th ir h p
e th t they do n ot even c mplain ; n
o e a o u

cover ing w ith pride their cars they scorn to h ld p

s ,
o u

to c mp as i n th ei w o n d
o s o r u s.

Sooner p erh aps th an it i s i magin ed may Hu ng y ar

ain b eco me fr ee an d n bl d to accompli h w h t

a
g ,
e a e s a

appears to b e h er de ti y
n — T o carry Civili ation in t
s ,
z o

the E ast .