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Lateral Guidance
 When one side of the train nears the side of the guide way,
the super conducting magnet on the train induces a
repulsive force from the levitation coils on the side closer
to the train and an attractive force from the coils on the
farther side.
 This keeps the train in the center.

Fuel cells vehicles

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Fuel cell vehicles

 A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric vehicle
(FCEV) is a type of vehicle which uses a fuel cell to power
its on-board electric motor.
 Fuel cells in vehicles create electricity to power an electric
motor, generally using oxygen from the air and compressed
hydrogen.

Fuel cells vehicles

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Fuel cells vehicles

Fuel cells vehicles

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How to use hydrogen to fuel a car?

Unlike batteries, fuel cells don’t need to be replaced. We just have to refill the
tank with H2!

The Riversimple vehicle (UK)

Why fuel cells?

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Not only cars, also airplanes

The Boeing Demostrator Project

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Fuel Cells
 What is a Fuel Cell?
 fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy into
electrical energy, water, and heat through electrochemical
reactions.

Fuel Cells

e- e-

e- O2
e- H+
H2
H+ e-
e- H+ e- O2
H2
e-
H+ e-
e H+ O2
H2 -

H2 2H+ + 2e- 1/2O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O

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Fuel Cells
 Fuel and air react when they come into contact through a
porous membrane (electrolyte) which separates them.
 This reaction results in a transfer of electrons and ions across
the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode.
 If an external load is attached to this arrangement, a complete
circuit is formed and a voltage is generated from the flow of
electrical current.
 The voltage generated by a single cell is typically rather small
(< 1 volt), so many cells are connected in series to create a
useful voltage.

Fuel Cells
 Pressurized hydrogen gas (H2) enters cell on anode side.
 Gas is forced through catalyst by pressure.
 When H2 molecule comes contacts platinum catalyst, it splits into
two H+ ions and two electrons (e-).
 Electrons are conducted through the anode
 Make their way through the external circuit (doing useful work
such as turning a motor) and return to the cathode side of the fuel
cell.
 On the cathode side, oxygen gas (O2) is forced through the
catalyst
 Forms two oxygen atoms, each with a strong negative charge.
 Negative charge attracts the two H+ ions through the membrane,
 Combine with an oxygen atom and two electrons from the
external circuit to form a water molecule (H2O).

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Fuel Cell Vs. Battery

Fuel Cells in Use: Hydrogen Fuel Cell System

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Fuel Cells

Advantages
 Water is the only discharge (pure H2)
Disadvantages
 CO2 discharged with methanol reform
 Little more efficient than alternatives
 Technology currently expensive
 Many design issues still in progress
 Hydrogen often created using ―dirty‖ energy (e.g., coal)
 Pure hydrogen is difficult to handle
 Refilling stations, storage tanks, …

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1966 GM Electrovan

Toyota Mirai, 2014

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2014 Honda FCX Clarity

The FCX project by Honda

The big advantage
over plug-in
electric vehicles is
range

The FCX will do

around 270 miles
on a four-kilo tank
of hydrogen!
Honda FCX Clarity 2008
1 mile = 1.609344 kilometers

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Fuel Cell Distribution

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