Design and Development of a Recharge Well with

a Built-in Open Rectangular Tank as Rainwater

Harvester

Project by:
Dumduma, Claire M.
Medina, Joseph James S.
CE182-2L – E01

Submitted to the School of Civil Environmental and Geological

Engineering (CEGE)
In Partial Fulfillments of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Mapua University
May 2019
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

One of the common and necessary sources of water in the Philippines is ground

water. Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil,

sand and rock or in what is called Aquifers. Groundwater is one of the common sources

of water supply in the Philippines. However, in the Philippines, over extraction of

aquifers for ground water are a problem because most of the places in the country with

a great number of drawdowns on the water table and drying up all the aquifers. This is

why in 2007, the NWRB regulated the number of new deep wells to be constructed in

Metro Manila.

In this regard, one of the Provinces that has the fastest population growth in the

country is Cavite, as a result the province’s need for water supply also increased.

However, in 2017, a study made by the Japan International Cooperation Agency

(JICA), found out that the groundwater in Cavite is depleting at a rate of 1-meter water

level decrease per year. This is because groundwater is tapped mainly for domestic use

through local water supply systems. This is mostly evident and more of a concern in

the upland areas of Cavite like Dasmariñas City and Silang, where there are many deep

wells dug by the residents.

This problem is the primary consideration of this Civil Engineering Project to

develop a sustainable system where the recharging of the aquifers where these wells

are dug may be increased in its recharging rate. The aim of this system is to create a

3
recharging well system that will be more innovative and sustainable for the area

considered compared to the system of other countries.

1.1 Problem Statement

The City of Dasmariñas has the largest population in the Province of Cavite,

as of 2017, the city has a population of 659,019. As a result, 304 deep wells were

dug within the area of the city. This resulted to the decreasing level of the water

table in the upland areas of the province of Cavite, where most critical is in the

City of Dasmariñas. The researches or project developers of this project aims

to create a a recharging well system that will be more innovative and sustainable

for the area considered compared to the system of other countries This system

will be sustainable and innovative by applying biomimetics on the architecture

and engineering of this project.

1.2 Project Objectives

The project’s primary objective is to create a recharging well system that

will be more innovative near to selected deep wells around the City of

Dasmariñas and apply biomimetic on the architecture and engineering of this

project. In simpler terms, the aim of this project is to attach concave domes to

the recharge wells Through this initiative, the recharging of the groundwater,

which normally takes a long time to happen, will be boosted and compared to

other recharging wells, this project will be more sufficient, efficient, and

sustainable.

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1.3 Design Norms Considered

The design norms that were noted in this project are separated into two

divisions. First, the design of the recharging well. The depth of the well and the

diameter of recharging well will be identified. Accessories of the recharge well,

such as pumps and filters will also be identified and specified here.

Second, the other design norm considered, is the innovative approach of

this project, the application of concave domes on top of the wells. The objective

of this design norm is to increase the capacity of the recharge well.

1.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering

The three fields of civil engineering that are concerned with this Civil

Engineering project are Water Resources Engineering, Geotechnical

Engineering, and Construction Engineering. The major area used for this

project is the Water Resources, in order to boost the water sustainability of the

area selected through the greater utilization of water-efficient and water reuse

technologies. Geotechnical Engineering and Construction Engineering are the

necessary other areas of Civil engineering that should serve as the minor area

of this Civil Engineering Project so that the plumbing system that will be

created from the major area will be properly installed and administered with

the proper methodologies and materials.

1.5 Project Beneficiary

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 The project will benefit the residents of Dasmariñas City, Cavite. The

design of the recharge wells will help the City boost its declining water table

and have a more sustainable water resource.

1.6 Innovative Approach

In this design project, the group utilized some commercialized programs to

aid us in the design of this sustainable system. The group used SketchUp8 for

designing the perspective layout of plumbing system. Other software that were

also needed, are as follows:

• Autocad 2017

This software will aid us in detailed sketching or lay outing

and efficient scaling of plans that will be used throughout the design

process

• STAAD

This is an engineering software program that is used for

designing members of a structure.

• Microsoft Excel 2010

This is a spreadsheet program that can be used to tabulate

the computations and data of the recharge well system.

1.7 Research Component

The deep wells in Dasmariñas City, Cavite were dug because of the needs

of private properties like subdivision or farms, but some were also dug by the

6
 water district of Dasmariñas or the Dasmariñas Water District (DWD).

However, some wells were dug illegally and the growth in the numbers of well

were not immediately controlled. This resulted to a great decrease in the water

table of the upland areas in Cavite, so applying recharge wells that has an

innovative approach on this critical area that will be unique to the climate and

soil conditions in our country will be applicable. The target locations of this

project are the aquifers of deep wells that are not owned by the private sector,

and to make it more sustainable, using of concave domes will be applied to the

project.

1.8 Design Component

The design of this recharge well aims to offer something that will be more

suited to the soil conditions and climate of Dasmariñas City. It will also aim to

be more efficient, sufficient and sustainable compared to other innovations of

recharge wells.

1.9 Sustainable Design Concept

This project will benefit the residents of the City of Dasmariñas in Cavite.

This project may also help other upland areas in Cavite to boost the recharging

of the aquifer to obtain a sustainable water source. In the long run, the whole

country may be able to use this system as well.

CHAPTER 2

ENIVRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT

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2.1 Project Description

2.1.1 Project Rationale

The project of constructing a recharge well system in Dasmariñas, cavite in

Barangay Paliparan II district of paliparan with 68,224 residents to have a

sustainable Groundwater management. The Barangay Paliparan District II is one of

the barangays in Dasmariñas Cavite with a greater number of populations as of

2015. By this increasing population also increasing groundwater extraction in the

area to provide potable water. Hence, Dasmariñas Cavite water supplies comes

from the groundwater extraction that leads to groundwater depletion.

2.1.2 Project Location

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 The proposed recharge well will be located at Pamahalaang Barangay

Paliparan II, Dasmariñas ,Cavite.

FIGURE 1 PROPOSED LOCATION O F RECHARGE WELL

SOURCE: GOOGLE MAP

2.1.3 Project Information

The project is design and development of an Recharge well located

Pamahalang Barangay paliparan II, Dasmariñas Cavite. It will be funded under the

Dasmariñas Water District (DWD).

2.1.4 Description of Project Phases

The project will have four phases: pre-construction/operational

phase, construction phase, operational phase and abandonment phase. The pre-

construction phase includes the things to be done before the project starts; it is the

9
preparation before the construction and operational phases. The construction phase

includes the preparation of the site and construction of the structure. The

operational phase of the project is how it operates or works. And lastly is the

abandonment phase which discusses what should be done with the project when it

is accepted and brought to an orderly end.

2.1.5 Pre-construction

• Scientific investigations be carried out for site selection for artificial

recharge of groundwater.

• Sourcing for construction materials.

• Details engineering study, review and designs.

• Secure of permits and clearance from the government of Dasmariñas

City and Local water utilities administration.

2.1.6 Construction Phase

The construction phase represents the work done to meet the requirements

of the scope of work and fulfill the charter. During the construction phase, the

project team accomplished the work defined in the plan and adjusted when the

project factors changed. Equipment and materials were delivered to the work site,

labor was hired and trained, a construction site was built, and all the construction

10
 activities, from the arrival of the first dozer to the installation of the filter system,

were accomplished.

2.1.7 Operational Phase

The recharge well will be fully operated after the construction phase is done

and will be monitored by testing the hydraulic parameters from the nearby pumping

deep wells to the recharge well. This artificial recharge can be a practical means of

dealing with problems of overdraft of groundwater in Dasmarinas City.

2.1.8 Abandonment Phase

During the final closure, the importance is on providing the final

deliverables to the benefactor, that is:

• Handing over project documentation to the business

• Termination of supplier contracts

• Releasing project resources

• Communicate the closure of the project to all stakeholders

2.2 Description of the Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment

2.2.1 Physical Environment

Pamahalang Barangay Paliparan II is located at the southeastern part of

Dasmariñas City. Paliparan II is situated at approximately 14.3049,120.9882, in the

island of Luzon. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 514.1 feet above sea

11
 level. Meanwhile, its population as determined by the 2015 census was 17,991 and

represents as 2.71 % total population of Dasmariñas.

2.2.2 Biological Environment

The biological condition of the surrounding environment of the project is

considered has a number of plants and trees and has a number of establishment and

house in the area.

2.2.3 Future Environment Conditions without the Project

Without the recharge well, the continuous groundwater extraction in

Dasmariñas City will eventually deplete the water table. As one of their freshwater

sources is from the deep well’s groundwater, hence there is an increase population

then groundwater well will be affected the water quality of the wells and the

environment surrounding it.

2.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation

2.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/ Impacts and their

level of Significance at Various Stage of Development

POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

ISSUES/ IMPACTS

• Noise Pollution • Moderate Impact

12
 • Air Contamination • Moderate Impact

• Flora and Fauna • Low Impact

• Water Quality • Moderate Impact

2.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical

and Biological Resources

i. Noise Pollution

The construction of the artificial recharge well will cause

loud noises that can affect neighboring establishments especially

during carpentry works and operation of machineries or

equipment.

ii. Air Contamination

Dust particles and other pollutants due to various

construction activities will cause air pollution around the area.

iii. Flora and Fauna

A total of 5 families containing 25 tree species were

encountered from the 1 established 12 x 12 meter square plots in the

project area. It also shows that the family Meliaceae has the highest

number of species and rank 3rd together with Anacardiaceae with

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 11.76%. It is followed by Moraceae which rank 2nd with 12.96%.

While the family Lamiaceae, rank 1st with the highest vegetation

composition even though it is one of the eight (8) out of the fourteen

(14) families that has only one (1) species.

iii. Groundwater Quality

It can be observed from the obtained data that only total

coliform ofGW4 has nonconforming result based on PNSDW limits.

There are no limits for the other parameters analyzed. However, if

the salinity results will be compared to those of surface water

samples, GW1 has result beyond 350 mg/L chloride limit.

2.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/ Impacts of the

Project

The residents of the nearby households, establishments, and water district

must be notified by the contractor about the construction of the said project. Certain

measures determined to alleviate the distractions that the construction may cause

should be further discussed by the contractor.

Considering the noise and air problems the construction may cause,

temporary measures are implemented in order to contain the noise produced by

machineries and equipment as well as to prevent dust and air pollutants from

spreading across the area. The use of machineries and equipment is permitted

during the night to avoid further disturbances of day time activities of neighboring

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 establishments. Proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are required for the

workers to ensure safety during construction. Adequate parking will be provided

and strict traffic regulations will be enforced in order to avoid traffic

congestion in entering the project site.

2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

2.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,

Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

Risk Mitigation Cost Responsibilities

Air Quality Before N/A CONTRACTOR

Construction Phase

The contractor will

discuss to the workers

the measures to avoid

air related problems

during the

construction phase.

During Construction

Phase

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 Fences will be

constructed along the

perimeter of the

project location to

avoid disturbance.

Regular sprinkling of

water will be done for

dust prevention.

After Construction

Phase

To control air

infection in the area

clearing of any objects

that may affect air

quality must be done

after the construction

phase.

Health Prevent emissions of N/A CONTRACTOR

harmful substances

that may harm

public’s health. Use of

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 hardhats and have

proper attire for the

construction workers

to avoid injuries.

Noise Level Construction Phase N/A CONTRACTOR

Most of the noise that

will be produced on

the construction will

be during daytime. If

heavy equipment will

be used, most of the

work will be done to

avoid disturbance to

the establishments

near it.

Solid Waste In order to keep the N/A CONTRACTOR

cleanliness in the area,

right solid waste

disposal and regular

garbage collection will

be ensured.

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Traffic Construction Phase N/A CONTRACTOR

To prevent traffic

congestion on the road

near the project,

adequate parking will

be provided at the

same time strict traffic

enforcement will be

applied.

2.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

i. The contractor must notify the management of the near-by establishments,

and the residents about the construction of the project. The contractors

should also discuss the mitigations determined to reduce the distractions

that might be faced during the construction of the said commercial building.

ii. To avoid air quality and noise problems, temporary walls are to be created

to restrain the noise produced by the equipment, and to prevent dust

generation over the vicinity. Construction equipment is not allowed for

usage during night time to obviate disturbances to surrounding

establishments and residences. Also, to avoid accidents, hard hats and

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 proper construction attires are required for the workers.

2.4.3 Monitoring Plan

In process of construction, a person will be assigned to make sure that each

mitigation and enhancement measure that was previously identified will be

followed. The monitoring must be strictly done to ensure safety.

Enhancement Measure Monitoring

Environmental

Problem

Dust control provided with water sprinklers to

Air Quality Daily
reduce air pollutants mainly dust.

Noise Noise Control Daily

Solid Waste Proper Waste Management Daily

Signs and cautions will be provided, and strict

Traffic Daily
traffic management will be done.

2.4.4 Contingency Plan

A contingency plan is prepared should an adverse risk occur during the

construction of the project. Overview of some of the plans prepared as a course of

action to avoid these risks are listed below.

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 • Equipment Failure – maintaining idle or standby equipment that can be

used in the event of equipment failure.

• Schedule/ Delays – delays are a frequent occurrence in construction so

contingency time in schedules must be included.

• Budget/ Cost – cost contingency must also be considered to handle the

risk of construction delays.

• Safety Procedures – risks are always present but it can be avoided by

establishing safety procedures for different risks that are frequently

observed in construction sites.

2.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements

In the design and construction of the groundwater recharge well, the

National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015) for the loads were

considered as reference. For the institutional responsibilities and agreements of the

project, the contractor in coordination with the local government of Dasmariñas

City, will comply accordingly with the requirements and guidelines to be followed

in the construction of the well.

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 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH COMPONENT

3.1 Abstract

The principal goal of this project is to construct a sustainable and innovative

groundwater recharge wells with the application of concave roofs on top of the recharge wells,

to gather more rainwater without the use of drainage. This recharge well will be able to

accommodate the declining water table in Dasmariñas City, Cavite. The components of the

21
 structure will be environmental-friendly from the materials during construction up to the

fixtures once it is built. This project will provide a human induced recharge to the aquifers in

Dasmariñas City, Cavite. Through this project, residents will have a more sustainable and more

flexible groundwater resource,

3.2 Introduction

Recharge well is used to increase the water budget and water quality of the aquifer, it

is also used to make the aquifer as a seasonal storage, and to inject surplus water during low

demands. Rain water harvesting is commonly associated to this technique as recharge well

needs source of rainwater to make it an effective recharge technique.

In the province of Cavite, the groundwater is the common source of water of the

residents aside from areas with Maynilad connection, and the residents tap this source by means

of deep wells. However, a study of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in 2017

that upland areas of the province experience an alarming rate of 1-meter decrease on the water

table on each year. The area most critical in these upland areas, is the city of Dasmariñas as it

has the largest population in the province with 659,019 residents. There is a need to restore the

groundwater source of the city to avoid environmental problems. This is where this innovative

recharge wells enter the scene.

The topography and precipitation level of the Dasmariñas City plays the important

role in choosing recharge well as the groundwater recharge techniques. The capacity of the

recharge wells is given the utmost important on this project as well as the locations. This is the

center of the plan to recharge the water tables of the city.

3.3 Review of Related Literature

Groundwater

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 Groundwater is any water that can be found in voids naturally formed in the subsurface.

It is a very significant hidden resource comprising of approximately 37% of the Earth’s non-

ocean water in comparison with the 63% composition of ice and less than 0.5% of the surface

water which are primarily rivers and lakes. As a substantial component of the hydrologic cycle,

groundwater is connected to and continually exchanging with the surface water bodies and the

atmosphere. Groundwater discharge usually runs off to the ocean as well as rivers, springs and

lakes. Lakes, rivers and streams are also referred to as groundwater outcrops considering that

groundwater a very large reservoir. The process by which surface water enters the subsurface

is called groundwater recharge. During precipitation, water is divided at the ground surface

into recharge, evaporation or runoff. Recharge mostly depends on the climate and the

permeability of the surface which also indicates the ease of groundwater flow that is driven by

gravity and pressure gradients. Groundwater is a very convenient source of water because it is

less vulnerable to contamination from the surface, mostly pathogen free and evaporation loss

is low (Beckie, 2013). Aquifers of large areas can be a stable and reliable source of water

supply due to its separate relation with the water cycle. Irrigations and drinking water are

mostly drawn from groundwater supplying almost 50% of the people globally (Zektser and

Everett, 2004). The use of groundwater for irrigation helped in changing the rice importer

country of Bangladesh into a self-sufficient rice producer between the years 1999-2000.

Though effective, groundwater extraction for irrigation use has depleted various areas primarily

countries in the South Asia and high plains in the United States (Wada et.al, 2010). Also known

as the “mining” of groundwater, groundwater extraction from undeveloped aquifers results to

the unbalanced groundwater levels of recharge, discharge and the subsurface stored water.

Continuous pumping adjusts the recharge and discharge to lower levels until water levels

stabilize and a new equilibrium is reached. Excessive pumping of groundwater most commonly

leads to the exhaustion of the aquifer and causes them to dry up completely. The dynamics of

the re-equilibration process can be very slow; for large basins storage is mined out for hundreds

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to thousands of years before the full consequences of pumping on surface water are realized.

Groundwater plays a role in a variety of geomechanical processes. Generally speaking,

increasing groundwater pore pressures reduces the shear strength of geological materials.

Landslides that are triggered when pore pressures increase after rainfall or snowmelt events,

and earthquakes that rupture after pore pressures have increased by injection of fluids into the

subsurface during waste disposal, geothermal energy development, carbon-dioxide

sequestration or recovery of oil are some examples.

Groundwater Minerals

The chemical and biological character of ground water is acceptable for most uses. The

quality of ground water, particularly shallow ground water, is changing as a result of human

activities. Ground water is less susceptible to bacterial pollution than surface water because the

soil and rocks through which ground water flows screen out most of the bacteria. Bacteria,

however, occasionally find their way into ground water, sometimes in dangerously high

concentrations. Although freedom from bacterial pollution alone does not mean that the water

is fit to drink. Many unseen dissolved mineral and organic constituents are present in ground

water in various concentrations. Most are harmless or even beneficial; though occurring

infrequently, others are harmful, and a few may be highly toxic. Water is a solvent and dissolves

minerals from the rocks with which it comes in contact. Ground water may contain dissolved

minerals and gases that give it the tangy taste enjoyed by many people. Without these minerals

and gases, the water would taste flat. The most common dissolved mineral substances are

sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate. In water

chemistry, these substances are called common constituents.

Water typically is not considered desirable for drinking if the quantity of dissolved

minerals exceeds 1,000 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Water with a few thousand mg/L of

dissolved minerals is classed as slightly saline, but it is sometimes used in areas where less-

24
mineralized water is not available. Water from some wells and springs contains very large

concentrations of dissolved minerals and cannot be tolerated by humans and other animals or

plants. Many parts of the area are underlain at depth by highly saline ground water that has

only very limited uses.

Dissolved mineral constituents can be hazardous to animals or plants in large

concentrations; such as, too much sodium in the water may be harmful to people who have

heart trouble. Boron is a mineral that is good for plants in small amounts, but is toxic to some

plants in only slightly larger concentrations. Water that contains a lot of calcium and

magnesium is said to be hard. The hardness of water is expressed in terms of the amount of

calcium carbonate-the principal constituent of limestone-or equivalent minerals that would be

formed if the water were evaporated. Water is considered soft if it contains 0 to 60 mg/L of

hardness, moderately hard from 61 to 120 mg/L, hard between 121 and 180 mg/L, and very

hard if more than 180 mg/L. Very hard water is not desirable for many domestic uses; it will

leave a scaly deposit on the inside of pipes, boilers, and tanks. Hard water can be softened at a

fairly reasonable cost, but it is not always desirable to remove all the minerals that make water

hard. Extremely soft water is likely to corrode metals, although it is preferred for laundering,

dishwashing, and bathing.

Ground water, especially if the water is acidic, in many places contains excessive

amounts of iron. Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures and clothing. Like hardness,

excessive iron content can be reduced by treatment. A test of the acidity of water is pH, which

is a measure of the hydrogen-ion concentration. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7

indicates neutral water; greater than 7, the water is basic; less than 7, it is acidic. A one unit

change in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration. For example,

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7. Water that is

25
basic can form scale; acidic water can corrode. According to U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency criteria, water for domestic use should have a pH between 5.5 and 9.

In recent years, the growth of industry, technology, population, and water use has

increased the stress upon both our land and water resources. Locally, the quality of ground

water has been degraded. Municipal and industrial wastes and chemical fertilizers, herbicides,

and pesticides not properly contained have entered the soil, infiltrated some aquifers, and

degraded the ground-water quality. Other pollution problems include sewer leakage, faulty

septic-tank operation, and landfill leachates. In some coastal areas, intensive pumping of fresh

ground water has caused salt water to intrude into fresh-water aquifers (USGS, 2016).

Cavite Groundwater Status

A large part of Cavite has access to clean and safe water delivered by public and private

service agencies (e.g., 12 water districts, 2 LGU-managed and 4 private suppliers). Private

subdivisions and barangays that are not covered by the service agencies have their own water

systems in place, provided by the respective homeowners’ associations and Barangay

Waterworks and Sanitation Associations (BWSAs). The main sources of freshwater are the

groundwater wells and springs. While springs are commonly used in the upland and rural areas,

all others use deep wells, being the traditional water source. About 95 percent of the entire

households of Cavite have access to improved water services. The aggregate maximum

production capacity of the water agencies serving the province, which corresponds to a total of

293 pumping stations, is estimated at 303,397 m3/day. For the 12 water districts, the minimum

water service charge (first 10 cubic meter) for residential connections ranges from Php 158 in

Dasmariñas City to Php 280 in General Mariano Alvarez. The average minimum monthly

charge is Php 198.29. Though Cavite still has adequate water resources, it is projected that the

province will face challenges in securing freshwater resources in the near future. Although the

Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan (CIWRMMP) has been

26
developed, its implementation is still limited. The province needs to step up its water resources

management measures.

Figure 1. Groundwater availability in Cavite Province, 2012.

As shown in Figure 1, groundwater availability has reached a critical point in two

municipalities, with six more cities and municipalities having critical levels of water

availability. Thus, these areas must be given priority in the implementation of water resources

management actions. It is recommended that the province adopt and implement the integrated

water resource management program (IWRMP) to address the impending future water shortage

in the province. The water management plan can be strengthened through the enactment of

water resources management ordinances. The city and municipal governments may also

implement management actions in line with the CIWRMMP, particularly educating their

constituents on water conservation practices. Providing more than 95 percent of its residents’

safe and clean drinking water, the province’s water pricing is also reasonable at Php 15/cubic

27
meter to Php 28/ cubic meter. However, it is a concern that the main source of clean water is

groundwater. Excessive extraction of groundwater poses threats to water security as well as

land security. Various detrimental effects such as land subsidence, saltwater intrusion, surface

water diminishing and others can occur in the near future. Therefore, the province should

control and minimize groundwater extraction. It is recommended that the province seek

alternative solutions to groundwater extraction. Surface water should be tapped as a possible

source of drinking water. This can be made possible through efficient management of the

watershed areas and controlling pollution in major rivers of the province (PEMSEA, 2012).

Groundwater Recharge and Recharge Wells

According to W.M Alley (2009), groundwater recharge is defined as the natural part

of the hydrologic cycle whether it is caused by infiltration of the soil from rainfall or other

precipitations and caused by human induced recharge like recharge wells and spreading basins.

Recharge wells. However, natural recharge to the water table can be diffuse or localized.

Diffuse recharge is defined as the widespread movement of water from land surface to the

water table as a result of precipitation over large areas infiltrating and percolating through the

unsaturated zone of soil. Localized recharge, on the other hand is defined as the movement of

water from surface water bodies to the ground water system and is less uniform in space.

One method of human induced recharge is recharge wells, which is commonly

associated with rainwater harvesting. Recharge well, according to Guttmann (2017), is used to

increase the water budget and water quality of the aquifer, it is also used to make the aquifer

as a seasonal storage, and to inject surplus water during low demands. Rain water harvesting

is commonly associated to this technique as recharge well, according to India Water, is best

applied if connected to a channel of drainage of stormwater so that the drainage will be the

source of the recharge. In other countries, it is connected to the roofs of structures like houses

where the rainwater will flow through the gutter box to the roof to a storm water harvesting

28
tank that will late flow to the recharge well. A 3 feet diameter and 20 feet deep well can recharge

ground water from nearly 1000 square meters of area which in a normal year of rainfall (900

mm) means about 1 million liters of water.

Concave Roofs

Innovation in rainwater harvesting in dessert areas are noew a trend to make up for the

shortage of water. An article in 2017 by Lucy Wang, Iran-based BMDesign Studios addressed

their home country’s arid climates with an architectural solution to water shortages called

Concave Roof, a double-roof system designed to collect and store rainwater, and promote

natural cooling. This design also is estimated to have 28 cubic meters of water could be

harvested with just 923 square meters of a concave roof surface.

Figure 2. Concave Roof Design

Climate and Precipitation Level in Dasmariñas City, Cavite

29
 Dasmariñas City is classified as a tropical wet and dry climate or Climate classification

Aw of the Köppen climate classification. The city has also an average of 1970 mm of

precipitation yearly.

Figure 3. Average Monthly Rainfall in Dasmariñas City, Cavite

It is also important to take note that Dasmariñas City, Cavite is composed of partly

lowlands and partly hills, there is also high and gently sloping areas in Dasmariñas City, Cavite

that is critical in groundwater sourcing in the city.

3.4 Methodology

The definition of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) on climate change vulnerability (Figure 3.1.) is used to frame the analysis. The

exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity level of the areas available for recharge well

applications are assessed in this study. These are determined using existing government data,

available research, personal accounts, computation of recharge well capacities, and other

official studies on relevant indicators and factors.

30
 Figure 3.1 Vulnerability Framework by the United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change (IPCC 2014)

3.5 Results and Discussion

The City of Dasmariñas in Cavite has high exposure in climate change. Below is the

summary of the exposure information.

• Dasmariñas City has a population of 659,019 as of 2015

• JICA found out that water table is decreasing at 1-m per year at the upland

areas of Cavite

• Dasmariñas Water District provides water from groundwater for their

consumers as well. Aside from this government owed wells, there is a lot of

private wells that are not registered properly

• The appearance of longer hot seasons creates a larger demand of

groundwater sourcing.

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3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations

The City of Dasmariñas must begin to consider the city-wide application of this plan.

Legislative measures must be conducted to attain the government owned lands and situate

recharge wells to a vacant lot or at points near to deep wells. The desired capacity of the

recharge well should be really considered, but proper training and application of materials

should be done properly to avoid unnecessary financial and time wastages, as this project is

running against time.

• Provide a large area of application of recharge wells

• Develop other recharge techniques for groundwater

• Develop ordinances that will regulate private deep wells

• Develop alternative sources of water supply for the city

CHAPTER 4

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

4.1 Introduction

For this civil engineering project, the design of the recharge well, is based on the

desired depth and diameter of the recharge well of the designers. For this project, a

diameter of 900mm and a depth of 20 ft or 6.096 m was identified to be used.

However, for the innovation of Concave Roof Rainwater harvesting system, it is

based on the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015 Volume 1.

32
 Minimum design loads needed for this certain type of structure are based from the

NSCP 2015. For this instance, the structural software that was used is STAAD, and

load combinations that was considered are live load and dead load combinations as this

is only a roof designed for rainwater harvesting.

4.2 Volume Capacity of the Recharge Well

Simple calculation of the volume capacity of the recharge well during

average rainfall for a year of average 900 mm precipitation per year (which in ground

surface that has an area of 1000 square meters is equal to 1 million liters of water).

This can be done by multiplying the desired depth and area of the cross section of the

well.

𝜋 2
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 𝑑 × 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
4

𝜋
𝑉 = (0.9)2 × 6.096 𝑚 = 3.87 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
4

This means that by having 10 recharge wells on the stated location or project site,

a total of 38.78 cubic meters or 38781.08 liters can be achieved on a normal year of

average rainfall of 900 mm for this assumption. This can be exceeded in Dasmariñas

City as the average rainfall there is 1970 mm per year.

4.3 Dead Load

Dead Loads used for the design were based on National Structural code of

the Philippines (NSCP) 2015 Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa).

Dead Load:

33
 Recharge wall- (concrete, reinforced) = 11.8 kPa

Water Capacity of Tank – 9.81 kN/m3* .5 m = 4.905 kPa

Dead Load Total: 16.705 kPa

4.4 Live Load

Dead Loads used for the design were based on National Structural code of

the Philippines (NSCP) 2015 Table 205-1 Minimum Design Live Loads (kPa).

Live load = 1.9 kPa (basic Floor area only)

Dead Load Total: 1.9 kPa

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4.5 STAAD

Figure 4.1 Slab of the Tank on STAAD

4.5 STAAD Results

Thick Shorter Direction Shorter Direction

ness Bottom Bars Top Bars Bottom Bars Top Bars
Diam Spac Diam Spac Diam Spac Diam Spac
eter ing eter ing eter ing eter ing
SL 150 12 300 12 300 12 300 12 300
AB mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

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4.6 Perspective Drawing

FIGURE 4.6.1 ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE RECHARGE WELL

36
4.7 Plan Drawings

FIGURE 4.1 PLAN VIEW ABOVE THE GROUND

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 CHAPTER 5

BUDGET ESTIMATION

In estimating the Bill of Quantities, the researcher considered the

following cost items below. The team also canvassed for the cost of materials that are the

most economical for the project, as shown on the figure below, the project obtains a grand

total amount of One Million, Sixty-Nine Thousand, Eight Hundred Seventeen Pesos and

42 centavos (1,069,817.42 Pesos).

Figure 5.1 Bill of Quantities of the Project

38
 CHAPTER 6

PROJECT SCHEDULE

This chapter contains the project scheduling that will be flowed from the start of

the construction until the finish of the project. The schedules were made possible through

the coordination with the project adviser and project beneficiaries. The schedule was ran

through the use of the software Orcale Primavera P6.

The researchers divided the project in various phases, four phases to be exact, that

resulted to Forty-Five (45) days of completion, assuming that there is no delay in the

construction. Shown in the figure is the expected start of construction April 15,2019 to

June 14, 2019, a total of 45 days.

Figure 6.1 Summary of Project Duration

Note the currency should be in pesos

39
Figure 6.2 Schedule Summary

40
Figure 6.3 Close-up view of Scheduling (per week)

41
 Figure 6.4 Project WBS

Figure 6.5 Porject Gannt Chart of Resources

42
 EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION SCHEDULE

EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION
SCHEDULE
EQUIPMENT QUANTITY
1 Excavator 2
2 Hauler 1
3 Cocnrete Mixer 2
4 Dam Truck 2
5 Elf Truck 2

MANPOWER UTILIZATION SCHEDULE

MANPOWER UTILIZATION SCHEDULE

DESIGNATION QUANTITY
1 Project Manager 1
2 Structural Engineer 1
3 Rebar/Concreting Engineer 1
4 Formworks Engineer 1
5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Engineer 1
6 Earthworks Engineer 1
7 Foreman 1
8 Cad Operator 1
9 Steel Man 2
10 Laborer 4
11 Carpenter 2

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 CHAPTER 7

PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL

This chapter contains the promotional materials for his civil engineering project

that can enable this project to have support. It contains the perspective and Sketchup

presentation using Google Sketchup 2017.

FIGURE 7.1 RECHARGE WELL TOP VIEW

44
FIGURE 2 ISOMERTRIC VIEW OF THE RECHARGE WELL:

45
 CHAPTER 8

SUMMARRY AND CONCLUSION

The objective of this study is to develop and create a recharge well that will benefit

the residents of Barangay Paliparan II, Dasmariñas City, Cavite, while applying the

sustainable proposed innovations presented. The researchers were able to design a

rectangular tank, instead of a concave roof based on the related literatures, as a built-in

rainwater harvester for the recharge well. This design is best suitable to the environment

and climate in the area and the technology available to our country.

The group will incorporate this innovation to the recharge well, with a specified

depth of 20 feet or 6.096 m with an effective dimeter of 900 mm. These dimensions are

based on the dimension of Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert or Precast Concrete Ring

which has an effective diameter of 900 mm and depth of 1 meter. In this regard the selected

dimension of the rectangular tank is 1.1 m x 0.5 x 1 m, where each tank has a capacity to

gather additional 0.55 cubic meters to the recharge well capacity of a single recharge well.

This design capacity of the rectangular open tank harvester is designed for the sustainable

innovation within the available technology in our country.

In this project, the most important part is the excavation of the recharge wells and

the back fill of the sides of the recharge well that will hold the recharge well in steady

place. Therefore, it is important to follow the proper procedures for recharge well

excavation during the duration of this activity, so once the precast concrete ring is placed

on the center of the excavated area it can be aligned properly and the water can flow in

the desired flow for the recharge well. The aid of the rainwater harvester open rectangular

46
tank will really enhance the benefits of the recharge well. This rainwater harvester was

made possible due to the design of slabs using STAAD. The researchers took priority to

the innovation to address the problem as it is of great concern, then considered the codes

from the NSCP 2015 and the available technology in the country to construct the open

tank rainwater harvester

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 CHAPTER 9

RECOMMENDATION

This study focused on the use and application of recharge wells to aid the recharge

of the aquifers present in the City of Dasmariñas, Cavite. As the decrease of the water

table in this area is increasingly alarming. The construction of the rectangular open tank

rainwater harvester is also an important innovation for this project. Creating recharge well

is one easy and effective way to aid the recharge of aquifers and rainwater harvesting in

good areas is a good way to partner with recharge wells. The innovations on the shapes of

these rainwater harvesters should also be taken into consideration to blend well with the

environment and the volume that it can provide. Additionally, the availability of

construction methods and technology in Philippines should also be considered, like the

application of reinforced concrete concave roofs as rainwater harvester.

Though some may consider the cost of recharge wells maybe costly, it should not

be considered as it is needed to address the problem of decreasing water table immediately

as this is happening in an alarming rate. However, aside from recharge wells, other

recharge techniques can be used or applied in the area such as recharge basins and

recharge mounds or channels that can provide more capacity for aquifer recharge. In this

regard, the depth and area of the recharge method chose is to be given of utmost

importance to produce the best results.

48
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