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SPM Chemistry Formula List Form5 PDF
SPM Chemistry Formula List Form5 PDF
Rate or Reaction
Calculation
Δ(Product) Δ(Product)
Rate of Reaction = Rate of Reaction =
Δ(Time) Δ(Time)
1
Chemical Reaction
Precipitation of Sulphur
Notes:
1. Yellow precipitate (sulphur) is formed. Na2S2O3: Sodium thiosulphate
2. The reaction is slow.
2H2O2 - ⎯→ 2H2O + O2
N2 + 3H2 ⎯→ 2NH3
2SO2 + O2 ⎯→ 2SO3
2
Ostwald Process (Manufacture Nitric Acid)
Stage 1
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
Notes: o
1. Temperature = 900 C
2. Pressure = 4-10 atm
3. Catalyse = Platinum (Pt)
Stage 2
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
Dissolve in water
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
Carbon Compound
Alkane
Alkane
Combustion Substitution
Reaction
(Halogenation)
Complete Incomplete
Combustion Combustion
Combustion
Complete combustion
7
C2H6 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O
2
Incomplete combustion
5
C2H6 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CO + 3H2O
2
3
C2H6 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2C + 3H2O
2
3
Substitution Reaction
Alkene
Alkane Alcohol
+ Bromine/Chlorine
Complete Incomplete + Potassium
Combustion Combustion Manganate(VII)
+ Hydrogen
+ Hydrogen Halide
+ Steam
Preparation of Alkene
Cracking of Alkane
2C4H10 ⎯→ CH4 + C2H4 + C2H6 + C3H6
Dehydration of Alchohol
C2H5OH ⎯⎯→ C2H4 + H2O
4
Combustion:
Complete combustion:
C2H4 + O2 ⎯→ 2C + 2H2O
Addition Reaction:
+ Bromine:
+ Potassium Manganate(VII):
+ Hydrohen:
(Catalyst: platinum/nickel)
+ Hydrogen Halide:
+ Steam (H2O):
51
Alcohol
Carbohydrate Alkene
Oxidation
Combustion dehydration + Sodium
(+K2CrO //KMnO
KMnO4 )
Preparation of alchohol
Addition of Alkene
C2H4 + H2O ⎯⎯→ C2H5OH
[Catalyst:Phosphoric acid; Temperature:300oC; Pressure: 60atm ]
or
C2H4 + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ CH3CH2OSO3H
CH3CH2OSO3H + H2O ⎯⎯→ CH3CH2OH + H2SO4
Combustion of Alcohol
Dehydration of Alcohol
Alcohol + Sodium
Oxidation of Alcohol
6
Carboxylic Acid
Alchohol Aldehydes
Salt + CO2
Salt + H2O Salt + H2O Salt + H2 Ester
+ H2O
Oxidation of Alcohol
C2H5OH + 2[O] ⎯⎯→ CH3COOH + H2O
Oxidation of Aldehyde
C2H6O + [O] ⎯⎯→ CH3COOH
Reaction
7
Summary of The Reaction
+ Alkene polymerisation
8
Oxidation and Reduction
Iron(II) to Iron(III)
Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe2+ turns brown
2. The purple colour of the MnO4− solution turns into colourless
Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe2+ turns brown.
2. The orange colour of the Cr2O72- solution turns green.
Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe2+ turns brown
9
Iron(III) to Iron(II)
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
2. Zinc powder dissolve in the solution.
Reducing Agent: Sulphur Dioxide
3+ − 2+
Fe + e ⎯→ Fe
+ SO2 + 2H2O ⎯⎯→ SO42- + 4H+ + 2e−
2Fe3+ + SO2 + 2H2O ⎯→ 2Fe2+ + SO42- + 4H+
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
2. Yellow precipitate forms in the solution.
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
10
Displacement of Metal
[A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive ion of metal from its compound.]
Example:
Mg + PbCl2 ⎯→ MgCl2 + Pb
3Zn + Fe2O3 ⎯→ 3ZnO + 2Fe
Al + CuSO4 ⎯→ Al2(SO4)3 + Cu
Electrochemical Series
More electropositive
←⎯⎯⎯⎯
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag
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Reactivity Series
More reactive
←⎯⎯⎯⎯
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, H, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag
Displacement of Halogen
[A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halide from its compound.]
Example:
Cl2 + KBr ⎯→ KCl + Br2
Br2 + NaI ⎯→ NaBr + I2
F2 + KI ⎯→ KF + I2
Reactivity of Halogen
More reactive
←⎯⎯⎯⎯
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 > At2
11
The Oxidising Agent and Reducing Agent
Fe3+ Fe2+
Fe3+ + e−⎯→ Fe2+ Fe2+ ⎯→ Fe3+ + e −
Rusting
Fe(OH)3 ⎯→ Fe2O3⋅xH2O
General Equation
12
Preparation of Oxygen Gas
2KNO3 ⎯→ 2KNO2 + O2
Extraction of Iron From Its Ore
Removal of Impurities
CaO + SiO2 ⎯→ CaSiO3
13
Thermochemistry
Calculation
Heat of Reaction
Q = mcΔθ
Number of Mole
Chemical Reaction
Exothermic Reaction
2 → Na + + OH -
NaOH ⎯⎯⎯
H O
2 → H + + SO 2 −
H 2SO 4 ⎯⎯⎯
H O
4
2 → Cu 2 + + SO 2 −
CuSO4 ⎯⎯⎯
H O
4
2 → 2Na + + CO 2 −
Na 2CO3 ⎯⎯⎯
H O
3
14
Combustion of Fuel
Example:
Combustion of Carbon
C + O2 ⎯→ CO2
Combustion of Hydrogen
2H2 + O2 ⎯→ 2H2O
Combustion of Ethane
7
C2H6 + O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O
2
Reaction of Acid
Neutralisation
HCl + NaOH ⎯→ NaCl + H2O
Endothermic Reaction
2 → NH + + Cl-
NH 4Cl ⎯⎯⎯
H O
4
2 → NH + + NO −
NH 4 NO3 ⎯⎯⎯
H O
4 3
2 → 2NH + + SO 2 −
(NH 4 )SO 4 ⎯⎯⎯
H O
4 4
15