Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GE Industrial Internet of Things For Developers
GE Industrial Internet of Things For Developers
by Ryane Bohm
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Publisher’s Industrial Internet of Things
Acknowledgments
for Developers
For general information Published by
on our other products and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
services, or how to create a 111 River St.
custom book for your business Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
or organization, please contact www.wiley.com
our Business Development
Copyright © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Department in the U.S. at
Hoboken, New Jersey
877-409-4177, contact info@
dummies.biz, or visit www. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
wiley.com/go/custompub. stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in
Some of the people who any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
helped bring this book to photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise,
market include the following: except as p
ermitted under Sections 107 or 108 of
the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without
Project Manager and the prior written permission of the Publisher.
Development Editor: Requests to the Publisher for permission should
Chad R. Sievers be addressed to the Permissions Department,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street,
Executive Editor: Katie Mohr
Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201)
Editorial Manager: 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/
Rev Mengle permissions.
Business Development Trademarks: Wiley and related trade dress are
Representative: Karen Hattan trademarks or registered trademarks of John
Custom Publishing Project Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the
Specialist: Michael Sullivan United States and other countries, and may not be
used without written permission. All other trade-
Production Editor: marks are the property of their respective owners.
Vasanth Koilraj John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any
product or vendor mentioned in this book.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Preface
Developers have become heroes in the popular imagination.
They’re seen as having the imagination and ability to bring
new ideas to life. When you think of the iconic garages in
Silicon Valley, the engineers are the ones who made the magic,
as they did at HP and Apple. In today’s world, developers
understand the APIs, the platforms, and the way the appli-
cations are packaged for customers. Many of today’s largest
companies, ranked by market value, began in the minds of
developers.
As the opportunities facing developers evolve, so does the
nature of the heroes required. This book explains how you can
get started in writing applications that tap into the massive
potential of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). To do that,
you’ll need to reimagine your role as a developer and expand
your understanding of the supporting environment.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Preface 3
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
4 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Preface 5
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
6 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Preface 7
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Preface 9
Acknowledgments
A book is never a solo effort. I want to thank Vineet Banga,
Samta Bansal, Rich Carpenter, Susheel Choudhari, Kevin
Collins, Dan Harrelson, Jean Lau, Rebecca Lawson, John
Magee, Steve Rokov, Marc-Thomas Schmidt, Tom Turner, and
Dimitri Volkmann who generously gave of their time and tal-
ents by providing interviews and sharing important resources,
in some cases weighing in with multiple rounds of reviews.
Sourabh Dash, Joel Markham, and Achalesh Pandey reviewed
the manuscript under extremely tight deadlines, offering
important feedback and guidance. Daniel Erwin and Joanne
Mendel supplied a process diagram to illustrate the teamwork
involved in creating an IIoT application. I especially want to
thank Jayson DeLancey who helped us at every stage of creat-
ing this book, from the first conversation to outlines to drafts
to final review.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
10 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
Endnotes
1. Chris O’Brien, “Tim O’Reilly: Silicon Valley is massively underestimating
the impact of IoT (interview),” VentureBeat, March 04, 2015, accessed July
18, 2017, https://venturebeat.com/2015/03/04/tim-oreilly-silicon-valley-is-
massively-underestimating-the-impact-of-iot-interview/.
2. https://gereports.ca/new-industrial-internet-report-from-ge-finds-that-
combination-of-networks-and-machines-could-add-10-to-15-trillion-to-
global-gdp/
3. https://www.ge.com/digital/blog/everything-you-need-know-about-industrial-
internet-things
4. “Citizen developer,” Gartner IT Glossary, http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/
citizen-developer.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
1
Understanding the
Industrial Edge
Ten years ago when a pump in a remote oil field failed, nearly
a month might pass before anyone even knew it had hap-
pened. That’s because the oil company dispatched a technician
in a pickup truck to drive around and check each of thousands
of pumps scattered over hundreds of square miles over the
course of weeks. After discovering that a pump had failed—
potentially weeks earlier—the company then dispatched
another technician to repair the bad pump. Meanwhile, that
pump had lost weeks of production.
Now there’s a way to find out what’s happening at each
of those pumps. Developers are creating applications that get
information from what’s called the Industrial Edge where smart
sensors, ruggedized routers, and other connected equipment
collect real-time data from all sorts of industrial machinery.
These applications monitor and analyze that data to identify
problems and potential issues. As soon as a pump fails, or
even before it fails, a technician can be on the way, replace-
ment parts in-hand. Time saved: three weeks. Money saved:
millions of dollars.
11
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
12 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 1: Understanding the Industrial Edge 13
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
14 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
OT Environment IT Environment
Pace of Hardened environment Goal is continuous
change designed to be intact for years delivery; refresh cycles
or even decades. in seconds, months at
most.
Environment Unfamiliar for most develop- Familiar. Offices,
of users ers. Wide variation. Extreme homes, mobile users
heat, cold, dust particulates on the go.
in the air, moisture, humid-
ity, bright sunlight, low light,
underground mines, loud
noises, hard hats, gloves.
Sanitary operating rooms.
Aircraft in flight. High-speed
rail.
Standardization Many protocols, often pro- Standardized on
prietary, standards vary by Internet protocols.
industry.
Use of the latest Sometimes. Usually.
computers,
analytics, cloud
resources
Downtime Limiting downtime is critical Not as important as in
and an order of magnitude OT (unless you’re talk-
more expensive than IT. ing about online order-
ing on Black Friday).
Safety One of the highest priorities. Not usually a factor.
Connectivity Intermittent, dial-up. High speed Internet.
Constraints Hard: Laws of physics, deter- Soft: Business drivers,
ministic processes. evolving priorities.
Top priority Keep operations going at all Dynamic shifts may
(prime directive) costs. occur based on evolv-
ing business strategy.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 1: Understanding the Industrial Edge 15
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
16 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 1: Understanding the Industrial Edge 17
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
18 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
A diversity of protocols
What enabled the immense leap forward in progress in modern
computing? You can argue that TCP/IP did with HTTP close
behind. Internet protocols paved the way, with rough consen-
sus and running code.2
But the world of OT is highly specialized, and standards
development reflects that specialization, which means that as
you find your edge environment, you’ll also discover, as in a trip
to India, many official languages. This is why you need an edge
gateway that converts between protocols and standardizes data
streams. Table 1-2 lists a few of the protocols we’ve seen in use.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 1: Understanding the Industrial Edge 19
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
20 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 1: Understanding the Industrial Edge 21
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
22 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
They can see not only which pumps are running but also deter-
mine the performance of the pumps and their yield. They can
decide whether to run them all or a subset and when to sched-
ule maintenance.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 1: Understanding the Industrial Edge 23
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
24 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 1: Understanding the Industrial Edge 25
Endnotes
1. Ralph is fictional, here to personalize the world of OT for you. He is a guide
with a deep understanding of how everything works. You may learn from
industrial domain experts and plant managers, but I suggest getting to know
the people closest to the machines. OT experts like Ralph are retiring at a
rapid rate, so learn now.
2. The Tao of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). See ietf.org/tao.html.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
2
A Platform Architecture
for IIoT Applications
26
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 2: A Platform Architecture for IIoT Applications 27
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 2: A Platform Architecture for IIoT Applications 29
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
30 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 2: A Platform Architecture for IIoT Applications 31
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
32 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 2: A Platform Architecture for IIoT Applications 33
Distributed architecture
The IIoT requires capabilities both at the edge and in the cloud.
Should data be stored at the edge and analyzed there? Should
it be ingested into the cloud, combined with historical data,
and analyzed using machine learning techniques? For any
given IIoT application, these may not be mutually exclusive
design choices. Some analytics may be better performed at the
edge for a variety of reasons.
Think of a speeding train, with a video stream monitoring
the train tracks for obstructions. The analytics on that stream
that recognize possible obstacles must work on the edge—on
the train—to alert the operator in real time. That same video
stream may be later uploaded to the cloud and analyzed to
prioritize maintenance activities such as repairing track or
switches or addressing environmental elements such as trees
or streams that may impede future train operations.
Having a platform that offers flexible support for a distrib-
uted architecture offers developers the ability to choreograph
the dance between the edge and the cloud stacks in a way
that makes the most sense for their application and its unique
requirements. (See Chapter 4 for more on this topic.)
Further, a platform built for industrial scale can manage
the complexity of having thousands of assets at numerous
locations and provide visibility and insight into those assets
through an edge manager. An edge manager enables you to
manage software assets centrally even though physical assets
are highly distributed. The edge infrastructure knows where
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
34 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
End-to-end security
The security of IIoT applications is a topic of critical concern
to developers, and rightly so. Entire books and certificate pro-
grams2 are available on the subject of industrial cybersecu-
rity, and more will follow. When evaluating IIoT platforms,
consider their support for end-to-end security so that your
applications can take advantage of platform capabilities. The
following sections highlight some aspects of end-to-end secu-
rity but are by no means comprehensive.
When you focus on security for a consumer app or plat-
form in the IT realm, you’re working in a world where Internet
connectivity generally is a given. Your tasks run along well-
defined patterns and include penetration testing, code review,
and static code analysis. As you move into OT applications
and architecture, the tasks and challenges you face will be
new. You’re often working with legacy devices built decades
earlier. These devices, controllers, and other equipment don’t
meet the security standards implemented in newer devices.
That’s because they were never intended to be connected to
the Internet or any larger network.
Coming from the IT side, your immediate thought might
be to replace these legacy devices. You’re probably used to
replacing older computers with newer ones and realizing a
fast ROI and increased productivity. That’s not how the indus-
trial world works. In the industrial space, much of this special-
ized equipment is expensive with an expected life measured
in decades. Certification mandates and compliance rules also
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 2: A Platform Architecture for IIoT Applications 35
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
36 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 2: A Platform Architecture for IIoT Applications 37
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
38 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 2: A Platform Architecture for IIoT Applications 39
Data science
The ultimate goal of IIoT apps is analyzing data to gain
insights, improve operations, and predict behavior. Use cases
include providing visibility into remote equipment, production
processes, and energy use; preventing unplanned downtime;
and optimizing the operation of individual assets, a process, or
even an entire plant. Each of these use cases requires analytics.
Support for a wide variety of data science tools and techniques
is a baseline requirement for IIoT platforms.
An IIoT platform needs analytics services as well as
machine learning capabilities to enable the broadest use of ana-
lytics capabilities by all developers. A key benefit of working
with an open platform is the ability to widely leverage models
and analytics built by data scientists—write once, use many.
Furthermore, using a platform that captures industrial domain
knowledge offers the option of building on the work of other
industrial professionals. By using a platform that offers ana-
lytics built for various types of industrial analysis, including
anomaly detection, time series analytics, quality control, and
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
40 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 2: A Platform Architecture for IIoT Applications 41
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
42 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
of the loop has the potential to take work done using advanced
analytics and use it to change the physical operation of the
inner loop based on the optimizations identified. This is one of
the reasons that the IIoT is such an exciting area. You not only
identify what could be changed, but you also can change the
physical running of equipment to implement those changes in
the real world.
But with great power comes great responsibility. Security is
paramount for such applications. And compliance and safety
may require the use of advanced automation in order to drive
any change to the physical world. At one company that deals
with equipment related to natural gas incidents, some 5,000
logic conditions must be checked before any change can be
made to the environment. Managing change at that scale and
level of detail requires advanced automation because omitting
a step could quite literally result in an explosion.
Endnotes
1. The document describing the Industrial Internet Reference Architecture is
58 pages long at this writing, and is well worth reading and studying. Go to
iiconsortium.org/IIRA.htm to download the latest version.
2. The International Society of Automation (ISA) offers certification and train-
ing in cybersecurity for the Industrial Internet through its IEC 62443 pro-
gram. Visit isa.org to learn more.
3. The term data center has a great deal of flexibility when it comes to the edge.
The edge might be in motion: on a locomotive or aircraft. In such cases, all
data collected is stored at the edge, at least temporarily.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
3
Digital Twins
43
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
44 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 3: Digital Twins 45
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
46 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 3: Digital Twins 47
Digital Twins create the most value when they come to life as
reusable components typically controlled by RESTful APIs that
can power many applications.
Enough work has been done on Digital Twins that early
patterns for their anatomy are starting to emerge. In most
cases, Digital Twins capture three aspects of the devices they
are paired with: the structure, context, and behavior.
Structure
The mission of a Digital Twin is to make a physical system
work better. So, to do its job, the Digital Twin must reflect the
structure of the device in a useful way and change as the physi-
cal device does, either because of wear or maintenance.
The starting point for most Digital Twins is to create a
model of the physical asset. The granularity and scope of the
model of the physical world varies widely based on the way
that the device works and the opportunities for optimization.
In many cases, aspects of the physical systems are ignored or
greatly simplified because such detail won’t help. In some
cases, when important information can be harvested, a Digital
Twin might be a detailed model of just one subsystem.
Here are a few examples showing the range of models:
• For a wind turbine, you might have a digital representa-
tion of the blades, the gearbox, the controller, and the
pin that holds the construct up.
• The models of the jet engines focused on six crucial
parts out of thousands. It isn’t uncommon for a Digital
Twin to focus on the single most crucial part in a device.
• It’s also possible for a Digital Twin to focus on multiple
devices, such as a set of pumps working together to keep
a flow of liquid going, or even a whole plant or assembly
line. In this case, the system is being optimized.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
48 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
Context
It’s important to realize that almost every Digital Twin model
also tracks the key conditions that affect the operation of the
system. In the jet engine example, temperature and other exter-
nal conditions are tracked just as sensors from the device are.
In addition, in most OT environments, a multitude of other
systems in play such as ERP, MES, historians, PLC and DCS
systems, and so on can provide additional, rich detail.
Of course, doing all of this can entail a massive data inte-
gration problem that requires knowledge of protocols and data
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 3: Digital Twins 49
formats. But that’s what IIoT platforms are for, right? Digital
Twins as implemented in Predix often use a graph repository
for asset structure, a relational database (RDBMS) for track-
ing contextual metadata, and a time series repository for the
streaming data from sensors.
Machine learning and AI have added powerful elements
to the creation of context for Digital Twins. These techniques
make it possible to automatically or semi-automatically inte-
grate and correlate fiendishly complex industrial data, includ-
ing all the streams of sensor data. Machine learning and AI also
make it possible to monitor dozens, hundreds, or even more
data sources to determine if any key signals are correlated
with important events. Machine learning enables the creation
of better models using advanced techniques for model discov-
ery. Machine learning and AI have enabled multiple modes of
learning for Digital Twins. These Digital Twins can learn from
peers, humans, historical context, and simulations.
Behavior
A Digital Twin also has methods, that is, code serving a vari-
ety of functions, which are sometimes referred to by these
umbrella term behaviors:
• Reporting and analytics are the most common starting
point for Digital Twin behaviors. Making sense of the
data is often the first step to figuring out what else to
build and how to build it.
• Predictive models are the way that many early Digital
Twin projects have succeeded. But the rich collection of
time series data that most Digital Twins assemble pro-
vides fertile ground for predictive models of all sorts
that achieve many kinds of optimizations. The predic-
tions are compared to actual results so that the models
can be improved on a continual basis.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
50 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 3: Digital Twins 51
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
52 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
54 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 3: Digital Twins 57
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
58 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
Fostering reuse
One of the results of the success of the jet engine Digital Twin
program was an increased appetite for creating more Digital
Twins for different parts of the aircraft and for enhancing the
capabilities of those that proved successful. This desire shined
a spotlight on the issue of increasing developer productivity.
The Digital Twins used in the jet engine program took an
average of twenty-five weeks to build and deploy. By work-
ing with a platform that supports reuse, GE Aviation hopes to
reduce that time to six weeks.
Accelerating development of Digital Twins requires a plat-
form that performs the same sort of functions seen in other
development domains. The key is to create infrastructure ser-
vices and other components that support a division of labor
among all of the needed participants.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
4
Creating Your IIoT
Application
59
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
60 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 4: Creating Your IIoT Application 61
If Ralph and his people don’t like the app, they won’t use
it. That’s right—you can’t forget Ralph, with his 40 years of
OT experience. You could pull Ralph away from his pumps
and get him in the meeting, but you’ll also need to go to him.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
62 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 4: Creating Your IIoT Application 63
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
64 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Chapter 4: Creating Your IIoT Application 65
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
66 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
68 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
70 Industrial Internet of Things for Developers
Endnotes
1. Contact the TITAN app team (John Andrechak, Andy Cash, Girish Modgil,
and Paul Park) at titan.questions@ge.com.
2. Most apps need a team. But as mentioned in Chapter 1, industrial data has
been trapped for a long time, and there are many simple use cases that repre-
sent low-hanging fruit. If you have an idea that falls in this category, go for it.
3. See gartner.com/it-glossary/citizen-developer.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
These materials are © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA.