Huma 101 (Kemeny) Exam 2 Study Guide

1. Be able to explain what is an Apologia?

a. A legal defense
b. A closing argument
2. Be able to explain what was Justin Martyr contribution to Christology?
a. Logos doctrine
i. General revelation proves God
ii. Plato gets it, but Christianity is it.
b. Apology
i. Christians are not anarchists
ii. OR atheists
3. Identify the influence of Neo-Platonism (in early Christianity)
a. Justin Martyr
b. Arius and Arianism
c. Augustine and his view of the church and grace (and responses to Donatism)
d.
4. Define and explain Arianism
a. Jesus was not fully God – created by the Father.
b. Effects on salvation:
i. Jesus could not mediate (bear sins)
ii. Less than divine – liar (he claimed to be divine)
c. Homoiousios: “of a similar or like nature”
i. LIKE God, but not the same
ii. Same essence, substance, but not God.
5. Define and explain orthodox consensus response to Arianism
a. Arianism divided the church, Constantine needed a unified church (324 AD)
b. To unite them, led to Council of Nicea: Nicean creed: majority decided.
c. Homoousios: same identical nature. One iota of difference.
6. What is the Donetist view of the church?
a. 303-313 AD: state-sanctioned persecution until Edict of Milan.
b. The true churched was marked by people who were holy, by definition traditores were NOT
HOLY (and could not be holy).
c. Specifically outraged by Felix’s appointment to be Bishop of Carthage (Donatus was a bishop
in North Africa).
7. What was Augustine’s view of the church?
a. Bishop of Hippo
b. The church is a mixed body of saints and sinners
c. Christianity is inherently hypocritical
d. Anti-Donatist.
e. Church is a hospital for sinners.
8. What was Augustine’s view of the effects of the Fall?
a. Hierarchy of being – imperfection here, perfection there.
b. Adam and Eve were able to not sin, but after, they were incapable of not sinning.
c. Disposition to do the wrong thing: sin taints everything.
d. You’re judged based on whether or not you fulfill your moral obligations.
9. Who was Plegian?
a. British acetic monk who came to Rome
 b. Really uptight guy
10. What was Plegian’s view of sin?
a. We have free will and learn how to sin
b. Obligation implies ability: ‘if one should, one can.”
c. People don’t have to sin, but they have bad role models.
d. Sin is habit forming.
11. Be able to explain what happened in the aftermath of the collapse of the western roman empire
a. Rome fell in 410 AD; Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD
b. Christianity shifts from Mediterranean to Western Europe
c. Islam came from the East and caused political destabilization
d. Collapse of Rome was the beginning of the dark ages.
i. Not intellectual fermentation
ii. Or cultural development
12. Be able to outline the 3 major national dynasties that emerged in the “high ages”
a. Merovingians
i. 6th-century Frankish
ii. Converted to Christianity
iii. United modern-day Europe into their empire
b. Carolingians
i. 8th-century Span-esque (around spain)
ii. Dependent on Christianity for unity
iii. Founded by Pepin the 1st of Austria
iv. Charles the Great (Charlesmagne) extended it to far eastern Germany, all of France,
Northern Italy
c. William the Conqueror: England
d. Others:
i. Capetians in France
ii. Hohenstaufen empire in Germany
13. What was happening outside of Western Europe during the middle ages?
a. The East – Byzantium Empire. Constantinople. (Eastern Orthodoxy)
b. The South – The Caliphate (Islam: Saudi-arabia; North and East)
c. Islam:
i. Captures Constantinople in 1453
ii. Stopped in 1523 at Vienna
14. East-West Schism: 1054 AD
a. Constantinople and the Pope broke up: both excommunicated each other.
b. Northern Europe: Church is the canopy of all life, schools emerged
15. What was the significance of this rediscovery?
a. Came to Latin West via Muslim/Jewish scholars
b. They had fragments until 1130 AD
16. What is Scholasticism? How does it work?
a. A medieval movement that places emphasis on the rational justification of beliefs
b. More of a METHOD than a SYSTEM. Duns Scotus and dancing angels.
c. Humanism
i. A response to Scholasticism
ii. Erasmus critiqued it: a Christian Humanist.
17. Be able to explain what was Thomas Aquinas’s epistemology and how did it contrast with
Augustine’s?
 a. Augustine:
i. people have an intuitive experiential knowledge that He exists.
ii. Faith is the foundation of Augustine’s epistemology
b. Aquinas:
i. intuitive experience, creatures in creation know there is a creature.
ii. Reason is the foundation of Aquinas’
18. What was Thomas Aquinas’s use of Aristotle?
a. He broke with neo-platonism (who Augustine follows)
b. He employs emphasis on rational evidence
c. At birth, the human mind is a blank slate.
19. Define and explain Natural Theology (according to Aquinas)
a. Knowledge of God derived EXCLUSIVELY from the natural world
b. Reason  knowledge
c. Relationship with sacred theology:
i. Step #1: unaided human reason first proves that God exists
ii. Step #2: put faith in God: Scripture confirms what science describes
iii. Naturall theology is the staircase to Sacred Doctrine
20. What is the noetic effect of sin according to Augustine
a. Everyone knows there is a God, but sin distorts knowledge.
b. General Revelation tells us there is a God.
21. What’s this “motto” mean? (intelligo ut credam)
a. Augustine: “faith seeking understanding”
b. Aquinas: “I understand in order that I might believe.”  THIS IS THE MOTTO
22. 5 famous proofs for the existence of God; be able to summarize them.
a. The first mover
i. There is a first mover (every motion, there is a cause)
ii. Goes from effect, tries to determine the cause
b. The first cause
i. One event is explained by the influence of another event
ii. Look to the cause and determine the effect
c. The necessary being
i. If we were necessary, we would be alive
ii. There has to be something that brought us into existence.
d. The most perfect being
i. Where do our morals come from
ii. There must be something that is a perfect manifestation of these morals
e. The designer/teleological argument
i. If something is made, it must be made by someone
23. Thomas’s view of grace
a. Donum Superadditum: Special Endowment
i. We have the natural virtues: courage, justice, prudence, and temperance.
ii. With additum we can obtain faith, hope, love
 iii. The fall destroyed the superadditum (our ability to achieve it).
b. Jesus and grace:
i. Only Jesus’s death was worthy of grace
ii. God rewards Jesus’s act of love with grace.
24. Thomas’s view of the sacraments
a. Condignity
i. Overpayment
ii. We get more than we deserve
b. Grace-infused?
i. Augustine: Salvation is secured through God’s grace
ii. Aquinas:
1. Infused into man’s nature
2. This restores superadditum
3. Habity of charity: (habitus) Once we have this grace, we can live in God’s will
25. Via Negativa
a. God is NOT like a bunch of bad things
b. Whatever is left is what he’s like
26. Be able to explain the challenges that the papacy as an ecclesiastical institution faced (There are 4 of
them)
a. Challenged by new political powers
i. The Avignon papacy (1305-77)
ii. Papacy moves to France under Clement, moved back by Gregory in 1778
b. Growing church-state tensions
i. Leaders say they’re divinely appointed
ii. Church says they’re more important.
c. Erosion of corpus Christianum illustrated by displacement of Latin
27. The Western Schism (1378-1417)
a. Urban the 6th is elected
b. They elect Clement the 7th
28. Conciliarism
a. “rule by church councils” – council of constance (1414-1417) is the most important
i. Tried to get a third pope
ii. Martin the 5th was the reconciliation
iii. This decentralized the church and undermined corpus christianum
iv. Council in 1417
b. Concordats
i. Pop initiates special agreements w/churches
ii. His power is declining
29. What was the challenge to Christian Aristotelianism in the late middle ages?
a. The challenge was to separate Christian humanism from secular humanism
b. Renewed interest in studying the Bible in Hebrew in Greek.
c. Humanists were Christians who wanted to purify Christianity.
30. Explain/describe the concept of ad fontes
a. Erasmus: (1466-1536)
i. Theology had be perverted by scholasticism and corruption
ii. Humanist scholar
b. Ad fontes means “back to the original sources”
31. ID and explain the 3 key sources fueling the crisis in late medieval life
a. Famines
i. Bad weather
ii. Crop failure
iii. Rats (brought plague)
b. Plagues
i. More rats
ii. Wildfire plague:
1. June 1348 the Black Death is brought to England
2. 30% died a gruesome death
c. Peasant revolts
i. Heavy taxes (to finance the hundred years war: 1337-1453)
ii. 66% live in poverty
32. ID and explain the 3 key sources generating religious insecurity in the late middle ages
a. Spiritual instability
i. Economy of salvation
1. “do what lies within you”
2. Good works promote grace
3. Theologians concerned with providing spiritual security
ii. How do I know that I’ve done my best? People concerned with this. A bunch.
b. The prevalence of death
c. Resurgence of popular piety
33. What is an indulgence and how’d it work?
a. Herp
b. Derp
34. What did luther mean by justification by faith?
a. Not based upon human effort
b. Based upon Christ’s actions
c. We are simultaneously saint and sinner
d. Good works and faith are what saves.
35. 95 theses and the diet of worms
a. October 31, 1517
b. 95 weren’t dumb/knuckle-headed, they were things he wanted to debate!
36. What were Calvin’s views of society
a. Long-standing battle w/city/state officials in Geneva
b. Inside the church, everyone is equal in God’s eyes, regardless of stuff outside the church.
c. Church-state relations:
 i. Calvin didn’t like Constantinianism
ii. The church is independent and the state should support the church
37. What were his views of work and money
a. True vocation: is something that benefits the community.
b. Believed in a living wage: said God punishes people who take advantage of the poor
c. Money was a way for people to pass blessings to the poor
d. The state has a responsibility toward the poor
38. Define common grace
a. The means by which sin is restrained
b. Common grace keeps the human condition from getting worse than it is: doesn’t have
anything to do with salvation.
c. EVERYBODY enjoys common grave, but only a few experience saving grace.
39. Illustrate common grace
a. Bucket of water being poured on a fire.
b. Doesn’t put it out, but it “hurts” it
40. Restraint of sin
a. Shame
b. Fear
c. Utility
41. How common grace is manifested in General revelation
a. We learn about the world through human reason
b. All truth is God’s truth
c. Both Christian and non-Christian are able to discover this
42. What is Calvin’s view of natural revelation: what are the two intuitive sources of knowledge of God
a. Sense of divinity – knowledge of God (gut feeling)
b. Human conscience – knowledge of Self (inherent moral compass)
43. What are the three inferential sources of knowledge of God as creator
a. Nature
b. Human nature
c. Providence
i. The workings of the world
ii. Lucky instances
44. What is Calvin’s view of supernatural revelation
a. Knowledge of God as Creator and Redeemer
b. Inward testimony of the holy spirit
45. What role does the Holy Spirit play regarding the truthfulness of Scripture
a. Subjective confirmation (experiential )
b. OT prophecies, etc.
46. Be able to ID who were the radical reformers
a. The Anabaptists
b. Conrad Grebel
47. Be able to describe the basic distinctive beliefs of them: most importantly, church-state relations
 a. Baptized as an adult
b. Church-state: church is autonomous, NO relation between the two.
48. Be able to explain why they were seen as a threat to social order by Protestants AND Catholics –
why were the Amish ancestors so frightening?
a. Internal divisions: threatens unity
b. Sola scripture: everyone is an interpreter of the Bible
c. Civil liability: ditching duties: deliberately revolutionary.
d. Munster Debacle: Anabaptists take over gov’t in 1534
49. Loyola: (1491-1556) society of Jesuits. Said theology wasn’t the problem, it was people not following
the pope.
50. Gian Matteo Giberti: wanted to upgrade Catholic morality
51. The council of Trent (1545-63)
a. Tried to unify Protestants and Catholics
b. Utterly failed
52. ID key players in the Italian Renaissance:
a. Petrarch (1304-1374)
i. Father of humanism
ii. Insisted education should be learning facts and using them for the common good.
b. Machiavelli (1469-1527)
i. Wrote The Prince: take religion out of politics.
ii. Came up with consequentialism: survival of the state is paramount.
53. ID what happened and when, for Wars of Religion, and a couple of key dates
a. Italian Renaissance (1350-1600)
b. Wars of Religion was (1517-1648)
i. Phase I: up to the peace Augsburg (1555)
1. Religious divisions were wars: bloody battles
2. Lutherans vs. catholics, etc.
ii. Phase II: up to the end of the thirty year war
1. Thirty year war (1618-1648)
2. Religion became a NON-ISSUE.