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GAP Complete PDF
GAP Complete PDF
GAP
General Allocation Program
Version 5.00
October, 2003
USER GUIDE
The information in this document is subject to change as major improvements and/or
amendments to the program are generated. When necessary, Petroleum Experts will issue
the proper documentation.
The software described in this manual is furnished under a licence agreement. The software
may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. It is against the
law to copy the software on any medium except as specifically allowed in the license
agreement. No part of this documentation may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information storage
and retrieval systems for any purpose other than the purchaser's personal use, unless express
written consent has been given by Petroleum Experts Limited.
All names of companies, wells, persons or products contained in this documentation are part of
a fictitious scenario or scenarios and are used solely to document the use of a Petroleum
Experts product.
4.4 Pipelines........................................................................................................................................ 12
4.4.1 Pipeline Summary Screen ........................................................................................................ 12
4.4.2 GAP Internal Correlations ....................................................................................................... 13
4.4.2.1 Pipe Input Data .................................................................................................................... 14
4.4.2.2 Pipe Environment................................................................................................................. 14
4.4.2.3 Pipe Description................................................................................................................... 15
4.4.2.4 Pipeline Pressure Matching ................................................................................................. 17
4.4.2.5 Entering Pipe Match Data .................................................................................................... 17
4.4.2.6 The Match Calculation ......................................................................................................... 19
4.4.2.7 Constraints........................................................................................................................... 21
4.4.2.8 Schedule (ONLY for Prediction)........................................................................................... 21
4.4.3 Using Lift Curves for the Pipeline Pressure Drops.................................................................... 22
4.4.3.1 External................................................................................................................................ 23
4.4.3.2 GAP Internal Correlations................................................................................................... 25
4.4.3.3 Generating VLPs using PROSPER in Line......................................................................... 28
4.4.3.3.1 Rough Approximation ................................................................................................. 30
4.4.3.3.2 Enthalpy Balance........................................................................................................ 30
4.4.3.3.3 Surface Environment .................................................................................................. 32
4.4.3.3.4 Lithology ..................................................................................................................... 33
4.4.3.3.5 Surface Equipment ..................................................................................................... 34
4.4.3.3.6 Databases .................................................................................................................. 37
4.4.3.3.7 Improved Approximation............................................................................................. 38
4.4.3.4 PROSPER In Line Pressure Drops .................................................................................... 41
4.5 Tanks............................................................................................................................................. 45
4.5.1 Tank Summary Screen ............................................................................................................. 47
4.5.2 Tank Input Data (Decline Curve Tank)...................................................................................... 48
4.5.2.1 Tank Parameters ................................................................................................................. 49
4.5.2.2 Tank-Well Connections ........................................................................................................ 49
4.5.2.3 Tank Production Data .......................................................................................................... 50
4.5.2.4 Tank Injection Constraints.................................................................................................... 51
4.5.2.5 Tank Injection Source .......................................................................................................... 51
4.5.2.6 Tank Schedule ..................................................................................................................... 52
4.11 Grouping........................................................................................................................................ 96
5 VLP/IPR Generation.................................................................................................................................. 1
5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1
8 Prediction ..................................................................................................................................................1
9 Reporting...................................................................................................................................................1
9.1 Results Menu...................................................................................................................................1
9.4 Plotting.............................................................................................................................................4
9.5 Zooming...........................................................................................................................................4
9.7 Scales..............................................................................................................................................6
9.8 Output..............................................................................................................................................7
9.12 Reports.......................................................................................................................................... 12
11 Prediction Script........................................................................................................................................ 1
11.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1
11.2 Functions......................................................................................................................................... 2
• Optimisation
o GAP has a powerful optimiser that is capable of handling a variety of wells
in the same network
Naturally flowing oil wells
Gas-lifted wells
ESP operated wells
Condensate or gas producers
Water producers
Water or gas injectors
• Allocation of Production
• Predictions (Production Forecast).
o GAP models both production and injection systems simultaneously,
containing oil, gas, condensate and/or water wells to generate production
profiles.
GAP’s powerful optimisation engine can, for example, allocate gas for gas for gas
lifted wells, alter the frequency of ESP pumps or sets wellhead chokes for naturally
flowing wells to maximise Revenue or Oil Production while honouring constraints at
any level.
Production Forecasting
GAP calculates full field production forecasts including gas or water injection
volumes required to meet reservoir unit pressure constraints.
Reservoir pressures are obtained from decline curves, material balance or simulation
models.
Link to PROSPER
Well performances for production forecasting are provided by links to Petroleum Experts’
PROSPER, the single well model package within the IPM suite. PROSPER can be run
in a batch mode from GAP for generation of well performance and lift curves for
simulation.
Compositional Tracking
GAP can track compositions from the well/source level through to the separators. In
a prediction, GAP can take compositions calculated by MBAL and record the
evolution of compositions throughout the system with time.
User Interface
The GAP user interface has been updated significantly.
• Multiple views of a single system may be displayed.
• Simultaneous viewing of production and injection systems is possible.
• The well data entry screen has been expanded to include all system nodes, so that
entry, viewing and editing of all system data can be achieved from a single screen.
• In addition, it is now possible to view and edit the properties of all controls in the
variable database 'on-the-fly'.
In addition to these features the main change in this version is the availability to run
PROSPER on line.
This future brings the possibility to compute more accurate temperature profiles
Open Server
GAP can be operated or automated from other applications, for example through the
writing of spreadsheet scripts in Excel or Access. The potential uses range from
• Simple importing and exporting macros through
• Interfacing GAP to other modelling applications such as reservoir and facilities
simulators.
example, event driven scheduling (changing IPR during a prediction, changing constraints
with time, overriding the GAP optimiser, scheduling compressors...)
Figure 1.1:
An example of
production
system
∑ m& = 0
I =1
Pupstream − Pdwstrm − ∆P = 0
∆P = f (m& , p, T , L,...)
Psep = C
SEPTEMBER 2003 GAP MANUAL
4 - 14 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
C = Constant
The optimiser of GAP can do this task. Apart from boundary conditions i.e. fixed pressure
values (separator pressures) in the system the optimiser can also honour various
constraints such as:
The optimiser will achieve the maximum hydrocarbon production using the rate of change
of the production rate with respect to the rate of change controllable variables, e.g. of the
injected lift gas rate for gas lifted wells.
GAP handles naturally flowing, gas lifted and ESP equipped producing wells in addition to
water and gas injectors.
There is no upper limit on the number of wells and/or platforms that can be entered.
Constraints can be considered at all levels e.g. well, joint, separator and total
system.
Production Forecast models can also consider constraints at the reservoir tank level.
The key element of this method is the quality of the well models.
This explanation will concentrate on a Gas Lifted system as it is the best system to explain
the non-linearity of a field and how it can be addressed from an optimisation point of view.
Figure 1.2:
Optimisation
70
Maximum Y method
selection
60
50
40
Y
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
X
This has a clear maximum in the X region we are looking into, indicated by the red arrow
on the plot above.
In a linear system, two methods can be applied to determine the maximum of this function:
• Bracketing
• Derivatives
The first Method is based upon trying different guesses of X and calculating Y. After
trying a number of X guesses, the maximum is “Bracketed” and reached. The
following diagram shows the approach:
70
60
50
40
Y
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
X Figure 1.3:
Optimisation method
selection
• The derivative of Y is calculated with respect to X and then set to 0. This will allow
calculation of all (X,Y) points which are maxima, minima or points of inflection.
• The second derivative of the function can then be used to determine the nature of
each calculated point and the maximum determined.
Both of these methods work very well for linear problems where Y can be described
as a direct function of X.
In the context of a field, this is the case of a dry gas field with no water production in
which pressure at every point is a direct function of the flowrate.
A non linear system will not behave in the same way. By the very nature of it, each
time a guess of X is taken in order to calculate the corresponding Y, the Y function
itself changes as it may be dependent on other variables affected by the choice of
X.
The following diagram will show how the function will behave for a choice of X:
80
70
Original
60 Function
50
Altered
40
Y
Function
as a given
30 X is
chosen
20
10
0
0 50 100 150
X Figure 1.4:
Optimisation method
selection
This, in effect, represents a moving target and trying to determine the optimum with Linear
Programming techniques will not succeed.
Consider now the case of a Gas Lift Injection network (shown in a simplified diagram
below):
Figure 1.5:
Optimisation method
selection
This is made up of two gas lifted wells and the objective is to determine what the optimum
gas lift injection rate to inject in each in order to achieve maximum production from the
system.
Figure 1.6
Performance curve for
the well.
Fixed WHP
In the quest for the Optimum Gas Lift Injection Rate, a guess for Injection Rate is taken (as
shown on the diagram above) and the corresponding Liquid Rate calculated from the well
response.
This rate will then be used to calculate the response of the surface pipelines that will return
a new Well Head Pressure, based on the pressure drops in the system. A new
Performance Curve will then be constructed for the well (again based on the new WHP
kept constant):
Figure 1.7
Performance curves for
the well.
Figure 1.8:
Performance curves for
the well.
Even in this simple system, things will not behave in this way in reality. Each time a guess
on Gas Lift Injection rate is taken, the pressure drops in the pipeline will cause the back
pressure on the other well to be different.
Figure 1.9
Effect of the response of
the network
This system is by nature Non Linear and is conceptually similar to the function described
on Figure 1.4.
Linear programming techniques will not be able to see the impact that gas injected in one
well will have on the other due to the pressure drop in the surface lines. The true response
on a well is shown below:
Figure 1.10
Effect of the response of
the network
As these responses are inbuilt in the calculations, the actual behaviour for the wells can be
constructed and the optimum solution found as shown in Figure 1.10.
SQP will always result in higher rates with less gas injection compared to Linear
Programming.
GAP, along with other Petroleum Experts software, can comfortably be used under Windows 98,
Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000 and Windows XP operating systems.
The screen displays in this guide are created using a Windows XP interface.
The screen displays used in this guide are taken from the examples provided with the
software as well as models from clients (with permission). On occasion, the data files may
vary from the examples shown as updates to the program are issued. Where major
amendments or changes to the program require further explanation, the corresponding
documentation will be issued.
• Chapter 1: Introduction.
• Chapter 3: Equipment Data – 1. This describes the interface used for entering
equipment data, and describes in detail the data entry screens for wells.
• Chapter 4: Equipment Data – 2. This chapter discusses the data entry screens for
all other equipment data.
• Chapter 6: Actual / Production Allocation. This describes how to check that well
models match test rates. Use of well models for production allocation is
also covered.
• Chapter 7: Solving the network describes how to solve network and check that
model production matches actual production. How to trigger the
Optimiser is also described.
• Chapter 8: Prediction. This chapter describes the coupling of reservoir tank models
to GAP for production forecasting.
• Chapter 9: Reporting. This explains how to prepare, print and plot your results.
•
Start
Define System
Options
Yes
Calculate Actual
Production by Solve Network
Manifold with Actual Data
Yes
No
Finish
Figure 1.11
GAP Processing Logic
Beginning-to-end
If you are new to Windows applications, we recommend you read this document from
beginning to end to become familiar with the program features, menus, and options. This
is the slow approach, but will cover all you need to know about the program.
Selected tasks
Use this approach only if you are already familiar with the basic functionality of the
program.
Worked examples
If you have limited time and want to sample the program features quickly, follow the
instructions provided with in the examples. The examples can be found in appendices A
and B. Appendix A shows how to build a network, run sensitivities and perform a prediction
run with a reservoir model attached to the surface network. Appendix B shows how to
execute and create Open Server Excel Macros.
Term Application
Abandonment For Prediction runs only. Minimum rates, maximum GOR etc. can be set to turn
Value wells off.
Actual Evaluation of well models for specified top node (wellhead) pressure, GOR and
water cut. Used to quality control well models by comparing model and actual
measured test rates.
Constraint Constraints are used to direct the GAP optimiser to honour process limitations,
limit well production rates. Minimum constraints can give a flow stream priority
when optimising. Constraints always refer to GAP optimiser. Well abandonment
rates are set elsewhere.
Element A well, joint, pipe, separator, tank etc. used to construct either production or
injection systems.
GOR Gas / Oil Ratio. In GAP this is the Producing GOR including solution and free gas,
but excluding gaslift injection.
IPR Inflow performance relation. Function relating pressure drop across reservoir and
production rate. IPR s can be generated directly from PROSPER.
Node Point where one or more production elements connect to another system element.
Pipe Pipes connect joints together to form a gathering system. Pipes in GAP have a
length, elevation, inside diameter and roughness.
Prediction Calculation of (optimised or not optimised) future production and injection rates
using pressure decline curves or reservoir models (MBAL for instance).
Production Use of systems analysis models in GAP to calculate field and well production rates
Allocation for specified reservoir and surface pressures given the current water cut and
GOR.
Solve Network The process of calculating the (optimised) combined production response for the
(optimised) entire production system.
 Menu options will be considered in this Chapter, although some will be discussed in
more detail in later chapters when their use will be put in context of an actual model.
System Window
Figure 2.1:
The GAP Main screen
The user interface consists of a framework window that contains several child windows, as
well as the menu and toolbar from which GAP commands are issued. The child windows
include the system windows that contain the system network drawing, and the navigator
window that can assist in the viewing of large networks.
Menu functions are discussed in the following chapter. The other three parts of the
interface as listed above are described in the sections below.
Figure 2.2:
System window
The system window is used to draw, edit, and view the system. Coloured icons represent
the equipment nodes. The different actions that can be performed on this window are
obtained by clicking the right hand mouse button within the area of the system window.
This brings up a menu, as shown in the screen capture above. Alternatively, the same set
of actions can be performed using the toolbar or the menu, which are described below.
Zoom / Un-zoom
To zoom or un-zoom, first select the appropriate icon from the toolbar or from the right
hand mouse menu, as described above. To zoom in on an area, hold the left-hand mouse
button while sweeping the mouse cursor over the area in which you are interested.
Alternatively, you may click once at a point in the system, and GAP will zoom or un-zoom
on that point using a fixed scaling factor (which may be adjusted using the Preferences
dialog).
To revert to a full system view at any time, double-click the left-hand mouse button at any
point in the window (except on an equipment node). The view will rescale to show the
whole of the system.
Selection of Items
To select an item or items, first select the select icon from the toolbar or from the right hand
mouse popup menu. Click on the item you wish to select, and its colour will reverse
accordingly. Alternatively, dragging the left-hand mouse button over an area can make
group selections.
Deletion of items
Select the delete icon from the toolbar or from the right hand mouse menu. Groups of items
may be deleted as above.
Panning
To move the view around the system, simply click on the main window and hold the left
mouse button down. Shift the mouse and the network will be moved following the direction
of the mouse movement.
Title Bar
This indicates whether a production or injection system is being viewed.
Figure 2-3
Toolbar
File/Interface Functions
Accelerator for File | New. Clears the current system and initialises a new one. A
warning will be displayed if there are any unsaved changes in the old system.
Accelerator for File | Open. This will prompt you for a new file name. If the file can
be opened successfully, the old file will be cleared and the new file opened in a
new window.
Accelerator for File | Save. By default, this will override the currently saved version
of your file. Use File | Save As to save your file to a different location.
Accelerator for Window | New Window. This will open a new full system view of
your current file.
System Functions
Equipment Set-up
When an equipment button is selected, click once on the system window to create a new
node of the required type at the chosen point. A label dialog will appear to allow equipment
to be labelled immediately.
Add a separator. This is the final solution node and is located at the "top" of the
system, i.e. furthest from the wells. GAP will optimise the entire system connected
to all separators. The separator does not have to be an actual one. In GAP,
separator is a convenient way of describing a point of known pressure in the
network. For injection systems, this button will add an Injection Manifold.
Add a joint. This represents a network node. A joint is a solution point in the
system.
Add a link. Note that this can become a pipeline, a well-tank connection, or a
pump connection depending on the context of the connection being made.
Add a well. The default well type is oil well, gas lifted (unless in an injection
system). The well type can be changed from the main data entry screen. When
drawing well icons, it is suggested that they are arranged around the connection
point. This simplifies the drawing of the pipeline connections.
Add a tank. This represents a reservoir source. Tanks are only required when
running predictions.
Add a pump. A pump is associated with a joint or separator. If associated with a
joint, it is in line with the joint, between the joint and the pipeline connecting the
joint to the next level.
Add a compressor. A compressor is associated with a joint. If associated with a
joint, it is in line with the joint, between the joint and the pipeline connecting the
joint to the next level.
Add a source/sink. A source/since is created and should be described. A
source/sink can be at fixed rate or a programmable element.
Add an inline element is created. This can be an Inline Gate Valve, an Inline
Check Valve, an Inline Separation, an Inline Choke or an Inline programmable.
Add inflow, when this option is selected, it will contain similar data as the well
except that do not include the VLP’s . This icon is used essentially for downhole
networks.
Add group, using this option the same constrain can be applied to certain groups
of wells.
Zoom in/out. When 'zoom in' is selected, a zoom can be achieved either by
clicking the mouse on the system window, which will zoom in a fixed amount and
set the centre of the view to the position clicked, or by sweeping an area with the
mouse which GAP will then view. The aspect ratio will be retained when an area
zoom is performed.
Mask / unmask. When either of these are selected, clicking on an equipment item
in the system window with mask or unmask the item as directed. For short-term
removals of equipment, this is to be preferred to deletion, which removes the
equipment permanently. When masking, all child nodes will also be masked.
When unmasking, parent nodes will be unmasked so as to clear a passage to the
top-most node. From GAP version 4.0 onwards, any masked item will be brought
online by Schedule during prediction. To exclude any item from prediction
(irrespective of what is set in the Schedule), use Disable / Enable.
This Icon will disable completely any item in the production / injection system
during the production forecast or solver network calculations although the item is
set to run with certain schedule.
This Icon will enable any element in the production / injection system.
Figure 2.4:
Navigator window
Tracking Rectangle:
This has two functions. If the focus is currently on a system window, this rectangle
surrounds the area of the system that view is displaying.
Alternatively, the rectangle may be used to create new views of the system if the navigator
window is currently in focus. When the mouse is moved over the rectangle, the cursor
changes to allow you to stretch or resize the rectangle. In this way the window may be
moved over an area of the system of interest. Double-clicking the left hand mouse button in
the area will create a new system view displaying the area that has been selected. This is
resized to preserve a sensible aspect ratio.
Figure 2.5:
Hide/Show the Navigator window
Navigator On Top: By default, the navigator is always on top of all system views. This can
be changed by selecting this item from the menu.
Hide Window: A different way of hiding the navigator.
New Window: A different way of producing a new view (see above).
Icon Sizes: Invokes the Icon Sizes dialog (see below).
File Options
In this section, the user defines certain parameters, which control the normal Windows
functionality of the program as well as preferences.
Figure 2.7
GAP Open File Screen
 This is the standard Windows file browser, which may be familiar with from other
Windows applications.
The dialogue box lists the files that match the selection criteria on the left-hand side.
The files in the default working directory are automatically shown first.
Double-click on the file name required and this will be opened by GAP.
To save a file, choose either FileSave or FileSave As. The Save command stores
changes made to the current active file, overwriting the previous data. By default, the Save
command saves a file under its original name and to the drive and directory last selected.
Figure 2.8
Preferences Dialog
Enable Flyover Status Information. If this is checked then you will see a status box
appear as you move the mouse over the equipment icons.
New Icon Style - NEW. This will cause the icons of the main menu to be switched to the
new style added to GAP for Version 5.0.
Auto-repeat delay when panning. When you are panning you may hold the left-hand
mouse button down to ‘auto-repeat’ the action. The value given in this field represents the
time (in ms) before the auto-repeat action starts from when you click the mouse button.
Zoom/un-zoom factor. A single click in a system window while the zoom or un-zoom
icons are active results in a fixed scaling to be applied to the view, while the centre of the
view is changed to the position in which the mouse was clicked. The value entered in this
field is the fixed scaling factor, and as such should be greater than zero.
Background. The bitmap that is displayed on the background of the main window may be
changed. (by default this is a PE logo with contact information). Select the required bitmap
by pressing the browse button to the right of the field. The bitmap will be loaded when GAP
is restarted
Recent file list length. This is the number of files that are retained at the bottom of the File
menu.
Reload last project at start-up. Check this to load the last file that was working on when
GAP is started.
Display “Alter Project Paths” prompt at load time. If checked, GAP will check all files
paths once a file is opened and will allow the user to correct these if needed.
License Handling – New and VERY IMPORTANT. With the “PROSPER on line” options
added to GAP for Version 5.0, licenses of PROSPER and/or MBAL may be used by GAP
depending on the options chosen when building a model. It is recommended to keep these
options to the default. Please consult with the person in your organisation responsible
for license handling before changing any of these options.
Figure 2.9
Directory Setup
 Whenever a file is open, closed or created, the program automatically selects the files or
saves to the data directory defined in these menus.
It is recommended to keep data files separate from other program files in a related sub-
directory (e.g.: C:\PROJECT\GAPDATA).
MBAL executable needs to be defined if reservoir tanks are modeled with MBAL.
PROSPER executable location is needed since PROSPER is used to generate well IPR
and VLP curves for well models in GAP or used in the PROSPER on line mode.
Figure 2.10:
GAP - User Correlations
Click Add and select the required .COR correlation file from the browser. The Info button
can be used to examine details of the selected correlation. Click OK to return to GAP. The
external correlation will now be available for calculating pipeline/tubing pressure drops.
Contact Petroleum Experts to obtain more details about the multiphase DLL format
required to create the *.COR files.
The Remove button removes the selected correlation from GAP. It is not possible to
remove the GAP internal correlations.
Figure 2.11
Archiving a
GAP Model
Project
This is a hierarchical listing of all the files in the project.
Baggage
It is possible to add other files that are not directly associated with the project to the archive
(for example, Excel spreadsheets or Word documents).
To add a file to the archive baggage, type in the file path in the Baggage File field below
the Baggage listing (or browse to it using the file browser provided), and press the Add
button. The file will then appear in the list box.
Project Comment
This field can be used to enter comments describing the project. This will appear whenever
you want to extract the files from the archive, and can help recall the contents of a
particular archive.
Figure 2.12
Extracting from
a GAP Archive
Project Listing
This is a listing of all the files that comprise the original GAP project. All files are selected
by default.
Baggage Listing
This lists the baggage files that the user chose to add when the archive was created.
Extract to Directory
Browse to the directory to which you would like to extract the archive files. If you want to
keep the original directory structure of the archive within the extraction directory, click on
Retain Directory Structure and new directories will be created if necessary.
Figure 2.13
Options Menu
Figure 2.14
Options Menu
Water Injection
The injection manifold takes the place of the production separator at the top level of the
system.
Gas Injection
This defines the model as a gas injection network, with the injection manifold taking the
place of the production separator at the top level of the system.
Revenue
This option optimises on the revenue generated by sales of oil and gas produced after
taking into account the cost of processing water and injecting gas. If this option is
selected, then prices need to be defined for each fluid in the system:
Figure 2.15
Options Menu
2.2.1.4 Prediction
This option needs to be on “ON” so that GAP can allow the user to carry out a prediction.
The list of injection fluids can be edited from the Options | Injection Fluids screen shown
below:
Figure 2.16
Injection Fluid
Properties
 When a new file is created, the list will contain two items
Gas source – Gas01.
Water source – Water01
When gas lifted wells are created, they will (by default) be assumed to be
using gas from the first source (Gas01) in the list.
The user can change the gas associated with gas lifted wells to another gas
source in the list (explained in Chapter 5).
Note that when a GAP Generate | VLP is performed, the values of the lift gas
properties used by PROSPER to generate the lift curves for each well will be
taken from the properties of the gas source associated with the well in GAP.
The gas lift source data in GAP takes precedence over the current value gas
lift gas properties in PROSPER file.
The original PROSPER files are changed by GAP, when generating VLP data
and gas lift properties section of PROSPER is updated.
Figure 2.17
Tax Regimes
Each well in the system can then be assigned either the same or different tax regimes, thus
letting the program know the value of e.g. oil coming out of one well as opposed to oil
coming from another. The optimiser will then calculate the maximum amount of revenue
that can be achieved by the system.
Figure 2.18
Tax Regimes
In the fields provided in this screen, enter the correction factors to Bo and Bg. Note that
these are corrections to the volume ratios, and not the volume ratios themselves. GAP will
perform the calculation based on the new values of Bo and Bg.
Figure 2.19
Tax Regimes
The Pipe calculations cut-off specifies the GOR at which the fluid definition will switch from
a liquid to a gas. It is recommended to keep this value at default. One can also select the
correlation for viscosity based on the one that matches the fluid in the system.
 The Pressure unit defined at the GAP model level may be psig, whereas for a particular
variable, e.g. reservoir pressure in IPR, it can be Bara.
This only applies to some dialogues screens in GAP and is not available for all screens.
When the Units menu option is invoked, the following dialog appears:
Figure 2.20:
GAP Units System
This dialog is an interface to the global units system: changes made here affect all input
and output units throughout GAP.
 To change the selection for a particular unit, select the required unit from the list box. To
change the unit system, select the required new system from the list box at the head of
the column. Note that the per-control settings are also saved as part of a unit system.
Figure 2.21:
GAP Units System
 GAP calculates internally in Oilfield Units. The program measurement units default to
Oilfield Units unless otherwise specified.
 It is also possible to change the units of individual variables in GAP to generate a user
specific set of units that can be saved and picked up later in other GAP models.
To change units of individual variables and create a mixed set of units follow the steps
below:
First, find the variable for which units needs to be changed in Figure4-6. To view the
variables, move the scroll bar thumb in any direction, up or down, until you locate the
variable.
The corresponding input and output unit categories will scroll simultaneously. From the
appropriate unit category (Input/Output), select the preferred measurement unit for the unit
selected. To view the list of units click the arrow to the right of the field. To select a unit,
click the name to highlight the item.
To view the conversion between the currently selected unit and the base (default) unit for
the variable in question, click the blank button to the right of the units drop down list.
Note that a change to the input or output units in the unit database is truly global, and will
affect entries made in the variable database (accessed from the Controls button). For
example, a change in the input unit of Pressure will affect, among others, the Layer
Pressure in the Well IPR Input screen.
Once all the changes have been made Press on Save button and it will prompt you for a
name to be given to the mixed set of units.
Figure 2.22:
Controls
Database Edit
Screen
 This screen allows the user the access to change the units of various variables NOT
GLOBALLY but at a single variable level. For example we can change the units of
pressure to psig in tank production data as shown above, whereas in the unit selection
screen, we might have a selected Norwegian SI with completely different pressure units.
Thus, we will have the pressure unit as Norwegian for all entries except for the tank.
The control database contains information on all the controls of the Post V3.2 dialogs.
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22 - 31 CHAPTER 2– GETTING STARTED WITH GAP
By clicking the right hand mouse button on a dialog entry field, you will obtain the following
menu (for example):
Figure 2.23:
Unit Selection List
Box
This example was taken from the well IPR data entry screen. Select the new unit for the
variable that you require. The values in the entry field will be updated accordingly. The
variable database will also be updated with the new unit selection.
Figure 2.24
View Menu
These are self explanatory and as such, no further details will be provided here.
 One important point the users are urged to consider is to leave the system validation
options switched on at all times. These will highlight areas at which the model can be
improved or corrected.
Figure 2.25:
GAP system colours
Select from the list box on the left-hand side the element that is to be changed. Select an
appropriate colour using the colour-mixing palette on the right. To save the current set of
colours for future GAP sessions, click on the ‘Save as user default’ button.
Figure 2.26:
Icon Size adjustment
The dialog consists of a slider with a data entry field, which contains the current icon size
(this defaults to 60 out of an arbitrary 0 – 100 range for a new file). Change the icon sizes
by adjusting the slider or entering a new size in the entry field. Check the Automatic Update
box to update the system window with the new size as you move the slider.
Figure 2-27
Edit Menu
Figure 2-28
Edit Menu
The options that have to do with the well model are explained in the Well data section and
as with the controllable, selected wells can be changed from one model to another all at
once.
Figure 2-29
Locating items
In the above screenshot, the Separator element called “Sep” will be located on the network
by selecting “Locate” as shown. The requested item will then be highlighted on the main
window:
Figure 2-30
Locating items
Figure 2-31
Project Paths
This option is useful when having copied a GAP file from one machine to another and the
associated file paths are longer valid. Selecting “All” and “Alter Paths” can allow the user to
define the new directory where the associated PROSPER, MBAL etc. files now reside.
Please refer to the Open Server manual for details on the Open Server functionality of the
software.
Figure 2-32
Open Server
Monitoring
A particular string can be entered and the “Eval” button will do the requested operation of
DoSet, DoGet or DoCommand.
Figure 2.33
Constraints
CHAPTER 2 – GETTING STARTED WITH GAP 31 - 31
These parameters are used to define the maximum and minimum production levels for the
system, where appropriate. When left blank, the program will assume no constraint for a
particular variable.
This option provides you with a single table from which all the constraints in the system, as
well as the system constraints, cab be viewed and edited. An example of the dialog
produced is as follows:
Figure 2.35:
System Constraints
Table
Down the left hand side is a list of all system item labels. To the right of these is a list of
constraints; those fields displayed in white are those available for the given item. Note that
the SYSTEM constraints are always displayed at the top of the list.
If a constraint field is left blank, GAP assumes there is no constraint on that item.
•
 In
2 - 52 CHAPTER 3 – EQUIPMENT DATA - 1
• Summary
• Input
• Results
For each piece of equipment the data is sub-divided into these three sections.
Figure 5-2
Equipment Data
Entry Screen
On this screen, you can see various tabs, where the input data is entered. The number and
type of available tabs depends on the equipment type. For example, in the case of a well,
the input data includes the inflow and outflow relations, along with constraints and any tank
connections etc.
When one of these tabs / buttons is selected, a child screen appears where relevant data
can be entered.
Figure 5-3
Equipment Result
Screen
The buttons are what are referred to as action buttons in this manual. There are action
buttons at every input data screen like the summary screen, various input screens and the
results screen.
The buttons that are displayed/ active on a screen depend on the equipment type and the
screen. These are described in detail on all screens description for all equipments. Some
of the main buttons are described in the following section.
OK
Removes the dialog, saving all changes. This includes changes made in screens that have
subsequently left by tabbing to another screen, or in wells that have been left by clicking on
the well list box.
Cancel
Removes the dialog, ignoring all changes. If any changes have been made, a Confirmation
Message will appear.
Help
Displays the help screen appropriate to the currently displayed screen or tabbed screen.
Revert
This replaces the data of the current screen or tabbed screen with the data that was
current when the screen was entered.
Validate
Checks the data on the current screen or tabbed screen for validity. This takes into account
the Prediction mode or whether or not the system is an injection system. If the data is not
valid, the Validation Dialog will appear with diagnostic messages.
Calculate
For a given test, the program estimates the liquid rate and FBHP using VLP calculation.
Report
Enters the GAP Reporting System. The report produced will depend on the currently
displayed screen or tabbed screen (for example, an IPR report for the IPR input screen).
 The data required for a well model in GAP model description depends on the mode
in which GAP is running and the well model selection by user as described in the
following sections.
In versions 4.0 and onwards we recommend users to use the VLP /IPR
intersection model for all cases over the Performance Curves. Please refer to
Chapter 7 for details on the advantages of VLP/IPR over PC well modelling.
Like any other equipment, well data entry screens can be accessed by
• Double-clicking the left-hand mouse button on a well icon on the main GAP drawing
OR
• Clicking on the appropriate well icon in the equipment list of the main data entry
screen showed in Figure5-1.
On the well data entry / results screens, there are three sections (as explained in the
details of format for equipment in the previous section). These are listed below:
Summary Screen.
This allows the selection of well-model and well types, and also gives the status of various
aspects of the well-input data. See the following section.
Input Screen.
Includes tabbed screens for the following input fields:
• Control
• dP Control
• ESP Control (For ESP Wells only)
• IPR Input
• VLP Input
• PC Data Input (For manual entry / generation of PC data for wells where PC
model has been selected.)
• Constraints
• General
• Abandonment
• ESP
• Coning
• Tank Connections
• Production Data (Decline Curve prediction only)
• Composition (Only if Compositional Tracking option is selected)
• Schedule (Only if Prediction Selected in Main Option)
Results Screen.
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6 - 52 CHAPTER 3 – EQUIPMENT DATA - 1
Contains the following fields:
Figure 3-4
Equipment Data
Entry Screen
Input Fields:
• Label. Maximum of 12 characters allowed. This defaults to the name supplied in the
label dialogue box when the well icon was initially added to the system. If blank,
enter a short name or abbreviation to identify the icon on the screen.
• Mask. This option allows a well to be added or omitted from the network database
and consequently the calculations to establish a total system response. An 'X' over
the icon indicates that this well has been excluded from the system.
• Well Type. Specifies the type of well. This should be the first setting to make when
creating a well, as the data required in the input screens depends on the well type.
Eight options are currently available:
• Gas Injector
• Gas Producer
• Oil Producer (ESP Lifted)
• Oil Producer (Gas Lifted)
• Well File. GAP can optionally work with PROSPER .ANL or .OUT files. If a
PROSPER .OUT or .ANL file for this well is available, the file name should be
specified here. When GAP accesses PROSPER, the program will automatically open
the relevant file.
• Outflow Only – VLP: The well icon is only used to store the VLP curves that
need to be pre-generated. An associated Inflow Icon will then provide the
IPR in order to have a complete well model. Equipment set between the
Well icon and the Inflow icon will be used to dynamically correct the IPR for
pressure drop between the IPR and the VLP depths.
Figure 3-5:
Well Description
using the Outflow
only configuration
• Outflow Only – PROSPER: The well icon will not now store any lift curves.
One a pressure drop calculation is required, GAP can calculate it
dynamically using the equipment set in the PROSPER on line section.
Please refer to the following sections for details.
 The outflow only models for well modelling have been introduced from GAP v5.0
onwards. They increase greatly the capabilities of GAP in terms of modelling
smart well completions and multilayer systems.
In addition, to the selections discussed above, the well summary screen contains an input
data summary area.
This gives details on the status of various aspects of the well-input data. It consists of
various fields that correspond to different areas of well-input data.
 The icons that appear in this area are dependent on well model and
Prediction Type (None / Material Balance / Decline Curve) selection.
By clicking on any of these fields, you can access the input data for the field.
The tabs are coloured according to the validity of the data on the corresponding dialogs.
• If the tab is green, then the data is valid for the current system set-up.
• If it is red, then the data is invalid or empty.
• If the tab is grey, then this tab is not applicable to the current model and so is
inaccessible.
 Note that the data is checked for validity against the current system model, if the data
is considered valid for an allocation, this obviously does not mean that the data can be
used for a prediction without changes.
Figure 3-6
Well Input Data
Entry Screen
Control Used to enter/visualize control data for the well. This allows wells to be choked
back to meet some throughput constraint, or for ESP wells allows operating
frequency to be calculated in optimisation.
IPR Input Used to enter/visualize IPR data, either for the well, or per-layer in a multi-layer
well.
VLP Input Used to enter/visualize the file that contains the lift curve data for the well.
PC Data Use this to enter/visualize manually performance curve data, or to generate the
data from VLP/IPR intersections.
Constraints Use to enter/visualize the well constraints and abandonment constraints. For
ESP wells, ESP constraints are also entered.
Gas Lift Gas Used to enter/visualize the injection source from which gas is taken.
Coning If the well has gas coning the input data may be specified in this screen for
each layer.
Tank Connections Enter/visualize tank connectivity data.
Production Data Enter/visualize the production data for the well, for decline curve predictions.
Downtime Enter/visualize the percentage of time a well is offline.
Composition Enter/visualize the composition for the well. This is only necessary if
compositional tracking is set.
 Apart from the screen inputs as described in the following sections, there are various
action buttons like OK, CANCEL etc. that appear in these screens. Their function is the
same in every screen.
3.2.2.1 Control
This screen allows you to set choke values for the current well, and ESP controls (in the
case of an ESP lifted well).
Figure 5-7
Well Control
• dP Control
• dP Control ( Yes /No)
Setting this to “Yes” means that there is a choke at the wellhead.
Calculated Option uses the GAP optimiser to calculate the pressure loss in
the wellhead choke to achieve constraints.
 The choke defined in this section is at the end of VLP curves. If the curves include
pressure losses up to the wellhead, the choke is at the wellhead level. If the
curves include Pressure losses in the downhole equipment and a flow-line up to a
manifold, the choke is then taken to be at the end of flow line.
In the Calculated Option of dP control, the results screen has a choke-calculator, which
allows the user to estimate the choke setting that corresponds to the dP using the ELF
choke model.
• ESP Control.
• Frequency Control (Fixed / Calculated)
The operating frequency of ESP wells can be controlled by GAP by
setting the Frequency Control field to Calculated.
• Fixed Frequency
The value of fixed frequency that GAP will use in calculations, for fixed
frequency control.
 This screen allows the input of well inflow performance data on a per-layer basis.
The IPR data can be transferred from PROSPER using the “Generate” function of GAP.
If the user chooses to enter the data manually (IPR may have not been generated with
PROSPER for example) then this can be done as well.
The IPR data input is divided into three tabbed screens as shown in the example below.
These are:
• Individual layer input data like PI etc.
• More data for the defining layer breakthrough (water / gas)
parameters.
• Grid View screen, where a summary of all layers is tabulated and the
individual IPR data can be plotted against each other.
Figure 3-8
Well IPR Input
Screen
The data input for all the three sections of the well IPR input us described below:
 The “Table Look Up” utility has been included in the IPR types for allowing an
easy link between GAP and Reservoir Simulators. It stores the IPR information
generated by the reservoir simulator as a table with oil, gas and water rates as a
function of flowing bottom hole pressure (FBHP). IT SHOULD ONLY BE USED
FOR THOSE APPLICATIONS.
• IPR Data.
The fields here vary depending on the IPR type. The choices are:
• IPR dP.
Select here whether there is to be a manual offset from the reservoir pressure
by checking the box. If the box is checked, enter the appropriate dP in the entry
field.
 This field is for correcting the well pressures to the same datum.
k p = k 0 × {1.0 − ( p 0 − p ) × C f }
N
• Cross Flow Injectivity Index. (Production systems only & NOT for Table
Look Up)
This is only applicable to multi-layer models. In cases where there is cross-flow
between layers, you may specify here the injectivity index to be applied to the
layer when cross-flow rates are calculated.
This essentially represents the continuation of the IPR for rates less than zero.
If you do not enter a value, GAP will use the performance index (or Darcy or C)
as entered on the main screen.
This may lead to large cross-flow rates and potential instabilities in any
prediction run as these rates are held constant over a time-step.
Only the primary coefficient of the IPR description is required in this case: the
other (non-Darcy coefficient or n) is set to zero.
 A combination of high instantaneous rates and large timesteps may cause large
cumulative volumes of fluid to be transferred in a reservoir over the timestep.
This will lead to unrealistically high reservoir pressures to be calculated. For
wells with cross flow between layers it is recommended to use small step sizes
in prediction mode.
Selecting Match IPR on the IPR Input screen to display the following dialog:
Figure 3-9
Well IPR Match
Screen
 See the Relative Permeability Section that follows for more details about how
these values are used to apply correction factors to the IPR.
Test Points
These fields hold the set of test points of measured rate and flowing bottom hole pressure.
Rate and pressure can be entered by hand, or pasted from the Windows clipboard or
directly from PROSPER’s IPR screen.
Click Match and GAP will calculate the well performance (or injectivity) index and AOF (or
whichever coefficients are required from the IPR model). Click OK and the P.I. and the
other data will be passed back to the well IPR screen.
 When an IPR is generated, the reservoir pressure and PVT information (e.g. GOR,
Water Cut) are used in the calculation of an IPR.
Different results may be obtained in IPR generation when a tank is connected to a well
and thus uses the tank’s PVT calculation, compared to the situation where the well is
isolated and GAP uses its own calculation.
Here, we define the set of relative permeability that GAP uses for:
1. To calculate water cut and producing GOR (CGR/ WGR in gas / Condensate)
wells during prediction (Material balance).
2. To calculate change in PI of the well with mobility change due to WC and GOR
change in all cases (No prediction/ Material Balance/ Decline Curve).
If we define the “ From IPR” section, it tells GAP to use the relative permeability defined in
the IPR section.
If we define “ From Tank Model” (Available only for Material Balance Prediction) GAP
will take relative permeability data from the tank associated with the layer (MBAL Model).
Figure 3-10
Well IPR Match
Screen
If this option is set to ‘Yes’, the PI will be corrected for mobility change as the water cut
changes. A test-water cut and a test pressure have to be entered.
The test water cut and the test reservoir pressure are used to determine the water
saturations (Sw) and oil and water viscosities. So is calculated as described in the Vogel
correction depending on the options as indicated later.
With the use of relative permeability curves, the test mobility can be calculated from:
K rw K ro
M test = +
µw µo
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16 - 52 CHAPTER 3 – EQUIPMENT DATA - 1
At a particular reservoir pressure and water cut, the current mobility (M) can be calculated
using similar formula. Based on the two calculated mobility values, the corrected
productivity index will be:
M
PI = PI test ×
M test
And this value of corrected PI will be used to generate the new IPR.
• Vogel Correction for GOR (Only for Oil producers; Available Only if Mobility
correction for PI is on)
Yes/ No;
Figure 3-11
Well IPR Match
Screen
If this option is set to ‘Yes’, the relative permeability values that are used for PI mobility
corrections are calculated using the effect of reduced oil/ water relative permeability
because of presence of free gas down hole. It requires the entry of a test GOR value. The
GOR entered is taken as the total produced GOR. Based on the PVT, then this used to
calculate a free gas saturation Sg. The Sw is calculated on basis of test water cut and test
reservoir pressure. So is calculated from
So = 1 − Sw − S g
Once the phase saturation and viscosities are known the PI is estimated from total liquid
mobility ratios as indicated above.
So = 1 − Sw
Based on these phase saturations, the PI correction is made.
• Impurity Data.
Enter water Salinity
Mole % of CO2, N2, and H2S in gas phase
• Use Tank Impurities (NOT for Prediction mode “None” & “Decline Curve”)
 If the ‘Use tank impurities’ box is checked, GAP will use the values from MBAL
tank model and the impurity input data is unavailable.
LAYER SELECTION
This is the place where the current layer is selected. This by default is the same layer as
selected in the first screen.
Here enter the perforation depths and following break-through conditions (if any)
This screen also has the summary of all layer IPR data entered.
Figure 3-12
Well IPR Screen
• OK
• Cancel
• Help
• Revert
• Validate
• Calculate
• Plot
• Report
• Plot. Displays the Plot screen with the IPR plot for this layer (or the well in a
single layer model). The Match data (if present) is also displayed. In case of Grid
View it displays the IPR of all layers and the total IPR of the well as well
• From MBAL.
6 It is possible to transfer data from existing material balance models to well models inside
GAP. VLP and IPR and relative permeability data can be transferred.
This action button takes us to the screen that allows the import of well data from MBAL
models as shown in the following screen:
Figure 3-13
Well Data
Transfer from
MBAL to GAP
On the left hand side, the MBAL files associated with the tanks in GAP are opened and a
list of all PREDICTION WELLS in these is displayed.
On the right hand side, all the wells in GAP along with their Layers are displayed.
The user selects a layer in the MBAL list and a layer in GAP list. This gives the following
two transfer options:
• IPR --- To transfer the layer IPR
• Rel Perm --- To transfer the MBAL layer relative
permeability data.
If the user selects a well on both sides the following transfer option is available:
• VLP – To transfer the VLP data from the MBAL prediction
well to GAP well.
The actual data transferred will depend on the type of the item selected in the MBAL list
(for example, tank IPR data will include the tank starting pressure and PVT data, whereas
well IPR data includes the PI.
At the bottom of the MBAL item list, is a “ New Model File” button. Pressing this allows the
user the access to MBAL files that might not be associated with the current GAP model
and from the data can be transferred.
Note that new files are not stored when the screen is cleared and must be reloaded when
going into the screen on subsequent occasions.
IPR
This transfers IPR data from the MBAL item to the GAP target. The data transferred
is as follows:
From a tank:
Starting pressure,
Starting temperature,
Impurity data (% H2S, N2, CO2 & water salinity),
Gas gravity,
Oil/condensate gravity,
GOR/CGR.
From a well:
PI (Darcy coefficients, C and n),
Layer type,
PI Relative permeability correction (oil layers only),
Perforation depths,
Breakthrough constraints,
Match data,
Test water cut / layer pressure.
VLP
Transfers lift curve data to the well in question. This is only possible if the data has
been imported into the MBAL well model in *.tpd format.
Rel Perm
Transfers either the tank or the well relative permeability depending on the source
type.
Figure 3-14
Well VLP Data
Input
1. Using the “IMPORT” button as shown. This button allows import of the following lift
curve formats:
• *.TPD – Petroleum Experts General GAP/ MBAL Format. (These can be
generated in PROSPER well models).
• *.MBV – Petroleum Experts MBAL Format. (These can be generated in
PROSPER well models).
• *.ECL – Eclipse Format. (Generated by any nodal like PROSPER having the
capability).
• *.VFP – Eclipse Format. (Generated by any nodal like PROSPER having the
capability).
Once files with this format are imported, GAP automatically creates a *.VLP file and
saves it for its use.
2. Using the “BROWSE” button to pick up an existing VLP File.
3. Using the “Generate VLP from PROSPER” command in the Generate menu in main
screen to batch generate the lift curves for all wells in the model with valid
PROSPER files.
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For “IMPORT” it is recommended that you select the .TPD import option, as these files
contain a list of wellhead temperatures along with the fluid rates.
The label alongside VLP file names will read either OK or Invalid.
An invalid flag means that an invalid file has been selected (e.g. a gas VLP for an oil
well), or the path name is incorrect.
A VLP table can be exported as a *.TPD file for use in other wells or applications using the
“Export” button.
Figure 3-15
Export TPD file
Figure 3-16
Right hand
intersection
Figure 3-17
Left hand
intersection
Figure 3-18
VLP Data
Inspection
This is a lookup table of VLP results. The left and right hand columns give the VLP curves
for the variable parameters highlighted (in reverse video) in the central columns.
The data presented here is editable. It may be exported into a performance data file by
pressing the Export button; this produces a File browser to allow you to select the
appropriate file destination.
 The variables that are a part of the VLP file depend on the type of well. For example
this is a naturally flowing oil well VLP table.
It is recommended to check the VLP data manually before, running the prediction
cases, in order to see, if the data is okay.
Figure 3-19
VLP Calculation
Enter values for the input sensitivity variables for the VLP curve in the columns, which are
coloured white (their number depends on the type of wells).
From the summary screen when Calculate is pressed, GAP will retrieve the IPR data and
calculate the intersections between the curves.
Figure 3-20
Summary
Screen
The user can plot the VLP/ IPR intersection by clicking on the Plot button.
Figure 3-21
VLP/IPR
Intersection
Figure 3-22
VLP/IPR
Intersection
 Note that in Figure 3-22, there are actually two intersections between the VLP and the
IPR curve. GAP will by default pick up the intersection on the right hand side of the
minimum exhibited by the VLP curve (as this is generally the stable rate whereas the
left side intersection is the unstable one.)
If GAP is expected to pick up the left side intersection, this can be done by selecting
the “Force Left Hand Side Intersection (Solver)” as described earlier.
Figure 3-23
Well Constraints
Screen
This dialog shows the case of a controllable ESP well with a valid lift curve, hence the
presence of the ESP Constraints tab. This can be used to input constraints that are specific
to an ESP well, for example maximum and minimum operating frequencies, as well as
pump rate against frequency tables. The following general well constraints can be used:
• NO-CLOSE minimum gas injection rate (ONLY FOR GAS LIFTED WELLS)
Forces GAP to allocate this volume of gas irrespective of whether the well should
be allocated gas to optimise production or not. Used to model particular field
operating practices e.g. to ensure flow stability.
To enter abandonment constraints, click the Abandonment tab of the constraints screen.
On the resulting screen, you may enter abandonment constraints for the entire well, or for
individual layers (in the multi-layer model).
Figure 3-24
Well
Abandonment
Constraints
Screen
Abandonment constraints are used as criteria to shut the well in during a prediction run: for
example, if you set a maximum GOR abandonment constraint, then the well will be shut in
during a prediction run if the produced GOR exceeds this value.
Enter into the fields the abandonment constraints that you wish to apply.
 Well abandonment constraints can also be set up while starting a prediction run by
clicking the Wells button of the Prediction set-up screen. See Chapter 11 for more
information on the performance of prediction runs.
To enter the constraints for the ESP, click the ESP tab of the constraints screen. On the
resulting screen, ESP constraints may be entered.
Figure 3-25
ESP Well
Constraints
Screen
These constraints are used to check the power availability at well level and for a given
frequency prevent make pump operate in the recommended range of flow rates.
Figure 3-26
Gas Lift Source
The source names are set up in the Gas lift Source dialog, which can be accessed from the
Options menu. It can also be invoked by pressing the Edit List button of this screen.
Select the required Gas lift source in the Enter Choice drop down list box. The properties of
the source will be displayed for convenience in the Source Statistics area below this.
The composition of the source can be displayed by selecting the Composition button at the
base of the screen (when compositional tracking is enabled). This can only be edited
through the Gas lift Source screen. The colour of the button indicates the validity of the
source composition. If compositional tracking is enabled, this must be valid for the tracking
to be performed.
6 Coning of gas from a reservoir can be accounted for in the GAP well models.
 In prediction mode, the layers that have gas coning enabled should in their MBAL
model have the “Monitor Contact” option set with a correct description of the pore
volume description versus depth.
See the MBAL manual for more information on the theory behind gas coning.
Figure 3-27
Gas Coning Input
Layer Selection:
This list box contains a list of all valid layers, along with the name of the tank to which they
are attached, and whether or not gas coning is set up in the tank model. Select from the list
the layer for which you wish to enter data.
Enable Coning:
Select this check box to enable coning for the layer. Coning will then be applied in
prediction, provided that the coning data is validated successfully.
Perforation Depths:
These are repeated from the IPR screen. Enter the top and bottom perforation depths for
the well relative to surface.
Gas-Oil Contact:
The gas-oil contact depth tracked in the MBAL model during a prediction run overwrites
this field. It may be used following a snapshot reload, or whenever a performance curve is
regenerated outside of a prediction, to adjust the gas-oil contact depth from the tank
model.
When the Match button is selected, the values for the coefficients will be entered
automatically into the dialog fields.
Results:
The coning coefficients F2, F3, and the exponent may be entered by hand (without
performing a Match). They must be present for the data to be validated prior to performing
a prediction run.
Note
When the Validate button is selected, validation information for the current layer will be
displayed. The dialog tab will be coloured according to the validity of the entire coning data
set - any invalid or missing fields in any layers will be picked up. Only those layers that
have coning enabled will be included in the validation.
Connected tanks are assigned to single layers of the model automatically; the tank name,
which has been assigned to a specific layer, is displayed in the Well IPR Input screen.
If using Decline Curves for prediction, click the Prod. Data tab to access the well
production table, and enter the data as in the following example:
Figure 3-28
Well Production
Data
Select the layer for which you wish to enter production data from the list box at the top of
the screen. For single-layer wells, this is disabled. For a full complement of production
data, GAP required production data for every layer that has valid IPR data.
• Well Efficiency
Proportion of well production rate to be allocated to cumulative production. Used to model
well downtime in production forecasts.
Action Buttons
• Calculate
Calculates the water cut and GOR for the Current reservoir pressure. .
• Plot
Displays the production data in graphical form. Use Variables on the Plot screen to
switch between GOR and water cut.
Te well down time factor can be entered in the field provided. The efficiency can also be
adjusted in the Prediction Wells screen that is in turn accessed from the Prediction
Forecast set-up screen. For decline curve prediction models, the well efficiency is also
included in the Well Production Data screen.
Figure 3-29
Well Composition
Data
Layer Number
Select from the drop down list the layer for which you wish to enter a composition. You
need only enter compositions for valid layers (the validity of each layer is specified in the
list, as shown above). In a single layer case, the list box will be inactive and you need only
enter a single composition for the entire well.
Edit
Use this button for entering the appropriate composition. The button is coloured green
when the composition is valid and red if it is invalid or empty. When invoked the
composition data entry screen appears. This allows the entry or import of compositional
data, and also provides functions for the calculation and plotting of phase envelopes or
flash data.
Figure 3-30
Equation of state
The composition can be entered through a *.prp file which can be created in the fluid
characterisation package PVTP of the IPM suite.
Figure 3-31
Defining Well
Schedule
Figure 3-32
Defining the Outflow
Only well
• VLP
• PROSPER
These two methods specify the method by which the pressure drops in the Outflow part of
the well will be calculated, either using VLP tables or calculated “on the fly” using the
PROSPER in line options. In the latter case, the well equipment and temperature options
are defined inside GAP and used whenever a pressure drop calculation needs to be
performed as opposed to simply looking up the pre-calculated pressure drops from the VLP
table.
The IPR part of the well needs to be considered separately using an inflow icon, described
in Chapter 6.
Only limited information can be entered, relating to the VLPs. In the main GAP screen, the
outflow only well is signified with the following icon:
Figure 3-33
Outflow Only well
icon
Figure 3-34
Outflow Only well
icon input screen
Figure 3-35
Outflow Only well
icon input screen
A VLP file can be imported if it already exists or can be generated using the “Generate”
feature from the GAP main screen (Please refer to Chapter 5 for details on the VLP
Generation).
The functions of this screen have already been explained in the previous section of this
chapter.
Figure 3-36
Defining the Outflow
Only-PROSPER well
Figure 3-37
Defining the Outflow
Only-PROSPER well
The purpose of the Outflow Only – PROSPER model is to enable the user to specify the well
equipment in GAP, or import them from an existing PROSPER file. The pressure drops in
the well bore can then be calculated whenever needed by GAP rather than being looked up
from a table.
• The advanced thermal options of PROSPER are now available in GAP for the
pressure drop calculations
• The pressure drops are calculated with the PVT of the fluid that goes into the
wellbore, which may be changing over time. This is particularly useful in
multilayer systems in which the rate contribution from each layer changes
significantly over time (depending on the rate of depletion of each). When lift
curves are used, one can only assume the contribution of each layer and use
one set of PVT as the rate of depletion cannot be decided before a prediction
is done.
The well equipment can be imported in two ways, either directly from an existing PROSPER
file or entered directly in GAP.
Figure 3-38
Equipment Import
The program will then prompt with a file selection menu where an existing PROSPER file
can be imported:
Figure 3-39
Equipment Import
Selecting “Open”, GAP will transfer the equipment data from the PROSPER file into the
equivalent screens in GAP:
Figure 3-40
Equipment Import
The correlations used in PROSPER along with the corresponding match parameters will
also be transferred, as seen from the screen above. One can then go through the screens
(starting from “Options” in order to validate that the data transferred are OK.
Figure 3-41
Equipment Import
In this screen the Options selected in the PROSPER file can be seen. Moving to the PVT
section:
Figure 3-42
PVT Data
The PVT used in PROSPER are transferred along with the PVT Matching parameters for
the different correlations.
 The Pressure drop calculations will be done based on the fluid entering the well at
every timestep of which the properties may be changing in time. This PVT section
is only used to match the correlations that will subsequently be used to provide
the PVT parameters for the pressure drop calculations. The GOR and gravities
entered here will therefore be ignored during the calculations, only the matched
(or original in the case of no matching) correlations will be used.
Figure 3-43
Equipment Section
Here one can specify the equipment based on which the pressure drop calculations can be
done. This section is the same as in PROSPER with screens for entering the deviation
survey, any surface equipment to be included in the pressure drop calculations, the well
equipment and geothermal gradient (these data for the Rough Approximation temperature
method only). Further screens will be made available if the Improved Approximation or
Enthalpy balance methods are selected.
 Note on Surface Equipment: There is no need to include any surface pipelines in this
section as they can be described separately in GAP. The user has the option of
including a single flowline leading from the well-head to a manifold in either program
depending on the objective of the model. However, pipelines that carry fluid originating
in more than one wells need to be described as separate GAP pipelines.
The next section is related to erosional velocities and solids transport. Selecting the
“Solids” button will prompt the following screen:
Figure 3-44
Solids Section
• Density of sand – Used to calculate the Maximum Grain Diameter that can be
transported based on the velocities in the well
• Sand production rate and S factor – Will be used to determine the erosional
velocities in the pipe using a Conoco model (Improvement to API14 E)
• C factor – Will be used to compute erosional velocities based on the API 14E
recommendation. A value of 400 is recommended as opposed to 100
recommended by the API as this was found by various researches to be very
pessimistic.
• Turner Constant – Used for liquid loading calculations. Turner proposed this
constant to be 20.4 but after extensive testing, we have found that 2.04 gives
much more realistic results.
These constants can be left to their default values or changed depending on the users
engineering judgement.
The last section in the PROSPER in line data has to do with matching of the pressure drop
correlations:
Figure 3-45
Equipment Section
In the case where test data are available, these can be entered and all the quality check
and matching features of PROSPER can be utilised to QC the data and match a correlation,
making it unique for the well in question.
Figure 3-46
Matching Section
In this screen the test can be entered and then the quality check and matching procedure
described in PROSPER can be followed, leading to a consistent and predictive well model:
Figure 3-47
Correlation
Comparison Section
after matching is
done on PE2
Having finished this section, the well summary screen can now be revisited and therefore
ensure that the Outflow only well model is valid:
Figure 3-48
Correlation
Comparison Section
after matching is
done on PE2
Figure 3-49
Correlation
Comparison Section
after matching is
done on PE2
This button will prompt the Equipment screen and all the sections described above can be
visited and populated with data. Matching of the PVT and pressure drop correlations can
also be done in this section as described previously.
Outflow
Figure 3-50 Part
Completed well
model with Outflow
only well icon and
inflow icons.
Inflows
Figure 3-51
Solver Results
Screen
The results screen is divided into two sections. The first is the Network Solve results and
the second is prediction results, which is only valid if a prediction run has been carried out.
Figure 3-52
Prediction Results
Screen
In these sections all the results related to the performance of the well in question can be
accessed and exported using the “Report” Button highlighted above. Selecting the “Report”
button will prompt the following screen:
Figure 3-53
Reporting Results
If results need to be exported to Excel, the “Clipboard” and “Tab Delimited” formats can be
chosen. Selecting “Run Report” will then allow the program to place the results on the
Clipboard and then pasted into Excel.
Figure 3-54
Gradient Results
Selection of this will prompt the Gradient calculation screen of PROSPER that will display
the gradient traverse calculations corresponding to the results:
Figure 3-55
Gradient Results
This list includes up to 77 variables that are calculated using the gradient traverse features
and includes erosional velocity, holdup, mass flowrates etc.
Figure 3-56
Reporting Results
The results can be seen as total for the well (as shown in the previous section) or on a
layer by layer basis. When the prediction is done, the “Layers” button will appear:
Figure 3-57
Layer Results
Figure 3-58
Layer Results
 Crossflow is calculated based on the IPRs of each layer and will be shown as
negative rates in the layer results.
4.1 Introduction
This chapter explains how to describe the different elements making up a GAP model.
1. Separators
2. Manifolds
3. Pipes
4. Tanks (reservoirs)
5. Pumps
6. Compressors
7. Sources
8. Sinks
9. Inline elements.
Figure 4.1:
Equipment
Elements
2 - 99 CHAPTER 4 – EQUIPMENT DATA - 2
Figure 4.2:
Separator Button
In order to insert a separator in the model, one should select the icon indicated above. In
GAP, separators are nodes where a pressure value is fixed regardless of rate through
them. It does not necessarily denote the presence of an actual separator in the system; it
could be any fixed pressure point in the network.
 The effect of the P and T conditions at various separators in the network on fluid
formation volume factors etc. is accounted for using the PVT data from the wells or
reservoirs providing the fluid to the separators.
In a single GAP model there can be more than one separator defined, each with its own
fixed pressure value. Each of these separators can have independent constraints.
 For systems with more than one separator, make sure that each separator has a
different name to enable easy identification in reports.
 The pressure of the separator when solving the system or doing predictions is
not specified in the separator icon itself. It is set under the Solve Network or
Material Balance Forecast screens.
The following help section is valid for both production separators and injection manifold. In
input screens where there is a difference, this is clearly pointed out and explained.
Double clicking on the separator icon will provide access to the Separator Summary
screen. As shown in Figure 4-2, there are three sections, which are itemised below:
Summary Screen.
This allows the selection of separator types, and also gives the status of various aspects of
the separator input data.
Input Screen.
Includes tabbed screens for the following input fields:
• Constraints
• Separation ( Only for Production Separators)
• Injection source ( Only for gas and water injection manifolds)
• Schedule (Only if Prediction Selected in Main Option)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
 The results screens for all equipment are similar in format. Chapter 3 for details on the
result screens.
Figure 4.3:
Separator
Summary
The following describes the fields that may be entered on this screen.
• Label
Defaults to the name supplied in the Label dialogue box when the item was initially
added to the system. If blank, enter a name or abbreviation to uniquely identify the
icon in the screen display of up to 12 characters in length. Keep labels short to
improve drawing readability.
• Name
Enter any name or description you would like to see as a heading for this separator
in the reports.
• Comments
Enter any string of comments that gives more information about the separator; e.g.
date brought on stream, etc.
• Mask
This option allows a separator to be included or omitted from the network database
and therefore from the calculations for establishing the total system responses. An
'X' over the icon indicates this separator has been masked (excluded from the
system). Three options are currently available:
• Include in system
• Mask (Excluded from the system unless it is scheduled to come online
during a prediction)
• Disable (If an item is disabled, it will not come online, even if it is scheduled
to do so during a prediction)
• Type
• Production Separator
• Water Injection Manifold
• Gas Injection manifold
Figure 4.4
Injection Manifold
Summary
Figure 4.5:
Separator
Constraints
Constraints (as described under the data input section) should not be entered until the
entire GAP model has been validated against measured production data (provided these
are available).
Figure 4.6:
Separator with
constraints will
have two arrows
pointing to it.
Same for any
other point with
constraints in it.
Separate constraints are available for Total Gas through the separator (i.e. sum of
produced and gas lift gas) or Produced gas only.
The total list of constraints that can be set at this point is:
SEPTEMBER 2003 GAP MANUAL
6 - 99 CHAPTER 4 – EQUIPMENT DATA - 2
 GAP will automatically track the gas impurities (CO2, H2S, N2), even if the
compositional tracking option is switched off. In the case where the tracking option is
active, then the impurities from the composition will override the values from the BO
PVT model.
 System constraints, i.e. for the total combined production for all separators in the
system, are entered under Constraints/System Constraints. Please Refer to chapter
3 for details.
Figure 4.7:
Separation
Parameters
 The separated fluids can be picked up and sent through separate networks to
other separators. This operation can be done using sources connected to the
separator icon. Please refer to chapter 4.7 for details.
Figure 4.8:
Injection Source
Selection
If one selects the Edit List button, the following screen appears:
Figure 4.9:
Injection Source
List
One can specify a particular fluid for injection that can be then selected from the list in the
drop down menu of the separator injection screen:
Figure 4.10:
Injection Source
Selection
Figure 4.11:
Separator
Schedule
4.3 Joints
The joint is a point in the network where two or more different pieces of equipment connect
together. Each joint is a solution point within GAP. Joints can be inserted in the model
using the following button from the toolbar:
Figure 4.12:
Joint Button
As with separators, there is no compulsory data entry for joints. This following section
describes the possible input options for Joints.
Like any other equipment entry the joint data entry/results screen as shown in Figure 4-7,
has three sections (as explained in the details of format for equipment in Chapter 3).
Figure 4.13:
Joint Summary
Screen
This screen is similar to the Summary screen of all equipment nodes and as such its
contents will not be explained every time. Please refer to the Separator Summary screen
section for details.
Figure 4.14:
Joint
Constraints
Enter the maximum levels of production that GAP can use while optimising production.
These are usually determined by the physical or mechanical constraints of the manifold or
associated pipes. To force production from a group of wells even though this may not
maximise oil production, use minimum constraints. When left blank, the program assumes
there are no constraints for this item.
 Use constraints with caution. Constraints set for one item can conflict with those set
for other system components. Maximum and Minimum constraints that are set close
together are effectively blocking optimisation. Avoid using minimum constraints during
a prediction. The minimum constraints will be honoured by the optimiser provided that
the potential of the system can sustain production above the minimum. If the potential
of the system is below the minimum, the optimisation will not be successful.
4.3.3.1 Schedule
This is used during the prediction to change the joint constrains / include or exclude the
joint from forecast.
Figure 4.15:
Joint Schedule
 Masking of joints in the schedule will cause all the equipment that can not produce into
the separator to be masked as well.
4.4 Pipelines
Pipeline connections are represented by boxes drawn across the centre of the line
connecting two joints. The link icon can be activated from the main toolbar:
Figure 4.16:
Link Button
Connections between joints and wells have no boxes. For GAP calculations these are not
pressure drop connections.
The pipeline data entry / results screen as shown in Figure 4-14, has three sections (as
explained in the details of format for equipment in Chapter 5). These are itemised below:
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the method used to calculate pressure
drops, the input data and the flow correlation in use for the pipeline. See the following
section for details
Input Screen.
• Depending on the calculation method used, the required input data will change.
Please refer to the sections below on the data required for each method.
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.17:
Pipeline
Summary Screen
This screen is similar to the Summary screens of all equipment nodes and as such its
contents will not be explained every time. Please refer to the Separator Summary screen
section for details.
Method
Pressure drops in the pipe can be calculated using three options. One can use the internal
correlations of GAP, using PROSPER in line or by the use of lift curves. Options on the
summary screen will change depending on the method used. The following sections will
describe each of these in detail.
 The use of PROSPER in line is one of the major improvements made to GAP for the
IPM 4 release. The user now has the added options of using either lift curves for
increased speed in calculations, or the thermal models of PROSPER for accurate
pipeline temperature predictions (Enthalpy balance or Improved Approximation
options)
Correlation
Select from this drop-down list the correlation that you would like to use in the calculation
of pressure drops. In the presence of match data, then the correlation selection will depend
on the correlation that matches the data the closest.
Correlation Coefficients
These fields display the gravity and friction coefficients that are used in the calculation of
pressure drops. These coefficients will be recalculated in the event that you perform a
Match calculation. For a correlation that matches measured data exactly, both parameters
should be 1.
SEPTEMBER 2003 GAP MANUAL
14 - 99 CHAPTER 4 – EQUIPMENT DATA - 2
Figure 4.18:
Pipe
Environment
Data entry
Surface Temperature
Enter temperature of the environment surrounding the pipe.
Heat Capacities
Average values for Oil, Gas and Water. Note that the Cp of gas is a function of
temperature and pressure and the value entered should be carefully checked - do not rely
on the defaults.
In this entry screen, begin at the top and work down to enter data, as shown in the
following example:
Figure 4.19:
Pipe Data Entry
Type
Enter the kind of pipe or choke in use over this section. The available types are:
• Line Pipe
• Choke
• Coated
• Flexible
The pressure drop calculations are performed in the same manner, irrespective of the pipe
designation (Line, Coated or Flexible).
Length
Enter the total length of this pipe section. Equivalent lengths can be used to account for
pressure losses associated with elbows, bends etc.
TVD
TVD depth is the depth at the upstream end (closest to the well) of the pipe.
Diameter
Enter the inside diameter of the pipe.
Roughness
Enter pipe surface roughness. The default value of 0.0006 inches corresponds to average
steel.
 The depth reference that was used in the PROSPER well models is unimportant as
the connection between well and surface facilities is none with lift curves (a pressure
drop for given GOR, WC, WHP etc). However, the elevation of the surface pipelines
connected to each well must be entered with respect to a common reference in GAP.
For consistency and ease in troubleshooting, we recommend that the user should
enter all the depths in both PROSPER and GAP using the same reference point.
 Chokes are included in the pipeline data input section only to model a fixed
restriction in the pipe. GAP’s optimiser will calculate the wellhead pressure drops
required to meet system constraints. Include chokes in the pipeline description only
when modelling the effect of a fixed restriction.
Rate Multiplier
Multiplies the flow velocity in the pipe by this value. Identical parallel pipes can be modelled
by entering a rate multiplier of 0.5.
Correlations/Coefficients
Select an appropriate pipeline correlation from those available. The correlation that is
selected will be used in subsequent build operations, and if the correlation has been
matched to existing data the calculated coefficients will also be incorporated (see below).
You may edit the coefficients by hand if you wish.
Match
Click on this button to perform a pipeline matching to the available multiphase correlations.
The button will be coloured green if there is no match data present, blue otherwise.
Swap Node
This button can be to swap inlet (upstream) and outlet (downstream) of a pipe work.
Note that the labels of the upstream and downstream nodes are displayed. This display
can be useful in building complex networks.
The small white arrows in the pipeline icon denote the upstream and downstream direction
of the pipeline. The note at which the arrows are pointing towards is the downstream
direction and the node they are pointing away from is the upstream.
By matching the pipeline pressure losses to real data, an accurate system model can be
built all the way from the wells through the gathering system up to the production
separator.
A non-linear regression technique is used to adjust the selected pipe correlation to match
the measured producing pressures. To begin the matching process, click on the Match
button in the pipe description screen, as described above. The following screen will be
presented:
Figure 4.21:
Pipeline Match
Data Entry
To enter the pipeline match data, carry out the following steps:
• Ensure that the rate type selected is the same as the test data. Choose either
Liquid Rates or Oil Rates.
• Enter your test points in the grid columns. Up to ten different points may be input at
a time.
• Match rows can be removed or added to the calculation by selecting the row, and
then clicking Enable or Disable as required.
• When you have entered the data, click on Match to proceed with the calculation.
• Click Match from the pipe match data entry screen, as described above. A
surface pipe match calculation screen will appear.
Figure 4.22:
Pipe Match
Screen
• Select the required correlations to match to from the list box: click All to select all
the correlations. For horizontal flow lines, use a pipeline correlation. For vertical
pipes, (e.g. platform risers), select a vertical flow correlation.
• Click Match to start the calculations. Up to 30 iterations are performed by the match
routine; the process completes after 30 iterations or when the Match convergence
criteria are satisfied. The results of the matching can be viewed by clicking the
Statistics command button, as shown below:
Figure 4.23:
Pipe Match
Statistics
In this screen, the Reset buttons reset the fitting parameters for the given correlation to
their defaults. Similarly, Reset All resets all correlations.
The match parameters represent the corrections to the correlations that were required to
achieve a match. Parameter 1 is the gravity term correction and Parameter 2 is the friction
term correction. The calculated parameters for the selected correlation are used in any
subsequent build process with this correlation.
 The gravity loss is zero for horizontal pipelines: therefore the gravity term cannot be
matched. In such cases, Parameter 1 is left set to 1.0. Refer to the PROSPER
manual for more details of the matching procedure.
Repeat the matching procedure for each pipe until all pipes have been matched to real
data. Provided that this step has been carefully carried out, the overall system model
should not require further adjustment in order to match actual production and pressure
data.
4.4.2.7 Constraints
In this section the user can apply certain constraints on the pipeline, such as Max velocity,
C factor and Line pressure. Please note that constraints with regards to rates can be set
either at the upstream or downstream node (joint) of the pipeline.
Figure 4.24:
Pipeline
Constraints
The user can change the constraints at any particular time. These are the same constraints
that are entered in the constraint section.
Figure 4.25:
Pipeline
Schedule
 Masking of Pipelines in the schedule will cause all the equipment that can not produce
into the separator to be masked as well.
Figure 4.26:
Selecting lift
curves
When the lift curve option is selected, the user needs to choose a model for generating
these:
Figure 4.27:
Selecting
Underlying Model
4.4.3.1 External
This option allows the user to enter a lift curve file that has been externally generated. The
file will need to be imported by selecting the lift curve button, as shown below:
Figure 4.28:
Selecting lift
curves
In the screen that follows allows the user to import the lift curve file:
Figure 4.29:
Selecting lift
curves
The “Import” Button will prompt a menu for selecting the file.
Figure 4.30:
Selecting file
format
The file can have the following extensions (as shown above):
• *.tpd
• *.mbv
• *.ecl
• *.vfp
The *.tpd and *.mbv files can be generated by PROSPER. The difference between the two
is that the *.mbv file does not contain any temperature information and should ideally be
used only with a prediction in the MBAL software (as there is no surface network to carry
temperature information through). The ecl and vfp formats are ones recognised by the
Eclipse simulator.
Selecting one of these appropriate files will be imported into GAP and automatically
converted into a *.vlp file. This is a binary file that GAP will use in the calculations. If this
file already exists, then it can be imported by using the “Browse” instead of the “Import”
button.
Figure 4.31:
Lift Curves/GAP
internal
correlations
summary screen
Upon selection of the Lift Curves tab (shown above), the user is prompted with the
following screen:
Figure 4.32:
VLP screen
As the file needs to be created, one needs to select “Generate” in order to get the following
screen:
Figure 4.33:
VLP generation
The parameters for which the VLP curves will be created need to be entered under “Data”:
Figure 4.34:
VLP Data Entry
Selecting the Fluid Type will automatically prompt the right parameters to use (in the case
of liquid these are Rate, Pressure, GOR, WC and Gas lift gas injection rate. The user can
either enter the ranges manually or use the “Populate” Buttons on the bottom of this
screen.
Figure 4.35:
VLP Data Entry
Selecting “OK” will lead the user back to the Generation Screen where selecting
“Generate” will start the calculations:
Figure 4.36:
VLP Calculation
Screen
Figure 4.37:
PROSPER In
Line Summary
Screen
 The main advantage of this method is that the user can generate lift curves by using
the advanced temperature models available through PROSPER in Line
The Edit Pipe button allows the user to start creating the pipeline model:
Figure 4.38:
PROSPER In
Line Creating the
model
Figure 4.39:
PROSPER In
Line Creating the
model
Figure 4.40:
PROSPER In
Line equipment
description
The activation of the enthalpy balance method can be done from “Options”:
Figure 4.41:
PROSPER In
Line equipment
input screen
And then under “model” the user can select the Enthalpy balance method.
Figure 4.42:
Selection of
Enthalpy balance
method
Going into the Equipment section (be selecting “Done” and then “Equipment”):
Figure 4.43:
Enthalpy
balance input
data screen
To commence data entry for a new application, click All Edit. The program will then
display all the input screens in sequence. To go back and edit one particular equipment
item, click the button on the left of the appropriate item.
Figure 4.44:
Surface Environment Input
(Off Shore)
Figure 4.45:
Surface Environment Input
(On Land)
4.4.3.3.4 Lithology
The program contains a database of thermal properties for various rock types including
Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Dolomite, Halite and others. The thermal properties
database can be edited and added to as required. If detailed litho logy data is available it
should be entered in the screen as shown below. If no data is available use shale from
surface to total depth.
Figure 4.46:
Litho logy Input
The reservoir temperature and pressure should be entered for the production reference
depth. The formation temperature gradient is interpolated between the reservoir and
surface environment temperatures.
The editing buttons Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert and Delete operate on data records that have
been selected by clicking on their row number button(s). All records can be simultaneously
selected by clicking the All button. Use the Import button to import data from a wide variety
of sources.
 Thermal properties for buried pipelines are taken from the shallowest formation
type entered in the Litho logy screen.
Figure 4.47:
Surface Equipment
Input
To calculate heat losses, additional data such as outside diameter, material type and
insulation (if used) are required to be input. The surface equipment model can utilise the
following equipment types:
• Line pipe
• Coated pipeline
• Flexible tubes
• User selected
• Choke
To allow for pipe bends, etc., enter an equivalent length/diameter. The choke calculation
handles both sub-critical and critical flow. The program will calculate the temperature drop
across the choke. Descriptive labels for each element can be entered in the Label field if
desired. Labels appear on reports and calculation screens. Surface equipment geometry
can be optionally entered as TVD of the upstream end of the pipe segment and length or
as X,Y(from the manifold or the Xmas Tree) co-ordinate pairs. Refer to Section 4.1.2
above for more details.
The Rate Multiplier column enables you to simulate the pressure drop due to several wells
being connected to a production manifold via a common surface flow line. The fluid
velocity in the flowline is multiplied by the value entered - thereby increasing the frictional
pressure losses. For most applications it should be left at its default value of 1. As an
example, the pressure drop in a flowline connected to 3 identical wells could be modelled
using a pipeline rate multiplier of 3. 2 parallel flowlines having identical dimensions can be
modelled by entering the actual dimensions for one pipe and a pipeline rate multiplier of
0.5. It is also possible to vary the rate multiplier along the pipeline to simulate varying
sections of dual pipelines for example.
PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
CHAPTER 4 - EQUIPMENT DATA –2 35 - 99
The editing buttons Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert and Delete operate on data records that have
been selected by clicking on their row number button(s). All records can be simultaneously
selected by clicking the All button. Use the Import button to import data from a wide variety
of sources. Up to 200 pipe segments can be entered, enabling the user to model very long
pipelines.
Pipe insulation (e.g. concrete, foam or bitumen) can be modelled. To define the pipe
insulation click the Enter button to display the following screen:
Figure 4.48:
Pipe Insulation Input
Select the required insulation type from the drop-down list, then enter the thickness. Enter
the insulation beginning with the innermost layer. PROSPER uses the thermal properties
in its database to calculate the thermal conductivity of the composite insulation. Click OK
to return to the surface equipment screen. Different insulations can be entered for each
section of the flowline as required. The calculated composite thermal conductivity is
referenced to the pipe inside diameter. Pipes can be laid on the surface (burial depth = 0)
or buried. The diagram below shows the burial depth geometry.
Figure 4.49:
Pipe Burial Depth
CHAPTER 4 - EQUIPMENT DATA –2 37 - 99
4.4.3.3.6 Databases
This optional feature is used to access the thermal properties databases for editing or
addition of user-defined materials. Select Databases and click Edit and the following
selection screen will be displayed:
Figure 4.50:
Temperature Databases
Selection
 Check that you are using the correct units before entering the thermal properties.
Edited values remain in memory and become part of a particular well model file when the
file is saved. To permanently save edited values or new user-defined entries for use in
other projects, click the Save button to write them to the database. The Reset button is
used to return all entries to their default values.
Once the equipment data are in place, the VLP generation can be done as described in
section 4.3.4.2 of this chapter.
Equipment entry for the Improved Approximation temperature model varies little from the
Rough Approximation option. Click on Equipment to display the following input screen:
Figure 4.51:
System Equipment Input
(Improved Approximation
Method)
To start data entry for a new application, click All Edit. The program will then display all
the relevant input screens in sequence. If data has already been entered, clicking the
Summary command button will display a summary of the current equipment. To go back
and edit one particular equipment item, click on the button beside the appropriate item.
Surface Equipment
Surface Equipment requires the user to enter the temperature of the pipe surroundings and
an overall heat transfer coefficient.
Figure 4.52:
Surface
Equipment Input
The heat transfer coefficient can be specified for each pipe segment and should not be
confused with the pipe thermal conductivity. The heat transfer coefficient accounts for the
heat flow through the production tubing, annulus and insulation (if present) to the
surroundings. Heat transfer by forced and free convection, conduction and radiation must
all be accounted for in the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient. In PROSPER, the
overall heat transfer coefficient is referenced to the pipe inside diameter.
Figure 4.53:
Sea Temperature Gradient
Enter the data to describe to temperature gradient in the sea. Up to 20 points may be
entered (use the scroll button shown above). Use the Import button to retrieve the data
from a wide variety of sources.
The VLP generation can now be done as described in section 4.3.4.2 of this chapter.
Figure 4.54:
Selecting PROSPER in
Line option
Using this option will enable the user to calculate the pressure drops in a pipeline on the
fly, using the advanced temperature options which were up to now only available in
PROSPER. Traditionally, the temperature calculations in GAP were done using the rough
approximation method. Now the user can do these using the Enthalpy Balance or Improved
Approximation Method.
 Details of how to input the data and different options are described in the
previous sections on Enthalpy Balance and Improved Approximation methods.
The advantage of using the PROSPER in Line over lift curves are:
• No interpolation is done (between lift curves if the exact conditions are not
available).
• Instead of pre-specifying the PVT as is the case in the lift curve generation, the
calculations are done with the PVT coming from the reservoirs depending on
conditions. This is particularly important in multilayer reservoirs where the
contribution of each reservoir can change over time.
The advantage of using the advanced temperature models over the rough approximation
method are:
• When pipelines are being designed, but no match data is available, the Rough
approximation method is not sufficient as the heat transfer coefficient cannot be
back calculated. The enthalpy balance method allows accurate calculation of
temperature in this kind of scenarios.
The drawback of using the Enthalpy Balance method is speed, as the method is
computationally intensive.
Gradient Calculation
The PROSPER in line method also offers the user the facility of doing gradient calculations
to see the pressure and temperature variations along a segment of pipe. This can be done
through the “Calculate” button shown below:
Figure 4.55:
Gradient calculation
option
Figure 4.56:
Gradient calculation
input screen
The user can enter the data required and perform the calculation using the Calculate
button:
Figure 4.57:
Gradient calculation
results.
Results
After a calculation is done, the user can look into the results from the “Results” tab in the
pipe summary screen:
Figure 4.58:
Results button
Separate screens are available for the results depending on which calculation was done
(Solve or Prediction):
Figure 4.59:
Results screen
Scrolling to the right will reveal a new button which is active now and will perform the
gradient calculations along the pipe segment, thus showing the results not only up and
down stream of the pipe but also along the pipe as well:
Figure 4.60:
Gradient button
 The gradient calculations will yield a number of different variables, like C factors,
Flow regimes, holdup etc, which are essential in pipeline design.
4.5 Tanks
In GAP, Tanks (Reservoirs) are used to predict reservoir pressures and saturations for
Prediction runs only. A reservoir can be inserted in the model using the following icon from
the toolbar:
Figure 4.61:
Tank Button
 A Tank in GAP refers to a reservoir. It should not be confused with Stock Tank
conditions.
Once a tank has been defined, production wells must be assigned to the tank. This can be
done either by:
• Clicking the Tanks input tab from a Well data input screen, or
• From the Tank data entry screen (see below), or
• By dragging connections between wells and tanks, in a similar fashion to the
creation of pipeline links.
 Wells can connect to more than one tank by entering appropriate allocation factors (for
single-layer wells);
Wells can connect to more than one tank by associating different tanks to different well
inflow layers (for multi-layer wells);
See below for more information on the assignment of tank connections.
For all but short-term predictions it is recommended that you use MBAL for modelling
tanks, and hence that you use Material Balance prediction mode for running predictions.
The tank data entry / results screen as shown in Figure 4.61, has three sections (as
explained in the details of format for equipment in Chapter 5). These are itemised below:
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data and the MBAL file that
represents the reservoir ( for MBAL prediction). It also allows the user to select which
method to use for Prediction.
Input Screen.
Includes tabbed screens for the following input fields:
:
• Tank Parameters (e.g. Pressure Target) (Valid/Invalid)
• Well Connections (Valid/Invalid)
• Constraints (injection system only) (Present/None/Invalid)
• Production Data (decline curve prediction only) (Present/None/Invalid)
• Injection Composition (compositional tracking system only) (Injection source)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.62:
Tank Data
Summary Screen
Model
The user can select the method of prediction. There are two choices; Material Balance or
Decline Curve.
Type
The fluid type will be automatically selected from the PVT description in the case of
material balance prediction. The user can select the fluid type in case of Decline Curve
predictions. Choices are:
• Oil
• Gas
• Retrograde Condensate
 In a material balance prediction, the MBAL model file decides the selection and this
field becomes inactive
Note that GAP must save all changes made in the data entry screen (for all items since the
screen was opened) if you change the tank file. A warning to this effect is produced when
you select a new file.
Start of Production
GAP will look up the start of production from the MBAL tank and displays it here. In
material balance mode only.
End of History
Again this is used for Material Balance model only. GAP will display the end of history date
in cases where the MBAL model contains historical data.
Run MBAL
MBAL may be run with a DDE link by selecting this button. This is recommended in order
to avoid building the tank models separately
If a multi-tank MBAL file is loaded into this screen, the half-pie icon that represents the
separate tanks will be replaced by a number of icons, each corresponding to the tanks in
the MBAL file. These may be treated individually in assigning well – tank connections.
Transmissibility leaks between tanks is represented by lines joining tanks together.
Figure 4.63:
Tank appearance
for Decline
Curves
Of the input tabs accessed from the tank input screen, only the Well Connections and the
Production Data (for a decline curve model) are mandatory:
Figure 4.64:
Tank Data Input
Screen
GAP can calculate the amount of gas or water injection that is required to maintain a target
pressure at the end of the prediction period. In this screen, enter the required target
pressure and the percentage of the total injection that is to be gas injection.
• Connect the tanks from the wells screen by selecting the Tanks tab,
• Drag a link between a well and a tank on the system window.
In this screen, select wells from the ‘Not Connected’ list and click the Add button to connect
them to the tank. Alternatively, disconnect wells by Removing them from the ‘Connected’
list:
Figure 4.65:
Tank Data Input
Screen
Figure 4.66:
Tank Production
Data Entry
If you enter the current oil production you can interpolate the data to estimate the tank
pressure corresponding to that production by pressing the Calculate button.
The reservoir pressure vs. cumulative production data can be entered by hand or pasted
from the Windows clipboard.
Calculate
Interpolates the table to find the tank pressure corresponding to the value of Current
Production.
Plot
Plots the tank pressure against cumulative production, as entered in the table.
If you wish, you can enter the appropriate value for maximum gas injection in the field
provided.
Figure 4.67:
Tank Injection Source
Entry
Edit List
Invokes the gas injection source dialog (as accessed from the Options menu item). Use
this to update or add to the current source list.
Composition
Allows the viewing (read-only) of the composition corresponding to the source that you
have selected.
4.6 Pumps
A pump can be modelled in GAP by using the following icon from the toolbar:
Figure 4.68:
Pump Button
Pumps are defined by their Performance Data lookup table. At its simplest, this is a table
that relates head and power consumed to operating rate. The lookup table can also have
speed and gas/liquid fraction as sensitivity variables. If desired, affinity laws can be used to
scale the calculations for actual vs. design speed. The pump pressure calculations are
based on an averaged rate through the pump; i.e. the volume changes as the pressure
increases from inlet to outlet are taken into account. This averaged rate is then used as the
input to the performance table to obtain a head, which is converted into a pressure using
the average density of the fluid. Note that the calculations are repeated sequentially for the
number of stages specified.
 Once a pump has been defined, it should be always placed between two joints,
one at its suction and the other at its discharge. This is done, by dragging
connections between pumps and joints with the Link icon selected.
The three section buttons of the pump have the following entries:
Figure 4.69:
Pump Summary Screen
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the pump. See the
following section for details
Input Screen.
Includes tabbed screens for the following input fields:
• Data (Valid/Invalid)
• Control (OK)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
 The results screens for all equipment are similar in format. Please refer to section 5.3.2
in Chapter 5 for details on results screens.
Figure 4.70:
Pump Summary data
Entry Screen
Figure 4.71:
Pump Data Entry
Screen
No of Stages
This is the number of stages in the pump. The stages are modelled as identical. Pre, post
and inter stage separation can be set up via the Stage Data screen
Actual Speed
Current speed of operation of pump.
Design Speed
Design speed of operation of pump, to which the performance data refers.
Stage Data
Allows the specification of pre post and inter stage separation and cooling.
Edit TPD
Allows the creation/editing of performance data for the pump. If you are creating the data
from scratch, the after pressing Edit TPD, following screen will appear.
Figure 4.72:
Performance
variable selection
On this screen, choose the variables for performance tables. These are:
• Operating rate
• Frequency
• Gas Fraction
• Rotational Speed.
You need at least operating rate as a variable. Fill the data in the following table
Figure 4.73:
Performance Data.
Delete TPD
Deletes the performance data entered for the pump. Once the performance data is
deleted, the pump input sections are treated as new.
Figure 4.74:
Activating Affinity
laws
Figure 4.75:
Control screen
• Speed Control
The options are ‘Fixed’ for no control case, the pump calculations are done with
actual speed.
It can be set to ‘controllable’, when the program calculates the speed of operation,
which optimises production and obeys the total system constraints.
• Actual Speed
Speed to be used in fixed speed calculations.
• Optimised Speed
This will be selected by the optimiser of GAP when performing the calculations.
• Minimum Speed
• Maximum Speed
Figure 4.76:
Calculate Button
Figure 4.77:
Calculate Button
The rate type list box can be used to select the desired input rate type. Pressing Calculate
will perform the pump calculation for each line of data entered.
4.7 Compressors
A compressor can be modelled in GAP and can be added into a model using the following
button from the toolbar:
Figure 4.78:
Compressor
Button
Once a compressor has been defined, it is always placed between two joints, one at its
suction and the other at its discharge. This is done, by dragging connections between
compressor and joints with the Link icon selected.
The three section buttons of the compressor have the following entries:
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the compressor. The
type of compressor is also selected in this section.
Input Screen.
• Data (Valid/Invalid)
• Control (OK)
• Schedule (Prediction Only)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.79:
Compressor Data
Entry Screen
Type
Select the type of Compressor here. The options available are:
Figure 4.80:
Compressor Input
Data Entry Screen
No of Stages
This is the number of stages in the compressor. The stages are modelled as identical. Pre,
post and inter stage separation and inter-cooling for compressors can be set up via the
Stage Data screen.
Actual Speed
Current speed of operation of pump/compressor
Design Speed
Design speed of operation of pump/compressor, to which the performance data refers.
Poly Eff.
Polytropic efficiency, used to transform from isentropic exponent to polytropic exponent
Edit TPD
Allows the creation/editing of performance data for the compressor. If you are creating the
data from scratch, the after pressing Edit TPD, following screen will appear.
Figure 4.81:
Performance variable
selection.
On this screen, choose the variables for performance tables. These are:
• Operating rate
• Frequency
• Gas Fraction
• Rotational Speed.
You need at least Operating rate as a variable. Fill the data in the following table
Figure 4.82:
Performance Data.
Delete TPD
Deletes the performance data entered for the pump. Once the performance data is
deleted, the pump input sections are treated as new.
 This compressor module should be used only for scooping studies, when the
compressor has not been yet selected, but we are merely looking at the compressor
selection.
Figure 4.83:
Input Data for dP
comp.
No of Stages
This is the number of stages in the compressor. The stages are modelled as identical. Pre,
post and inter stage separation and inter-cooling for compressors can be set up via the
Stage Data screen.
Poly Eff.
Polytropic efficiency, used to calculate discharge temperature and power.
Delta P.
Pressure gain across each stage.
 This compressor module should be used only for scoping studies, when the
compressor has not been yet selected, but we are merely looking at the compressor
selection.
Figure 4.84:
Input Data for Fixed
Power Comp.
No of Stages
This is the number of stages in the compressor. The stages are modelled as identical. Pre,
post and inter stage separation and inter-cooling for compressors can be set up via the
Stage Data screen.
Poly Eff.
Polytropic efficiency, used to calculate discharge temperature and power.
Power/Stg.
The overall power input per stage of the compressor.
Overall Eff.
Overall efficiency, used to correct overall power input to actual input to the compressor.
Figure 4.85:
Compressor Control
Data.
• Speed Control
The options are ‘Fixed’ for no control case, the compressor calculations are done
with actual speed.
It can be set to ‘controllable’, when the program calculates the speed of operation,
which optimises production and obeys the total system per constraints.
• Actual Speed
Speed to be used in fixed speed calculations.
- 2T
CHAPTER 4 - EQUIPMENT DATA –2 67 - 99
Figure 4.86:
Compressor
Calculation Screen
The rate type list box can be used to select the desired input rate type. Pressing Calculate
will perform the compressor calculation for each line of data entered.
Figure 4.87:
Source/Sink
Button
which gives the following dialogue, to select either one of the two.
Figure 4.88:
Source/ Sink
Selection Screen
 Sources/ Sinks are connected to the main surface network via a joint in the drawing.
4.8.1 Source
Source is a point in a network, where a given rate of a fluid (determined by the user) is
injected into the system, irrespective of the downstream pressure. The required pressure at
the source for the injection to be possible is calculated by GAP.
There are two kinds of sources that can be defined in GAP. These are:
Once source is selected from the previous screen. We come to the source labelling screen
Figure 4.89:
Source/ Sink Label
Screen
Label
Short label used to distinguish various equipments on the system drawing. Up to 12
characters are allowed.
Edit
PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
CHAPTER 4 - EQUIPMENT DATA –2 69 - 99
Cancel
Takes to the main GAP drawing.
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the source. The type of
source is also selected in this section.
Input Screen.
Includes tabbed screens for the following input fields:
• Fluid (Valid/Invalid)
• Fixed Rate(Valid/Invalid)
• Schedule (Prediction Only)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.90:
Source Data Entry
Type
Here we select the type of the source. The options depend on whether or not the source is
connected to a separator. If the source is independent source, the options are:
• Fixed Rate
• Separated gas
• Separated water
• Separated Oil.
 The separated oil stream, contains the remainder of the fluid inlet stream after the
user defined gas % and water % are separated in the separator.
For defining the fixed rate and the fluid, we go to the following screen from the summary
area and define the inlet fluid rate and the temperature.
Figure 4.91:
Source Inlet rate
Data Entry
From the summary area the fluid source is defined in the following screen:
Figure 4.92:
Source Fluid
Properties Data Entry
On this screen, the water/ gas source associated with manifold is selected. Select from the
drop down list the gas / water injection source that you would like to be applied to
72 - 99 CHAPTER 4 – EQUIPMENT DATA - 2
This can be used to view the details of the properties of the injection fluid. In case you have
compositional tracking ON, the source details will have a ‘composition’ button as well.
Clicking this will display the composition associated with the injected fluid that will be used
in tracking.
4.8.2 Sink
Sink is a point in a network, where a given rate of a fluid (a user input) is removed from the
system at the connecting joint.
Once a sink is selected, in main GAP screen, we come to sink labelling screen
Figure 4.93:
Source/ Sink Label
Screen
Label
Short label used to distinguish equipments on the system drawing. Up to 12 characters are
allowed.
Edit
Takes to the data entry screen for the source.
Cancel
Takes to the main GAP drawing.
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the sink.
Input Screen.
Includes tabbed screens for the following input fields:
• Fixed Rate(Valid/Invalid)
• Schedule (Prediction Only)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.94:
Sink Data Entry
Type
Here we select the type of the sink. Only one option is available:
• Fixed Rate
Figure 4.95:
Sink Inlet rate Data
Entry
On the rate data entry screen, the rate type is defined. The options are:
• Water
• Gas
• Oil
• Liquid
Figure 4.96:
Inline Element
Button
When this is placed in the main window, the user will get the following dialogue, allowing
the selection of various types of inline elements.
Figure 4.97:
Inline Element
Selection Screen
 Inline Elements are placed in the main surface network between two joints.
Once an Inline Element is selected from the previous screen, the label is entered in the
following labelling screen
Figure 4.98:
Inline Label Screen
Label
Short label used to distinguish equipments on the system drawing. Up to 12 characters are
allowed.
Edit
Takes to the data entry screen for the element.
Cancel
Takes to the main GAP drawing.
The three section buttons for data input of the Inline Gate valve have the following entries:
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the Inline Gate Valve.
The type of Inline Gate Valve is also selected in this section.
Input Screen.
• Schedule ( ONLY FOR PREDICTION CASES)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.99:
Inline Gate Valve
Data Entry
Type
Here we select the type of the element. Only one options is available:
• Gate Valve
 The Inline Check Valve should be placed in a surface network, if you want to
physically stop the flow reversal in a segment of the surface lines.
The three section buttons for data input of the Inline check valve have the following entries:
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the Inline check Valve.
The type of Inline check is also selected in this section.
Input Screen.
• Schedule ( ONLY FOR PREDICTION CASES)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.100:
Inline Check Valve
Data Entry
Type
Here we select the type of the element. Only one options is available:
• Check Valve
 If there is a separation within the network, where the pressure values are not fixed
like a separator, but rather floating, the inline separation element can be used.
The three section buttons of the inline separation have the following entries:
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the inline separation.
The type of inline separation is also selected in this section.
Input Screen.
• Data (Valid/Invalid)
• Control (OK)
• Schedule (Prediction Only)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.101:
Inline Separation
Data Entry
Type
Here we select the format in which inline separation variables are defined The options is
available:
• % Separation
• Fixed Q Removal
Figure 4.102:
Separation
Parameters Data
Entry
 The separated oil stream, contains the remainder of the fluid inlet stream after the
user defined gas % and water % are separated in the separator.
 If Fixed Q Removals had been chosen in Type, The separation parameters are rates
rather than % values.
The three section buttons of the inline choke have the following entries:
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the inline choke.
Input Screen.
• dP Control (OK)
• Schedule (Prediction Only)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.103:
Inline Choke Data
Entry
Figure 4.104:
Choke Pressure
Drop Data Entry
 The pressure loss is calculated in order to optimise production and satisfy various
constraints specified in the system.
 Note that there is a choke calculator online that allow to estimate the choke size for
given inlet and outlet conditions:
The plot button allows displaying the performance curve of the choke with the current
operating point.
The three section buttons of the inline choke have the following entries:
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the inline choke.
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.105:
Inline Injection Data
Entry
Figure 4.106:
Injection Fluid
Parameters Data
Entry
Type
Fixed / Optimised
In Fixed rate situation, in the next field a fixed rate is defined, which is injected into the
network at that point .
For Optimised rate situation, the maximum fluid rate is entered in the next screen and GAP
will inject a rate that minimises the pressure loss in the network downstream of the injection
point.
Rate
Define the rate of injection or maximum rate of injection.
Temperature
Define, the injection fluid temperature.
Figure 4.107:
Injected Fluid
Properties Data
Entry
On this screen, the water/ gas source associated with manifold is selected. Select from the
drop down list the gas / water injection source that you would like to be applied to the
system derived from this manifold. When the injection system is associated with a
production system, the source must be chosen from the list maintained with the production
system. Otherwise you may select the source from the injection system list. The properties
of the source that you select here are displayed in the ‘statistics’ area at the bottom of the
screen.
Edit List
This button allows you to edit the gas / water injection source list. This button invokes the
Gas / water Injection Source screen.
Source Details
This can be used to view the details of the properties of the injection fluid. In case you have
compositional tracking ON, the source details will have a ‘composition’ button as well.
Clicking this will display the composition associated with the injected fluid that will be used
in tracking.
The three section buttons of this element have the following entries:
Summary Screen.
PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
CHAPTER 4 - EQUIPMENT DATA –2 87 - 99
This screen gives the status of various aspects of the input data for the inline General
element.
Input Screen.
Includes tabbed screens for the following input fields:
• Script (OK)
• Schedule (Prediction Only)
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.108:
Inline General Data
Entry
Figure 4.109:
Inline
Programmable
script Entry
The following example shows the basic structure of a program script. The example applies
a fixed pressure drop over the object.
DeltaPressure = 50.0;
PRESOUT = PRESIN - DeltaPressure;
if ( PRESOUT < DeltaPressure ) PRESOUT = DeltaPressure;
Each line must be terminated by a semi colon. Local variables (such as DeltaPressure) do
not need to be declared.
One can access various variables defined in GAP that correspond to the inlet and outlet
conditions of the inline programmable object. In the above example, PRESOUT is the
outlet pressure and PRESIN is the inlet pressure. These value can be changed by the
script.
If you change the outlet rates, the effect is to remove any difference between the inlet rate
and the new outlet rate from the system.
DeltaPressure = 50.0;
PRESOUT = PRESIN - DeltaPressure;
if ( PRESOUT < DeltaPressure ) PRESOUT = DeltaPressure;
OTHERRES[0] = DeltaPressure;
There are 14 user defined results available. So you may use the variables OTHERRES[0]
to OTHERRES[13].
The following variables can be referenced directly in the script. These variables include
both input values and values calculated by the calculator functions.
Input variables:-
PVTPRES – Pressure
PVTTEMP – Temperature
PVTSOLGOR – GOR
PVTSOG – Specific oil gravity
PVTSGG – Specific gas gravity
PVTWSAL – Water salinity
PVTH2S – H2S impurity
PVTCO2 – CO2 impurity
PVTN2 – N2 impurity
Calculated variables:-
PVTRS – Calculated Rs
PVTPB – Bubble Point
PVTRHOOIL – Oil density
PVTGRVOIL – Oil gravity
PVTOILFVF – Oil FVF
PVTFMUOIL – Oil viscosity
PVTCT – Total compressibility
PVTRHOGAS – Gas density
PVTGASFVF – Gas FVF
PVTFMUGAS – Gas viscosity
PVTFACTOZ – Z factor
PVTPCRITP – Critical pressure
PVTPCRITT – Critical temperature
PVTRHOWSC – Water density at SC
PVTRSOWAT – Solubility of gas in water
PVTWATFVF – Water FVF
PVTCOMWAT – Water compressibility
PVTRHOWAT – Water density
PVTFMUWAT – Water viscosity
PVTCONWAT – Conductivity of water
PVTCPROIL – Specific heat capacity of oil
PVTCPRWAT – Specific heat capacity of water
PVTCPVGAS – Specific heat capacity of gas
PVTENTWAT – Enthalpy of water
PVTCONOIL – Conductivity of oil
PVTCONGAS – Conductivity of gas
PVTENTOIL – Enthalpy of oil
PVTENTGAS – Enthalpy of gas
PVTPRES = PRESOUT;
PVTTEMP = TEMPOUT;
CALCPVTGAS();
Z1 = PVTFACTOZ;
PVTPRES = PRESOUT + 20.0;
CALCPVTGAS();
Z2 = PVTFACTOZ;
dZ = (Z2 - Z1)/20.0;
Maths functions
A number of maths functions are available in the script. These include:-
COS(x)
Returns the cosine of x (units of x are radians).
COSH(x)
Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x (units of x are radians).
SIN(x)
Returns the sine of x (units of x are radians).
SINH(x)
Returns the hyperbolic sine of x (units of x are radians).
TAN(x)
Returns the tan of x (units of x are radians).
TANH(x)
Returns the hyperbolic tan of x (units of x are radians).
ACOS(x)
Returns the inverse cosine of x in radians.
ASIN(x)
Returns the inverse sine of x in radians.
ATAN(x)
Returns the inverse tan of x in radians.
ATAN2(x,y)
Returns the inverse tan of x/y in radians.
EXP(x)
Returns the exponential of x.
LOG(x)
Returns the natural logarithm of x.
LOG10(x)
Returns the logarithm (base 10) of x.
POW(x,y)
Returns x raised to the power of y.
FMOD(x,y)
Returns the floating-point remainder of x / y.
FABS(x)
SQRT(x)
Returns the square root of x.
CEIL(x)
Returns a value representing the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x.
FLOOR(x)
Returns a value representing the largest integer that is less than or equal to x.
HYPOT(x,y)
Returns the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle, given the length of the two sides x
and y. It is equivalent to the square root of x2 + y2.
J0(x)
Returns the zero’th order Bessel function of the first kind of x.
J1(x)
Returns the first order Bessel function of the first kind of x.
JN(n,x)
Returns the n’th order Bessel function of the first kind of x.
Y0(x)
Returns the zero’th order Bessel function of the second kind of x.
Y1(x)
Returns the first order Bessel function of the second kind of x.
YN(n,x)
Returns the n’th order Bessel function of the second kind of x.
LDEXP(x,n)
Returns x*POW(2,n).
• if-else block
• while loop
i = 0;
dP = 0.0;
while ( i < 10 )
{
dP = dP + 10.0;
i = i + 1;
}
PRESOUT = PRESIN - dP;
• do-while loop
i = 0;
dP = 0.0;
do
{
dP = dP + 10.0;
i = i + 1;
}
while ( i < 20 );
PRESOUT = PRESIN - dP;
• for-loop
dP = 0.0;
for ( i = 0; i < 21; i++ )
{
dP = dP + 10.0;
}
PRESOUT = PRESIN - dP;
Figure
4.112: Inflow
button
The inflow data entry is split into three sections as described below.
Summary Screen.
This screen gives the status of the input inflow data and allows the type of well (producer or
injector) and the location of an appropriate PROSPER file to be defined.
Input Screen.
This screen allows the input data to be entered. The options in this section are the same
as the IPR description discussed in Chapter 5. Please to the IPR section of Chapter 5
for more information.
Results Screen.
Contains the following fields:
Figure 4.113:
Inflow summary
screen
Browse
4.11 Grouping
The new grouping option allows collections of equipment to be controlled from one icon.
The grouping icon is circled in figure 4.114.
Figure 4.114:
Grouping icon on tool
bar
In order to create a group of nodes firstly add a group to the current system screen. To
associate a node with a group, press the control key and the left mouse button over the
node and move the mouse cursor until it is over the group. Now release the left mouse
button. Three wells associated with a particular “group1” are shown below.
Figure 4.115:
Wells associated
with “Group1”
A group summary screen with the summary tab selected is shown in Figure 4.116
Figure 4.116
Grouping
summary screen.
4.12.1 Constraints
When constraints are entered into the constraints input screen, the values entered
represent an overall constraint that the sum the values for the nodes in the group cannot
exceed. So in the case of the system shown in Figure 4.115 if the maximum gas
production rate for group 1 is set to 5MMscf/day, then the overall quantity of gas produced
from wells “W1”, “W2” and “W3” will be constrained so as not to exceed this quantity.
Figure 4.117:
Group constraints
screen.
4.12.1.1 Schedule
The Group scheduling screen is shown in Figure 4.118. The event type column allows a
selection to be made between mask, unmask and change constraint. The mask and
unmask commands allow all of the nodes in the group to be masked or unmasked. If the
change constraint option is selected then the constraint type and a new value for the
constraint need to be defined in the blue columns.
Figure 4.118:
Schedule data
input screen
4.12.1.2 Grouping
The screen that is displayed when the grouping tab is clicked is shown in Figure 4.119.
Figure
4.119:
Grouping
data input
screen
The add remove buttons allow pieces of equipment to be added to or removed from the
current group.
5.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the following procedures:
The most common results a well model can provide are rates for a given well head
pressure, GOR and WC. This is done on the basis of VLP/IPR plots (Bottom Hole Pressure
Vs Rate). The following is such a plot:
Figure 5.1
GAP VLP/IPR
The intersection between the VLP and the IPR gives the rate and bottom hole pressure
under the given conditions.
In order to create this model, IPRs and VLPs need to be created for all the conditions the
well will encounter during its life. GAP deals with this based on the following description.
2 - 13 CHAPTER 5 – VLP/IPR GENERATION
5.2.1 IPR
Inflow performance relationships are transferred from PROSPER. GAP has the PI and
Vogel relationship (for Oil wells) built into it and therefore the choice of model used in
PROSPER to generate the IPR is irrelevant. GAP will find an equivalent PI that can match
the curve from PROSPER and this will be used to perform the well calculations.
5.2.2 VLP
Lift Curves are generated by the PROSPER well file. The procedure will be outlined in the
following sections.
Together the IPR model and the VLP set constitute a well model:
Figure 5.2
GAP VLP
Set
Based on the points discussed above, this chapter will not deal with Performance
Curve generation and use.
 In version 4.0 onwards the quality of VLP data (i.e. the span of the range of
parameters, like water cut, GOR, injection GLR and well head pressure for the
particular case) is important since it will determine the GAP model results.
 Users are encouraged to develop the habit of examining calculated VLP and IPR
curves for accuracy.
Figure 5.3:
GAP VLP, IPR
and PC
generation
options
It is first necessary to tell GAP the location of the PROSPER files that describe each well.
The method of doing this is summarized briefly below:
1. Open the well summary screen by double clicking on the well icon.
Figure 5.4
Well data
Summary
screen.
2. Click on the summary button in the bottom left hand corner of this window.
3. Click on the browse button to open a file selection dialogue box. From this dialogue
box select the appropriate PROSPER file for the well.
Repeat this process for each of the wells that require IPR generation.
Now that the appropriate PROSPER files have been specified for each well Click Generate
Transfer Well IPR’s from PROSPER as shown in the figure below.
PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
CHAPTER 5 – VLP/IPR GENERATION 5 - 13
Figure 5.5:
Batch IPR Generate
If no wells have been selected then the a screen warning the user of this is first displayed.
Figure 5.6:
Batch IPR Generate
If the “All” button is selected, GAP will automatically select all the wells in the system and
open the screen shown in Figure 5.5. From this screen it is then possible to deselect wells
that do not require IPR transfer.
Click the Generate button shown in Figure 5.5 and GAP will display the “Enter Layer
Indices screen shown in the screenshot below:
Figure 5.7:
Batch IPR Generate
The Enter Layers Indices screen is used to select which layer the IPR data read from
PROSPER will be applied to. In the case of PROSPER multi-layer IPR model wells it should
be noted that the total IPR (of whatever model you have chosen in PROSPER) is
transferred to GAP. Thus if you transfer data to multi-layer models, you must select a target
layer in each case that you would like the IPR data to be written to. If you have selected
multi-layer wells, these will be listed in a screen after you have pressed Generate. Select
from the appropriate list boxes the target layer for the data in each case.
Click |OK to start PROSPER. Each well’s input (.SIN) file will be opened in sequence and
the IPR data will be automatically read into GAP.
GAP uses its current type of IPR model for the well regardless of the IPR model used in the
generation by PROSPER. This means that Oil IPR’s are always modeled with a PI and
Vogel correction, while Gas/Condensate IPR’s are always Forcheimer or C and n. GAP
takes the reservoir pressure and PVT information from PROSPER along with three IPR data
points. These points become the Match points in the GAP model, and GAP fits its IPR
coefficients to these points.
The following description assumes that PROSPER models have built for each well and
referenced from within GAP.
To generate the VLPs click Generate Generate Well VLP’s and the screen shown below
will be presented:
Figure 5.8:
Batch VLP Generation
(if no wells are selected then the screen shown in Figure 5.6 will be displayed. This can be
used in the same way as discussed for well selection during IPR generation.)
To generate VLP tables for GAP, check the For GAP model box. PROSPER will be used to
calculate and save both .MBV (MBAL format ASCII lift curve files) and .VLP (GAP Binary
VLP lift curves). If the For Simulator box is checked then it is necessary to select a target
simulator lift curve format from the list selected and an Injection Rate Type (GLR/Gas
Injection Rate).
 The For GAP model option must be used when modeling pipeline Pressure and
Temperature in GAP. Other options do not allow for transferring the temperature
values.
Check the For GAP model and Click the Data button. GAP will start PROSPER and recall
the .ANL file for each selected well. The .ANL files contain the values of sensitivity
variables to be used in the VLP calculations. Once all the well files have been read the
screen shown below is presented:
Figure 5.9:
VLP Generation Data Edit
To check and edit the values, click the Edit button. The following screen will be presented
for the relevant well:
Figure 5.10:
VLP Rates and Variables
Enter rates (up to 20) and values of manifold pressure, GOR and water cut into the VLP
table to be used for generating the VLP curves. It is important that the values entered into
this table encompass the full range of operating conditions for the well. If the range is not
sufficient then the results produced by GAP are likely to be incorrect.
Click the |OK button to exit the data screen. This will return control to the screen shown in
Figure 5.8.
 The VLP calculation data can be easily copied from one well to another using the copy
and paste function. Click in the check box next to the well with the data to be copied so
that a cross appears. Click on the copy button at the bottom of the dialogue screen.
Then click in the check box next to the well that the data is to be copied to and press
paste. The range of the variables entered for the first well will be copied to the currently
selected well.
When copying data from one well to another, it should be ensured that the data cover
the operating range of the new well.
Once the rates, pressures etc. have been entered correctly for each selected well the OK
button can be pressed to return to the selection screen. The VLP generate variables are
saved in the well .ANL files. GAP is now set up to batch calculate the well VLP curves.
When the Generate button on the VLP Generation screen is pressed GAP will
automatically direct PROSPER to calculate VLP curves for each selected well using the
rates and sensitivity variable values entered in the GAP VLP data table. PROSPER will
automatically save the VLP tables in the appropriate file format. If using the GAP generate
Well VLP curves process, .VLP and .VLT files will be automatically saved for each well.
 VLP calculations can take a considerable time if many rates and variables are used.
Before starting the run, check the PROSPER files carefully to avoid problems that may
halt the automatic process. To maximise efficiency, plan to Generate Well VLP’s when
you are not normally using your computer.
Once the generation is successfully completed the a screen notifying the user of the
completion of the task will be shown.
The process is now complete. It is recommended that the VLPs are inspected at this stage
to ensure that the calculated values are consistent. This is done by opening an appropriate
well data input screen and selecting |Summary |Lift curves |Inspect.
The procedure for generating pipe VLPs is similar to well VLPs. Select |Generate
|Generate Pipe VLPs from the GAP menu bar.
If no wells have been selected, then the screen shown below will be displayed.
Figure 5.11:
Batch Pipe VLP
Generation
Clicking on all will select the pipes in the system that has the ‘Use lift curves’ option
selected.
Figure 5.12:
Pipe selection screen.
Clicking on |Data will display the ‘generate data’ screen shown below:
Figure 5.13:
Batch Pipe VLP
Generation Data
entry screen.
This should be used as described in section 5.2.2 for well VLP generation. Ensure that the
values specified in the table encompass the full spectrum of operating conditions that will
be encountered. Repeat this process for each of the pipes that have been selected.
Clicking on the |ok button will return control to the ‘Generate’ dialogue screen above. From
this screen, press the generate button to begin the batch generation of the pipe VLPs.
Once this is successfully completed the software will prompt a message notifying the user
of the completion of the task.
It is recommended that the VLPs are inspected at this stage to ensure that the calculated
values are consistent. This is done by opening an appropriate pipe data input screen and
selecting |Summary |Lift curves |Inspect.
The procedure is as follows for generating the VLP file in PROSPER is as follows:
1. Load PROSPER from Windows or from the well data entry screen and open (or
create) an appropriate PROSPER well file.
2. The VLP curves for the file for a naturally flowing well can be generated by
selecting |Calculation |VLP Tubing Curves|(3 Variables) from the menu bar. For
a gas lifted well select |Calculation |VLP Tubing Curves|(4 Variables) from the
menu bar.
Figure: 5.14:
Tubing curve VLP
generation screen
3. Enter the top node pressure and water cut values into the input table and a range of
liquid rates that encompass the full range of operating conditions into the table at
the bottom screen. Now press the |Continue button at the top of the screen. This
will display the sensitivities screen shown below:
Figure: 5.15:
Tubing curve VLP
generation screen
For a naturally flowing well the first node pressure, GOR and water cut must be varied. For
a gas lifted well the Gas lift injection rate must also be varied. An error message will be
displayed and the created file will not be useable in GAP if variables other than the above
are varied.
4. To start the generation of the VLP’s click |Continue which will display the “VLP (tubing
curves) calculation screen” followed by |Calculate to begin the calculations. The “VLP
(tubing curves) calculation screen is shown below:
Figure 5.16:
Tubing curve VLP
generation screen
5. Click the |Export Lift Curve button on the Calculation screen. A list of Export formats
appears – GAP is able to read lift curves in Eclipse (.ECL), MBAL (.MBV), and GAP
(.TPD) formats. Select one of these from the list, and save the file to a suitable
location.
To import the file into GAP open the appropriate well VLP screen in GAP
6. From the well VLP input screen, click on the Import button. Locate the file that has
just been exported from PROSPER using the browser, and press OK. GAP will
generate a .VLP file, and the name will be displayed in the VLP file field of the dialog.
 In any GAP model it is important that the well models used can reproduce
measured well data reasonably well.
This section introduces the user to the ACTUAL menu option in GAP,
which allows efficient quality checking of the well models in GAP against
measured data, with the ability to trouble shoot individual wells.
This also allows verifying if they are able to reproduce current test data
and update the well models (e.g. IPR) if required.
This chapter describes the validation of well models in GAP using the |Actual menu option.
The well performance model considered is:
The following steps outline how to ensure that the accuracy of the PROSPER model has
been preserved within GAP. The accuracy of the well models must be checked before
attempting an optimisation.
The following sections go through the quality check procedure for the well models.
Production Validation is based on reservoir pressure, water cut GOR (oil producer wells)
and measured manifold pressures from a test GAP uses the VLP and IPR curves that are
in the well-input screens in GAP and used to calculate well production rates.
The calculated well rates are displayed against the measured rates and an overall liquid
error is indicated. Changes can then be made to the model in order to respect the
measured data.
2-9 CHAPTER 6 – ACTUAL / PRODUCTION VALIDATION
Figure 6.1:
Production Validation
Screen
• On entry to the dialogue, select whether the oil or liquid rates should be used
when entering rates. This may depend on the measured data available (Figure
6.2)
Figure 6.2:
Select Rate Type
• The values of Reservoir Pressure, Water Cut and GOR present in the well’s IPR
screen should be transferred to this screen. In the case of the Gas producer
Wells, the values of WGR and CGR will be transferred. This is done by using
the Transfer button located at the bottom of the screen (Figure 6.3 & 6.4)
Figure 6.3:
Transfer Data from well
VLP/IPR data
Figure 6.4:
Transfer Data from well
VLP/IPR data
• If required, the transferred data (Reservoir Pressure, GOR, WC) can be changed
according to the actual measured data. (Figure 6.5)
Figure 6.5:
Checking (and changing if
required) data transferred
from well’s IPR screen
• The Import button to import from a text file or use the Paste button to transfer data
from EXCEL etc. (using Copy + Paste route).
• Enter the Manifold Pressure and Liquid rate (or gas rate) according to the
measured data. (Figure 6.6)
Figure 6.6:
Enetring the Measured
Manifold Pressure and
Liquid (or gas) rate
• Click the Calculate button and GAP will interpolate the VLP and evaluate the IPR
for the current producing conditions as entered in the individual well-input screens,
and use them to calculate production rates for each well. (Figure 6.7)
Figure 6.7:
Calculate
• In the case of a multi-layer IPR model, GAP will use the layer pressures used in the
Well IPR entry screen and will disable the reservoir pressure column, as shown in
Figure 6.1.
The user can then compare the measured versus calculated rates of the model and in case
there are significant differences, isolate the well/wells, by scrolling up/down the list which
cause the error. Once these wells are identified, the user can check the reasons for the
error visually as explained next.
Figure 6.8:
Troubleshooting an
individual well
VLP and IPR intersections can be viewed by pressing the Calculate button in the well
summary screen.
Figure 8.9:
Inspecting VLP/IPR
intersection
The measured values are transferred to the first line of the VLP/IPR calculate screen as
shown below:
Figure 6.10:
VLP /IPR intersection
calculation
On this screen, click on plot and a plot of the intersection as generated by GAP can be
seen.
Figure 6.11:
VLP /IPR intersection
calculation
Once the reason is identified, any required adjustment can be done (e.g. PI adjustment,
VLP re-generation with a more appropriate range of values)
As a final step,
• The measured values of Reservoir Pressure, Water cut and GOR should
be transferred back to the well’s IPR screen by using the Transfer button at
the bottom of the Actual \ Production Validation screen. This step is required
if GAP is to update the existing values in the wells with the current measured
values.
Figure 6.12:
Transfer Data to Well’s IPR
screen
Please Note:
While trouble shooting check that the IPR PVT and, reservoir pressure etc are
Also check that the set of VLP data used in GAP has the relevant range, i.e. not
extrapolating.
Note that, in Material Balance Prediction mode, well inflow performances will be calculated
using a connected Tank’s PVT calculator. If no tank is connected, GAP will use its own
PVT calculator. This could yield slightly different results: if you are performing a Production
Validation calculation prior to performing a prediction, you should connect all the Tanks to
the required Wells before performing this operation.
 GAP will display a ‘No Solution’ message if no intersection could be found. Rates
are marked with a contrasting colour if the lift curves were extrapolated to find a
solution.
The Copy and Paste utility is for copying from and pasting rows of data from the screen to
clipboard. The rows can be selected by clicking on “empty boxes” on the left hand side of
the rows. The All selects all rows and the Invert button inverts selection.
Import
Import data from a space delimited ASCII file.
Report
Write the results of the calculation to a report. This invokes a standard report dialogue,
which allows the data to be written to a file, the screen, the Windows clipboard, or a hard
copy device.
Transfer
Transfers the measured data to various other GAP dialogues (for example, the Production
Validation screen, as described below). In the resulting dialogue, highlight the wells for
which you wish the data to be transferred, and press OK.
GAP will optimise oil production by simultaneously adjusting well chokes, gas lift gas
injection rates, ESP frequencies, pump/compressor speed etc as applicable. If, after
reducing the lift gas injection rate to zero for a gas lifted well, the well production must be
further reduced to meet a constraint for example, GAP can automatically choke wells back.
7.3 Constraints
Constraints can be used to choke wells back to meet production targets or processing
limitations while optimising oil production. By careful use of maximum and minimum well
constraints, the user can give priority to, for example, high water cut wells while allowing
other wells to be cut back to meet overall constraints.
The Optimiser in GAP is designed to optimise the returns of the objective functions, which
could be the oil produced, revenue earned or gas produced depending on the options
selected as defined in next section. The Optimisation done is subject to the given the
constraints at various levels in the network. The results of the optimisation will be the
following:
 When performing optimised runs, the wells in the system should be set
controllable (Chokes on the wells that can be controlled by the Optimiser).
2 - 14 CHAPTER 7 – NETWORK SOLVER AND OPTIMISER
Figure 7.1
Optimisation
method
selection
• Production
This option maximises the production rate.
• Revenue
This option maximises the revenue generated by sales of oil and gas produced
after taking into account the cost of processing water, compressing injection gas
and cost of power.
Figure 7.2
Tax Regimes
The Tax Regime to be used by the system during optimisation can be selected in any well
summary screen.
• No optimisation
• Optimise and honour constraints
• Optimise, no constraints
To perform the Network Solving on the main GAP menu chose Solve Network.
If there is any gas lifted wells, the gaslift gas available will be required.
Figure 7.3
Gaslift Gas
Available
The values set in this screen will be only used when the network is solved with
Optimisation. Otherwise, the gas injection rates for each well will be taken from the |Actual
|Actual screen.
Figure 7.4
Defining the Separator
Pressure
If there is no gas lifted wells, up to ten different Separator Pressures (cases) can be
specified.
Once the separator pressure is defined, click on Next. This leads to the Solver screen as
shown:
Figure 7.5
Network Solver
On this screen, the Optimisation mode can be selected before performing the calculation.
• For gas lifted systems, the solver takes the lift gas rate for each well from the
Actual Actual screen.
• For ESP wells, the operation frequency for each well is taken from the Actual
Actual screen. ???
• For all Equipments with dP Control (Wells and online Chokes) specified as
calculated, the dP is taken as zero.
• For all Equipments with dP Control (Wells and online Chokes) specified as a fixed
number, the specified number is used.
• All specified binding constraints are honoured (provided they are feasible).
• For gas lifted systems, the optimiser allocates the gas lift in such a fashion that
overall production is optimised.
• For ESP wells, the operation frequency for each well worked out to yield an
optimum production.
• For all Equipments with dP Control (Wells and inline Chokes) specified as
calculated, the dP is calculated so as to yield an optimum solution.
• For all Equipments with dP Control (Wells and inline Chokes) specified as a fixed
number, the specified number is used.
If this mode is selected, an option to also calculate the potential becomes available. If this
option is checked, GAP will also report the optimum calculated values that could be
obtained if no constraints were honoured.
Figure 7.6
Calculate
Potential
Option
• For gas lifted systems, the optimiser allocates the gas lift in such a fashion that
overall production is optimised.
• For ESP wells, the operation frequency for each well worked out to yield an
optimum production.
• For all Equipments with dP Control (Wells and inline Chokes) specified as
calculated, the dP is calculated so as to yield an optimum solution.
• For all Equipments with dP Control (Wells and inline Chokes) specified as a fixed
number, the specified number is used.
To view the results of the solution, click Main to return to the main menu. Click Results to
display or plot the results of the calculations or Report to prepare text based reports.
A convenient way to inspect production results is to plot a histogram of production for each
well. Click Results Summary All Wells Plot to display a plot similar to the following:
Figure 7.7
Amount of Gas Lift
Allocated (No
optimisation)
Figure 7.8
Oil Production Results
(No optimisation)
Figure 7.9
Amount of Gas
Lift Allocated
(Optimised)
Figure 7.10
Oil Production Results
(Optimised)
 Refer to Chapter 9, 'Reporting', for more details. Clicking on an icon and selecting
the results data section can view calculated results for individual system elements.
Figure 7.11:
Solver and Optimiser
Settings
default is 1.0. In some long pipeline systems where the initial rates are difficult to
pass, setting a smaller number may increase speed of solution.
• Solver - Tolerance F
It is the residual vector F tolerance used by the solver. The default is 0.1.
Increasing this number will result in higher mass/ pressure balance errors at the
joints, but will result in a faster solution.
• Solver - Tolerance X
It is the tolerance used by the solver to check if the increment in solution from
the previous guess is small enough for declaring convergence. The default is
1.0E-7. (DO NOT CHANGE UNLESS EXPERT USER!)
• Solver - Display
This setting allows the user to display, the pressure and mass results in the
network on the solver display screen during a solver iteration.
0: No display
The default is 0.
In case of very large systems, the tp1 value may be increased to 105 and tm5 may be
 increased to 100.00. Increasing the values of these parameters is equivalent to
loosening the tolerance on obeying the constraints. This increase will result in faster
solution with a looser tolerance.
• Optimiser - Display
This setting allows the user to display the values of the control variables in the
network on the screen during the calculation.
0: No display
The default is 2.
 Setting this value to 1 will enable the user to perform the Prediction Snapshot reload.
Gas injection at wells or in injection systems is handled in the same way. Knockout of gas
at joints is achieved by flashing the fluid to the manifold operating pressure and
temperature, and then removing the specified number of moles.
3. Select the layer for which you wish to enter a composition (if applicable) and
press the Edit button. Compositional information can be entered into the resulting
screen by hand, imported from a PROSPER .PRP file, or pasted from a
spreadsheet application (e.g. Excel). In this screen you may also perform phase
envelope calculations and plotting.
4. When you have entered the composition press OK. The colour of the Edit
button on the well composition entry screen will tell you if the composition you
have entered is valid.
5. For gas lifted wells, you must ensure that the gaslight source has an
associated composition. This can be determined from the Well Gas lift Input
screen: the colour of the composition button will indicate whether there is a valid
composition or not. If there is not, access the Gas Injection Source table from this
screen and enter a composition from here.
9. If there is an associated gas injection system then the injection source has to
be specified per injection manifold of the injection system. Go to the gas injection
system and enter the injection source from the Injection Manifold Injection Source
screen. In either case the injection source must be selected from the list of gas
injection sources maintained with the production system.
When you have entered the required information, you may perform a build and allocation
(or prediction) as normal. At the end of the run GAP will inform you of the success of the
tracking: the tracking will fail if there are any missing compositions or in the unlikely event
of a calculation failing.
Using the well rates, cumulative oil production for each well and reservoir tank is
calculated. The reservoir model (Decline Curve or MBAL Material Balance) is used to find
the reservoir pressure at the end of each time step. The entire process is repeated
stepwise until the end of the prediction time is reached.
Each well connected to a Tank shares the same reservoir pressure. The parameter IPR
Offset dP is optionally used to shift the reservoir pressure from the Tank datum to each
well’s intake node depth.
Reservoir targets can be set for each tank and abandonment limits for each well. GAP will
calculate how much water or gas injection is required to maintain tank pressure within the
user-specified end of prediction target pressure. Well, tank, separator, and joint constraints
can be scheduled in time and the results plotted.
In section 8.2 more specific information is given on the options that are available in the
running of a prediction.
In section 8.3 an overview of short term, decline curve forecast predictions is given.
In order to carry out predictions the prediction option must be enabled under the “systems
option” screen. To do this select |Options |Method from the main menu. This will display
the screen shown in Figure 8.1:
2 - 25 CHAPTER 8 – PREDICTION
Figure 8.1:
Options/Method
screen
From the drop down menu next to prediction select “On” to allow predictions to be
performed.
The following discussion assumes some knowledge of material balance principles and
Petroleum Experts’ MBAL material balance program.
MBAL can be linked to GAP to provide the required reservoir data for production
forecasting applications. GAP interrogates standard MBAL files for each reservoir tank in
the production system. Well performance information that may be contained in the MBAL
files is ignored. GAP runs the MBAL model in predictive mode by entering the oil, water
and gas production for a time step. MBAL returns the reservoir pressure and saturations at
the end of the step. These values are used by GAP to calculate well production potential
for the next step.
To make a production forecast, GAP requires MBAL tank models that contain a minimum of
the following data:
PVT data,
Oil (or gas) in place,
Residual saturations,
Aquifer model,
Pore Volume vs Depth (if using breakthrough constraints),
Relative Permeability curves (as Corey exponents).
Production history and well information are ignored by GAP, but are of course utilized in
MBAL for matching. When data is available, history matching should always be carried out
in order to use the best possible reservoir model parameters for Production Forecasting.
Figure 8.3:
Material Balance
Forecast Input
Screen
Click on | Prediction | Run Prediciton from the menu and the set-up screen shown above
will be presented.
This screen is used to set the start and stop dates for prediction and the time step size.
Reservoir constraints can also be entered on this screen if desired. The constraint
parameters are outlined in the table below:
Target Pressure GAP will determine the gas or water injection required to achieve the
pressure target by the end of the prediction period
Gas Injection GAP will make up the required reservoir injection using the specified
Fraction fraction gas. If set to zero, 100% water injection is assumed
Voidage Repl. Pressure will be maintained by voidage replacement with water
(Water)
Voidage Repl. Pressure will be maintained by voidage replacement with gas
(Gas)
Water Recycling Produced water is re-injected
Gas Recycling Produced gas is re-injected
Gas recy. (Prd – Gas less a specified volume is recycled. This constraint can be
amnt) scheduled to model injection of gas in excess of sales contract
Fixed Rate Injection of a specified rate of water
(Water)
Fixed Rate (Gas) Injection of a specified rate of gas
All of the above, apart from Gas Injection Fraction, can be scheduled.
Clicking on the wells button will display the screen shown in Figure 8.4. This screen allows
Well breakthrough and abandonment constraints to be defined for each well.
 Use this screen to enter constraints that are active for the entire prediction run.
Constraints can also be scheduled and modified before a prediction is started by
selecting |Prediction Equipment Schedule. From the main menu.
Tank ratio
Percentage of well production allocated to a particular tank.
Well Downtime
Production targets are evaluated using the well potential rates. Cumulative production is
calculated from the instantaneous rate multiplied by the well efficiency factor. 5%
downtime corresponds to a well efficiency factor of 0.95.
IPR Offset dP
This offset is added to the tank pressure to find the static IPR pressure. This is used to
correct from tank datum to well intake node depth.
The following columns (breakthrough constraints and perforation depths) can also be
entered as part of the well-input data on the well data entry screen. In a single layer case,
the data is entered on the Tank Input screen. In multilayer well models, it is entered as part
of the IPR data, as each layer is assigned a tank connection.
Max GOR
Well will be shut in if producing GOR exceeds this value.
Max WC
Well will be shut in if producing Water Cut exceeds this value.
Max WGR
Well will be shut in if producing Water / Gas ratio exceeds this value (for gas wells).
Max GOR
Well will be shut in if producing GOR exceeds this value.
Max Pwf
Well will be shut in if the flowing sand-face pressure exceeds this value.
Note that for a multi-layer IPR model well, the tank ratio is not a valid entry field as the
layer of the model that is assigned to the tank is assigned the full production of the given
tank.
When the well abandonment and breakthrough constraints have been set up press OK to
return to the prediction screen.
Click |Next to proceed to the Results screen from the set-up screen:
Click Next from this screen, and in the dialogues that follow enter the separator pressure
and available gas lift gas (if applicable), and then Calculate to commence the prediction
run.
GAP will load and check the tank models and check that the IPR & VLP data are available
for each well. The system will then be built automatically and allocated to calculate
production rates for the first time step. When constraints are active, GAP will iterate until
the optimised solution rates for the time step are found.
The cycle is repeated until the end of prediction time is reached or no wells remain active.
The Material Balance Forecast Results screen is filled with the calculated data at the end
of the prediction run. Oil, water and gas production for the prediction time period plus the
closing reservoir pressures for each tank and the total system are shown on the screen.
Water and gas injection are also shown if required to satisfy tank level constraints.
Detailed results by tank and well can be output by clicking the Report button.
Restart Restart the prediction run from some point within last prediction run
Predict Start the material balance prediction run, as described above.
Plot Tanks Plots the prediction results for the system tanks.
Plot Nodes Allows the prediction results for any node to be plotted. When a
prediction run has been performed, this brings up a list dialogue of
system nodes (including individual layers of multi-layer wells). Select
the nodes to plot and press OK.
Report Accesses the GAP reports facility, to output the results to the Windows
clipboard, the screen, a file, or a hardcopy device.
An example plot, obtained by clicking the Plot Nodes button and selecting three wells, is
shown below.
Figure 8.6:
Well Results Plot
Click Variables to select the variables to plot. Similarly, for a Plot Tanks example:
Figure 8.7:
Tank Results Plot
Figure 8.8:
The
prediction
menu item
When the menu item is invoked, the following selections are presented:
• Run prediction - Accesses set-up screen and initiates the prediction run (as
described above).
• Reload prediction snapshot - Used to examine detailed results (pressures, rates
etc.) for intermediate time steps.
• Edit prediction script – Allows a prediction script to be constructed or edited.
• Equipment schedule – Allows prediction constraints to be defined for all available
equipment
• Tank Schedule - Enter or modify tank constraints.
• Gas lift Schedule – Change the amounts of gas lift gas that can be injected
during the prediction period
• DCQ Schedule – Gas fields only (see end of chapter)
• Purge all prediction results- deletes all the current prediction results
• Purge all prediction snapshots – deletes all prediction snapshots
• Prediciton results Plot tanks – Displays the plot tanks screen. This was previous
versions (and still is) available from
• Prediction results Plot nodes – Displays the plot nodes screen
• Prediction results Report. – Displays the report dialogue.
Note also that it is possible to initialise IPRs from tank simulation runs (in MBAL or decline
curve mode) or from the tank/well models in the MBAL files themselves: this may be
convenient when setting up a well for a prediction. See Section 10.2.6 and 10.2.7.
Figure 8.9:
Reload Prediction Snapshot
Select the date of the required time step and press OK to load the results. Well
performance curves and GAP results can be checked for each part of the system at the
selected time.
 To be able to use material balance snapshot reload, the solver/ optimiser setting
should have been chosen accordingly. Refer to Chapter 9. Section 9.3
Figure 8.10:
Prediction
script editing
screen
Figure 8.11:
System
Constraints
schedule
From this screen, it is possible to modify system constraints and to change the prediction
step size. In the date column, enter the date that the event is required to occur. In the event
type column choose to either change a constraint the prediction step size. In the constraint
PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
CHAPTER 8 – PREDICTION 13 - 25
type column select the constraint that is to be changed and in the New value column enter
the new variable value, ensuring that it is the correct units.
Figure 8.12:
Separator Schedule
To enter constraints, first select the separator or joint required from the list of system items
in the lower part of the dialogue. Then, in the upper list, enter the following data:
• Enter the date that the constraint or the pressure change will apply from at the
end of the current constraint list (if any). If this date does not fall on an exact time
step in the prediction run, GAP will perform an additional step to account for the
change. This will cause the prediction calculation to take longer.
• Select the event type (change constraint, change manifold pressure) from the
drop down list in the next field.
 This screen allows the schedule for the joints/ separators to defined in a batch mode,
but each equipment could be scheduled in the equipment-input data screen as well. If
this has been done, this screen will reflect that.
Figure
8.13:
Equipment
Schedule
The screen is divided into 2 sections. The lower part lists the equipment in the system. To
enter constraints for a particular piece of equipment, click on the required equipment in the
lower list. The upper list will display the current set of constraints for the equipment in
question.
The final two fields for each row are only applicable if the event type is a constraint change;
otherwise, the fields are not active and cannot be edited.
Note that the dialogue supports the standard GAP cut and paste facility, to aid the
movement of data between the dialogue fields.
 This screen allows the schedule for the wells to define in a batch mode, but each well
could be scheduled in the well-input data screen as well. If this has been done, this
screen will reflect that.
 In the current version of GAP, the handling of masked wells in prediction is different
than that in the previous version of GAP. In previous versions of GAP, masked wells
and their schedule were ignored throughout the prediction. However, from GAP 4.0
onwards, the masked wells may be restarted with a ‘Start well’ event in their prediction
schedule.
However, if the user wish to exclude a well from a prediction run, no matter what is set
in the well schedule, the well can be ‘Disable’ instead of ‘Masked’.
If a well is masked and have a ‘Start well’ events in their schedule, when we run the
prediction, a warning message will appear to warn the user about this changes.
These constraints can be changed or turned off altogether using the event type list box of
the Tank Schedule screen.
Figure 8.14:
Tank
scheduling
screen
Figure
8.15:
Gas lift
Schedule
To enter a change in the amount of lift gas available, enter the date at which the change is
to occur in the left-hand column of the dialogue. If this is not exactly at a time step in the
prediction run, an extra step will be carried out to account for the change. This will cause
the prediction calculation to take longer, so care should be taken in the setting up of these
constraints if calculation time is important.
In the following field, select the required event type from the drop down list. At present, only
a change in the amount of available list gas is supported.
In the final field, enter the new amount of available list gas. Press OK to save the list, or
Cancel to ignore the changes.
This is adequate to model systems that are production constrained. When, for example,
injection water requirements to maintain reservoir pressure exceed plant capacity, there
are 2 possible courses of action:
When gas or water injection models are available, they can be linked to a GAP production
system model. The production forecast is made first assuming that the reservoir injection
targets can be met. GAP will then run the linked injection models to determine the required
injection pressures.
If the injection system is unable to inject the target volumes, GAP will re-run the production
forecast step using the maximum capable injection rate. In this way, realistic optimised
production forecasts can be computed that take into account both production potential and
injection capacity.
There are two ways to carry out a production prediction with both production and injection:
• Having the production wells and injection wells described in the same model
• Having two different models, one model for production, and one model for injection,
and link these models together.
To have the production wells and injection wells described in the same model, we simply
add the production wells and injection wells in the same network drawing and link them
accordingly. A simple system with one production well and one injection well linked to the
same reservoir is shown below as example:
Figure 8.16:
Injection and production system
Differences between having both production system and injection systems in a single GAP
model and having them in separate GAP models
Pressure
Separate models Same model
support event
No matter what pressure support event has been specified, the injection system will
General
honour the constraints set at the injection system.
Inject as calculated by the injection model (honouring all the constraints in the injection
No event system) and the amount of fluid injected will be passed on to MBAL to calculate the new
reservoir pressure at the next time step
When reservoir pressure is away from the
target pressure, the injection system will
inject as much / as little as the constraints
allow to the reservoir. When the reservoir
Setting a
pressure is reaching the target pressure,
target
the injection system will be controlled to This option of not functioning
pressure
inject the amount of fluid in order to
maintain the reservoir pressure at the
target pressure value, while honouring the
constraints set.
GAP will calculate the amount of fluid
Voidage
needed to be injected and try to force the
replacement, This option is not functioning
injection system to inject that amount to
Recycling
the reservoir
Fixed rate The injection system will try to inject as The injection system will inject the amount
Â
Important Note
If your production system contains some associate injection models (water and gas injections
system) make sure:
Before you run prediction you remove any fixed rate of water. (in the previous version of GAP the
program require this value to start calculations when you have water injection system). If there is
any value this amount of water will be injected in the reservoir (as an addition to the amount
injected into the reservoir from the injection system).
If you have a Gas Injection System associated with you production system make sure you set the
gas injection fraction before you run prediction, for situations where you don’t have any gas or
water injection, the gas injection fraction should be set to zero”.
Figure 8.17:
Setting up an injection system
Click | OK to close the window. Carry on to building the system by adding the reservoir,
injection wells, pipelines, etc. When done, save the file as a *.GAP file, for example,
injection. GAP.
Figure 8.18:
Setting up a production system
The injection model to this production model can now be linked to the production model by
checking the box shown on the lower right hand corner of the window. If a water injection
model has been built, this can also be linked to the production model by selecting the
appropriate check box
Figure 8.19:
Linking an injection system to a production system
After checking on the box, the injection model can be located by clicking on the ‘Choose’
button. If we have both water and gas injection, simply check both boxes and locate the
injection models.
 When having two separate GAP files for production and injection models, make sure
that the appropriate tanks are pointed to the same *.mbi file.
 When having two separate GAP files for production and injection models, we can view
different models by clicking on | Window | Production Model or | Window | Water Inj
Model or | Window | Gas Inj Model. We can also tile the windows of the production and
injection models horizontally or vertically by clicking on | Window | Tile Horizontally or |
Window | Tile Vertically.
Figure 8.20:
Injection and production system
The prediction is run as normal. Once the prediction is finished, additional buttons appear
on the results screen, which allow the injection rates and pressures to be plotted.
Figure 8.21:
DCQ Scheduling
DCQ constraints can be entered at the system level (as shown) or at different levels of the
system hierarchy. Enter the start date and the contract gas volume requirement (per day)
in the left-hand table. You have the option of setting swing factors (seasonal adjustments)
on this requirement: to do this, select ‘Yes’ from the drop-down box in the third column of
the table. This activates the right-hand table. In this, enter date offsets (in the format
date/month) from the start date entered in the left-hand table, and corresponding swing
factors, as shown in the example above. It is important that the swing factors average to
unity: if this is not the case GAP will not allow you to OK the data.
In its treatment of DCQs and swing factors, GAP sets a maximum gas volume constraint at
the selected system level that is equal to the DCQ value multiplied by the swing factor (if
present). If swing factors are not required at all, then you should simply set a maximum gas
volume constraint at the required component (from, for example, the Edit Constraints
Table), or at system-level (from Options | System Constraints)
For the Detailed and Summary reports you can also select which elements you require
results for. Select your choice of:
• All Items • All Wells • All Joints• All Pipes • All Separators • Selected Items.
Figure 9.1:
Detailed Results Screen
Use the arrows at the bottom of the screen to scroll to the right and display details such as
choke pressure losses, oil and gas gravity, etc. The following command buttons are used
to display data from the selected system elements and move about the results database:
2 - 13 CHAPTER 9 – REPORTING
Command Buttons
Plot Access the plotting system. See Section 9.4 below for details.
Report Used to generate formatted text reports. Reports can be sent to the screen,
the clipboard, a file or hard copy device.
Prediction If a prediction calculation has been carried out, this brings up the results for
the forecast. From the resulting dialogue, the prediction results can be plotted
out (see below for plotting information), or a report can be generated in the
usual manner. In normal (i.e. non-prediction) use, this button is not active.
Figure 9.2:
Summary Results Screen
Results are displayed for each selected element for up to 10 gas injection rates or
separator pressures (in the case of naturally flowing wells). Use the scroll thumb at the
right of the results table to scroll through all the data. Select the variable to display by
clicking the direction arrows located to the right of the report item field.
The fields of the lower half of the screen represent the quantity of the given display variable
present at the system component in question. The total fields at the top of the dialogue
represent summations of the fields in the lower half. If these are not meaningful they are
left blank.
The following variables can be chosen to display in the Summary Results screen:
Clicking Plot from the Summary Results screen will display a histogram for the report
variable arranged by selected item. This feature is useful for quickly identifying strong
producers or problematic wells.
9.4 Plotting
Plots can be made during the GAP session by clicking the Plot command button on the
appropriate screen.
Irrespective of the point in the program where you make a plot, the following description of
plot commands and procedures applies.
9.5 Zooming
To zoom in on a particular region of a plot, first click the left-hand mouse button on a
corner of the required zoom area. While holding the button down, drag the mouse to the
opposite corner of the region and release the button. The plot will be rescaled so that the
zoom rectangle fills the entire plot window.
To ‘unzoom’, either invoke the Replot menu item of the Plot menu, or double-click the
mouse anywhere within the plot display (apart from an annotation: see below). The plot will
be redrawn at its original size.
Scales Use Scales to enter custom upper and lower limits for both X- and Y- scales
(see below).
Replot Replots the graph using the original scales. Use this option to un-zoom a
plot.
Test Data In certain (performance curve) plots, you may enter test points for which the
plotter will draw a curve based on the PC parameters. When the button is
invoked, a dialogue is produced which contains a grid in which you may
enter up to 20 test points. To remove a test point from the plot without
deletion, use the Enable and Disable buttons.
Output Selects the output options menu. Plots can be output to the Windows
clipboard, a Windows metafile or a hard copy device in colour, grey scale or
monochrome formats.
Colours This option enables you to customise the colour of any item on the plot. See
below for more information.
Options Accesses the Options selection menu. See below for more information.
Annotate Allows the annotation of plots with an arbitrary number of annotations. See
below for more information.
9.7 Scales
The Scales dialogue now allows you to change the extents of the plot window relative to
the actual plot display. This can be useful if you wish to display large annotations around
the border of the plot (for example, the outputs of reports that pertain to the plot).
Figure 9.4:
Plot Scales Screen
GAP normally picks appropriate scales to display your data. Scales can be used to enter
custom upper and lower limits for both X- and Y- scales. To rescale the plot to your current
data, press ReScale. The way the plot is scaled then depends on the setting of the Scaling
Method; selection of End Point in this field will cause the scaling to be based on the exact
maximum values of the data, whereas a Rounded method will cause the scaling to be
rounded upwards to create space around the plot data. To display round numbers on the
intermediate grid lines, ensure that the span of your upper and lower plot limits fits evenly
the number of plot blocks set in the Options menu.
In addition, this dialogue allows you to extend the plot window around the plot display to
create a border area. To do this, change the X axis and Y-axis Plot Extents. This can be a
useful facility if you wish to display large descriptive annotations around the edges of the
plot: see below for more information. Otherwise, it is recommended that the plot extents
remain at their default values.
To return the plot scaling to its original state, press the Defaults button. This fills the input
fields with default values.
9.8 Output
Plots can be output to the Windows clipboard, a Windows metafile or a hard-copy device in
colour, grey-scale or monochrome formats. In the former case, plots can then be pasted
directly from the clipboard into other Windows applications such as a word processor.
Windows metafiles can be saved and read by a variety of applications.
If you select hard copy output, you will be prompted to enter printer option on the following
screen:
Figure 9.5:
Hard Copy Printer Options
Select your desired plot options and click Print to output the plot. Depending on the actual
hard copy device connected, you may need to experiment with font styles and sizes. Font
selections made here affect only printed plots. Report fonts must be set up in the report
section. Before printing reports or plots, check that GAP’s default font selection is
available on your system. Return to the plot menu by clicking on OK.
9.9 Colours
This option enables you to customise the colour of any item on the plot. Note that laser
printers and monochrome monitors will often produce better results if colour plotting is
disabled. A sample colour-customising screen is shown below:
Figure 9.6:
Change Colours
Select the plot element that you wish to change the colour of in the left-hand list. Slide the
Red, Green and Blue controls to mix the sample colour until it matches your choice.
Clicking Save Colours | OK will make your colour selections permanent. Clicking OK will
keep your colours for the current GAP session only.
If you select a grey scale colour scheme, the RGB sliders will be forced to the same value
(effectively tied together) so that only 255 different shades of grey are available to you.
Alternatively, if you select a monochrome colour scheme, the slider values will be forced to
zero or 255, allowing you selection of only black or white.
The Colours menu can also be accessed directly from the main menu of the GAP
application screen. This allows you to change the colours of the components of the main
screen, either permanently or just for the current session.
9.10 Options
The Options button enables you to customise the overall appearance of the plot screen
and select font type and size, etc. A sample options screen is shown below:
Figure 9.7:
Plot Options
To adjust the horizontal or vertical font, invoke the appropriate button. This brings up a
standard font browser, in which you can set up font styles and sizes.
The number of blocks that make up the X and Y axes are adjusted by entering the required
number if the Options entry fields. In addition, this dialogue can be used to:
Press the Defaults button to fill the entry fields with default values.
Figure 9.8:
Plot Annotations Dialogue
Annotations can be entered in the text box as shown in the above screen image. Up to
1024 characters are allowed on multiple lines; to move to a new line, press
<Ctrl>+<Enter>.
If a single annotation is entered (as above) and OK is pressed, the dialogue will be
removed and the annotation will appear in an arbitrary position on the plot screen. The
annotation appears in the selected font, with a border colour and fill colour as set in the
annotation dialogue. To move the annotation to the desired position on the plot, press
<Shift> and drag the box to the new location with the left-hand mouse button.
As many annotations as you wish can be added to a plot. When the dialogue is invoked
again, the first annotation in the list will be displayed by default. Press Add to create a new
entry; the text box will be cleared and a new entry will be made in the Annotation Number
drop down list box. To move between existing annotations, simply select the required
annotation number from the drop down list.
An additional facility offered is the ability to use the dialogue in conjunction with the
reporting procedures. Invocation of the Data button will bring up the standard GAP report
dialogue; select the type of report that you require and press OK. The report will
automatically be pasted to the edit box, although some further manual formatting may be
required. When using this facility, it may be useful to increase the plot extents using the
Scales dialogue (see above) to allow room for the large annotations produced.
If there are several annotations on a single plot, the annotations dialogue can be opened at
a particular entry by double-clicking the left-hand mouse button on the required annotation.
Data Allows a GAP report to be written to the dialogue. See above for more information.
Hide All Hides all the annotations in the list without deletion.
Show This checkbox can be used to display or hide the current annotation on the plot.
This is a good method of temporarily removing an annotation from display without
deleting it. Use Show All or Hide All to perform the same operation on all
annotations.
Font Select Brings up a font selector, which allows the current annotation font style, colour, and
size to be set up.
Fill Checkbox When this is set, the annotation box in question will appear filled in the current fill
colour (see below). Otherwise, the box will be ‘transparent’.
Fill Select Brings up a colour selector to allow you to choose the colour for the inside of the
current annotation box.
Alignment The annotations can be oriented horizontally or vertically. Vertical alignment is only
possible when true-type fonts are selected.
Delete Deletes an annotation from the list. The last annotation in the list must be removed
with Clear All.
Cut Clears the current annotation text boxes and pastes it to the clipboard.
Copy
12 - 13 CHAPTER 9 – REPORTING
9.12 Reports
Use the main menu Report option to prepare reports from a current analysis, or from a
previously saved .GAP file. When you click Report | Report a series of screens leads you
through the process of selecting the data required for your report. To include a section in a
report, click on the check box to the left of the item and, depending on the selection, further
input screens will be presented. This process ensures that only relevant sections are
reported. A sample report dialogue box is shown below:
Figure 9.9:
Report Set-up Screen
After entering your report choices, Click OK to return to the main report dialogue box. You
must then select a destination for your report from the radio boxes to the right of the
dialogue. Run Report generates the report and sends it to your selected destination.
• Printer The primary printer installed under Windows. Before printing reports,
ensure that the printer set-up is correct. Click Setup from the report set-
up screen and enter the required details. Font selections made here
affect only printed reports.
• File Creates an ASCII report file and saves it. Clicking Run Report displays a
dialogue box that requests a file name and destination. Enter a suitable
file name (the program automatically appends a .PRN extension) and
click OK to save the file. The Fixed Format option saves a file in a printer
ready format that can be imported into a DOS based word processor.
Use the Tab Delimited format to save a file suitable for importing directly
into a spreadsheet such as EXCEL.
• Clipboard Clicking Run Report after selecting this option copies the report onto the
Windows clipboard. From the Clipboard, you can view, edit, or paste the
report directly into another Windows application, for example a word
processing program.
• Screen Clicking Run Report after selecting this option allows you to view the
report on the screen. Scroll through the report window using the scrolling
thumbs or arrows. When finished, click OK to return to the main menu.
Once a .PRN file has been saved, further copies of the report can be
made using a word processor from outside GAP.
PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
CHAPTER 9 – REPORTING 13 - 13
9.13 Help
GAP has an on-line help facility that enables you to get information quickly about a menu
option, input field, or function command. This facility enables you to display instructions for
completing a particular task or input field without exiting from the current screen. The help
windows offer a list of topics which not only include definitions and functions specific to
GAP but details on using the features of Windows as well.
To use the GAP on-line help system, the help file must be located in the same directory as
the program. If you are new to Windows, information on using the help system can be
made available by selecting the Help option in the Windows desktop (or the GAP main
menu) and choosing 'Using Help'. This will display a help screen from which the
information you need can be selected from a list of topics.
An IPM model consists of several elements which are interacting; the response of one
element depends on one or more others. For example, the response of a well model
depends on both the reservoir and surface network performance. In the case where the
reservoir model has been history matched but no quality check has been done on the
surface network, then the response of the whole model will not represent reality and results
will be unreliable.
By nature, an IPM model can be made up of hundreds of nodes, making it complex and
difficult to manage if no procedures are in place to allow effective troubleshooting and
matching. The aim of this chapter is to describe such a procedure and guide the user in the
process of history matching.
Figure 10.1
Complex
IPM Model.
How can
this be
history
matched?
2 - 12 CHAPTER 10 – HISTORY MATCHING AND IPM MODEL
a. A model can be created and run for the duration of history, checking the results at
the end to ensure that rates are consistent with measured cumulatives and rates.
4. Run the full model (solve) at different points in time during the history. Since
each element of the system has been matched independently, then the results
should by default match the total production from the field. If the total results for
the particular date do not correspond to what was produced from the field, then
the elements that were not matched (lack of tests for pipelines for example)
should be looked at to determine the inconsistency.
Figure 10.2
Simple IPM
Model.
The matching procedure can start from the reservoir model. This can be history matched
as explained in the MBAL manual:
And fractional flows created for the history wells in order for the water cut and GOR to be
correct for a particular water saturation:
Figure
10.4
Fractional
Flow
Matching in
MBAL.
As soon as this is done, each well can be matched independently of the reservoir model in
PROSPER:
Figure 10.5
Matching to
test in
PROSPER.
VLP/IPR
intersection
can reproduce
measured rate.
Figure 10.6
VLP/IPR
Matching
screen.
Tests can be matched in PROSPER based on the matching procedures described in the
PROSPER part of the manual.
Once each model is built and the network completed, then the pseudo rel perms should be
transferred from the MBAL file to the equivalent GAP wells. This can be done from the IPR
screen of GAP using the “From MBAL” button:
Figure 10.8
Rel Perm
transfer screen.
Where either only the rel perms or the whole IPR definition can be transferred from
prediction wells in MBAL to the equivalent wells in GAP:
Figure 10.10
Pipe Matching
screen.
In order to initialise the whole model for one specific date during the history now, one can
take advantage of the following feature:
Figure 10.11
Initialise IPRs
The initialise feature will perform the simulation from MBAL and transfer the results
(Reservoir Pressure, water saturations and PVT) in the IPR models in GAP:
All the wells in the model can be selected and then a date can be entered in the following
screen for which the model can be checked:
Figure 10.13
Date
selection for
initialisation.
Selecting Calculate and Continue will update the well models, thus initialising them to
represent the conditions of the day in question.
Figure 10.14
Production
Validation.
If no tests are available on a well by well basis for the particular date selected, the whole
system can be solved instead and results checked against production data.
As the reservoir and well models have been validated, any problems can be attributed to
the elements of the system that have not been matched. The attention of the engineer can
then be focused on those elements rather than the already matched ones.
where scripts can be written in format very similar to the Open Server in VBA to control the
prediction.
These are some of the functions one can do with the scripting:
a. Wells can be prioritised and switched on as soon as the potential of the field
cannot satisfy contracts volumes.
2-6 CHAPTER 11 – PREDICTION SCRIPT
b. Log messages of prediction events (for instance water cuts reaching a given
value)
c. Automatic detection of unwanted fluid volumes in the system and triggering of
disposal systems.
The list of things that can be done can be very extensive indeed.
11.2 Functions
The scripting facility revolves around the following commands:
LogMsg – Logging a message on the log screen appearing during the prediction:
SetRedoStep - Sets the flag that will force the program to re-run the solver for the current
time step
These commands can be set in the same way as the Open Server commands in four
subroutines in the script:
PredProlog – Subroutine that is executed once at the beginning of the prediction (before
any calculations are done)
PredEpilog - Subroutine that is executed once at the end of the prediction (after all
calculations are done)
11.3 Example
Let us consider an example:
In the above screen, the script is set to operate at the end of each timestep in the
prediction of Gap, as shown be the red marker.
Line 1
This instructs the script to record a message in the prediction script window that will have
the form “W1 WTC = X” meaning the water cut of well called W1 has value X obtained from
the Open Server address for that particular well’s results.
Just to refresh, the addresses can be obtained by pointing the mouse cursor in the cell
where the address is required and clicking the right mouse button. So for the water cut of
well W1, this is what this corresponds to:
Lines 2, 3, 4, 5
These lines state an if statement that indicates that if the water cut of the particular well is
above 70% (Line 2) then this well will be masked (Line 3) and a message will be entered in
the script page of the prediction window stating that the above function has been carried
out.
So, when the program is run, the log window will show the following commands recorded:
During each timestep, in the script window we can see the water cuts values for well W1
reported.
Important Note: When a model will be run using the Restart facility, only
the events entered in the schedule will be considered and not events
imposed by the script.
The worked example files need to be extracted from the archived files so that they can
be used in the following examples. The simple process of extracting the files is
described below.
From the GAP main screen, click on | File | Archive | Extract to display the screen
shown in figure 0-1
Figure 0-1
Showing archive
selection screen
Select the *.gar file to be extract and click on | Open (details of the archive files that are
relevant to each example are given in the exercises.) The ‘Extract archive’ screen
shown in figure 0-2 will be displayed. Fill in the Extract Directory box at the bottom of
the screen to specify where the files will be extracted to. Remember the location that
has been entered so that the files can be retrieved later.
2 - 102 APPENDIX A – WORKED EXAMPLES
Figure 0-2
File selection screen
After setting the directory, click on | Extract to extract the files. While the files are being
extracted the screen shown in figure 0-3 will appear.
Figure 0-3
Showing ‘Monitor Window’.
When the Job Progress bar has turned fully blue click on |OK. The files have now been
extracted.
The files for this example and the final model can be found in the GAP archive
file format in the following directory.
~\samples\GAP\gasfield\*.*
In this example, the C and n Method will be used for the description of the IPRs.
The file names containing the pre-generated lift curves corresponding to each well are
shown in the table below.
Getting Started
Begin by starting the program. From the GAP entry screen, select File New to
reinitialise GAP.
Figure 1-1
Showing the ‘System
Options Screen’
Figure 1-2
Units
selection
screen
A units menu can be selected by pointing the cursor in the cell below input. This allows
the overall units system to be selected. Clicking on the white cells below this allows
individual units to be changed.
• Input : Oilfield
• Output : Oilfield
The reservoir
In order to draw a reservoir select the tank icon and click anywhere on the screen.
This will create an icon which will be called “DryGas”.
The name “DryGas” is like all icon/node names in GAP, just a label. Node
labels are not required, but it is generally a good idea to be able to identify
them in this way.
Press the |Ok button to complete this and place the well icon on the screen.
Figure 1-3
Adding the Reservoir ‘DryGas’
The wells
We will start with the first well “DryGas#1”.
Select the Well icon and add a well. Name this “Drygas#1”
Figure 1-4
Adding the well ‘DryGas#1’
1. To move a node to a new location on the screen, move the mouse arrow over
the node to be moved and press the left mouse button and the |Shift key. Keep
the left mouse button pressed and move the node to the new location.
Releasing the left mouse button will position the node in the new location.
2. Nodes can be deleted by selecting the scissors icon from the toolbar menu
and clicking on the node to be removed.
Select the Separator icon and click the left-hand mouse button in the main GAP
display area towards the top right. Give the resulting node the name “Beach” when
requested
Figure 1-5
Adding the Separator ‘Beach’
The Joints
A joint is any manifold or intersection where pipes converge. Every pipe must
have at least one end connected to a joint.
Click on the Joint icon and add 4 joint icons by clicking in the main GAP display
area: one near the well, one at the middle of the screen, one to the right of the screen
and one next to the Separator.
Figure 1- 6
Adding the
joints
Figure 1-7
Adding a
choke
The basic model layout has been specified. Additional components can easily be added
or deleted when the model is refined later. The GAP screen display should look
something like the screen shot shown in figure 1-8
Figure 1-8
Showing a GAP screen shot of the system
Figure 1-9
Summary Screen
From this screen create a link to the MMBAL file by clicking on |Browse and selecting
the MMBAL file
The MMBAL file DryGas.mbi can be found in the directory where the archived file was
extracted to at the start of the exercise (refer to page A3)
Figure 1-10
Showing
MMBAL file
selection
Screen
Click on |Open to establish the link between tank icon in GAP and the MMBAL file.
To confirm the changes that have been made to the tank, click on |OK at the bottom left
of the dry gas summary screen.
At this stage the GAP file should be saved. To do this click on |File |Save As and using
the browsing feature save the file as DRYGAS1.GAP.
A well is described in GAP by means of an IPR and a VLP. Refer to the PROSPER
manual for more information about well modelling. For this exercise, VLP’s have been
generated and saved so that they can be imported into GAP.
In order to describe the well DryGas#1 double-click on the well icon. This will open the
|Well Data entry summary screen as shown in figure 1-11:
Figure 1-11
Well data summary screen
Label: DryGas#1
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Gas Producer
Model: VLP / IPR intersection
PROSPER well file: DryGas#1.OUT
(Ensure that the Well Type is changed from ‘Oil Producer (No lift)’ to ‘gas producer’)
Figure 1-12
VLP Description Screen
Now by clicking on |Import the browsing facility can be used to load the lift curves
located in the extracted samples directory and called drygas1.tpd. After locating the file,
click on |Open to import the lift curves.
Figure 1-13
Importing the lift
curves
Figure 1-14
VLP Description
Screen
If the PROSPER well model is associated to the GAP model, the VLPs can be
generated from GAP by using the Genarate Generate Well VLPs with
PROSPER option from the main menu.
Figure 1-15
IPR type selection
Label: SeaLine#1
Pipeline model: GAP Internal Correlations
Correlation: Beggs and Brill
Gravity Coefficient: 1
Friction Coefficient: 1
Figure 1-16
Pipe Data Summary Screen
Environment
By clicking on the cell opposite “Environment” the environment variables screen can be
accessed. In this screen the values below should be entered.
Figure 1-17
Pipe Environment
Parameters
Pipe Description
To describe the Sealine#1 pipe it self click on the tab labelled “Description” at the
bottom of the screen. This will lead to the screen shown in figure 1-18 where the
following changes should be made:
Figure 1-18
Sealine #1 Pipe Description screen
To change the length unit from ft to km point the cursor in the cell containing the unit “ft”
This will activate a pull-down menu list from which km can be selected. The same
principle applies for the TVD.
Once the data has been entered it is useful to click on |Validate in order to check
whether the description entered is valid or not. This is not compulsory but can be useful
if non-valid data have been entered. Click |OK to return to the main GAP screen.
Choke Description
Figure 1-19
Inline Choke Summary Screen
Figure 1-20
Choke Settings Screen
During the prediction calculations carried out later, GAP will vary the choke size to
control the flow rate. It is therefore necessary to specify the limits of the choke size that
GAP can use during these calculations. Enter the following information:
Description
Figure 1-21
Pipe
Description
Environment
Figure 1-22
Pipe Description Screen
Label: Riser
Segment Type: Line Pipe
Pipe Length: 0.50 km
TVD upstream: 100 m
TVD downstream: 0.00 m
Inside Diameter: 18”
Roughness: 0.0006” (default)
Rate Multiplier: 1 (default)
Correlation: Beggs and Brill
Gravity Coefficient 1
Friction Coefficient 1
Environment
Create 3 additional well icons and link these to the DryGas tank.
Create 3 additional joints representing the well heads.
Figure 1-23
Showing the Full System
Figure 1-24
Generating the Well IPRs from PROSPER..
By double-clicking on any of the wells and selecting the IPR tab, one can verify the IPR
input data as shown in figure 1-25:
Figure 1-25
Well IPRs.
Figure 1-26
IPR Plot
The scale of any plot can be changed by clicking on |Scales on the menu bar. This
allows the min and max X and Y axis values to be redefined, and the number of grid
blocks (divisions) that the axis should be divided into.
Click on |Finish to go back to the previous screen. Click on |OK to get back to the GAP
main screen.
Some Tips
If two pipe descriptions are the same, the information can be copied from a described
pipe to an un-described pipe as follows:
1. Hold down the left mouse button on the described pipe and press the
Control key.
2. Move the cursor until it is over the un-described pipe and release the control
key. The information will now be transferred.
Well Schedules
Table 1-2 on page four shows the production schedule for the four wells. In order to
enter this information into GAP select |Prediction|Equipment Schedule from main menu.
Figure 1-27
Well Scheduling
Screen
Date: 01/01/2005
Event Type: Start Well
Figure 1-28
Date: 01/03/2005
Event Type: Start Well
Figure 1-29
Date: 01/05/2005
Event Type: Start Well
Figure 1-30
Date: 01/09/2005
Event Type: Start Well
New Features: GAP v5.0 allows wells and equipment requiring the same
scheduling to be grouped together for the purposes of defining events. Please refer to
the GAP user guide for information about how to use this feature.
The target rate of 250 MMscf/d is a constraint. This constraint will be set at the “Beach”.
To do this double-click on the “Beach” and enter under |Constraints:
Figure 1-31
Separator Constraints Screen
Notice that it is possible to navigate through the entire network by selecting the desired
node from the white screen on the right hand-side of the window. By pointing the cursor
on the white screen and clicking on the right mouse button the nodes can be sorted.
The options are:
- Separator-Down Sort
- Tank-Up Sort
- Alphabetical Sort and
- Sort by Equipment.
To start the production prediction click on |Prediction |Run Prediction and enter the
following information if not already done (see figure 1-32).
Figure 1-32
Prediction Data Entry Screen
Having done this click now on | next | next and then enter 1000 psig as the separator
pressure at the Beach.
Figure 1-33
Separator
pressure entry
Screen
Figure 1-34
Prediction Calculation Window
Select the ‘Optimise and honour constraints option’ and tick the ‘calculate potential’
check box.
Before running predictions it is recommended that the settings are reset to their default
values. Click on |Settings and then |Reset in the top right hand corner of the window.
Then press |OK
At the end of the prediction the results the results shown in figure 1-35 will be displayed:
Figure 1-35
Prediction Calculation Window following a calculation
Once the prediction has finished click on | Back | Back | Plot Nodes. The screen that
will appear is shown in figure 1-36. This screen allows the selection of equipment that
results will be displayed for.
Figure 1-36
Equipment Selection Screen
Select ‘Well’ from the ‘Equipment Type’ column and select the four dry gas wells from
the right hand column. Click |Plot to see the results (figure 1-37).
Figure 1-37
Graphical Output
Notice that under | Variables, you can select the variable you want to visualise. On the
prediction screen we selected the option ‘optimise and honour constraints’ and ticked
the box ‘calculate potential’. To view the optimised gas rate click |variables and select
the Gas rate option from the variables screen shown in figure 1-38:
Figure 1-38
Variables selection
screen
Press | OK
In order to see the unconstrained gas production rate for the wells select instead the
‘gas rate potential’ option from the choose variables screen
PETROLEUM EXPERTS L
APPENDIX A – WORKED EXAMPLES 35 - 102
Figure 1-39
Unconstrained gas rates (Potential)
For example to see the dP across the choke click on | Node and unselect all but the
‘Inline Choke’. Then click on | Variables and select the y-axis variables as ‘dP choke’.
The dP choke is zero at the beginning because there is only one well producing in the
system and the total production is below the limit of 250 MMscf/day. As more wells
come online at the later times, the total producing potential exceeds 250 MMscf/day
and dP choke starts to apply to the system.
The files for this example and the final model can be found in the GAP archive file
format in the following directory.
~\samples\GAP\gaslift\*.*
Extract the archive files to an appropriate directory.
The table below shows the PROSPER well files that will be used later to create the well
IPRs and VLPs
The PROSPER well model files will be located in the directory that the archive files were
extracted to.
Getting Started
Begin by starting the program. From the GAP entry screen, select File New to
reinitialise GAP.
To begin setting up the system options, select Options Method and make the following
selections:
• Prediction: None
• System Type : Production
• Prediction Method : Pressure and Temperature
• Optimisation Method : Production
• Track Compositions : No
Figure 2-1
System Options
Screen
Figure 2-2
Units selection
screen
A units menu can be selected by pointing the cursor in the cell below input. This allows
the overall units system to be selected. Clicking on the white cells below this allows
individual units to be changed.
• Input : Oilfield
• Output : Oilfield
The wells will be defined first. Notice that the order that the GAP drawing is produced in
has no effect on the results.
The wells
The first well will be defined first.
Select the Well icon and add a well by clicking on the white section of the screen.
Name this “Well_1” and then Click | OK.
Repeat the procedure above four times to add the other 4 wells.
1. To move a node to a new location on the screen, move the mouse arrow
over the node to be moved and press the left mouse button and the |Shift
key. Keep the left mouse button pressed and move the node to the new
location. Releasing the left mouse button will position the node in the new
location.
2. Nodes can be deleted by selecting the scissors icon from the toolbar
menu and clicking on the node to be removed.
The Joints
Five joints will be created:
- One joint to represent the wellhead (“WH_1”) of Well_1
- One joint to represent the wellhead (“WH_2”) of Well_2
- One joint to represent the common wellhead (“WH_345”) of Well_3, Well_4 and
Well_5
- One joint to represent the manifold (“Manifold”) where all the fluids from the wells
are commingled
- One joint to represent the connection to the separator (“Sep joint”)
Create the joints by clicking on the joint icon and clicking on the main GAP screen.
Add five joint icons and label them accordingly. Figure 2-3 shows the layout of the
system components.
Figure 2-3
The Separator
A separator is considered by GAP to be the end of the production chain and
➲ will be given a pressure at a later stage. It does not have to actually be a
separator, rather a convenient delivery point where a known pressure exists.
Select the Separator icon and click the left-hand mouse button in the main GAP
display area towards the top right. When requested, give the resulting node the name
“Separator”.
Link the components together by selecting the Link icon and dragging the left-hand
mouse button between two components.
Figure 2-4 shows the GAP screen display for the connected network.
Figure 2-4
GAP provides two ways to represent a well: the performance curve (PC)
polynomial method, or the VLP / IPR intersection method. In this example the
second option will be used, VLP/IPR intersection.
PROSPER will be used from within GAP to generate the VLPs and IPRs for the
wells. Firstly however, the following information must be entered for the wells
Figure 2-5
Well data summary
screen
Label: Well_1
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer (no lift)
PROSPER well file: Well_1.out
Model: VLP/IPR
In order to set the PROSPER well file to be used for generating Well 1’s IPR and VLP’s
click on the browse button next to the ‘PROSPER well file’ in the summary screen and
Select the file shown in the table from the expanded archive directory.
Useful Tip: If when opening a PROSPER well file the file extensions are not visible then
carry out the following procedure to enable the viewing of file extensions:
1. Open Microsoft Explorer
2. Select | Tools| Folder Options.
3. Select the View tab and un-check the option |Hide file extensions of known file
folders.
Click on “Well_2” on the Equipment list on the right. The summary data of “Well_2” will
be displayed in the child screen. Set the following options for Well_2:
Label: Well_2
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer (Gas lifted)
Click on “Well_3” on the Equipment list on the right. The summary data of “Well_3” will
be displayed in the child screen. Set the following options for Well_3:
Label: Well_3
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer (Gas lifted)
PROSPER well file: Well_3.out
Model VLP/IPR
Click on “Well_4” on the Equipment list on the right. The summary data of “Well_4” will
be displayed in the child screen. Set the following options for Well_4:
Label: Well_4
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer (Gas lifted)
PROSPER well file: Well_4.out
Model VLP/IPR
Click on “Well_5” on the Equipment list on the right. The summary data of “Well_5” will
be displayed in the child screen. Set the following options for Well_5:
Label: Well_5
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer (Gas lifted)
PROSPER well file: Well_5.out
Model VLP/IPR
First, double-click on the pipeline between “WH_1” and “Manifold”. The pipeline
summary screen shown in figure 2-6 will appear.
Figure 2-6
Pipe Summary Screen
The default environment variables will be used. If however these values were to be
changed, then the green box labelled “OK” that is located next to the word
“Environment” would be pressed. The default environment conditions are as follows:
Click on the green box labelled “None”, that is located next to the word “Pipe Data”.
This will open the window that allows the pipe geometry to be described.
Assuming the pipeline is horizontal, hence, the true vertical depth is not changing (at 0
ft), populate the screen as shown in figure 2-7 to describe a horizontal pipeline of 500 ft
in length and 6 inches in diameter.
Figure 2-7
Horizontal pipe
definition
When the description is complete, click |OK. This will display the main screen.
Repeat the process described above for the remaining pipes. The information
describing the geometry of the remaining pipes is shown on the ‘Production Network’
diagram on figure 2-8. The square boxes representing the pipeline will turn cyan when
they have been defined.
Useful Tip:
If two pipe descriptions are the same, the information can be copied from a described
pipe to an un-described pipe as follows:
1. Hold down the left mouse button on the described pipe and press the control
key.
2. Move the cursor until it is over the un-described pipe and release the control
key. The information will now be transferred.
Figure 2-8
System with
pipelines
defined.
To Transfer IPRs for all the wells select | Generate | Transfer well IPRs from
PROSPER from the menu bar.
Figure 2-9
No wells selected
screen
This is because no wells have yet been selected. Click on | All to select all of the wells.
Figure 2-10
IPR generation
screen with the
wells selected
Figure 2-10 shows the IPR generation screen with the selected wells. Click on |
Generate to proceed.
The IPR transfer will now take place. The following message is displayed when
the process is successfully completed.
Figure 2-11
IPR Completion
screen
Figure 2-12
Generation Error
screen
Figure 2-13
Well selection
screen
In order to generate the VLPs, the range for the variables (WC, Man Pres, Rates, etc.)
should be defined.
Click on | Data to enter the these values.
Figure 2-14
For naturally flowing wells, values for the following variables should be entered:
• Manifold pressure
• GOR
• Water cut
• Rate
For gas-lifted wells, values for the following variables should be entered:
• Manifold pressure
• GOR
• Water cut
• GLR injected
• Rate
The range of sensitivity variables generated should cover the entire possible operating
conditions of the wells.
For liquid rate, the range should span from a low rate to the AOF of the well.
For manifold pressure, the range should span from the lowest possible FWHP
(Separator pressure) to the reservoir pressure.
For GOR, the range should span from approximately 90% of the solution GOR to a high
value, say 30,000 scf/stb.
For GLR injected, the range should span from 0 to a high value, say 30,000 scf/stb
geometrically.
For water cut, the range should span from 0% to a high value, say 90%.
In this exercise the GOR and water cut for each well is fixed (no reservoir model is
associated to run predictions). Therefore in this exercise only one value of GOR and
water cut (present conditions) will be used. This will allow to reduce significantly the
VLP generation time. However, it is good practice to prepare a lift curve table with all
the variables covered because if the conditions change it will not be necessary to
generate the lift curves again.
Figure 2-15
Well 1 Data screen
Figure 2-16
Well 2 data
screen
Figure 2-17
Well three data screen
Figure 2-18
Well 4 calculation
screen
Figure 2-19
Well 5 data entry
screen
After entering the data for all the wells, click | OK to close the window and go back to
the VLP generation screen (figure 2-20)
Figure 2-20
VLP
generation
main screen
Now that all the sensitivity variables have been entered for the wells the VLPs can be
generated. Click on | Generate to start the VLP calculation. Depending on the speed of
the computer, this calculation may take some time. The message shown in figure 2-21
will be displayed when the VLP generation is complete.
Figure 2-21
VLP Generation
completed screen
Click |OK to go back to the main screen. Notice now that the well icons do not have
thick red circles around them. This means that the all the data required is present.
At this point, it is good to check that the VLP and IPR have been generated correctly.
Double-click on the well icon to bring up the well summary screen (figure 2-22).
Figure 2-22
Well
summary
screen
The boxes next to the words ‘VLP’ and ‘IPR’ should be green in colour to indicate that
the VLP and IPR generation was successful.
To specify the gas lift injection rates click on | Actual | Actual from the main screen and
enter the gas lift gas injection rate for the wells (see figure 2-23):
Figure 2-23
Defining gas
lift gas
The separator pressure will be set at 150 psig and the maximum gas available is 10
MMscf/day (this will only be used if the optimiser is allowed to allocate the gas.
Otherwise, the gas lift allocation specified in the \Actual\Actual screen will be used)
To perform the Network Solver calculation click on | Network Solver from the main
screen. The screen shown in figure 2-24 will appear:
Figure 2-24
Total gas
available
Specify the amount of gas available, i.e. 10 MMscf/day Click on | Next to proceed to the
next stage.
Figure 2-25
Separator
pressure screen
Figure 2-26
Network
Solver
calculation
screen
The screen in figure 2-26 will be displayed. To use the user-specified gas lift gas
injection amount, make sure that the “No optimisation” box is ticked.
Figure 2-27
Network solver
screen –
Calculation
completed
When the calculation finished, click on | Main to go back to the main screen.
From this screen it can be seen that the gas lift gas injected for each well are exactly
the values that we specified the | Actual | Actual section earlier. Note that the total
production rate is around 16520 stb/day.
Figure 2-28
Results – No
optimisation
Next GAP is going to be used to calculate the optimum gas lift gas allocation to
maximise the oil production. It is first necessary to set the well heads to controllable. To
do this click on the selection tool icon and then click on each of the wells to select
them. Now, from the menu bar, select |Edit |Selected Wells |SetControllable |Yes.
Now perform the Network Solver calculation again but this time with the “Optimise and
honour constraints” box ticked (Figure 2-29).
Figure 2-29
Network solver
optimised
calculation
After performing the Calculation, click | Main to go back to the main screen.
Click on | Results | Summary | All Wells to see the results.
Figure 2-30
Results –
Optimised
Note that the total oil production has increased to 17585stb/day. This is an increase of
over 1000 STB/day.
Note also that the total gas lift injection rate is still 10 MMscf/day but that the distribution
of the gas between the gas lifted wells is drastically different from the values that we
specified in the previous calculation
The exercise demonstrated how, by using GAPs optimiser, the efficiency of our gas lift
system could be improved by just re-allocating the existing gas-lift gas available
The exercise has also demonstrated the process of defining a system in GAP and the
method of generating VLP and IPR curves from within GAP via PROSPER.
This GAP example is saved in the directory that the archive was extracted to at the start
of the chapter under the file name “gaslift optimisation.GAP”
The files for this example and the final model can be found in the GAP archive
file format in the following directory.
~\samples\GAP\espfield\*.*
Please refer to section A0 for instruction on how to extract the files
Figure 3.1
Production
Network
Getting Started
Begin by starting the program. From the GAP entry screen, select File New to
reinitialise GAP.
Figure 3.2
System
Options
• Input : Oilfield
• Output : Oilfield
Figure 3.3
Unit System
The wells
Select the Well icon and add a well by clicking on the main GAP display area.
Name this “W1” and click |OK when finished naming it.
Repeat this procedure 4 times to add the other 4 wells (W2 to W5) (figure 3.4)
Figure 3.4
Producing wells
Useful tips
Any node can be moved from one position to another by holding the |Shift key while
using the left-hand mouse button to drag it to the desired place.
You can delete any icon by using the scissors icon from the toolbar menu.
The Joints
7 joints are to be created:
- 1 joint (J1) to represent the wellhead (“WH_1”) of Well W1
- 1 joint (J2) to represent the wellhead (“WH_2”) of Well W2
- J3 to J5 to represent the rest of the wellheads.
- 1 joint to represent the manifold (“MP”) where all the wells are flowing to.
- 1 joint to represent the connection to the separator (“JSep”)
To create the joints, click on the Joint icon, add 7 joint icons and label them
accordingly (figure 3.5)
Figure 3.5
Joints
The Separator
A separator is considered by GAP to be the end of the production chain and
➲ will be given a pressure at a later stage. It does not have to actually be a
separator, rather a convenient delivery point where a known pressure exists.
Select the Separator icon and click the left-hand mouse button in the main GAP
display area towards the top right. Give the resulting node the name “Separator” when
requested. (figure 3.6)
Figure 3.6
Separator
Finally link the components together by selecting the Link icon and dragging the
left-hand mouse button between two components.
The GAP screen display should look something like figure 3.7.
Figure 3.7
Links
In order to describe the well, double-click on the well icon which will lead to the Well
Data entry summary as indicated in figure 3.8
Figure 3.8
Well summary
screen
Select the type of well and choose the option Oil producer (ESP lifted)
Label: W1
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer ESP lifted
Model: VLP/IPR intersection (default)
PROSPER well file: ESP-W1.out
Click on “W2” on the Equipment list on the right. The summary data of “W2” will be
displayed in the child screen. Set the following options for Well W2:
Label: W2
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer ESP lifted
Model: VLP/IPR intersection (default)
PROSPER well file: ESP-W2.out
Click on “W3” on the Equipment list on the right. The summary data of “W3” will be
displayed in the child screen. Set the following options for Well W3:
Label: W3
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer ESP lifted
Model: VLP/IPR intersection (default)
PROSPER well file: ESP-W3.out
Click on “W4” on the Equipment list on the right. The summary data of “W4” will be
displayed in the child screen. Set the following options for Well W4:
Label: W4
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer ESP lifted
Model: VLP/IPR intersection (default)
PROSPER well file: ESP-W4.out
Click on “W5” on the Equipment list on the right. The summary data of “W5” will be
displayed in the child screen. Set the following options for Well W5:
Label: W5
Mask: Include in System (default)
Well Type: Oil producer ESP lifted
Model: VLP/IPR intersection (default)
PROSPER well file: ESP-W5.out
The way that the equipment list is sorted can be changed by clicking on the equipment
list area with the right-hand side mouse button.
Figure 3.9
Pipe Summary
Screen
GAP Internal Correlations will be used for modelling the pressure drop in the pipeline.
Petroleum Experts 4 correlation will be used. Enter values of 1 for both the gravity
coefficient and the friction coefficient.
In order to change the environment condition of the pipeline, the green box labelled
“Ok” that is located next to the word “Environment” should be clicked. The environment
conditions are as follows:
For this example, the Surface Temperature will be set to 70 F (figure 3.10)
Figure 3.10
Pipe
Environment
Data
Click on the green tab labelled “Description”, that is located at the bottom of the screen.
The section where the pipe elevation and geometry description is entered will appear
(figure 3.11)
Figure 3.11
Pipe Description
While describing the pipeline, the units system can be changed as indicated in figure
3.12
Figure 3.12
Pipe Description
Units
Repeat the same process for the rest of the pipelines (the different pipelines can be
selected from the Equipment list on the right). When the pipelines have been described,
the square boxes representing them should all be cyan.
Connection node Pipe label Pipe length Pipe diameter Pipe roughness
From To Km Inches inches
J1 MP P1 3.7 5.761 0.0006
J2 MP P2 4.2 5.761 0.0006
J3 MP P3 3.9 5.761 0.0006
J4 MP P4 3.6 5.761 0.0006
J5 MP P5 4.5 5.761 0.0006
MP JSep Main 28.7 15.25 0.0006
To Generate IPR for all the wells, click | Generate | Transfer well IPRs from PROSPER
from the main screen.
Figure 3.13
IPR generation
This is because no wells have yet been selected. Click |All to select all the wells (figure
3.14).
Figure 3.14
IPR Generation,
Wells selection
The IPR generation will begin and when it finishes, you will see the message:
Figure 3.15
IPR Generation
To import the lift curve files to GAP, the following procedure should be followed.
In the main screen, double-click on a well (say Well W1) to bring up the Well Summary
Screen
Figure 3.16
VLP import
Click on the red box labelled ‘Invalid’, that is located to the right of the ‘VLP’ text (figure
3.16).
Figure 3.17
VLP import
Click on |Import (figure 3.17). The following screen will appear (figure 3.18).
Figure 3.18
File selection
The tpd file will be read and the data will be saved in a binary format file, with the same
filename but an extension ‘vlp’.
The vlp file will be shown in the VLP file path (Figure 3.19).
Figure 3.19
VLP file
This completes the procedure for importing lift curves for one well. Repeat for the other
wells, with their corresponding lift curve files.
The operating frequency at which each well is currently operating is described in the
following table
In the well’s summary screen, click on the green box labelled ‘Not Set’, that is located to
the right of the ‘ESP Control’ text (figure 3.20).
Figure 3.20
ESP control
Set the Frequency Control to ‘Fixed Value’ and the frequency value according to the
table above, as indicated in figure 3.21.
Figure 3.21
ESP frequency
Wells having fixed frequency control are identified on the system drawing by broken
circles drawn around the well icon box (figure 3.22).
Figure 3.22
When the well model is VLP/IPR intersection, this quality check is done by |Actual
|Production Validation menu option (figure 3.23).
Figure 3.23
Production
Validation
The test data to be used in this example is described in the following table.
The current well’s data (Reservoir Pressure, GOR and WC) can be transferred by
clicking on the ‘Transfer’ button and selecting the ‘Transfer data FROM VLP/IPR data’
option as shown in figures 3.24 / 3.25 / 3.26:
Figure 3.24
Transfer Current
Well’s data
Figure 3.25
Transfer Current Well’s data
Figure 3.26
Transfer Current Well’s data
The data present in the IPR section of the wells will be transfer to the Production
Validation screen (figure 3.27)
Figure 3.27
Production
Validation
Once the data is entered, click on Calculate. The estimated values calculated from the
IPR/VLP data will be reported, as well as the difference against the measured data.
(figure 3.28)
Figure 3.28
Production
Validation
If there were any significant difference, the well data could be inspected by clicking on
the ‘edit’ button next to the well data. This will lead to the well model screen and the
measured data will be transferred to the well model (Calculation screens) in order to
trouble-shoot individual wells.
It is important to mention that if all previous stages (i.e. PVT, PROSPER well model, lift
curves generation, etc.) have been correctly matched and quality checked, the
measured and calculated rates should agree closely.
Figure 3.29
Separator
pressure
Set the value of ‘Pressure 1’ to 200 psig. If required, up to 10 values for pressure can
be entered into the boxes. To run the network solver click on |Next, select No
Optimisation mode and then |Calculate to perform the calculation (figure 3.30)
Figure 3.30
Network Solver
To view the results, click on | Main to go back to the main screen. From the main
screen, click on |Results |Summary |All Wells (figure 3.31)
From the screen, the total amount of oil produced for the system is about 31500 bpd.
Clicking |Plot will show the results graphically (figure 3.32)
Figure 3.31
Summary
results
Figure 3.32
Summary
results
Under |Variables menu, the different available system variables can be plotted.
The results for each system component can also be seen by double-clicking on the
description icon in the main GAP display area and selecting the Results button, as
shown in figure 3.33.
Figure 3.33
Individual
components
results
Figure 3.34
Total Power
required by the
ESPs
From the Separator results, scrolling the screen to the right, the total power being
required by the ESPs can be read (1700 hp) (figure 3.34).
Click on |Constraints |System Constraints and enter a maximum power of 1700 hp (got
from the previous section) as shown in figure 3.35.
Figure 3.35
System
constraints
Before performing the calculations, the ESP’s frequency control should be set to
‘calculated’ and the range of variation specified.
In the well’s summary screen, click on the green box labelled ‘Not Set’, that is located to
the right of the ‘ESP Control’ text and set the frequency control to ‘calculated’ (figure
3.36 & 3.37)
Figure 3.38
ESP Frequency
constraints
Set the Maximum ESP Frequency to 70 Hz and the Minimum ESP Frequency to 50 Hz.
Click on |Solve Network and check that the Separator pressure is set to 200 psig.
Click on |Next and select the ‘Optimise and honour constraints’ mode (figure 3.39) .
Click |Calculate to perform the calculation.
Figure 3.39
Network Solver
To view the results, click on | Main to go back to the main screen. From the main
screen, click on | Results | Summary | All Wells.
From the screen, the total amount of oil produced for the system is about 32700 (figure
3.40) bpd. Clicking |Plot will show the results graphically (figure 3.41).
Figure 3.40
Oil Production
Figure 3.41
Oil Production
Note that the total oil production has increased to 32700 stb/day, around 1200 stb/day
extra if compare to the previous run.
Note also that the total power supplied to the ESPs is still 1700 hp but the distribution
among the wells is different from what we have specified before.
The use of PROSPER on line is one of the major improvements made to GAP for the
IPM 4 release.
The user now has the added options of using either lift curves for increased speed in
calculations, or using PROSPER to calculate the pressure drops in pipelines.
This not only does allow to inspect in more detail the calculation results (Gradient, flow
regime, fluid velocities, slug lengths, etc..) but also allows to use the thermodynamic
models available in PROSPER (Enthalpy MBALance, improved approximation, Rough
approximation) to predict the fluid temperature distribution in pipelines.
This section illustrates first how to build the main pipeline using PROSPER within GAP
and to inspect the pipeline gradient results after a Network solving is performed.
The procedure for importing an existing pipeline model in PROSPER is also shown.
Creating the main pipeline using PROSPER on line
Double-click on the Main Pipeline (linking the joints ‘MP’ and ‘JSep’) will lead to the
Pipeline Summary screen as shown in figure 3.42.
Change the calculation type to ‘PROSPER on line’ (figure 3.43)
Figure 3.42
Pipe Summary
Screen
Figure 3.43
Using PROSPER
on line
By clicking on the red box labelled ‘Invalid’ (figure 3.43) one gets access to the pipeline
data entry screen (figure 3.44)
Figure 3.44
Using PROSPER
on line
This screen contains all the options available in PROSPER for modelling a pipeline (PVT
matching, correlation comparison, correlation Matching, etc.). Please refer to PROSPER
manual for details about this.
For the purpose of this exercise, the following screens show the data to be used.
There is a PROSPER model already built (further in this exercise is explained how to
import existing PROSPER pipeline models) which contains further details (PVT
matching, correlation matching) and can be used to inspect the different screens.
Options screen.
Figure 3.45
Options menu
PVT
This screen is design to enter the PVT properties in order to match the PVT Black Oil
correlations.
No matching will be performed now. Data will be enter in order to validate the screen
and select the Black Oil correlations that will be used in the pressure drop calculations.
The already built PROSPER model (to be import further in this exercise) contains
matching data and can be used for inspecting the screens.
Figure 3.46
PVT menu
Equipment description.
In this screen, the pipeline will be described as shown below.
Figure 3.48
Equipment
menu
Figure 3.49
Describing the
pipeline
Figure 3.50
Pipeline
geometry
Figure 3.51
Finally, the correlation PE4 will be selected, and that completes the pipeline model.
Figure 3.52
Selecting the
correlation
Figure 3.53
Now when solving the network (as done before), PROSPER will be used for calculating
the pressure drop in the pipeline according to the pipeline model.
Figure 3.55
In order to inspect the pipeline gradient, one can double-click on the pipeline, go to
Results and click on the Gradient button at the end of the row (figure 3.56)
Figure 3.56
Pipeline results
The gradient calculations performed by PROSPER are shown and can be plotted.
Figure 3.57
Gradient
Calculations
Figure 3.58
Pipeline
gradient
Also by clicking on the row number corresponding to that pipeline segment, the flow
map with the operating point can be inspected.
Figure 3.59
Gradient
Traverse
Calculations
Figure 3.60
Flow Regime
map
Figure 3.61
Importing an
existing
PROSPER
model
Figure 3.62
The different screens (PVT matching, correlation matching, etc.) can be inspected from
the menu shown below.
The flow correlation (PE4) has been matched to measured data (the matching
parameters can be seen next to the correlation name)
Figure 3.63
Selecting the
matched
correlation
The files for this example and the final model can be found in the GAP archive file
format in the following directory.
~\samples\GAP\inliner\*.*
Figure 4-1
GAP Network
It is assumed that the user is familiar with building a simple network. The above
production network is already built and can be found from the sample directory as
progelem.GAP.
The production system consists of two wells, producing into a looped pipeline. The fluid
exit from the looped and enter into a heat exchanger and a water separator before it
enters the riser.
Getting Started
First open the file “progelem.GAP”.
The model has been build. The only task is to write the program script.
Double-click on the inline element and click on the red button labelled “invalid” that is
located to the right of the ‘Script’ text.
Figure 4-2
Inline Element Summary screen
Figure 4-3
Inline Element Input screen
As default, the script screen contains some information as well as an example at the
bottom of it.
Clear the screen (the variables information can be left but make sure the sample at the
bottom is cleared).
Any line starting with “//” will be ignored when running the scrypt.
The syntax for the script is similar to the C programming language. For more
information on the inlet and outlet variables and other functions of the programmable
element, please refer to the user manual.
The variable for outlet temperature is TEMPOUT. Hence, to set the outlet temperature
to 60 degree F, the following line should be written:
TEMPOUT = 60;
The variables for inlet and outlet pressure are PRESIN and PRESOUT respectively. To
set a pressure drop of 12 psi:
The variables for inlet and outlet water flow rate are QWATIN and QWATOUT
respectively. To remove 90% of the water:
TEMPOUT = 60;
The script can be picked from the same directory, saved as proginline.gsc
To run the solver, save the script, return to the main screen. Click on |SolveNetwork.
Set the separator pressure to 500 psig and click on |Next |Calculate to solve the next
work.
The results
To see the results of the inline element, compare the properties of nodes M3 and M4.
Observe the temperature change, pressure change and the water cut / water rate
change.
This example involves a VB macro. The VB macro, the Excel file, and the GAP model
have been prepared in advance. We are not going into the explanation of how to write
the VB macro because the user is expected to have (or be trained in) the requisite
computing knowledge.
The actual time needed to perform the example is actual short since all the files have
been prepared. The exercise is simple, just press a button in the Excel file provide.
However, the major purpose of this document is to provide an introduction to the nature
of the example.
 The files for this example and the final model are in the following directory.
~\samples\GAP\openserver\*.*
GAPDEMO.XLS
DEMO1.GAP
The GAP archive file is also in the same place.
The separator pressure will be set to 300 psig and the maximum gas rate at the
separator level will be set to 20 MMscf/day.
Next, it will set the maximum gas rate at the separator level to the value specified in cell
H18 (20 MMscf/day) in the Excel spreadsheet. The variable name specified in cell E18
is the variable name for the separator maximum gas constraint.
Then, it will set the separator pressure to the value specified in cell H19 (300 psig) in
the Excel spreadsheet. The variable name specified in cell E19 is the variable name for
the separator pressure.
Next, the macro will ask GAP to start the Network Solver calculation.
After the calculation is finished, the macro read the calculation results for the wells and
report them in cells F30..K37 in the Excel spreadsheet.
This example provide the basis for user who wish to set different parameters for
Network Solver calculation and then have the calculated results reported to Excel. The
user can also treat this VB macro as a starting point and modify it to suit his / her
particular needs.
Solve for a given concentration of CO2 as a constrain using excel solver the program
will choke some of the wells in order to provide the proper amount of CO2 at the
separator level.
As the previous examples, the VB macro and the excel file as well as the GAP model
have been prepared.
The files required to run this particular model are:
 The files for this example and the final model are in the following directory.
~\samples\GAP\openserver\*.*
CO2SOLV.XLS
CO2.GAP
The GAP archive file is also in the same place.
The separator pressure is set up at 499 psig, the maximum water constraint will be
5500 stbd and the amount of CO2 will be constraint to 7%.
The macro will open the GAP file according to the location and file name specified in
cell B14 in the spread sheet.
In the original GAP file each well has an input value correspondent to CO2.
The macro will calculate an upper bound for the fractional production variables
by setting the current choked production as 1, and therefore getting an upper bound of
unchoked prod / choked prod
The solver computes the desired productions from each well in. This routine gets the
wellhead pressure corresponding to the desired production and gets the choke dP from
the difference between this and the manifold pressure.
Then it will get the allocation results for the four wells and place them in spreadsheet
cells
This computes the solver error - defined as the largest change in fractional well
production, this error is used to test for convergence
This example involves a VB macro. The VB macro, the Excel file, and the GAP model
have been prepared in advance. We are not going into the explanation of how to write
the VB macro because the user is expected to have (or be trained in) the requisite
computing knowledge.
The actual time needed to perform the example is actual short since all the files have
been prepared. The exercise is simple, just press a button in the Excel file provide.
However, the major purpose of this document is to provide an introduction to the nature
of the example.
 The files for this example and the final model are in the following directory.
~\samples\GAP\openserver\*.*
PREDDEMO.XLS
PREDDEMO.GAP
The GAP archive file is also in the same place.
Originally, the PCs for the wells are pre-generated. The macro will first read the liquid
rate in the PC data of well “w1”, double the value of the liquid rates and reassign the
new values to the liquid rate in the PC data. It will then refit the PC of well “w1” with
these increased rates. This is done solely to demonstrate that PC data can be
overridden if required. In this example, the liquid rate is doubled for the well
Then, the macro will start the production prediction. While doing each steps, it checks
that if the dates 01/03/1980 or 01/04/1980 is reached. If the time is 01/03/1980, the
macro will change the Productivity Index of the first layer of well “w1b” to 15 stb/day/psi.
If the time is 01/04/1980, the macro will mask the second layer of well “w1b”.
This example provide the basis for user who wish to set different parameters for
production prediction calculation. The user can also treat this VB macro as a starting
point and modify it to suit his / her particular needs.