Humans v/s Machines

Vikas Rajput
Tanmay Khandait
Mary’s Room

Experiment
Mary’s Room

Experiment
Intelligence

def.

the ability to learn from experience, solve

problems, and use knowledge to adapt to
new experiences.

Can a machine display general intelligence?

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Dreyfus'
four assumptions of
Artificial intelligence research

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The biological assumption

The brain processes information in

discrete operations by way of some
biological equivalent of on/off switches

Dreyfus refutes the biological assumption by citing

research in neurology that suggested that the
action and timing of neuron firing had analog
components

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The psychological assumption

The mind can be viewed as a device

operating on bits of information
according to formal rules

Dreyfus refuted this assumption by showing that

much of what we "know" about the world consists
of complex attitudes or tendencies that make us
lean towards one interpretation over another.

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The epistemological assumption

All knowledge can be formalized

Dreyfus argued that there was no justification for

this assumption, since so much of human
knowledge was not symbolic.

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The ontological assumption

The world consists of independent

facts that can be represented by
independent symbols

Dreyfus calls this the ontological assumption

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Intelligence Is Embodied

Does Intelligence require a body?

Can Intelligence only develop with the

aid of a body?

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Alchemy and AI

Dreyfus in his paper “Alchemy and AI” flatly

ridiculed AI research, comparing it to
alchemy.

It ridiculed the grandiose predictions of

leading AI researchers, predicting that there
were limits beyond which AI would not
progress and intimating that those limits
would be reached soon
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Computers

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The Classical Paradigm of
Artificial Intelligence

● Symbolic AI had as its goal the

construction of intelligent computer
systems.

● The aim was a system that possessed

universal intelligence; that is, had a
universal ability to reason, solve
problems, understand language, and
carry out other intelligent tasks the way
an intelligent human adult could.

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Symbolic AI assumes, as its principal
point of departure, that intelligence is
a matter of manipulating symbols
following fixed and formal rules

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Expert System

● A computer system that emulates the decision-

making ability of a human expert.
● Expert systems are mainly built according to the
assumptions.

But they can’t exaclty replace Humans

because Humans employ rules in early
stages of learning, but in later stages
replace this with an intuitive and holistic
manner of problem solving.

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Neural Networks & Deep Learning

● It rejects from the start the idea that

intelligent behavior springs from the
manipulation of symbols according to
formal rules.

● The neural network approach derives its

inspiration for the modeling of intelligent
processes not from the digital computer,
but from the structure and operation of the
human brain

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AlphaGo (Google’s Deep Mind)

● Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players.

● Players take turns to place black or white stones on a
board, trying to capture the opponent's stones or
surround empty space to make points of territory.

There are
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,00
0,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,00
0,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,00
0,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 possible
positions—that’s more than the number of atoms in the universe,
and more than a googol times larger than chess.

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AlphaGo defeated Fan
Hui(three-time European Go
champion) by 5 games to 0.

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Unanswered Questions

● Can a machine have emotions?

● Can a machine be self-aware?
● Can a machine be original or creative?
● Can a machine be benevolent or
hostile?
● Can a machine have a soul?

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Food for thought

Consider a scenario where you met a

new person and interact with him/her
for few days. You really like this
person. But then you find out that this
person is not a human but a machine.
How will you respond? Will you treat
that person/machine differently? And
Why would you treat that
person/machine differently?

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