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Declaration :
It is stated that the work contained in this report is our own except where explicitly stated
otherwise. This report was made with intense care and hard work and all the wire connections
on the figures are done manually. In addition, this work has not been submitted to obtain
another degree or professional qualification.

Signed:-
Date:-
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Table of Contents

Amplitude Modulation ................................................................................................................................ 3

Modulation .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Need of Modulation .......................................................................................................................... 3
Block Diagram ............................................................................................................................ 4
Experiment Description ................................................................................................................................ 4
Circuit Design ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Simulaton Results ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Observation ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................7
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Objective :
The objective of this report is to build a modulator to modulate the information signal which is at
low frequency with the help of a carrier of high frequency which makes the low frequency information
signal to match with the characteristics of the channel through which information signal is transmitted.

Amplitude Modulation

Modulation :
This is a technique in which the amplitude of the carrier (a high frequency signal) is being fluctuated due
to the variations in the amplitude of the information signal (a low frequency signal).

Need of Modulation
To transmit the information from one place to another place there is a need of transmission medium
which is also known as a channel which has its own characteristics.
To pass the information from the channel it is necessary that the information signal must match the
characteristics of the channel.
The process of matching of characteristics of both channel and the information signal is done with the
help of modulation, which makes the information signal to pass through the channel and allow the
transmission process to happen.
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Block Diagram

Modulation of the message signal ( fig:1 )

Experiment Description
a. There are two signal sources V1 and V2 one is at low frequency and the other is at high
frequency, shown in the figure below.
b. Low frequency signal is used to generate a information signal, while high frequency signal is
used to modulate the low frequency signal.
c. Two signals from V1 and V2 are being added and obtain at the one end of the Resistor R1 through
the resistors R2 and R3.
d. The added signals the passed through the diode D1, Which is a non linear device used to
modulate the two signals.
e. After passing through the diode the information signal now is not at its original low frequency
but goes to a high frequency band of the carrier frequency.
f. After passing through the diode signal become a band pass signal.
g. To observe the nature of a band pass signal a special circuit which is the combination of the
Inductor, Resistor and Capacitor is applied to make a band pass filter.
h. The values of the Inductor, Resistor and Capacitor are selected such that their combination can
allow the maximum amplitude of the information signal to pass through the filter.
i. The tuning of the filter is done for this purpose, and when the frequency of the oscillating band
pass filter match with the frequency of the signal resonance occurs and at that stage the
magnitude of the signal is maximum.
𝟏
𝒇=
𝟐𝝅√𝑳𝑪
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Circuit Diagram

Modulation Circuit ( fig:2 )

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Simulation Results

Modulated Signal ( fig:3 )

Modulated Signal (fig: 4) Modulated Signal (fig: 5)

Observations
We observe from the simulation results that the low frequency signal that is varying in its amplitude
with time when modulated with a high frequency carrier which have constant amplitude the resultant
signal have the same frequency as that of the carrier frequency but the amplitude of the resultant signal
is going to vary in accordance with the varying amplitude of the message signal.
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Conclusion
From the observation we conclude that a low frequency signal when modulated it change into a high
frequency amplitude varying signal which match the characteristics of the chaannel