0 Page |1

MATH 2163 CALCULUS APPLIED TO BUSINESS Example 1: Using the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) below, determine the
following:
CHAPTER 3. DERIVATIVES a. lim+ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→0

3.1 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION b. lim− 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→0

c. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 . Discuss the behavior of 𝑓(𝑥) numerically, 𝑥→0

graphically, and algebraically as 𝑥 becomes closer to 2. d. 𝑔(0) 3

e. lim+ 𝑔(𝑥)
DEF: We write 𝑥→1 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 f. lim 𝑔(𝑥) 1
𝑥→1−
or 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝐿 as 𝑥 → 𝑐 if the functional value of 𝑓(𝑥) is close to
the single real number 𝐿 whenever 𝑥 is close to, but not g. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
-1 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥→1 -2
necessarily equal to, 𝑐 (on either side of 𝑐).
h. 𝑔(1)
|𝑥|
Example: Analyze the behavior of 𝑓(𝑥) = as 𝑥 → 0. i. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥→3+

j. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→3−
DEF: We write
k. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐾 𝑥→3
𝑥→𝑐 −
and call 𝐾 as the limit from the left (left-hand limit) if 𝑓(𝑥) is l. 𝑔(3)
close to 𝐾 whenever 𝑥 is close to 𝑐 but from the left of 𝑐, on the
real number line.

We write
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 +
and call 𝑀 as the limit from the right (right-hand limit) if 𝑓(𝑥)
is close to 𝑀 whenever 𝑥 is close to 𝑐 but from the right of 𝑐, on
the real number line.

For a limit to exist, the limit from the left and the limit
from the right must exist and be equal.
 Page |2

Example 2: Let 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3
. Complete the table below. EVALUATING LIMITS
𝑥−3
Properties of Limits
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions and assume that
2.9
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑀
2.99 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

2.999 where 𝐿 and 𝑀 are real numbers (both limit exist) Then:

2.9999 1. lim 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐

2.99999 2. lim 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥→𝑐

3. lim [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 ± 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
4. lim𝑘𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 lim𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝐿 for any constant 𝑘
3.1 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

3.01
5. lim [𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)] = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)] [lim 𝑔(𝑥) ] = 𝐿𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
3.001
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
3.0001 𝑓(𝑥)
6. lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥→𝑐 𝐿
= 𝑀 if 𝑀 ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑐 lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
3.00001
𝑛
7. lim 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√lim𝑓(𝑥) = √𝐿 𝐿 > 0 for 𝑛 even
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Evaluate: 1 1
8. lim 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑐 ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→3−

lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→3+

lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→3
 Page |3

0 𝑥+1 𝑥 < −1
INDETERMINATE OF FORM 0
Example 2: Let 𝑔(𝑥) = {𝑥 2 − 1 −1≤𝑥 <1
2−𝑥 𝑥≥1
To evaluate the limits of rational functions as 𝑥 approaches to
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
a constant, and lim 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐 0
= 0, either factor completely Determine
𝑥→𝑐 lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
a. lim 𝑔(𝑥) e. lim+ 𝑔(𝑥)
or rationalize the denominator or numerator of given 𝑥→−1+ 𝑥→1
expression and then evaluate the limit using the previously b. lim 𝑔(𝑥) f. lim− 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→−1− 𝑥→1
discussed theorems on limits.
c. lim 𝑔(𝑥) g. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→−1 𝑥→1
Example1: Using the properties of limits, evaluate the
d. 𝑔(−1) h. 𝑔(1)
following:
2𝑥 + 3 𝑥<0
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
a. lim (4𝑥 + 5) i. lim Example 3: Let 𝑔(𝑥) = { 4 0≤𝑥<2
𝑥→3 𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
𝑥2 𝑥≥2
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 Determine
b. lim 𝑥(𝑥 + 6) j. lim
𝑥→−4 𝑥→3 𝑥+3
a. lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) e. lim− 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥→2
𝑥 √𝑥+5−2
c. lim k. lim 𝑥+1
𝑥→−2 𝑥+5 𝑥→−1 b. lim− 𝑔(𝑥) f. lim+ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥→2

d. lim
𝑥−2
l. lim
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4 c. lim 𝑔(𝑥) g. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥→2
𝑥→2 𝑥 𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
d. 𝑔(0) h. 𝑔(2)
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑥−1
e. lim m. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥−2 𝑥→1 √𝑥−1

3
√𝑥−1
f. lim √2𝑥 2 + 3 n. lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1

𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
g. lim (4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 1) o. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−3 𝑥+3

3 √2𝑥−√6−𝑥
h. lim √2𝑥 − 1 p. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥→2 4−𝑥 2
 Page |4

LIMITS AT INFINITY c. lim (3𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1)

𝑥→−∞
1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 . Examine the behavior of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 increases or d. lim (−3𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→−∞
decreases without bound. e. lim (5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→−∞

f. lim (−5𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→−∞
THEOREM: Let 𝑝 be a positive real number and 𝑘 is any real
3𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1
g. lim
constant. Then, 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 −4

𝑘 3𝑥+1
1. lim =0 h. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥𝑝

∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0 8−2𝑥 2
2. lim 𝑘𝑥 𝑝 = { i. lim
−∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 < 0 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 2 −9
𝑥→∞
3𝑥 3 −5
∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 j. lim
𝑥→−∞ 2𝑥 2 +9
∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
3. lim 𝑘𝑥 𝑝 = {
𝑥→−∞ −∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
−∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 INFINITE LIMITS
1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 . Examine the behavior of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 gets closer
∞
INDETERMINATE FORM ∞
and closer to 0.
To evaluate the limits of rational functions as 𝑥 approaches to THEOREM: Let 𝑘 be a nonzero real number.
either ∞ or −∞, divide first each term in the rational function Suppose lim𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 and lim𝑔(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
with the variable of the highest exponent and then evaluate 𝑓(𝑥)
1. If 𝑘 > 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) → 0+ then lim =∞
the limit using the previously discussed theorems on limits. 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
2. If 𝑘 > 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) → 0− then lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −∞
𝑥→𝑐
Example: Evaluate the following limits. 𝑓(𝑥)
3. If 𝑘 < 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) → 0+ then lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −∞
𝑥→𝑐
a. lim (−4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2)
𝑥→∞ 𝑓(𝑥)
4. If 𝑘 < 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) → 0− then lim 𝑔(𝑥) = ∞
b. lim (−4𝑥 5 3
− 6𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→∞
 Page |5

Example: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = (2+𝑥)(2−𝑥)

5𝑥
3.2 CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION
DEF: A function 𝑓 is continuous at the point 𝑥 = 𝑐 if and only
Evaluate a. lim −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→−2
if the following hold
b. lim +𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→−2 (i) lim𝑓(𝑥) exists (ii) 𝑓(𝑐) exists (iii) lim𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
c. lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→2 Otherwise, the function is said to be discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 or
d. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) to have a point of discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
𝑥→2

Remarks:
1. If lim𝑓(𝑥) exists and lim𝑔(𝑥) = ±∞ then A function is continuous on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if it is
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

(𝑎)lim[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = ±∞ (𝑏) lim[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = ∓∞ continuous at each point on the interval.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

2. If lim𝑓(𝑥) = ∞ and 𝑔(𝑥) → ∞ then

𝑥→𝑐
Continuity Properties of some Specific Functions
lim[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = ∞
𝑥→𝑐 a. a constant function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 , where 𝑘 is constant, is
continuous for all 𝑥.
b. For any positive integer 𝑛, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 is continuous for
all 𝑥.
c. A polynomial function is continuous for all 𝑥.
d. A rational function is continuous for all 𝑥 except those
values that make a denominator 0.
e. For any positive odd integer 𝑛, 𝑛 > 1 , 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) is
continuous wherever 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous.
f. For any positive even integer 𝑛,, 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) is continuous
wherever 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous and nonnegative.
 Page |6

DEF: Let 𝑓 be a function that is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐. We say Example 2:

that 𝑓 has a removable discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥<0
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = { 4 0≤𝑥<2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists. Otherwise, we say 𝑓 has an essential
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥2 𝑥≥2
discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
Discuss the continuity of 𝑔(𝑥) at (a) 𝑥 = 0 (b) 𝑥 = 2 (c) 𝑥 = 3

If a function 𝑓 has an essential discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐. Then

|𝑥|
the following are the possibilities. Example 3: Discuss the continuity of 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥
(a) 𝑓 has a jump discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if the one sided
limits exist but are not equal, that is 3.3 RATE OF CHANGE
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑥→𝑐
DEF: For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the average rate of change from 𝑥 = 𝑎
(b) 𝑓 has an infinite discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if at least one of
to 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ is
the one-sided limits of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 𝑐 is either ∞ or −∞.
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
=
(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑎 ℎ
Example 1: Using the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) below, determine if it is where ℎ ≠ 0.
continuous
at DEF: For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the instantaneous rate of change at
(a) 𝑥 = 0 𝒙 = 𝒂 is
(b) 𝑥 = 1 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim
(c) 𝑥 = 3 ℎ→0 ℎ
3
if the limit exists.
2
1

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Page |7

Example 1: The revenue (in dollars) from the sale of 𝑥 plastic 3.4 THE DERIVATIVE (DEFINITION)
planter boxes is given by 𝑅(𝑥) = 20𝑥 − 0.02𝑥 2 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 000.
DEF: The slope of a tangent line to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 is
(a) What is the change in revenue if production is changed given by lim
𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
.
ℎ→0 ℎ
from 100planters to 400 planters?
Example: Find the slope of the tangent line of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
(b) What is the average change in revenue for this change
in production? at 𝑥 = 1. Find also the equation of this tangent line.

Example 2: Using data from the US Bureau of the Census, an DEF:

analyst constructed the following function to model the For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), we define the derivative 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥
number of farms (in thousands) in the United States: (at any 𝑥 in its domain), denoted by 𝑓′(𝑥) be
𝑓(𝑡) = 2300 + 4𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 where 𝑡 is time in years and 𝑡 = 0 Δ𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
corresponds to 1974.
provided the limit exists. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) exists for each 𝑥 in the open
(a) Find the number of farms in 1984
interval (𝑎, 𝑏), then f is said to be differentiable at 𝑥 over the
(b) Approximate the instantaneous rate of change of the
interval (𝑎, 𝑏).
number of farms with respect to time in 1984 by
constructing a table of values.
Interpretation of derivative: slope of the tangent line,
(c) Interpret the results in parts (a) and (b).
instantaneous rate of change
 Page |8

3.5 DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC 3.6 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

1. derivative of a constant function: Let 𝑐 be any real Exponential function: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

Logarithmic function: 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑏 > 0
number,
Derivatives:
𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(𝑐) = 0 (log 𝑎 𝑢) = (log 𝑎 𝑒)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. power rule: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 , 𝑛 any real number 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(ln 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
3. derivative of a constant times a function:
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑
𝑘𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑘 any constant (𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3 derivative of sum or difference: 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Examples
1. Find the derivative of the following with respect to 𝑥.
5. derivative of product:
a. 𝑦 = log 𝑎 √2𝑥 3 − 5
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 b. 𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 + 5
[𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 c. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 1)1⁄2
𝑒 2𝑥
d. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1
6. derivative of quotient:
e. 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 + 2)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 f. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+ln 𝑥
[ ]= g. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)3 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2
2 5
h. 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 5)
7. general power rule: Let 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥). i. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑡 4 − 3𝑡 2 + 1)3
2
𝑑 𝑑 2. Determine 𝑓’(1) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 −2
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑢, 𝑛 any real number
𝑑𝑥
 Page |9

3.7 MARGINAL ANALYSIS IN BUSINESS AND Note: Similar interpretations can be made for total revenue
ECONOMICS functions and total profit functions.

MARGINAL COST, REVENUE, AND PROFIT MARGINAL AVERAGE COST, REVENUE, AND PROFIT

If 𝑥 is the number of units of a product produced in some time If 𝑥 is the number of units of a product produced in some time
interval, then interval, then
𝐶(𝑥)= total cost Cost per unit:
𝐶(𝑥)
𝐶′(𝑥)= marginal cost 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶(𝑥) =
𝑥
𝑅(𝑥)= total revenue 𝑑
𝑅′(𝑥)= marginal revenue 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐶(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥) − 𝐶(𝑥) = total profit
𝑃′(𝑥) = 𝑅′(𝑥) − 𝐶′(𝑥) = marginal profit Revenue per unit:
𝑅(𝑥)
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 = 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑥
MARGINAL COST ANDEXACT COST 𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 = 𝑅 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥)
Definition: 𝑑𝑥
Marginal Cost Function: If 𝐶(𝑥) is the total cost of producing
𝑥 items, the marginal cost function 𝐶′(𝑥) approximates the cost Profit per unit:
𝑃(𝑥)
of producing one more item at a production level of 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑃(𝑥) =
𝑥
𝑥 items. 𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑃′ (𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑥)
If 𝐶(𝑥) is the total cost of producing 𝑥 items, the marginal cost 𝑑𝑥
function 𝐶′(𝑥) approximates the exact cost of producing the
(𝑥 + 1)𝑡ℎ item:

Total cost of producing (𝑥 + 1) items = 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)

Total cost of producing 𝑥 items = 𝐶(𝑥)
Exact cost of producing (𝑥 + 1)𝑡ℎ item = 𝐶(𝑥 + 1) − 𝐶(𝑥)
Approximate cost of producing (𝑥 + 1)𝑡ℎ item = 𝐶 ′ (𝑥)
Marginal Cost 𝐶 ′ (𝑥) ≈ Exact Cost: 𝐶(𝑥 + 1) − 𝐶(𝑥)
 P a g e | 10

Examples: 3. The price 𝑝 dollars and the demand 𝑥 for a particular clock
radio are related by the equation
Example 1: According to classical economic theory, the
𝑥 = 4000 − 40𝑝
demand 𝑥 for a quantity in a free market decreases as the
(a) Express the price 𝑝 in terms of the demand 𝑥 and
price 𝑝 increases. Suppose that the number 𝑥 of CD players
find the domain of this function
people are willing to buy per week from a retail chain at a price
4000 (b) Find the revenue from the sale of 𝑥 clock radios and
of p pesos is given by 𝑥 = .1𝑝+1 10 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 70.
determine its domain
𝑑𝑥
a. Find . Find the demand and the instantaneous (c) Find the marginal revenue at a production level of
𝑑𝑝

rate of change of demand with respect to price when 1600 clock radios and interpret the result
the price is Php40. Write a brief verbal (d) Find the marginal revenue at a production level of
interpretation of these results. 2500 clock radios and interpret the result
b. Use the results from (b) to estimate the demand if
the price is increased to Php41. 4. The total profit (in dollars) from the sale of 𝑥 skateboards
is
2. The total sales S (in thousands of CDs) for a compact disk is 𝑃(𝑥) = 30𝑥 − 0.3𝑥 2 − 250 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 100
90𝑡 2
given by 𝑆(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 +50 where t is the number of months since the (a) Find the exact cost from the sale of the 26th
release of the CD. skateboard
(a) Find 𝑆’(𝑡). (b) Use the marginal profit to approximate the profit
(b) Find 𝑆(10) and 𝑆’(10) and write a brief description of from the sale of the 26th skateboard.
these results.
(c) Use the result in b to estimate the total sales after 11
months.
 P a g e | 11

5. The total cost (in dollars) of manufacturing 𝑥 auto body (b) Find the revenue function in terms of 𝑥 and state its
frames is domain
𝐶(𝑥) = 60000 + 300𝑥
(a) Find the average cost of per unit if 500 frames are (c) Assume that the cost function is linear. Use the financial
produced department’s estimates to express the cost function in terms
(b) Find the marginal average cost at a production level of 𝑥
of 500 units and interpret the result
(c) Use the results from parts a and b to estimate the (d) Graph the cost function and the revenue function on the
average cost per frame if 501 frames are produced same coordinate system for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1000. Find the break-even
6. A company is planning to manufacture and market a new points and indicate regions of loss and profit
two-slice electric toaster. After conducting extensive market
surveys, the research department provides the following (e) Find the profit function in terms of 𝑥
estimates: a weekly demand of 200 toasters at a price of $16
per toaster and a weekly demand of 300 toasters at a price of (f) Evaluate the marginal profit at 𝑥 = 250 and 𝑥 = 475 and
$14 per toaster. The financial department estimates that interpret the results
weekly fixed costs will be $1400 and variable costs (cost per
unit) will be $4.
(a) Assume that the relationship between the price 𝑝 and the
demand 𝑥 is linear. Use the research department’s estimates
to express 𝑝 as a function of 𝑥 and find the domain of this
function

7. The total profit (in dollars) from the sale of 𝑥 lawn mowers
is
𝑃(𝑥) = 30𝑥 − 0.03𝑥 2 − 750 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1000
(a) Find the average profit per mower if 50 mowers are
produced
(b) Find the marginal profit at a production level of 50 mowers
and interpret the result
(c) Use the results form parts 𝑎 and 𝑏 to estimate the average
profit per mower if 51 mowers are produced.
8. The total cost (in millions) of producing x calculators per day
is 𝐶(𝑥) = 10 + √2𝑥 + 16 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 50
(a) Find the marginal cost at a production level of 𝑥 calculators
(b) Find 𝐶’(24) and 𝐶’(42) and interpret the results.
P a g e | 12
HOMEWORK/SEATWORK:
Answer each of the following on short bond papers.
1. A company manufactures fuel tanks automobiles. The
total weekly cost (in dollars) of producing 𝑥 tanks is
given by 𝐶(𝑥) = 10000 + 90𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2
a. Find the marginal cost function
b. Find 𝐶 ′ (500)and interpret the result
c. Find the exact cost of producing the 501st tank and
discuss the relationship between this result and the
marginal cost found in part 𝑏.
2. A small machine shop manufactures drill bits used in
the petroleum industry. The shop manager estimates
that the total daily cost (in dollars) of producing 𝑥 bits
is
𝐶(𝑥) = 1000 + 25𝑥 − 0.1𝑥 2
a. Find 𝐶(𝑥) and 𝐶 ′ (𝑥)
b. Find 𝐶(10) and 𝐶 ′ (10) and interpret
c. Use the results in part 𝑏 to estimate the average cost
per bit at a production level of 11 bits per day.

3. The total cost of (in pesos) of producing x tennis rackets
per day is 𝐶(𝑥) = 800 + 60𝑥 − 0.25𝑥 2 with 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 120.
a. Find the marginal cost at a production level of 𝑥
rackets.
b. Find the marginal cost at a production level of 60
rackets and interpret the result.
c. Find the actual cost of producing the 61st racket and
compare the result found in b.
d. Find 𝐶’(80) and interpret the result.
4. The market research department of a company
recommends that the company manufacture and
market a new transistor radio. After suitable test
marketing, the department presents the following
price-demand equation:
𝑥 the same coordinate system, find the intersection
= 10000
− 1000𝑝 (𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝)
→ 𝑝 = 10 − .001𝑥
where 𝑥 is the number of radios retailers are likely to
buy at 𝑝 dollars per radio.
P a g e | 13
The financial department provides the following cost
function:
𝐶(𝑥) = 7000 + 2𝑥
where $7000 is the estimate fixed cost (tooling and
overhead) and $2 is the estimate variable cost per radio
(materials, labor, marketing, transportation, storage,
etc)
a. Find the domain of the function defined by the price-
demand equation
b. Find the marginal cost function and interpret
c. Find the revenue function as a function of 𝑥 and find
its domain
d. Find the marginal revenue at 𝑥 = 2000, 𝑥 = 5000,
𝑥 = 7000 and interpret these results
e. Graph the cost function and the revenue function in
points of these graphs and interpret the results
f. Find the profit function and its domain, sketch its
graph
g. Find the marginal profit at 𝑥 = 1000, 𝑥 = 4000, 𝑥 =
6000 and interpret these results

3.8 MAXIMA AND MINIMA PROBLEMS, HIGHER
ORDER DERIVATIVES, OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
INCREASING/DECREASING FUNCTIONS
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an interval 𝐼
a. 𝑓 is said to be (strictly) increasing on 𝐼 if 𝑓(𝑎) < 𝑓(𝑏) for all
𝑎, 𝑏 in the interval such that 𝑎 < 𝑏.
b. 𝑓 is said to be (strictly) decreasing on 𝐼 if 𝑓(𝑎) > 𝑓(𝑏) for
all 𝑎, 𝑏 in the interval such that 𝑎 < 𝑏.
THEOREM: Let 𝑓 be a function that is continuous on the
closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiable on the open interval
(𝑎, 𝑏).
1. if 𝑓’(𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 in (𝑎, 𝑏) then f is increasing on [𝑎, 𝑏].
2. if 𝑓’(𝑥) < 0 for all 𝑥 in (𝑎, 𝑏) then f is decreasing on [𝑎, 𝑏].
3. if 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0 for all 𝑥 in (𝑎, 𝑏) then f is constant on [𝑎, 𝑏].
CRITICAL NUMBERS
The values of 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓 where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 or 𝑓′(𝑥)
does not exist are called the critical values of 𝒇 or critical
numbers. The critical values of 𝑓 are always partition
numbers for ′ , but 𝑓′ may have partition points that are not
critical values. Critical values of a function 𝑓 are always on its
domain.
P a g e | 14
LOCAL EXTREMA
When the graph of a continuous function changes from
increasing to decreasing, a high point, or local maximum,
occurs, and when the graph changes from decreasing to
increasing, a low point, or local minimum, occurs. In general,
we call 𝑓(𝑐) a local maximum if there exists an interval
(𝑎, 𝑏) containing 𝑐 such that 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑐) for all 𝑥 in (𝑎, 𝑏) and
the quantity 𝑓(𝑐) is called a local minimum if there exists
an interval (𝑎, 𝑏) containing 𝑐 such that 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑓(𝑐) for all 𝑥
in (𝑎, 𝑏).
The quantity 𝑓(𝑐) is called a local extremum if it is either a
local maximum or a local minimum. A point on a graph where
a local extremum occurs is also called a turning point.
(show graph)
Note: If 𝑓 has a local extrema at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then it is equivalent
to say that (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐)) is a local extremum point of 𝑓 or 𝑓(𝑐) is a
local extremum value of 𝑓.
THEOREM: If a function f has a local extremum at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then
𝑐 is a critical number of 𝑓.
THEOREM: Existence of Local Extrema
If 𝑓 is continuous on the interval (𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑐 is a number in (𝑎, 𝑏)
and 𝑓(𝑐) is a local extemum, then either 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 or 𝑓′(𝑐)
does not exist (is not defined).
 P a g e | 15

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST Examples:

1. Given the following functions, determine the intervals
First Derivative Test for Local Extrema where each is increasing, decreasing, the critical numbers,
and find all its local extrema.
Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑥3
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 3𝑥
which contains the number c. Suppose that f is differentiable (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3
𝑥2
on the interval (𝑎, 𝑏), except possibly at 𝑐. (c)𝑓(𝑥) = 9−𝑥 2
4 1
a. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 on (𝑎, 𝑐) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 on (𝑐, 𝑏) then 𝑓 has a (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 ⁄3 + 4𝑥 ⁄3
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 1.
local maximum at 𝑐. (or 𝑓(𝑐) is a local maximum value)
a. Find the critical values of 𝑓
b. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 on (𝑎, 𝑐) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 on (𝑐, 𝑏) then 𝑓 has a b. Find the local maxima and minima
c. Sketch a possible graph of 𝑓
local minimum at 𝑐. (or 𝑓(𝑐) is a local minimum value)
c. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) has the same sign on (𝑎, 𝑐) and (𝑐, 𝑏) then 𝑓
CONCAVITY
does not have a local extremum at 𝑐. (or 𝑓(𝑐) is not a
local extremum) The graph of a function f is said to be concave upward at the
point (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐)) if 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) exists and if there is an open interval I
For the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) containing c such that for all values of 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐 in I the point
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) Examples (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) on the graph is above the tangent line to the graph at
(𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐)).
+ increasing
The graph of a function f is said to be concave downward at
− decreasing the point (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐)) if 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) exists and if there is an open interval
I containing c such that for all values of 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐 in I the point
(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) on the graph is below the tangent line to the graph at
(show graphs for first derivative test)
(𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐)).

(show graphs)
 P a g e | 16

Test for Concavity INFLECTION POINT

Note: For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the second derivative of 𝑓, provided that it
exists, is An inflection point is a point on the graph of the function
𝑑 ′
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥) where the concavity changes (from upward to downward or
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 from downward to upward).
Other notations of 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) are 𝑑𝑥 2 , 𝑦 ′′ .

THEOREM: (Inflection Points)

If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on (𝑎, 𝑏) and has inflection point at
THEOREM: Let f be a function such that 𝑓’’ exists on (𝑎, 𝑏)
1. If 𝑓’’(𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 in (a, b), then the graph of 𝑓 is concave 𝑥 = 𝑐, then either 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) = 0 or 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) does not exist.
up on (𝑎, 𝑏)
A partition number 𝒄 for 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) produces an inflection point
2. If 𝑓’’(𝑥) < 0 for all 𝑥 in (a, b), then the graph of 𝑓 is concave
down on (𝑎, 𝑏) for the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) if and only if 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) changes sign at 𝑐 and
𝑐 is in the domain of 𝑓(𝑥).
For the interval (a, b)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) Graph of Examples
𝑓(𝑥)
Example:
Find the inflection point(s) of the following.
Concave
+ Increasing 𝑥3 𝑥2
upward (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = − 3𝑥 (c)𝑓(𝑥) = 9−𝑥 2
9
4⁄ 1⁄
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 3

Concave
− Decreasing
downward

Example: Determine the interval(s) where the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥 3 is concave upward and the interval where it is concave
downward.
 P a g e | 17

SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR RELATIVE EXTREMA OPTIMIZATION, ABSOLUTE MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Let 𝑓 be a function such that 𝑓’ and 𝑓’’ exist for all values of x Absolute Maxima and Minima
on some open interval containing x = c and f’(c) = 0 We say that 𝑓(𝑐) is an absolute maximum of 𝑓 if 𝑓(𝑐) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥)
1. If 𝑓’’(𝑐) < 0 , then 𝑓 has a relative maximum value at for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.
𝑥 = 𝑐. Similarly, 𝑓(𝑐) is an absolute minimum of 𝑓 if 𝑓(𝑐) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥)
2. If 𝑓’’(𝑐) > 0, then 𝑓 has a relative minimum value at 𝑥 = 𝑐. for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.
3. If 𝑓’’(𝑐) = 0, we have no conclusion (may or may not have a Note: Absolute extrema (if they exist) must always occur at
relative extremum at 𝑥 = 𝑐). critical values or at endpoints.

Let 𝑐 be a critical value for 𝑓(𝑥). (show examples)

Graph of Example
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑓(𝑥) Extreme Value Theorem
Concave Local A function 𝑓 that is continuous on a closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] has
0 +
upward minimum
both absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum
Concave Local
0 − value on that interval.
downward maximum
0 0 Test fails
THEOREM: If f has an absolute extrema on the open interval
Note: The first derivative test must be used whenever
𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) = 0 or 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) does not exist. (a, b) at x = c, then c is a critical number of 𝑓 on (a, b), that is,
either 𝑓’(𝑐) = 0 or 𝑓’(𝑐) is undefined.
Example: Using second derivative test, verify the local
extremes of the following.

𝑥3 𝑥2
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = − 3𝑥 (c)𝑓(𝑥) = 9−𝑥 2
9

4⁄ 1⁄
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 3
 P a g e | 18

Steps in Finding Absolute Extrema of a Continuous Function Second Derivative Test for Absolute Extrema When 𝑓 is
Continuous on an Interval 𝐼 and 𝑐 is the Only Critical Value
𝑓on a Closed Interval [𝑎, 𝑏]
in 𝐼
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) 𝑓(𝑐) Example
1. Check to make certain that 𝑓 is continuous over [𝑎, 𝑏] absolute
0 +
minimum
2. Find the critical values in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏)
absolute
3. Evaluate 𝑓 at the endpoints 𝑎 and 𝑏 and the critical values 0 −
maximum
found in step 2 0 0 Test fails
4. The absolute maximum 𝑓(𝑥) on [𝑎, 𝑏] is the largest of the
Example: Find the absolute maximum value of
values in step 3 9
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 12 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 on the interval (0, ∞)
5. The absolute minimum 𝑓(𝑥) on [𝑎, 𝑏] is the smallest of the 1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 on (−2, 1)
values in step 3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 𝑜𝑛 its domain

Examples:
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 7 on each of the following intervals:
a. [−6, 4] b. [−4, 2] c. [−2, 2]
1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 on [−2, 1]
2⁄
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 on [−8, 1]
 P a g e | 19

APPLICATIONS
4. The government has decided to tax the company in the
Strategies for Solving Applied Optimization Problems
previous example $2 for each radio produced. Taking into
1. Introduce variables and a function 𝑓 , including the
account this additional cost, how many radios should the
domain 𝐼 of 𝑓 , and then construct a mathematical
company manufacture each week to maximize its weekly
model of the form
profit? What is the maximum weekly profit? How much
Maximize (or minimize) 𝑓(𝑥) on the interval 𝐼
should the company charge for the radios to realize the
2. Find the absolute maximum (or minimum) value of 𝑓(𝑥)
maximum weekly profit?
on the interval 𝐼 and the value(s) of 𝑥 where this occurs.
5. A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard
3. Use the solution to the mathematical model to answer
24 inches long and 9 inches wide by cutting out identical
the questions asked in the problem.
squares from the four corners and turning up the sides.

Examples: Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be

1. Find the number in the interval [-2, 2] so that the difference formed.

of the number from its square is maximized.

6. A company manufactures and sells 𝑥 transistor radios per

2. Find two numbers whose sum is 10 that will yield the week. If the weekly cost (in dollars) and price-demand

maximum product. equations are 𝐶(𝑥) = 5000 + 2𝑥; 𝑝 = 10 − 0.001𝑥 0≤

𝑥 ≤ 10000

3. A farmer wishes to fence in a rectangular field of 10000 sq. Find the following for each week:

feet. The north-south fences will cost $1.50 per foot and the a. The maximum revenue

east-west fences will cost $6 per foot. Find the dimensions b. The maximum profit, the production level that will

of the field that will minimize the cost. realize the maximum profit, and the price that the
 P a g e | 20

company should charge for each radio to realize the Where 𝑥 is the number of pumps is sold each week and $𝑝
maximum profit is the price of one pump. If each pump costs the chain $3,
how should it be priced in order to maximize the weekly
7. A certain manufacturing company produces 𝑥 (in profit?
thousands) umbrellas with total cost function (in hundred
pesos), 𝐶(𝑥) = 15 + 9𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 . Find the number of 10. The cost of producing 𝑥units of a product is given by
umbrellas the company must produce to realized minimum 𝐶(𝑥) = 1000 + 200𝑥 − 200𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥≥1
cost. What is the minimum cost? Find the minimum average cost.

8. A factory producing a certain type of electronic component HOMEWORK/SEATWORK

has fixed costs of $250 per day and variable costs of 90x, 1. A national food service runs food concessions for sporting

where x is the number of components produced per day. events throughout the country. Their marketing research

The demand function for these components is p(x) = 250 - department chose a particular football stadium to test

x, and the feasible production levels satisfy 0 < x < 90. Find market a new jumbo hotdog. It was found that the demand

the level of production for maximum profit. for the new hotdog is given approximately by
𝑝 = 5 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 50
9. The market research department of a chain of pet stores test
Where 𝑥 is the number of hotdogs (in thousands) that can
marketed their aquarium pumps (as well as other items) in
be sold during one game at a price of $𝑝. If the
several of their stores in a test city. They found that the
concessionaire pays $1 for each hotdog, how should the
weekly demand for aquarium pumps is given
approximately by hotdogs be priced to maximize the profit per game?

𝑝 = 12 − 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 90 2. A publishing company sells 50000 copies of a certain book
each year. It costs the company $1 to store a book for one
year. Each time it must print additional copies, it costs the

company $1000 to set up the presses. How many books
should the company produce during each printing in order
to minimize its storage and setup costs?
3. A company manufactures and sells 𝑥 television sets per
month. The monthly cost and price-demand equations are
𝐶(𝑥) = 72000 + 60𝑥
𝑥
𝑝 = 200 − 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6000
30
a. Find the maximum revenue
b. Find the maximum profit, the production level that will
realize the maximum profit, and the price the company
should charge for each television set
c. If the government decides to tax the company $5 for
each set it produces, how many sets should the company
manufacture each month to maximize its profit? What
is the maximum profit? What should the company
charge for each set?
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3.9 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND RELATED
RATES
Suggestions in solving problems involving related rates
1. Let 𝑡 denote the elapsed time. If possible, draw a diagram
of the problem that is valid for any time t.
2. Select variables to represent the quantities that change
with respect to time. Label those quantities whose values
do not depend on 𝑡 with their given constant values.
3. Write down any numerical facts known about the variables.
Interpret each rate of change as the derivative of a variable
with respect to time. Remember that if a quantity
decreases over time, then its rate of change is negative.
4. Identify what is being asked.
5. Write an equation relating the variables that is valid at all
time 𝑡 > 0.
6. Differentiate the equation in (5) implicitly with respect to
time t.
7. Substitute in the equation obtained in (6) all the values
that are valid at the particular time of interest. Solve for
what is being asked.
8. Write a conclusion that answers the question of the
problem. Do not forget to include the correct units of
measurement.

Examples:
1. At a certain instant the dimensions of a rectangular
parallelepiped are 4, 5, and 6 feet, and they are increasing,
respectively, at the rates 1, 2, and 3 feet per second. At
what rate is the volume increasing?
2. A kite, at a height of 60 ft, is moving horizontally at a rate
of 5 ft per second away from the boy who flies it. How fast
is the cord being released when 100 ft are out?
3. Water is pouring into an inverted cone at the rate of 8 cu
feet per minute. If the height of the cone is 12 ft and the
radius of its base is 6 ft, how fast is the water level rising
when the water is 4 feet deep?
4. A ladder 10 meters long is leaning against a wall. If the
bottom of the ladder is being pulled horizontally towards
the wall at 2 m/s, how fast is the top of the ladder moving
when the bottom is 6 meters from the wall?
5. Suppose in a certain market that x thousands of crates of
oranges are supplied daily when p dollars is the price per
crate, and the supply equation is 𝑝𝑥 − 20𝑝 − 3𝑥 + 105 = 0.
If the daily supply is decreasing at the rate of 250 crates
per day, at what rate is the price changing when the daily
supply is 5000 crates?
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6. A retail store estimates that weekly sales 𝑠 and weekly
advertising costs 𝑥 (both in dollars) are related by 𝑠 =
60000 − 40000𝑒 −0.0005𝑥 . The current weekly advertising
costs are $2000 and these costs are increasing at the rate
of $300 per week. Find the current rate of change of sales.
7. The demand for a particular breakfast cereal is given by the
demand equation 𝑝𝑥 + 50𝑝 = 16000, where x thousands of
boxes are demanded when p cents is the price per box. If
the current price of the cereal is $1.60 per box and the price
per box is increasing at a rate of 0.4 cent each week, find
the rate of change in the demand.
8. A new worker on the production line performs an operation
in M minutes after x performances of the operation, as
1
given by 𝑀 = 2 (1 + 𝑥 3⁄2 ). If, after performing the operation
𝑑𝑥
9 times, the rate of improvement is = 3 operations per
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑀
hour, find the rate of improvement in time in
𝑑𝑡
performing each operation.
9. Suppose that for a company manufacturing calculators, the
cost, revenue and profit equations are given by
𝐶(𝑥) = 90000 + 30𝑥 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑥 3
= 300𝑥 − 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥) − 𝐶(𝑥)
30
Where the production output in one week is 𝑥 calculators.
If production is increasing at the rate of 500 calculators per
week when production output is 6000 calculators, find the
rate of change of cost, revenue and profit.
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