VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

M.Tech. I Year – II Semester-(Power Systems) L T/P/D C

3 0 3

(18PC1PS04) DIGITAL PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEM

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 Study of numerical relays
 Developing mathematical approach towards protection
 Study of algorithms for numerical protection
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Upon the completion of the subject, the student will be able to
 Learn the importance of Digital Relays
 Apply Mathematical approach towards protection
 Learn to develop various Protection algorithms

UNIT- I
BASIC ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL PROTECTION
Introduction, Basic components of digital Protection: Signal conditioning sub system: transducers, surge
protection, analog filtering, analog multiplexers, Conversion subsystem: the sampling theorem, signal aliasing
error, sample and hold circuits, Digital multiplexing, Digital to Analog and Analog to Digital conversions,
Digital relay sub system, Digital relay as a unit, Performance and characteristics of digital protection.

UNIT-II
MATHEMATICAL BACK GROUND TO PROTECTION ALGORITHMS
Finite difference techniques, Interpolation Formulae-Forward Interpolation, Backward Interpolation, Central
difference interpolation, Numerical differentiation, Curve fitting and smoothing-Least square method,
smoothing, Fourier analysis-Fourier series, Fourier Transform, Walsh function analysis, Relation between
Fourier and Walsh Co-effecients

UNIT-III
SINUSOIDAL WAVE, FOURIER ANALYSIS AND WALSH FUNCTION -BASED ALGORITHMS
Sinusoidal wave:Derivative methods-sample and first ,First and second, Sample Techniques:Two sample, Three
sample
Fourier Analysis :full cycle window, fractional cycle window, Fourier Transform based algorithm
Walsh function: Basic Principle, Development of basic algorithm, Algorithm for walsh function determination,
Estimation of amplitude and phase angle of fundamental components, Determination of walsh coefficients for
pure sinusoidal waves.

UNIT-IV:
LEAST SQUARES, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BASED TECHNIQUES
Least Squares:Integral LSQ Fit, Power series LSQ Fit, Multi variable series LSQ Technique, Determination of
measured impedance estimates
Differential equation: Representation of transmission lines with capacitance neglected, Differential equation
protection with selected limits, Simultaneous differential equation techniques.
UNIT-V
TRAVELLING WAVE BASED PROTECTION AND SCHEMES
Travelling wave based protection : Transmission line as a distributed component, Super imposed quantities and
their properties, Bergeron’s equations, Discriminant functions
Travelling wave -based protection Schemes: Bergeron’s equation based, Ultra high speed polarity comparison,
Ultra high speed wave differential , Discriminant function based, Super imposed component trajectory based.

UNIT-VI
DIGITAL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION AND SCHEMES
Digital Differential Protection of Power Transformer: Principles of transformer protection, FIR filter based
algorithms, Least squares curve fitting based algorithms, Fourier based algorithm, Flux restrained current
differential relay, Basic hard ware of microprocessor-based transformer protection
Digital line differential Protection: current based differential schemes, composite voltage and current based
protection scheme, Recent Advances in Digital Protection of Power Systems

TEXT BOOKS:
1. A.T. Johns and S. K. Salman, “Digital Protection of Power Systems”, IEEE Press,1997
2. A.G. Phadke and J. S. Thorp, “Computer Relaying for Power Systems”, Wiley/Research studies
Press, 2009

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. S.R.Bhide “Digital Power System Protection” PHI Learning Pvt.Ltd.2014
2. Gerhard Zeigler, “Numerical Distance Protection”, Siemens Publicis Corporate Publishing, 2011