Indus Valley Civilization
 The First metal known to man was
Copper.
Harappa
 British laid railway lines on the banks of
river Ravi In 1856.
 Harappa in Sindhi means ‘Buried City’.
 The Great Bath was built of Kiln-fired
bricks and sealed with a lining of bitumen.
 The northern part of the town was narrow
and elevated
 The eastern side was broad and lowered.
 Mohenjo – daro in Sindhi means ‘Mound
of death’.
 They worshipped Lord Shiva represented
as Pasupathi, Mother Goddess, Lingam
and trees.
 They buried dead in Urns.
 No written records are available for the
prehistoric period.
 In India, the prehistoric period is divided
into the
 Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age)
 Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
 Neolithic (New Stone Age)
 Metal Age
 The technique of Radio carbon dating is
commonly used for finding the age.
 Another dating method is known as
dendro-chronology. It refers to the
number of tree rings in wood.
Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age:
 The period before 10000 B.C.
 These sites are generally located near
water sources. In the Old Stone Age, food
was obtained by hunting animals and
gathering edible plants and tubers.
Therefore, these people are called as
hunter-gatherers.
Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age:
 10000 B.C. to 6000 B.C.
 tiny stone artefacts, often not more than
five cm in size, and therefore called
microliths.

 began a tendency to settle for longer
periods in an area.
Neolithic Age:
 It is approximately dated from 6000 B.C to
4000 B.C.
 Domestication of sheep, goats and cattle
was widely prevalent.
 The people of Neolithic Age used clothes
made of cotton and wool.
Metal Age:
 The Neolithic period is followed by
Chalcolithic (copper-stone) period when
copper and bronze came to be used.
 The Chalcolithic age is followed by Iron
Age.
 Megalith means Large Stone.
The Harappan Civilization
 Mohenjo-Daro is the largest of all the
Indus cities.
 There are four important stages or phases
of evolution and they are named as
 pre-Harappan,
 early-Harappan,
 mature-Harappan and
 late Harappan.
 The pre-Harappan stage is located in
eastern Baluchistan. In this stage, the
nomadic people began to lead a settled
agricultural life.
 In the early-Harappan stage, the people
lived in large villages in the plains. the
transition from rural to urban life took
place during this period.
 In the mature-Harappan stage, great cities
emerged.
 In the late-Harappan stage, the decline of
the Indus culture started.
 Great Bath measuring 39 feet length, 23
feet breadth and 8 feet depth.
 The largest building in Mohenjo-Daro is a
granary measuring 150 feet length and 50
feet breadth
  Citadel of Harappa we find as many as six
granaries.
 Wheat and Barley where the maincrops
grown besides sesame, mustard and
cotton.
 Animals like sheep, goats and buffalo
were domesticated.
 Trade was of the barter type.
 Fishing was a regular occupation while
hunting and bull fighting were other pass
times.
 The chief male deity was Pasupathi.
 The chief female deity was the Mother
Goddess.
India after Maurya’s:
Kushana Empire
 They belonged to the Yueh-Chi tribe.
 They came after the decline of Mauryans.
 During 1st Century AD Kadphises I
established the kingdom of Kushana in the
North west part of India.
 Kadphises II succeeded Kadphises I.
 Kanishka succeeded Kadphises II
 He created a new capital called
purushapuram (Peshawar).
 He organized the Fourth Buddhist Council
at Kashmir.
 The new division of Buddhism Mahayana
Originated in this Council
 Ashvaghosha wrote Buddha Charita.
 Kanishka was called Asoka II.
Gupta Empire
 The Capital of Gupta empire is
Pataliputra.
 Chandragupta I (AD 319-335) was the first
important king of gupta dynasty.
 Samudragupta (AD 335-375) succeeded
Chandragupta I.
 The Allahabad pillar inscription was
inscribed by his minister harisena.
 After Samudragupta Chandragupta II (AD
380-414) was considered as a famous
King.
 Nalanda University was founded by
Kumara Gupta.
Harsha Dynasty
 Harshavardhana, the king of
Thaneshwar.
 He fought with sasanka the one who
killed his brother.
 With the help of king of Kamarubha he
killed sasanka and became the king of
Kanauj, which became his capital.
 His minister Bana was a Sanskrit
scholar. He wrote a book called
HarshaCharitha.
GUPTA EMPIRE
 The Chinese traveler Fahien, who visited
India during the reign of Chandragupta II
Chandragupta I (AD 320-330)
 The founder of the Gupta dynasty was Sri
Gupta.
 The next ruler was Chandragupta I and he
was the first to be called Maharajadhiraja
(the great king of kings).
 The Meherauli Iron Pillar inscription
mentions his extensive conquests.
Chandragupta I is considered to be the
founder of the Gupta era which starts
with his accession in A.D. 320.
Samudragupta (AD 330-380)
 The Allahabad Pillar inscription provides a
detailed account of his reign.
 Because of his military achievements
Samudragupta was hailed as ‘Indian
Napoleon’
 He was also called as kaviraja.
Chandragupta II (AD 380-415)
 Samudragupta was succeeded by his son
Chandragupta II Vikram Aditya.
 He married Kuberanaga, a Naga princess of
central India.
 last ruler of the Saka satrap was defeated,
dethroned and killed. After this victory he
performed the horse sacrifice and assumed
the tittle Sakari, meaning, ‘destroyer of
Sakas’. He also called himself Vikram Aditya.
  Ujjain became an important commercial city
and soon became the alternative capital of
the Guptas.
 Kumaragupta was the son and successor of
Chandragupta II.
 The great Jain Council was held at Valabhi
during this period and the Jain Canon of the
Swetambras was written.
 Nagari script had evolved from the Brahmi
script.
 The court of Chandragupta II was adorned by
the celebrated Navratnas. Kalidasa remain the
foremost among them. His master-piece was
the Sanskrit drama Shakuntala.
 The Panchatantra stories were composed by
Vishnusarma during the Gupta period.
 The Buddhist author Amarasimha compiled a
lexicon called Amarakosa.
 Aryabhatta was a great mathematician and
astronomer. He wrote the book Aryabhatiya
in 499 A.D.
 Vagbhata was the author Ashtangasamgraha.
ARAB AND TURKISH INVASIONS
 Prophet mohammed (570-632 A.D) is the
founder of islam.
 The Arabs made Islam a powerful force in the
politics of Asia.
Arab conquest of Sind and Multan 712A.D.
 Mahmud's important expedition in Hindustan
was against the Somnath temple in 1025A.D.
which was situated on the coast of Kathiawar.
 Sir Henry Elliot in his book "The History of
India" refers to the seventeen expeditions of
Muhammad of Ghazni.
Muhammad of Ghori
 Muhammad was the third important Muslim
invader of Hindustan.
First Battle of Tarain 1191 A.D.
Muhammad of Ghori Vs Prithviraj Chauhan, the
Rajput ruler.
 Prithviraj also recovered Bhatinda, which was
earlier occupied by Mahmud of Ghazni.
Second Battle of Tarain (1192A.D.)
Muhammad of Ghori Vs Prithviraj Chauhan, the
Rajput ruler.
 Prithviraj was imprisoned and later put to
death.
 Muhammad of Ghori appointed Qutb-ud-din
Aibak as his commander.
 Delhi was made the capital of Muhammad of
Ghori's territory in India.
Battle of Chandwar 1194A.D.
Muhammad of Ghori Vs Jaichandra Rajput ruler of
Kanauj

Muhammad-bin-Qasim:  Muhammad-bin-Baktiyar Khilji, One of the

commanders of Muhammad of Ghori.
 Muhammad-bin-Qasim was sent by AI-Hajjaj
 Muhammad of Ghori was assassinated on
the Governor of Iraq with the permission of
25th March 1206 A.D., by some Shia rebels
Caliph Walid to conquer Sind.
and Khokhars.
 He got so much of wealth from Multan that
 Muhammad of Ghori was considered to be
he called Multan 'The City of Gold.'.
the real founder of the Turkish Empire in India
 Muhammad-bin-Qasim divided Sind and
Multan into a number of lqtas or districts.
 The period from 1206 A. D. to 1526 A. D.
 The Arabs imposed Jizya on non- muslims.
came to be known as the Sultanate period.
 Caliph Sulaiman, succeeded Caliph Walid after
his death. He was an arch enemy of AI-Hajjaj,
 Mamaluk
the Governor of Iraq. He dismissed
 Khilji
Muhammad-bin Qasim as he was the son-in-
 Tughluq
law of AI-Hajjaj. He sent him as a prisoner to
 Sayyid
Mesopotamia and tortured him to death.
 Lodi
 Rani Bai, the wife of Dahir.

Mahmud of Ghazni

 Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India in 1000 A.D.

MAMALUK DYNASTY
Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210A.D.)
 He assumed sovereign powers on 24th June
1206 A.D.
 He was the founder of the Turkish dominion
in India.
 The term Mamaluk was the Quranic term for
a slave.
 He shifted his capital to Lahore.
 He was called as Lakh Baksh or Giver of Lakhs
for his generosity.
 He died in November 1210 A.D. after he fell
from his horse while playing polo.
llltutmish (1211-1236A.D.)
 lltutmish was born in the llbari tribe of Central
Asia.
 Aibak made him as his son-in-law. He killed
Aram Shah, the son of Aibak and became king
in 1211 A.D.
 Iltutmish refused to give shelter to Jalal-ud-
din Mangabarni, the Shah of Khwarizm who
was attacked by Mongols.
 Qutb Minar was built in honour of Sufi Saint
Khwaja Qutb-ud-din Baktiyar kaki who died in
Delhi. The construction started by Aibak was
completed by lltutmish.
 He nominated his daughter Raziah as his
successor before his death.
 He fell ill and died in 1236AD.
 lltutmish set up lqtas under lqtadars.
 He was the first Turkish ruler to introduce
Arabic coinage.
 The silver tanka of Iltutmish weighed 175 mgs
and had an Arabic inscription on it. Iltutmish
also introduced copperJital.
Sultana Raziah (1236-1240A.D.)
 Raziah was the first woman ruler of Sultanate
period.
 The successors of Raziah were weak and
hence Balban rose to power in 1265 A.D.
Balban (1285-1287 A.D).
 Balban an llbari Turk became the ruler in
1265A.D. after the death of Nasir-ud-din
Mahmud.
 He believed in the Divine Right Theory of
Kingship. He introduced Poibos- a form of
salutation to the king by kissing his feet in the
court.
 Balban curtailed and destroyed the 'Corps of
Forty'
 A separate military department called Diwan-
i-arz was established.
 Divine right Theory - The ruler was
considered as a representative of God on
earth.
 He patronized Amir Khusrau who is called as
the 'Parrot of India' and Amir Hasan.
 Balban was shocked when his son Mahmud
was killed during an encounter with the
Mongols. He never recovered from the sorrow
and died in 1287 A.D.
 Balban was succeeded by Kaiqubad his
grandson.
 The nobles made Kayumar, the infant son of
Kaiqubad as ruler.
 Jalal-ud-din Khilji, the commander of Balban
killed Kaiqubad and Kayumar and became the
ruler of Delhi.
KHILJI DYNASTY
Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji (1290-1296A.D.)
 He wanted to rule without bloodshed. Hence,
he was called as Clemency Jalal-ud-din.
 He appointed his nephew and son-in-law Ala-
ud-din Khilji as the Governor of Kara.
 He arrested and killed Sidi Maula, a religious
leader who tried to seize the throne.
 Jalal-ud-din's policy of peace was not liked by
the young Khiljis. Ala-ud-din Khilji the son-in-
law of Jalal-u d-d in treacherously murdered
him and came to power after his return from
Devagiri.
Ala-ud-din Khiliji (1296-1316 A.D).
 Ala-ud-din Khilji was the first Sultan who
invaded South India.
 He introduced four ordinances to prevent
frequent rebellions.
 A permanent standing army was organized by
Ala-ud-din. He introduced the system of
branding of horses.
 He followed a harsh policy towards the
Hindus. Jizya, grazing tax and house tax were
imposed on them.
 Officers like Diwan-i-riyasat and Shahana-i-
mandi were appointed to regularize the
market.
 Ghazi Malik, the Governor of Punjab, invaded
Delhi and captured the throne. Ghazi Malik
 assumed the title of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq
and founded a new line of rulers at Delhi
known as the Tughluq Dynasty.
TUGHLUQ DYNASTY
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq (1320-1325 A.D.)
 Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq or Ghazi Malik was the
founder of the Tughluq dynasty.
 The crown prince Junakhan succeeded him.
Muhammad-bln-Tughlaq (1325-1361 A.D).
 Prince Junakhan took up the title Muhammad-
bin-Tughluq in 1325 A.D.
 lnorder to protect his capital from Mongols,
he transferred his capital from Delhi to
Devagiri.
FirozTu tiluq (351-1388A.D).
 Firoz Tughluq, the son of the younger brother
of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq
 He collected four important taxes such as
Kharaj-1/10 of the produce of the land,
Khams-1/5 of the war booty, Jizya-Poll Tax
and Zakat-Tax on Muslims for specific
religious purposes.
 An Employment Bureau, Marriage Bureau,
(Diwani-i-kherat) and hospitals (Dar-ul-shafa)
were established.
 Diwan-i-lstibqaq was established to give
financial help to the poor.
 The Sultan himself wrote his autobiography
called Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi.
 . Kutab- Feroz Shahi was a book which dealt
with Physics.
THE SAYYID DYNASTY (1414-1451 A.D.).
 Khizr Khan (1414- 1421 A.D.) the Governor of
Multan founded Sayyid Dynasty.
 Mubarak Shah (1421-1434A.D.) is notable for
the fact that for the first time Hindu nobles
were appointed in the court of Delhi. He built
a city called "Mubarakbad" on the banks of
the river Jamuna.
 Mubarak's nephew, Muhammad Shah (1434-
1445 A.D.) succeeded him.
 Bahlol Lodi the Governor of Lahore was
conferred with the title Khan-i-Khanan.
LODI DYNASTY
Bahlol Lodi (1451-1489A.D.)
 The Lodi Dynasty was founded by Bahlol Lodi.
 Bahlol's son Sikandar Shahi (1489-1517 A.D.)
ascended the throne under the title of
Sikandar Shah.
 He built the city of Agra which became an
important administrative and cultural center
of the Lodi's.
 He enjoyed" Shehnai "music. A reputed work
on music titled "LahjatÂ-i-Sikandar Shahi was
prepared during his reign.
 Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526 A.D.) succeeded
Sikandhar Lodi.
 Dilwar khan Lodi the son of Dau lat khan Lodi
was treated cruely by Ibrahim Lodi. In order to
take revenge on him, Daulat khan Lodi invited
Babur the ruler of Kabul to invade India.
 Ministers to Sultan
 Wazir - Prime Minister and Finance
Minister.
 Diwani-I-Risalt - Foreign Affairs
Minister.
 Sadr-us-Suddar - Minister of Islamic
Law.
 Diwan-I-lnsha - Correspondence
Minister.
 Diwan-I-Ariz - Defence or War
Minister.
 Qazi-ul-quzar - Minister of Justice.
 The defeat of Ibrahim Lodi in the first Battle of
Panipat in 1526 A.D. by Babur ended the Lodi
dynasty
THE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN.
The Chalukyas (6th – 12th century A.D.)
Early Western Chalukyas (6th -8th Century A.D.)
 Their capital was Vatapi, (modern Badami) in
the Bijapur district.
 Pulakesin-I (543-566.A.D) was the real
founder of the Early Western Chalukyas.
 Dantidurga, founder of the Rashtrakuta
Empire overthrew Kirtivarman-II, the last of
the Chalukya Kings of Badami.
Later Western Chalukyas of Kalyani (10th -12th
century A.D)
 Tailapa II (973- 997 A.D) the founder of this
dynasty
 Someswara IV was the last ruler of this
dynasty.
Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi (7th – 12th Century A.D)
  Vishnu Vardhana, a brother of Pulakesin-11,
was the founder of the Eastern Chalukya
Empire of Vengi.
 Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakesin-II who
composed the Aihole Inscription was a Jain.
 Aihole has been called the ''Cradle of Indian
Temple architecture”.
 The Virupaksha temple: This temple was built
by Lokamahadevi,the queen of Vikramaditya
II.
The Rashtrakutas (8th -10th century A.D.).
THEYADAVAS OF DEVAGIRI (12th -14th Century A.D.).
 Kannada was the mother tongue of the
Rashtrakutas.
 The term "Rashtrakutas· means designated
officers-in-charge of territorial divisions called
RISE OF THE MARATHAS
Rashtras.
 The greatness of the Rashtrakutas started
with Dantidurga.
 Dantidurga died in 756 A.O. and was
succeeded by his uncle Krishna-I (756-775
A.O.).
 Govinda-11 (775- 780 A.O.), the son of Krishna
I Succeeded him.
 Dhurva (780-792 A.D.) who succeeded
SHIVAJI (A.D.1627 - A.D.1680).
Govinda-11, was an able ruler.
 Govinda-II1 (792 -814 A. D.) was succeeded by
his fourteen year old son Amoghavarsha-1
(814- 880 A.D).
 Krishna-Ill (936-968 A.D.) was the next famous
ruler.
 Karka-II (972- 973.A.D.), the last ruler of the
Rashtrakutas.
 Karka-II (972- 973.A.D.), the last ruler of the
Rashtrakutas Kailasanatha temple at Ellora.
The Elephanta caves near Mumbai were
completed by the Rashtrakutas.
 Amoghavarsha - wrote Kaviraja Marga in the
Kannada language.
The Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra (11th -14th Century
A.D.).
 Vishnuvardhana was the first distinguished
ruler of Vinayaditya's family.
 He shifted his capital to Dwarasamudra.
The Kakatiyas of Warangal (12th -14th Century A.D.).
 Proia-II (1110 -1158 A.D.) the Kakatiya ruler
captured the territory between the Krishna
and the Godavari from the Chalukyas and
ruled over it with Hanumakonda as his capital.
His son Prataparudra-I (1158- 1196.A.D.)
shifted the capital to Warangal. The next
remarkable ruler was Ganapathi (1199-
1261.A.D.).
 Ganapati was succeeded by his daughter
Rudrambha (1261- 1291.A.D.).
 Vinayakadeva the last nominal ruler of this
dynasty was put to death by Muhammad Shah
I
 The famous Kohinoor Diamond which was
unearthed in Kollur on the banks of the
Krishna river belonged to the Kakatiyas.
 Bhillama V was succeeded by his son
Jaitrapala (1191-1210 A.D.)
 The Marathas were people who lived in the
hilly region of D&ccan in and around
Maharashtra.
 They worked under the Shla kings of the
Deccan.
 They developed a peculiar type of Warfare
called “Guerlll8 Warfare”.
 Shlvaji was bom In A.D.1627 at Shivner hill
fort near Poona. His father was Shahji Bhonsle
who work.ad under the Sultan of Bijapur. His
mother was Jija Bal.
 he was brought up by his tutor and Guru
DadaJI Khonda Dev.
 The Sultan of Bljapur deputed Afzal Khan to
bring Shivaji,But he was killed by Shivaji with
Tiger claw.
 In A.D.1660 Aurangazeb sent Saylstakhan, the
Governor of Deccan to check the activities of
Shlvaji. but last his thumb.
 Aurangazeb again sent Raja Jai Singh to deal
with Shlvajl. Shivajl was surrounded on all
sides.
 In A.D.1665, Treaty or Purandhar was signed
between them.
 Aurangazeb called Shivaji a "Mountain-Rat·.
 In A.D.1674, Shivaji got himself coronated at
Raigam and assumed the title of "Chatrapati"
 He had a council of eight ministers
called"Ashtapradhan'toassist him in
administration.
 Shivaji abolished the Zamindari system.
  After the death of Shlvajl, his eldest son
Sambhajl ascended the throne. He was not as
efficient as his father.
 Rajaram, another son of Shivaji became the
Chatrapathi. When he died in A.O.1700, his
wife Tara Bai began to rule the empire on
behalf of her minor son Shivaji-II
Peshwas.
 The Prime Minister of the Maratha Empire
was called the "Peshwa". Their rule started
from A.D.1713.
Peshwa Balaji Viswanath (1713A.D-1720A.D.)
 He became the first Peshwa under the
Maratha emperor Sahu. He was called as the
founder of the Peshwa rule.
Peshwa Baji Rao (1720A.D-1740A.D).
 he was generally regarded as the ·greatest of
lhe Peshwas·.
Peshwa BalaJI Baji Rao (1740A.D-1761 A.D.).
 He was the 3" Peshwa. He had the able
guidance of his cousin Sadasiva Rao and the
Maratha power attained its zenith in 1758 A.D
The Third Battle of Panlpat (A.D.1761).
 Ahmad Shah Abdali, the king of Afghanistan.
with the help of Nazlb-ud-daulah of
Rohilkhand and Shuja-ud-daulah of Oudh. He
met the Maratha forces led by Sadasiva Rao
at the historic plains of Panipat in 1761 A.D
Invasion of Nadir Shah (A.D.1739).
 Nadir Shah was one of the greatest warriors
of Persia.
 He did not spare the Mughal emperor and
deprived him of the famous Kohi-noor
Diamond and the Peacock Throne.
 he was killed by his own soldiers in A.D.1747.
Invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali (A.D.1761).
 Ahmad Shah Abdali was the head of the
Abdali tribe of the Afghans.
THE GREAT MUGHALS
 Ibrahim Lodi, the last Sultan of Deihi.
BABUR (A.D 1526. A. D 1530).
 Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad, Babur was born in
A.D.1483.
 He was the eldest son of Umar Shaikh Mirza.
Babur was a descendant from his father’s side
of Timur, the Turk, and mother's side of
Chenglzkhan, the Mongol.
 Babur became the king of Farghana al the
early age of 11.
FIRST BATTLE OF PANIPAT (A.D.1526)
 Ibrahim Lodi Vs Babur.
 Ibrahim Lodi was defeated and killed In the
battlefield. It brought the rule of Delhi
Sultanate to an end.
 Rana Sanga was defeated in the battle of
Kanwah in A.D 1527.
 Medini Rai of Malwa was defeated in the
battle of Chanderi In A.D 1528.
 Muhammed Lodi was also defeated In the
battle of Gaghra in A.D 1529.
 In A.D 1530 at the age of 47, Babur died of ill-
health, after nominating Humayun as the
successor.
 He wrote his Autobiography, "Tuzuk-I-Babri",
populary known as "Memoirs of Babur" in
Turkish language.
HUMAYUN (A.D.1530-A.D.1540 and A.D 1555-A.D
1556)
 Humayun, the eldest son of Babur, ascended
to the throne in A.D 1530 after the death of
his father.
 Sherkhan defeated Humayun in the battle of
Chausa in A.D 1539 and again in the battle of
Kanauj In A.D.1540.
 He married Hamida Banu Begum and Akbar
was born at Amarkot in A.D 1542.
 "Humayun" means "fortunate",
SHER SHAH SUR (A.D.1540-1545)
 The original name of Shershah Sur was Farid.
 "Sherkhan" the "Lion King” for killing a tiger in
a single hand (Sher) on a hunting expedition.
 The dynasty founded by him was known as
"Sur Dynasty".
 Diwan-i-Wizarat - incharge of income and
expenditure,
 Diwa-i-Ariz - incharge of recruitments,
organization of army,
  Diwan-i-Rasalat - incharge of ambassadors
and envoys,
 Diwan-i-Insha - incharge of royal
proclamations and despatches.
 He issued “Patta" to the cultivators. He
introduced the "Ryotwari System".
 Shershah has been called as the Fore-runner
of Akbar.
 He introduced the "Dagh" system (or)
"branding the horses" to avoid false musters.
SHAH JAHAN (A.D.1628-A.D 1658)
 Shershah has been called as "the father of
modem currency".
AKBAR THE GREAT (A.D.1556-A.D.1605)
 Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar was born at
Amarkot on 23rd November 1542. Humayun
made Bairam Khan Akbar's guardian as he was
only 13 years old when he was crowned
Emperor
SECOND BATTLE OF PANIPAT (A.D.1556)
 The armies of Akbar and Hemu met at the
historic plains of Panipat inA.D.1556.
Hemu was defeated and killed.
 Akbar abolished 'Jizya' and 'Pilgrimage taxes'
AURANGAZEB (A.D.1658-A.D.1707)
which were collected from non-Muslims.
 Abul Fazl wrote Ain-I-Akbari and Akbar Nama.
Abul Faizl translated Ramayana and
Mahabharata into Persian from Sanskrit. Tan
sen was a great musician who adorned
Akbar’s Court.
RELIGIOUS POLICY (DIN-I-ILAHI)
 he constructed a building known as lbadat
Khana.
 1582, Akbar promulgated a new religion
called "Din-i-llahi" (Divine Faith). Its object
was to establish a National Religion based on
universal toleration.
 He wrote his autobiography. “Tuzuk-I-
Jahanglri".
 Jahangir was famous in the field of justice. He
ordered for the setting up of a 'Chain of
Justice"
 "Nur Mahal' or 'Light of the Palace”. Later on
she was called as Nur Jahan or "Light of the
World".The period between 1611-1626 may
easily be called as "the Age of Nur Jahan'.
 Shah Jahan was the son of Jahangir. His
original name was Khurram.
 Shah Jahan "King of the World”.
 The reign of ShahJahan has been considered
as the "Golden Age of the Mughals".
 Shah Jahan has been called as the “Prince of
Builders", and "Engineer King".
 He built a new capital “shahjahanabad".
 He had a grand collection of precious stones.
It included the 'Peacock Throne' and the
valuable Kohinoor Diamond.
 The Persian invader, Nadir Shah took it away
in A.D.1739.
 He assumed the title of "Alamgir".
 Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru
protested against the anti-Hindu policy of
Aurangazeb.Aurangazeb was annoyed and the
Guru was summoned to Delhi and compelled
to embrace Islam. As the Guru refused to do
so, he was tortured and beheaded.

JAHANGIR (A.D.1605-A.D.1627)

 After the death of Akbar, his eldest son ·Salim·

assumed the title, Nuruddln Muhammad
Jahangir (or) “conqueror of the World" and
became the emperor of India
 Guru Arjun Dev the 5th Sikh Guru
 During Jahangir's reign, captain William
Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe from England
visited his court. Sir Thomas Roe obtained
permission from Jahangir in A.D.1615 to trade
at Surat.