SEMICONDUCTORS are materials that can be conductors or insulators depending on certain

conditions. Silicon, CARBON and Germanium are good examples of semiconductors.

SILICON is the common semiconducting element, it is the main ingredient of sand. But pure silicon is
not useful. Some materials are added to it.
(DOPING-the process of adding impurities to a substance.)
Doped silicon can be:
POSITIVE TYPE SILICON (missing electron)= Boron is added.
NEGATIVE TYPE SILICON (extra electron)= Phosphorous is added.

COMMON SEMICONDUCTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

1. DIODE
2. TRANSISTOR
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT or IC

DIODE- is an electronic component that is made by combining P and N type silicon.

Parts of the diode:

ANODE-positive region
CATHODE/KATHODE-negative region
JUNCTION-P and N region interface

HOW THE DIODE WORK?

BIASING is the process of applying voltage to an electronic component.

BIAS VOLTAGE is the applied voltage.

DIODE OPERATION

FORWARD BIAS-at this condition, the diode conducts current (ON).

REVERSE BIAS-the diode blocks the current, it acts as insulator (OFF).
TYPES OF DIODES (COMMON)
RECTIFIER DIODE- a diode used to change alternating current (AC) into pulsating direct current (DC).

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE- a diode that emits visible light.

The TRANSISTOR- is a three-electrode semiconducting component. It can be PNP or NPN.

FUNCTIONS OF TRANSISTOR:
1. Amplifier- a circuit used to increase or enlarge signals or power.
2. Switch- transistor acts as electronic switch, ON/OFF.
TYPES OF TRANSISTORS
1. SMALL SIGNAL-used in low power applications.

2. POWER-used in high power circuits. It has metal parts.

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT or IC- is an electronic component that contains several electronics components
(up to millions or higher).Found in modern devices like, computers, radios, tvs, cellphones, etc.