Convolution and Shock spectrum

• Decomposing arbitrary response as sum

of impulse responses (response to small
“kicks”)
– Convolution concept an investment for the
Laplace transform
• Shock spectrum: Analyzing a short finite
duration impulse.
– Example of sine shape shock
 4.4 Arbitrary excitation: Convolution
• We decompose forcing function to sum of delta
functions. Then response decomposes to sum of
impulse response

F (t ) ≈ ∑ F (τ )∆τδ (t − τ )
τ

x(t ) ≈ ∑ F (τ )∆τ g (t − τ )
τ
t
x(t ) = ∫ F (τ ) g (t − τ )dτ =
0
t

∫ F (t − τ ) g (τ )dτ
0
 Problem 4.10
• Derive the response of a viscously damped
single-degree-of-freedom system to
F(t)=F0(1-e-at)u(t) by convolution integral. Plot for
m=12kg, c=24Ns/m, k=4800n/m, F0=200N, a=1/s
t
1 −ζωnt
x(t ) = ∫ F (t − τ ) g (τ )dτ g (t ) = e sin ωd tu (t )
0
mωd
t
F
x(t ) = 0 ∫ ⎡⎣1 − e − a (t −τ ) ⎤⎦ u (t − τ )e −ζωnτ sin ωdτ u (τ )dτ
mωd 0
F0
=
m ⎡⎣ωd2 + (a − ζωn ) 2 ⎤⎦
⎡ a ⎛ a ⎞ a ⎛ a ⎞ ⎤
− at
⎢1 − e − ⎜1 − 2ζ + ζ
2
⎟ sin ωd te
−ζωn t
+ ⎜ − 2ζ ⎟ (1 − cos ωd t ) e −ζωn t
⎥ u (t )
⎣ ωd ⎝ ωn ⎠ ωn ⎝ ωn ⎠ ⎦
 Plot
For problem parameters get
x = 0.041771 ⎡⎣ 0.9975 − e − t (1 − 0.0025cos19.975t + 0.049937 sin19.975t ) ⎤⎦ u (t )
0.04

0.035
Sanity checks?
0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
 4.5 Shock spectrum
• When a structure is subjected to finite-
duration shock or “kick”, how do we
characterize the shock
– Maximum value
– Duration
– Shape
– Impulse
• When are each of these characteristics of
importance?
 Half-sine pulse
• Analytical expression

F (t ) = F0 [sin ωtu (t ) + sin ω (t − T )u (t − T ) ]

 Solution by superposition
• Example 4.3 (p. 172) uses convolution integral
to find the response of undamped system to
F0 sin ωtu (t ) as
F0 ⎛ ω ⎞
x(t ) = 2 ⎜
sin ωt − sin ωnt ⎟ u (t )
k ⎡⎣1 − (ω / ωn ) ⎤⎦ ⎝ ωn ⎠
• So by superposition
F0 ⎧⎪ ⎛ ω ⎞
x(t ) = 2 ⎨ ⎜ sin ωt − sin ωn t ⎟ u (t )
k ⎡⎣1 − (ω / ωn ) ⎤⎦ ⎩⎪ ⎝ ωn ⎠
⎛ ω ⎞
+ ⎜ sin ω (t − T ) − sin ωn (t − T ) ⎟ u (t − T )
⎝ ωn ⎠
 Maximum response during pulse
• Maximum response at zero velocity
F0
x= ( cos ωt − cos ωnt )
k ⎡⎣1 − (ω / ωn ) ⎤⎦
2

1 1
cos ωt − cos ωnt = sin (ωn + ω )t sin (ωn − ω )t
2 2

• Two solutions for time-at-maximum tm and

maximum amplitude
2iπ
tm =
ωn ± ω
F0 2iπω / ωn
x(tm ) = sin
k ⎡⎣1 ∓ (ω / ωn ) 2 ⎤⎦ 1 ± ω / ωn
F0 2iπ 1 ω
xmax = sin , i < (1 + n )
k ⎡⎣1 − (ω / ωn ) 2 ⎤⎦ 1 + ωn / ω 2 ω
 Maximum response after pulse
F0 πω n
• See textbook xmax = cos
k ⎡⎣1 − (ω / ωn ) ⎤⎦
2
2ω
 4.6 Laplace transform
• What else did he do?
∞
X ( s ) = Lx(t ) = ∫ e − st x(t )dt
0

• Main advantage:
converting differential
equation to algebraic ones
∞ ∞
dx − st dx ∞
L = ∫e dt = e − st x 0 + s ∫ e− st xdt Pierre-Simon Laplace
dt 0 dt 0 1749 ( Beaumont-en-
= sX ( s ) − x(0) Auge, Normandy) to
1827 ( Paris)
 Reading assignment
Sections 4.6,4.7

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