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History
In the history of wireless technology, the demonstration of the theory of
electromagnetic waves by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1888 was important. The theory of
electromagnetic waves was predicted from the research of James Clerk Maxwell and
Michael Faraday. In the 1860s the British scientist James Clerk Maxwell predicted the
possibility of generating electromagnetic waves that would travel at the speed of light.
Twenty years later the German physicist Heinrich Hertz demonstrated this radiation
(hence the word radio).

He found that when he generated sparks between two metal balls they could be
found by a metal loop with a gap in it. Smaller sparks were seen jumping across this gap.
Later experimenters managed to increase the distance across which Hertzian waves could
be transmitted. Hertz demonstrated that electromagnetic waves could be transmitted and
caused to travel through space at straight lines and that they were able to be received by
an experimental apparatus.

David E Hughes, induced electromagnetic waves in a signaling system.

Hughes transmitted Morse code by an induction apparatus.

In 1878, Hughes's induction transmission method utilized a "clockwork

transmitter" to transmit signals.

In 1885, T. A. Edison uses a vibrator magnet for induction transmission.

In 1888, Edison deploys a system of signaling on the Lehigh Valley Railroad.

In 1891, Edison attains the wireless patent for this method using inductance

In 1894 a British scientist, Oliver Lodge, sent Morse-code signals over a distance
of half a mile.

In 1895 the Russian physicist, Aleksandr Stepanovich Popov, built a receiver to

detect electromagnetism in the atmosphere and he predicted that it might be used to pick
up generated signals. The next year he arranged a demonstration in the University of St
Petersburg where messages were sent and received between different points.

Guglielmo Marconi improved Hertz's design by earthing the transmitter and

receiver, and found that an insulated aerial enabled him to increase the distance of
transmission.

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 After patenting his wireless telegraphy system in 1896 he established the
Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in London. In 1898 Marconi successfully
transmitted signals across the English Channel and in 1901 established communication
with St. John's, Newfoundland, from Poldhu in Cornwall.

In this way wireless communication came in to picture and slowly this field
started growing and has reached to a mark where every communication can take place
wirelessly.

Present Day Scenario

The term “wireless” is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer
to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls,
computer networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio
frequency (RF), infrared light, laser light, visible light, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer
information without the use of wires.

Wireless operations permits services, such as long range communications, that are
impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. Information is transferred in
this manner over both short and long distances. Wireless communication is the transfer of
information over a distance without the use of enhanced electrical conductors or "wires".

In present day scenario of communication, we do not require the transmitter and

receiver to be in physical contact.

The wireless communication has following advantages as compared to wired

communication:

• Mobility.
• Elimination of unsightly cables.
• Less installation time.
• Devices can be “software” upgraded to meet new standards.
• Guests can connect and move around freely.
• Security.
• Multiple Standards
• Coverage - But the potential for radio interference due to weather, other wireless
devices, or obstructions like walls can happen in wireless.

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Need

In many of the industries, firms and even at homes at offices we generally prefer
to switch ‘on’ an ‘off’ the things wirelessly, for example at home we generally switch on
and off the appliances through remote like air-conditioners, television sets etc. but nower
days everything is operated through the computers. So in order to increase the comfort of
living we require a thing which can interface the PC with different appliances. For that we
have done this project which can help us interfacing eight appliances with the PC i.e. we
can control eight different appliances through one PC without moving from one place to
other.

This can be used in different industries, firms and offices where the things do get
controlled with the help of computers. It can also be used at home where the tube lights,
fans etc can be switched ‘on’ or ‘off’.

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Figure 1(Block Diagram of PC based wireless appliance control)

Parallel Port
PC parallel port can be very useful I/O channel for connecting our own circuits to
PC. The PC's parallel port can be used to perform some very amusing hardware
interfacing experiments. The port is very easy to use when we first understand some basic
tricks.

PC parallel port is 25 pin D-shaped female connector in the back of the computer.
It is normally used for connecting computer to printer, but many other types of hardware
for that port is available today.

Not all 25 are needed always. Usually you can easily do with only 8 output pins
(data lines) and signal ground. I have presented those pins in the table below. Those
output pins are adequate for many purposes.

pin function
2 D0
3 D1
4 D2
5 D3
6 D4
7 D5
8 D6
9 D7
Pins 18,19,20,21,22,23,24 and 25 are all ground pins.

Those data pins are TTL level output pins. This means that they put out ideally 0V
when they are in low logic level (0) and +5V when they are in high logic level (1). In real
world the voltages can be something different from ideal when the circuit is loaded. The
output current capacity of the parallel port is limited to only few mille-amperes.

The signals from the computer will be given to the transmitter circuit through the
parallel port.

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Encoder
The encoder encodes the signals from the parallel port and passes it to RF
transmitter. An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm that
converts information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of
standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or saving space by shrinking size.

Here in this project the encoder encodes the signals coming from the parallel port
and forwards it for the further process and at last it is given to the RF transmitter.

RF Transmitter
Here we are using a pair of RF Transmitter-Receiver of Vegakit company.

The characteristics of transmitter module are as follows:

 Model: FS 1000 A.
 Range LOS, Open Ground: 80m.
 Working Voltage: 3-12V.
 Dimension: 22 mm X 23 mm.
 Working Current:10-15 mA.
 Working Mode: AM.
 Transport Speed: 4KB/S.
 Transmit Power: 10mW.
 External Antenna: 315MHz.

There are four pin out in this transmitter module they are Data, VDD, VSS and
Antenna.

Here in this circuit RF transmitter transmits the encoded signals towards the
receiver where the receiver can get the signals and can be further processed.

RF Receiver
The characteristics of transmitter module are as follows:

 Model: PCR 2A.

 Receive Sensitivity: 95dbm.
 Working Voltage: 5V.
 Dimension: 37 mm X 16 mm.
 Working Current: 0.5-0.8 mA.
 Working Mode: AM.
 Transport Speed: 4KB/S.
 Receive Frequency: 315/433 MHz.

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  External Antenna: 18-25 cm.

There are four pin out in this transmitter module they are Data, VDD, VSS and
Antenna.

Here in this circuit the RF receiver gets the signals transmitted by the transmitter and
forwards it for further process.

Decoder
The decoder decodes the signal received from the RF receiver and forwards it so
that device can be switched on and off through the signal information

Appliance
The signal which was transmitted pass through the different processes as
mentioned above in order to drive a simple circuit called relay driver circuit through
which different appliances can be controlled.

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This project is divided in to two parts

1. Software.
2. Hardware.

Software
In the software part we have made a project in visual basic language which will
make a front panel which can be used to control the eight devices. Visual Basic is a
language which can be used to control the interfaced devices and that is why we have
selected it to control our appliances. By programming in the VB we can make a panel
consisting of different switches which will be used in order to control the appliances. It
will show with the help of a virtual led that the devices are ‘on’ or ‘off’ i.e. the signals
from the parallel port are passed or not. If the LED of a particular device is glown then it
means that the signal to on that device is transmitted and within seconds of the switch
pressed the device will get on. The front panel is shown in figure below in which the first
three devices are switched on by pressing switch and LED indicates that the switch is on
i.e. that devices are on.

Figure 2 (Font Panel made in VB 6)

Hardware
In the hardware part the first thing we have done is designing the layout of circuit.
Layout is the most important part in designing a circuit. Layout is generally made of
copper clad. It can be of many types like single layer, double layer or multilayer.

In our project we have used single layer PCB. In PCB designing first step is
cutting the PCB in given size. After that draw the PCB layout or circuit layout on PCB by
permanent marker pen. After that wash the PCB in Mixture of FeCl3 for an hour or as

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require, this will dissolve the unmarked copper from the surface and we will get our
layout.

We have made layouts of three circuits i.e. of transmitter, receiver and device
driver circuit. All the three circuits layout is shown in the figure.

Figure 3 (Layout of Receiver Circuit)

Figure 4 (Layout of Transmitter Circuit)

Figure 5 (Layout of Relay driver circuit)

After completion of layout and itching we started mounting components and
prepared the PCB of transmitter, receiver and relay driver circuits.

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 Figure 6 (Circuit Diagram of transmitter)

FIG 6 shows the transmitter circuit for PC-based wireless appliance control. The
receiver address to be transmitted can be set with the help of an 8-way DIP switch. If any
switch is open the pin connected to that switch is at logic 1, and if it is closed the
respective pin is at logic 0.the data pins are pulled high via resistors R2 through R5.

When pin2 of the parallel port pin goes high, the internal LED of the optocoupler
(MCT2E) glows to drive the internal phototransistor into saturation and its pin 5 goes
low.

Pin 10 (AD8) of HT12E goes low through pin 5 of MCT2E and a ‘0’ is sent at that
data position, while other data pins represent the logic-1 state. The logic circuitry at the
receiver decoder end decodes the data appropriately for controlling the switch of an
appliance.

Figure 7 (Circuit after mounting components)

Fig7 shows the circuit of the fig6 (Transmitter) after lay-outing, drilling and
placing components.

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 Figure 8 (Circuit diagram of receiver)

FIG 4 shows the receive circuit for PC-based wireless appliance control.
Assuming that an identical address is selected on the encoder and decoder, when any one
of the data pins D0 through D3 of the PC’s parallel port on the transmitter is high, the
corresponding data pin of the demodulator goes low at the decoder (HT12D). The data
outputs (D8 through D11) of HT12D are connected to inverters N1 through N4. The
output of inverters N1,N2 and N3 are connected to address inputs A,B and C of decoder
74LS138, respectively. The outputs of inverters N4 and N5 enable the decoder to drive
the flip-flop(CD4013).

IC CD4013 is configured as a toggle flip-flop. The output of the flip-flop (IC9(A))

drives transistor T2 into saturation and relay RL1 energises.D7 through D14 are used as
free-wheeling diodes. The relay contacts are used for appliances. When any data is
received, the valid transmission pin (Vt) goes high to drive the transistor into saturation
and LED1 lights up.

Figure 9 (Circuit after mounting components)

Fig 9 shows the circuit of the fig 8 (Receiver) after lay-outing, drilling and placing
components.

For remote control, we have used the Holtek encoder-decoder pair of HT12E and
HT12D.Both of these are 18-pin DIP ICs.

HT12E and HT12D are CMOS ICs with operating voltage range of 2.4V to 12v.
Encoder HT12E has eight addresses and another four address/data lines. The data set on
these twelve lines (address and address/data lines) is serially transmitted when the
transmit-enable pin (TE) is taken low. The data output appears serially on Dout pin.

The data is transmitted four times in succession. It consists of different lengths of

positive pulses for ‘1’ and ‘0’. The pulse-width for ‘0’being twice the pulse width of

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‘1’.The frequency of these pulses may lie between 1.5 to 7KHz depending on the resistor
value between OSC1 and OSC2 pins.

The internal oscillator frequency of decoder HT12D is 50 times the oscillator

frequency of encoder HT12E. The values of the timing resistors connected between
OSC1 and OSC2 pins of HT12E and HT12D, for a given voltage supply, can be found
out from the graphs given in the datasheets of the respective chips. Here we have chosen
the resistor values for approximately 3KHz frequency of the encoder (HT12E) and 150
KHz of the decoder (HT12D) at Vdd of 5V.

The HT12D receives data from the HT12E on its Din pin, serially. If the address
part of the received data matches the levels on A0 through A7 pins four times in
succession, the valid transmission (Vt) pin goes high. The data on pins AD8 through
AD11 of the HT12D. Thus the device acts as a receiver of the 4-bit data (16 possible
codes) with 8-bit addressing (256 possible channels).

Once the frequency of the pair is aligned, then on ground of any data pin on the
encoder, LED1 on the decoder should light up. We can also check the data transfer on
pins AD8 through AD11, which is available on pins D8 through D11 of the decoder once
TE pin is momentarily taken low by making it ground.

RF Transmitter and Receiver:

Figure 10 (RF transmitter and receiver module)

The RF transmitter TX-433 is AM/ASK type. It features:

1. 5V-12V single supply operation

2. On-off keying (OOK)/amplitude shift keying(ASK) data format.

3. UP to 9.6kbps data rate.

4. +9db output power (a range of about 200 meters)

5. SAW-based architecture

6. For the antenna, a 45cm wire is adequate.

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Software Description

In our project we will require a front panel which will control the appliances, for
that we have used visual basic. We have made a program in visual basic which will help
us in controlling the different appliances.

When we will run this program we will get below shown panel.

Figure 11 (Front panel)

It has eight switches and virtual LED’S which will glow when we press a
particular switch.

When we will press exit switch it will close that panel. Here LED’S indicate
whether the device is on or off.

Now let us see how we have created this front panel in brief.

Using the command button tool in the Visual Basic toolbox, add a new command
button to the main form in our program. Next, in the properties window, change the name
property of this button from command 1. Similarly using the command button add seven
other command button and similarly change the name and keep it as Dev1, Dev2,….. up
to Dev8. After that add another command button and name it as Exit. Now we have added
eight different shapes and change that shape to round from the property of that shape.
Also we have added a text with the help of text button given in the toolbox. That
completes the preliminary design, After this our panel is ready after making required
changes like color, font’s etc.

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 Now we’re ready to write some code. Now we will write the code and after
writing the code when we will run the program we will get the font panel, it will display
the buttons and will display the screen which we have made. Now if we will press the
Dev1 button then it will execute the program for it and it will pass the signal to the
parallel port and that signal will pass to transmitter.

When we will press Dev1 then the LED above it will glow up as shown in the
figure below.

Figure 12

The glowing of an LED will indicate that the program of that switch is executed
and the signal to ‘on’ the device has been transmitted, now through parallel port the signal
is passed to the transmitter circuit for further processing and at last to transmit it.

Similarly in the figure shown below the device 1 is turned off and another device
2, 5, and 7 are turned ‘on’. The process after pressing the switch will be same as
described above, the only difference will be Dev1 is turned off and other devices are
turned on.

Figure 13

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 We have successfully developed a front panel in visual basic in software part
and had written a code in order to interface our transmitter circuit with PC.

Then we interfaced transmitter, receiver and relay driver circuit. Also we had
connected the power supply and given required voltages and have arranged the things in a
manner they should be and had run the project successfully.

Fig 14 shows the arrangements we have done in order to run the project and here
we had only connected one device i.e. we have only controlled a single device LED. In
the similar manner we can connect other devices so that it can be controlled with the help
of PC.

Figure 14 (Project Setup)

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 Now in our day to day life the PC plays such a vital role that without which the
life would have been difficult in every aspect. For example in banks, firms, industries, etc
PC’s are needed to handle more than one operations. More and more PC based products
are being made and used in our day to day life. One of the project which will control the
appliances through PC is done here to make our life simpler and we can control the
appliances sitting at single location through PC.

This project can be used where the control of different appliances is to be done
with PC i.e. in some industries and firms in order to ‘on’ and ‘off’ the different
mechanisms and machines.

This can also be used in some offices where different appliances like fan’s, tube
light’s, etc are needed to switch ‘off’ and ‘on’ according to the need.

Also this can also be used at home as comfort of life are increasing day to day and
every electronic appliances are being remote operated so this can be used so that different
appliance can be controlled with the help of PC.

There is no need to go at different places to switch the appliances on and off,

instead many of the appliances which are needed to on and off at regular interval can be
interfaced with this circuit and we can control all the appliances from a single location.

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 To transmit and receive the signal we needed transmitter and receiver module.
The module mentioned in the circuit diagram of transmitter was of four pin and of
receiver was of eight pin, but the pair of transmitter and receiver available was of four
pins each. If we want transmitter of four pin and receiver of eight pin then we have to buy
it separately and it may be possible that the transmission and reception of the signals do
not take place properly, so in order to overcome this problem we have bought a
transmitter-receiver pair, each having four pin. We changed some connections in order to
overcome this problem.

We were not getting signal from the parallel port which we were transmitting
through our PC, so we checked the parallel port of that PC with the help of LED and we
found that some of the pins were not working in that port. In order to overcome that
problem we tried on another PC and in that we got the required results i.e. we were
getting the signals from the parallel port which we wanted.

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 In this project we have created software in Visual Basic 6 in that we have made a
front panel having different switches in order to ‘on’ and ‘off’ the devices and virtual
LED’s for indication which will indicate whether the device is ‘on’ or ‘off’. In hardware
we have first of all made transmitter, receiver and relay driver circuit and then interfaced
transmitter with the parallel port and also interfaced receiver with the relay driver circuit
and appliances. Then we have coded in such a manner that the signal of switch pressed
will pass to the transmitter via parallel port. The receiver receives the transmitted signal
and it gives to the relay driver circuit through which the appliances are attached and thus,
appliances are controlled in the sense of ‘on’ and ‘off’.

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Software

Visual basic 6 programming (black book), By “Steven Holzner”.

Hardware

http://www.efy.com/mag2009/intro

http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/H/T/1/2/HT12E.pdf

http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/H/T/1/2/HT12d.shtml

http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/M/C/T/2/MCT2E.shtml

http://www.efymagonline.com/data.asp?id=116

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