Ain Mens ~ Sts
Chapter 8 Friction
8.1 Introduction
in engineering application problem, there are no perfectly frictionless
surface exists
‘when two surface are in contact, tangential forces, called fiction forces,
‘Will always develop ifone attempt to move with respect tothe other
‘wo types of fiction are introduced : dry fection (Coulomb ftition) and
uid tition
fluid friction develops between layers of fui, they are moving at different
velocities
‘ve shall limit out present study to dy friction, ie. problems involving rigid
bodies which are in contact along nonlubricated surfaces, such as wedges,
square-threaded screws, journal bearing, thrust bearing, rolling resistance,
belt fiction ete.
8.2 The Laws of Dry Friction, Coefficients of Frietion
considera block of weight W” subjected to a
horizontal force P, if P is smal, the block
will not move, the static fition force F willy
exist to balance P 5
if P increased, F also increased, until its magnitude reaches a certain
‘maximum value Fy, if P is further increased, the frition force cannot
balance it, the block starts sliding, and the magnitude of F drops from Fa
toa lower value Fy, [where Fy is called kinetic friction force, Fy remains
approximately constant, and the block sliding with increasing velocity}Applied Medhanis Sates
experimental evidence shows Fis proportional "/"™*™") “ee
tov
ie. wn
‘where j. is a constant called coefficient of static fiction, and Nis the
normal reaction force
also R= mN
‘where ja, is a constant called coefficient of kinetic friction
J and 4, do not depend upon the contact area, but depend strongly on
the nature of the surface in contact
the values of 1, ate listed in table 8-1
‘x would be about 25% smaller than ji, in general
pis and jx, are dimensionless
four different situations may occur when a rigid body is in contact with a
horizontal surface
1. no friction force Py
2. no motion PX Fa
there is nat evidence that the maximum
friction force has been reached
Ft kya pn
3. motion impending a
if the body just about to slide, F = Fa “
aN may be used
(ese geting —e =F)Ald Meanie Statin
another example will show that the angle of fiiction can be used, consider
‘a block resting on a board and subjected to no other force than W and R
1. 6 =0 no friction
2O<%
N= Weos@ = Wsind
tang = F/N = cos 0/sind = tan < tang,
ie @ <4 —nomotion
3.0=
N= Weos@ F = Wsind
tang = F/N = c05 0/ sin = tan
= tan ds = a
F= Fao to stp rea
ie. $=, motion impending —
4.0 > 4
N= Weos@
Fam = Fa = N= Ntan gf < Ntan
Fax < Wsinh motion starts
FoR iN
i
R is not vertical, force acting on block are unbalanced
8.4 Problems Involving Dry Friction
problems involving dry ffiction are found in many engineering applications
rigid bodies in acceleration will be studied in dynamics
8-4