1.

MO-MPFA Algorithm:

Step 1: Initialisation of the MPFA parameters and read data of

distribution system.

Set W = 0.1, number of iterations (N), size of population (n), switch

probability (P), γ1, γ2 for levy flight lambda constant λ = 1.5,

cloning array, bus data, branch data, number of tie switches, and

number of sizes and locations.

Step 2: F(x) = (W1 * Total power loss) + (W2* LBI) + (W3*VP).

Step 3: Initial random selection of population Pop (solution vector)

of size n. The solution vector for network reconfiguration with PV

and D-STATCOM installations is formed as follows:

where first portion (SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4, and SW5) of the

solution vector is taken as the number of tie switches, second

portion (Spv, Lpv) is taken as the size and location of PV, and third

portion (SD-STATCOM, LD-STATCOM) is taken as the size and location

of D-STATCOM.

Step 4: Objective function F(x) is calculated by the load flow

without violating constraints and the best solution g* from the

solution vector is identified.

Step 5: If each iteration rand > P,

For each solution vector in Pop is according to d-dimensional L

which obeys a levy distribution. Perform global pollination via

(18).

Step 6: If each iteration rand < P,

Form a clonespop population as of the best m solutions from Pop

For each solution, the vector in clonespop is according to uniform

distribution in [0, 1]. Perform local pollination via (19).

Step 7: Form newpop solutions by selecting the best solutions from

Pop and clonespop.

Replace Pop by newpop.

Step 8: If the best solution g* is less than the specified value, then

store the results otherwise go to step 5.

Step 9: If W <1, then obtain the optimal Pareto front from the

stored results; otherwise go to step 3 and add W = W + 0.1 in step 3.

Step 10: Obtain the compromised solution from the Pareto optimal

front using TOPSIS technique.

2. Buses:

Initially, the proposed method was tested on a 33-bus system with the line and load data being obtained
from [22]. It consisted of 1–32 sectional lines (closed switches) and 33–37 tie lines (open switches). The
total real and reactive power demands were 3715 kW and 2300 kVAr. The lowest bus voltage was
0.9131 p.u., which occurred at node 18. The initial power loss of this system was 202 kW. The maximum
LBI was 0.138 occurring at the second branch.
For all these radial systems, the substation voltage was examined as 1 p.u., and all tie and
sectionalising lines were considered as candidate lines for reconfiguration problem. VSI was
used to pre-identify the location of the PV and D-STATCOM.

3. A bus in a distribution system equipped with PV units which consist of PV array, inverter, DC–DC
converter, and a tracking system. After installing the PV unit, the real and reactive power flow and 118-
bus distribution systems and tolerable results were obtained.

4. There are six different cases discussed in the simulation to analyse the performance of the proposed
method under three different load factors: λ = 0.5 (light), λ = 1.0 (nominal), and λ = 1.6 (heavy). All these
cases have been programmed using MATLAB software, on a core 2 duo, 3 GB RAM, 2 GHz personal
computer.