Let

terf
rom t
heexecut
iveboar
d
DearDel
egat
es,

Iti
sanhonourt obeser v
ingasapartoftheExecuti
veBoardatthefir
stcommi t
teeofthe
GeneralAssembl y
,atApeej
aySchoolModelUnitedNati
ons2017.Pleaseconsidert
hatthe
fol
lowingguide,asthenamesuggests,
ismerelytoprovi
deyouwi t
hthebackgroundofthe
agendaandcannotser veasthecr
edibl
esourceofinfor
mation.Yourrealr
esearchl
ies
beyondthisguideandwehopet oseesomest rongcont
entanddebat ecomeourway .

Theagendaathandi sbot hvastandcompl ex,

andasuccessf uldiscussi ononi twoul dentai
l
thecoll
ectivepar ticipationofal lofy ou.I tshallbeyourprerogat i
vet odeci det hedir ecti
onin
whichyouwantt ot aket hi scommi tt
ee.Thi sagendademandst obeseenf r
om mor ethan
oneperspect i
ve, onet hatcov er
st het hreatofuseofNucl earweaponsi nt otalit
y,theot her
couldbeuseoft henucl earr esourcesar oundthewor l
dfrom mi nesandweapons; and
anothercouldbet hepr oliferati
onr egimet obuil
danuclearweaponf reewor ld.Att heout set
,
wewoul dliketost atet hatt heagendai stobeanalysedfrom apol icyst andpoi ntas
opposedt oat echnol ogical one.Howev erwedounder standt hatt heagendai sboundt o
haveat echnologi cal aspect , weexpecty out okeepitl
imited, enought ost ructurey our
argument /
cont entr elatedt oapol i
cy .Ifyouar edoi
nganMUNf ort hev eryfir
stt i
me, we
expectyout oreadt her ul esofpr ocedur egi venint
hishyper l
ink.Rest ,thesameaspectf or
resear
chappl i
est oy out oo.Donotf eel takenabackont her esear ch,foreignpol icyand
otherdetai
lsoft heal lottedcount ry.

Dor eadthequest i
onsthathav ebeenment ionedinthelatterhal
foft heguide.Those
questionsmi ghtshapet hedebate.Att hesamet i
me, theagendaisopent ointer
pret
ati
ons
andt hereshallbenodi rect
ionofdebat ethatshal
l beprovidedbyt heExecutiveBoard.
Delegatesar erequiredt
odi rectt
hecounci latal
lstages,unlessstagnati
onoccur s.Wehope
toseeagr eatlev elofeffor
tandent husiasm fr
om youall,sothatweal lcantakebacka
greatexperience.

ThisBackgr oundhasbeencr eat

edonemont hpri
ort
otheconfer
enceandi
tisi
nbest
i
nteresttost i
cktoReuters/
CNN/ BBC/
UNNewsanddocument stofindmoreaf
tery
ouhave
researched.Dor esear
chtheupdatedi
nformati
ononvari
ousnewsagenci
esbutbecar
eful
of
quotingthecr edi
blesour
cesonlywhil
epresent
ingar
guments/
point
s.

HappyResear
chi
ng.

ArnabBiswas
Chairper
son
+91-9818486880
abiswas0916@gmai
l
.com
 PARTI
:Mandat
e
Sour
ceofpr
oof
Documentsfr
om t
hefol
l
owi
ngsourceswi
llbeconsi
deredascredi
bleprooff
orany
al
legat
ionsmadei
ncommit
teeorstat
ementst
hatrequi
rever
if
icat
ion.

A.Reut
ers:
Appropri
ateDocumentsandart
icl
esfr
om t
heReuter
sNewsagencywillbeused
tocor
robor
ateorref
utecontr
over
sial
stat
ementsmadeincommitt
ee.(
www.reut
ers.com)

B.UNDocument:Document
sbyal
lUNagenci
eswil
lbeconsi
deredassuff
ici
entpr
oof
.
Repor
tsf
rom al
lUNbodiesi
ncl
udi
ngt
reat
ybasedbodi
eswill
alsobeaccepted.

C.GovernmentRepor
ts:
Gover
nmentReport
sofagiv
encount
ryusedt
ocorr
obor
atean
al
legat
iononthesameafor
ement
ionedcountr
ywi
ll
beaccept
edasproof
.

Uni
tedNat
ionsGener
alAssembl
yDI
SEC

TheGener alAssemblyi
sthemai ndeli
ber
ati
veorganoftheUnit
edNat
ions.Chapt
erI
V,
Art
icles9-22,oftheUNCharterconcer
ntheGeneralAssembl
y.All
MemberStates
par
ticipat
eint heGener
alAssemblyandeachstatehasonevote.

TheFir
stCommitt
ee,oneoft
hesi
xMainCommi t
teesoftheGener
alAssembl
y,i
sal
l
ocat
ed
agendait
emsr
elatedtodi
sar
mamentandi
nter
national
secur
it
y.

DISECcov ersav arietyofdi fferenttopicsr angingf rom thei l

l
egal tr
adei nweaponst o
confl
ictsdeal ingwi thnon- proli
ferati
onofbi ologi cal andchemi calweapons.Li ketheot her
commi tteesoft heUni tedNat i
onsGener al Assembl y ,DI
SECi sunablet oimposesanct i
ons,
authorizear medi ntervent i
onorpassbi ndi ngr esol utions.Thatbeingsai d,DISEChas
submi t
t edr ecommendat i
onst ot heUni tedNat ionsSecur i
tyCouncilandt otheUN
Secretar i
atonsev eral occasi ons.DISEChasassi stedi nthepr oducti
onofsev eral
impor tant
tr
eatiesandconv ent ions, i
ncludingtheChemi cal WeaponsConv enti
on( 1992),which
outl
awst hepr oduct ion, stockpili
nganduseofchemi calweapons, andt heNon-Prol i
fer
ation
Treaty( 1968) ,whi chai mst opr eventthespr eadofnucl earweaponsandt opromot e
peaceful cooper at i
oni nt hefieldofnucl earener gyamongstot herthings.AlthoughDI SEC
wasnotdi rectlyresponsi bleforthecr eat ionoft heset wodocument s,itcert
ainl
ypl ayedan
i
mpor t
antr oleinl ayingt hef oundationst hereof .

PARTI
I:AgendaOv
erv
iew
-Introducti
on-
Thedi scoveryofr adioact i
vi
tybyHenr iBecquerel bestoweduponhumanbei ngsanul ti
mate
sourceofpower .Nucl earener gynotonlyprovidesar el at
ivelynon-pol
luti
ngsour ceofpower
butonet hatisv i
rtuallyinexhaustibl
e.Withther apidl
yi ncreasingenergydemandbyt he
wor l
d’sgrowingpopul ation,thi
sshareisli
kelytoi ncreasei ntheupcomi ngdecades.Aswi th
anyot hersourceofener gytherearebothbenef it
sanddr awbacks; whilenuclearenergy
providesar el
ativelynon- poll
utingsour
ceofpowergener ationthisi
satt hecostofpr oduci
ng
danger ousradioactivewast eandcreati
ngoppor t
unitiesf orstatestouti
lizethecapabili
ti
es
oftheirnuclearinfrastructurefortheproducti
onofnucl earweapons.Thedual natureofthis
technologyandi tsappl icati
onf orweaponspr oduct i
onpur poseshasbeenatt heverycoreof
i
nt ernationalsecur i
tyagenda.Todayanumberofcount ri
eswi t
hnucl earenergypr ograms
hav et hecapabi l
ity,i
ftheychoose, tomanuf act ur
enucl earweaponswi thi
namat terof
mont hsiftheirsecur i
typer ceptionschange, becauset heyhav emast eredthecr it
ical
technol ogy-ur anium enr i
chmentandpl utonium repr ocessing.Inther ecentpast ,many
stateshav ebeenf oundt oorsuspect edt opur suepr oductionofnucl earweapons.I norder
tomai ntainsustainablepeacef ort hefut ure,addr essingweaponpr oduct i
ont hreatsinherent
i
nnucl earener gyinfrastructuresisoff undament al concernt otheinternati
onal communi ty.
Itisindeedt het askoft heInternational Atomi cEner gyAgency( IAEA)t osafeguar dnuclear
i
nf rastructur
esf rom bei ngmi susedf ormi li
tarypur poses.Nosol uti
onexi st
st hatcancl eanly
separ ateaf ullnuclearener gyf uelcy cl
eandt hethreatofpr ol
if
erati
ngnucl earweapons.
Instead, theIAEAandt heinternational communi t
ymustpur suevariousappr oachest hataim
tomi nimizeprolif
erationt hreats.

-TheLi
nkBet
weenTheNucl
earFuel
Cycl
eAndWeaponPr
oduct
ion-
Thepr ocessesofpr oduci ngener gyinanucl earr eactorandofexpl odinganuclearweapon
sharethesameunder lyi
ngl awsofnucl earphy sics, anuclearfissi
onr eacti
on.Iti
st her
efor
e
notsurprisingt hatthemaj orindustri
al processesr equi
redf orenergypr oducti
onandf or
manuf actur i
ngnucl earweaponsar ev erysimilar.
Bothrelyont henucl earf uelcycl
e,asetofcompl exnuclearf acil
it
iesthateachhasa
specifi
cr oleint heacqui siti
on,processingandusageofnucl earfi
ssilemat er
ial
.Inorderto
highl
ightt hel i
nksbet weent henuclearf uelcycleandweaponpr oductionandt ointr
oduce
theessent ialtechnicaljargon, i
tiswor thwhilet otakeacl oserlookatur ani
um enr i
chment,
react
orf uel reprocessingandatt hef undament al i
ngredientsofanucl earweapon.
-Nucl
earEnr
ichment-
Naturallyoccurringur anium onl yhasa0. 7%cont entofur anium- 235wi thur anium- 238
roughlymaki ngupt her est.Yetnucl earpowerr eact or sgener all
yrequireur anium enr i
chedin
upto4%ofur anium- 235, alsocal ledlowenr ichedur ani um ( LEU),asthef issil
enucl ear
mat er
ial t
ooper ate.Raisingt heur anium-235cont enti nur anium isapr ocesscal led
“enri
chment .
”Itisadi ffi
cultpr ocessandr equiresl argeandhi ghl
ysophi sticatedenr i
chment
faci
lit
ies,hencet raditi
onal l
yonl ytechnologicall
yadv ancedst ateswer eabl etomast erit
.
Ast henucl earenrichmentcy cledepi cts,
anyf aci
lityt hatcanenr i
chur anium f orcivili
an
purposescanbeusedt oenr ichur anium forweaponbui ldingact iv
iti
es.Her el i
est he
i
mpor tanceoft heAgencysaf eguards.TheAgencymoni torst heenri
chmentact i
vitiesand
reportsanyi rr
egulariti
es.Bef or emov ingtothenextsect i
on, i
tisimpor t
antt oconsi deraf ew
defi
nitionsofur anium ofdi f f
er entconcent r
ations.

•Nat ur al Uranium hasa235Uconcent r

ationofl essthan0. 7%,asi texistsinnat ure.
•Sli
ght lyenr i
chedur anium ( SEU)hasa235Uconcent rationof0. 9%t o2%.
•Repr ocessedur anium (RpUorRU)i sapr oductofnucl earf uelcycl esinvolvingnucl ear
reprocessi ngofspentf uel.RpUr ecoveredf r
om li
ghtwat erreactor( LWR)spentf uel typi
call
y
contai nssl i
ghtlymor eU-235t hannat ural urani
um, andt hereforecoul dbeusedt ofuel
reactor st hatcust omar i
lyusenat uralurani um asfuel.Howev er,i
tal socont ainsthe
undesi rabl eisotopeur anium-236whi chunder goesneut roncapt ur e,wastingneut rons( and
requiringhi gherU-235enr ichment )andcr eat i
ngnept unium- 237whi chwoul dbeoneoft he
mor emobi l
eandt roublesomer adionucl i
desi ndeepgeol ogical r
eposi t
orydi sposal of
nuclearwast e.
•Low- enr ichedur anium (LEU)hasal owert han20%concent r
ationof235U.Forusei n
commer ciall
ightwat erreact ors(LWR) ,themostpr evalentpowerr eactor
si nt hewor ld,
uranium i senr i
chedt o3t o5%235U.Fr eshLEUusedi nresear chr eactorsisusual lyenr i
ched
12%t o19. 75%U-235, thel atterconcent rationbeingusedt oreplaceHEUf uel swhen
converti
ngtoLEU.
•Highlyenrichedurani
um (HEU)hasagreatert
han20%concentr
ati
onof( 235)Uor(233)U.
Thefissil
eur ani
um innucl
earweaponsusuall
ycontai
ns85%ormoreof( 235)Uknownas
weapon( s)
-grade,t
houghforacrude,i
nef
fici
entweapon20%issuff
ici
ent(call
edweapon(s)
-
usable).
-Nucl
earWeapon(
Ingr
edi
ent
s)-
Anucl earweaponi sanexpl osivedev icet hatder i
v esi tsdest ructi
vef or cef rom nucl ear
reactions, eit herf i
ssi onoracombi nat i
onoff issionandf usi on.Bot hr eact ionsr el
easev ast
quant itiesofener gyf rom r elat i
velysmal l amount sofmat ter .Thef i
rstf ission( "atomi c")
bombt estr eleasedt hesameamountofener gyasappr oxi mat el
y20, 000t onsofTNT.The
fi
rstt her monucl ear( "hy dr ogen" )bombt estr el easedt hesameamountofener gyas
appr oximat el y10, 000, 000t onsofTNT.
Thef undament al ingr edientf oranucl earweaponi sei theroneoft hef ollowi ngnucl ear
fi
ssilemat er ials:ur ani um wi thanappr oxi mat el y90%enr ichmenti nur ani um- 235, call
ed
highlyenr ichedur ani um ( HEU) ,
orpl ut onium- 239wi thal owpl utonium- 240cont ent,cal l
ed
“weapon- gradepl utoni um” .Bot ht hesemat erialscanbeeasi lyobt ainedf rom anucl ear
enrichmentpl antorar epr ocessi ngpl ant .Ther efor e,ev eni facount rydoesnothav et he
designt omanuf act ur eenucl earweapon, t
heycanhoar dHEUorweapon( s) -
gr adepl utoni um
forfut ur epur poses.Thepr ocessofweaponi zation–t urni ngt hef i
ssi l
emat er i
al i
ntoa
weapon–i si nf actst raight forwar dcompar edt ot hedi f fi
cul tpr ocessesofenr ichmentand
reprocessi ng, par ti
cul arlywhenHEUi st obeusedast henucl earexpl osi ve.
From t hi st echni cal i
nt roduct i
onabov e, i
tf ollowst hatt het woi mpor tanti nt ersect i
ons
betweenoper ati
ngaci vi
liannucl earf uel cy cleandt hepr oduct i
onofnucl earexpl osi v
esar e
uranium enr ichmentandr eact orf uel reprocessi ng.LEUandHEUcanbeobt ainedf rom t he
samef acilityandi tisal soi mpor tantt onot et hatenr ichi ngt heur anium- 235cont entf rom
0.7%t o4%f orLEUr equi resmuchmor et imeandener gyt hanenr ichingi tf rom 4%t o90%f or
HEU.Thepr oduct ionofweapon- gr adepl utoni um onl yr equi resanucl earpowerorr esear ch
reactorr epr ocessi ngf acilit
ies, becauseweapon- gr adepl ut oni um caneasi lybeext r
act ed
there.Dev elopi ngandoper at i
ngenr i
chmentandr eprocessi ngf acili
tiesar et hehi ghest
hurdlesast at ehast oov ercomei nor dert opr oducenucl earener gyandt opr oducenucl ear
weaponsi ndi genousl y .Ifst atespossesssuchf aci li
ti
es, theyar eabl et oconceal ami l
itary
nuclearpr ogr am i nt hei rci vil
ianf uelcy cl
e, ther ebyav oidi ngt hecost sofbei ngpuni shedby
theint er national communi t
y .
Ther easonswhyst at eschooset odev el
opnucl earweaponsar emani fol d.Theymaywi sht o
obtainast rat egicdet er rentt oi ncreaset hei rnat i
onal secur ity, t
hedeci siont ogonucl ear
mayar i
sef rom t hei nter nal pol i
ti
csoft hest ate, orweaponsmaybeacqui redbecauset hey
areseenaspr estigiousandgi vet hest ateahi gherst atusi ni nternational pol i
tics.Inany
caseandast hef ol l
owi ngt hr eeappr oachesshow, t
hekeyi nr educingt hepr olifer
ationr i
sk
i
nher enti nnucl earener gyi nf rastructur esi st opr ev entst at esf r
om mi susi ngt heirfaci l
iti
es
orfrom per suadi ngt hem nott obui ldenr ichmentandr epr ocessi ngf aci li
tiesi nt hef ir
stpl ace.
-I
AEASaf
eguar
dsSy
stem -
The1968Non-Prol
i
ferat
ionTr
eaty(NPT)isthefoundati
onofthenucl
earnon-
prol
i
fer
ati
on
regi
me.Ar
ti
cleIsetsoutthel
egalobl
igat
ionsforthefi
venucl
earweaponstat
es(NWSs)not
tohelpt henon-nuclearweaponst ates(NNWSs)t oacqui renucl earweaponsandAr ticl
eI I
prohibi
tst heNNWSf r
om takingstepst oacquir
et hatcapabi l
ityont heirown.Ar ti
cleIVof
thetreatygr ant
sal l
statesthe„inali
enableri
ght‟todev elopt heirownnucl earinfr
astr
uct ures
forpeacef ulpurposes.Yet,underAr ti
cleI
II
,al
lNNWSsar erequi redtoconcl udesaf eguar ds
agreement swit
ht heIAEA.Suchsaf eguar
dsar eany“ measur est hroughwhi chtheIAEA
seekst ov eri
fythatnuclearmat er
ialisnotdiv
ertedf rom peacef uluses.”Nowwhatdot hese
safeguar dsincl
ude?Theyi nclude,forexample,takingmeasur ement si nenrichmentf acil
iti
es
toverif
yt hatstatesdonotpr oduceHEUandsur veil
lancesy stemsi nr eprocessingfacili
ties
toensur et hatweapon-gradeplutonium isnotdiver
ted.Virt
uall
yeverystat
et hathasnucl
ear
facil
i
tieshasoper ationalsafeguard
agreement swiththeAgencyandmai ntai
ningthesesafeguardsistheIAEA‟sprimarywayin
ensuringt hatastate’snucleari
nfrastruct
ureisnotmi susedforweaponpr oducti
on.The
Infor
mat ionCi r
cular66oft heIAEAment i
onstheAgency ’sSafeguardsSystem.

Thesaf eguar dssy st em clear l

yout li
nes: theAgency ’sobl igati
ons( Articles9-14);t
he
pri
nciplesofi mpl ement ati
on( Articles15- 18); nuclearmat eri
alssubj ectt osafeguards
(Arti
cles19&20) ;exempt ionsf rom saf eguar ds( Articles21- 23); andsaf eguardspr ocedures
i
ncludingr ecords, repor tsandi nspect ions( Articles29- 68).Itisgener allywellaccept edthat
I
AEAsaf eguar dshav emadeaf undament alcont r
ibut i
ont osustai nablepeace, astheawar d
ofthe2005Nobel PeacePr izet ot heIAEAf or“ theireff ortstopr ev entnucl earenergyf r
om
beingusedf ormi li
tar ypurposes”demonst rates.Howev er,safeguar dsr equi
reconst ant
updatingtor eflectt henucl earpr olifer
ationt hreatoft heirt i
me.I nt he1970s, theper ceived
proli
ferati
ont hreatwast hemi suseofnucl earmat er i
al inindigenousnucl earfuelcy cles.
Hence, withsaf eguar dsagr eement soft ypeINFCRI C/153( Correct ed)( theCompr ehensi ve
SafeguardsAgr eement s(CSA) )t heAgencyi sl i
mi tedt onucl earmat erialaccountancyand
thever i
fi
cationofdecl aredf acili
tiesonl y.TheCSAr emai nsthe“ st andar d”safeguards
agreementtodayast
hisisthetypeofsaf
eguardsagr
eementthatever
ystatei
srequir
edt o
concludeunderNPTArti
cleII
I,
asnotedabove.ThemajorweaknessoftheCSAisthatthey
donotal l
owI AEAi nspect orst ov isitundecl aredf acilit
iesandt outil
i
zev er i
fi
cat ionmet hods
thatgomuchf ur thert hanmat er ialaccount ancy .Thei nt ernat i
onal communi t
ywaspay i
ng
thepr i
cef orl imi tingt hescopeofst andar dsaf eguar dswheni tbecamecl eart hatI r aqwas
ablet oest abl i
shanadv ancedcl andest inenucl earweaponpr ogram –ef fect i
v ely“ undert he
noseoft heI AEA”–despi teaCSAsaf eguar dsagr eementbei ngi nforce.Thepr ogr am’ s
discov eryaf tert heGul fWari n1993showedt hatCSAagr eement shav ebecomewhol l
y
i
nadequat e.
TheI raqi di scov er ywasal sot hecat aly stinnegot i
atingI NFCI RC/ 540( Cor rected)t y pe
saf eguar ds
(theAddi tional Pr ot ocol ,(AP) ).The1997Addi tional Prot ocol (AP)br oughtar ev olut ioni n
mul til
at er al nucl earv er ifi
cationbypr ov idinganewpr oact iv esaf eguar dsmet hodol ogyand
enabl ingt heAgencyt oempl oyt hel atestt echnol ogieswhenconduct ingi nspect i
ons.They
wer ecr eat edast heper ceivedpr ol i
fer ationt hreatchangedi nt he1990st opr ol if
er at i
on
throughf aci li
tiesnotpr ev iousl ydecl aredt ot heAgency .Concl udingt heAPwi tht heAgency
i
sv olunt ar yf orst ates, butmanyst ateshav et akent hisst ept odemonst ratet hei rpeacef ul
i
nt ent i
onsi nmai ntai ningt hei rnucl earf uel cy cle.Thi si soneoft hemaj ordr awbacksoft he
APandhencet her atificationpr ocesshasbeensl ow.I tisar guedt hatamongt hepossi ble
causesf orsl owr atificat i
oni st hatst at esf eel theymaybesubj ecttodi scr i
mi nat ionsshoul d
i
nt ernat ional at tent ionshi ft
towar dst hem f orwhat everr eason, aswel last hei ndif
fer enceofgov er nment saboutt he
threat sofnucl earpr oliferati
on.
TheAPcomeswi tht hecostofst at eshav ingt ocompr omi semor eoft heirnat ional
sov erei gnt yt oal l
owf ormor ei ntrusi vesaf eguar ds.Fort heI AEAt obeabl etoof ficial l
y
concl udet hatt her ear enoundecl arednucl earpr oli
ferat i
onev ent soccur ringi nast at e,both
theCSAandt heAPmustbei nf or ce.Ther ef or ei tisext remel yimper at i
vet oaccel erat ethe
APr atificat i
onpr ocess; other wi set hecur rentI AEAsaf eguar dsr egimewi llsuf fer.
Ithasbecomecl eari nr ecenty ear st hatt heI AEA’ st asksar egr owingmuchf ast ert hani t
s
budget .Theuseofnucl earener gyi nthewor ldi ncr eases, butt hebudgetoft heAgency ’
s
saf eguar dsdepar tmentr emai nscompar abl et ot hecostofr unningapol i
cedepar tmentofa
medi um- sizedci ty,roughl y$910mi ll
ion.Compl ianceconcer nswi ththeDemocr at i
cPeopl e’
s
Republ
i
cofKor
ea’
s(DPRK’
s)andI
ran’
spr
ogr
ams,
shor
tagesi
nst
affandt
echnol
ogycoul
d
r
educet
heef
fect
ivenessofsaf
eguar
ds.TheSaf
eguar
dsSt
atementf
or2009ment
ionst
he
numberofst
ateswi t
hbot
htheCSAandAP, onlywi
thCSA,wi
thoutanysafeguardsand
repor
tsanyi
ndicat
ionoft
hedi
ver
sionofdeclar
ednucl
earmater
ialf
rom peacefulnucl
ear
acti
vi
ti
es.

-AFewPoi
nter
sOnTheSaf
eguar
ds-
I
nt ernat
ional Atomi cEnergyAgency( IAEA)Saf eguar dsisasy stem ofinspecti
onand
verifi
cati
onoft hepeacef ulusesofnucl earmat er
ialsaspar toftheNucl earNon-Proli
fer
ati
on
Treat y(
NPT) ,supervi
sedbyt heInternationalAtomi cEner gyAgency .
Ast hev eri
ficati
onar m oftheI AEA, t
heDepar tmentofSaf eguard'sprimaryroleistodeter
thepr ol
iferati
onofnucl earweaponsbydet ecti
ngear lythemi suseofnucl earmat eri
alor
technology ,andbypr ovidingcr edibl
eassur ancest hatSt atesarehonor ingthei
rsafeguards
obligati
ons.TheDepar tmental socont r
ibutestonucl earar mscont r
olanddisarmament ,by
respondi ngt orequestsforv eri
ficati
onandot hertechnical assistanceassociatedwith
rel
at edagreement sandar rangement s.
Whatar
eSaf
eguar
ds?
Bydef
ini
ti t
on,hesaf
eguar
dssyst
em compr
isesanext
ensi
vesetoft
echni
calmeasur
esby
whichtheIAEASecret
ari
atindependentl
yveri
fi
est hecor
rectnessandthecompl etenessof
t
hedecl ar
ati
onsmadebySt atesaboutthei
rnuclearmateri
alandactivi
ti
esincl
udingt hose
f
rom theAdditi
onalPr
otocol,i
nordertoachi
evemaxi mum ef f
ecti
venessandeffici
ency
wit
hintheavail
abl
eresources.

Tradit
ionalMeasures.
Onesetofmeasur esrelat
estot
henucl earmater
ialv eri
ficat
ionact i
vi
tiesperf
ormedat
faci
li
tiesorot
herlocati
onswher
eSt ateshavedeclaredt hepr esenceofnuclearmater
ial
subjecttosaf
eguards.Thesemeasuresarealsoreferredt oas" tr
adit
ionalsaf
eguar
ds".

Str
engtheningMeasur es.
Anothersetrelatestothemeasur esendor sedorencouragedbyt heIAEABoardof
Governorssince1992f orst
rengtheningt hesafeguardssystem.Thesemeasur esfal
li
nto
twocategories.Thef i
rstcat
egor ycompr i
sesthosemeasur estobeimplementedunderthe
l
egalauthorityconferr
edbyexi sti
ngsaf eguar
dsagreement s.Thesecondcategory
comprisesmeasur estobeimpl ement edundert hecomplement ar
ylegalaut
horit
yconfer
red
byAdditi
onal Protocol
sconcl udedont hebasisoftheModel Addi
ti
onalProt
ocol.

I
ntegrat
edSafeguards.
I
n1998, t
heIAEA'sDepar t
mentofSaf eguardsembar keduponapr ogr am f
orthe
devel
opmentandi mplement ati
onof"int
egratedsafeguards"
.Thet ermreferstothe
opti
mum combi nati
onofal lsaf
eguardsmeasur esavail
abletotheAgency ,i
ncludingthose
fr
om theAddit
ionalProtocol,i
nordertoachievemaximum ef fect
ivenessandef f
iciency
wit
hintheavai
lableresources.

ReferenceofIAEASaf eguardi
ngSy stem i nNPT
ARTI CLEII
I
1.EachNon- nuclear-
weaponSt at
ePar t
yt otheTreatyundertakestoacceptsaf eguards,as
setforthi
nanagr eementtobenegot iatedandconcl udedwi ththeInternati
onal At
omi c
EnergyAgencyi naccordancewi t
htheSt atut
eoft heInt
ernationalAtomi cEnergyAgency
andt heAgency'ssafeguardssystem, fortheexclusiv
epur poseofv erif
icati
onoft he
ful
fi
lmentofi t
sobl i
gati
onsassumedundert hisTreatywit
hav iewtopr eventi
ngdi v
ersionof
nuclearenergyfrom peaceful
usest onucl earweaponsorot hernuclearexplosivedev i
ces.
Proceduresfort hesaf eguardsrequiredbyt hisArti
cleshallbef ollowedwi threspectto
sourceorspeci al fi
ssionablemat eri
alwhetheritisbeingpr oduced, processedorusedi nany
pri
ncipalnuclearf acil
i
t yori
sout sideanysuchf acil
ity.Thesafeguar dsr equir
edbyt his
Arti
cleshallbeappl iedonal lsourceorspeci alf
issionablemat erialinal
l peacefulnucl
ear
acti
viti
eswithint heterrit
oryofsuchSt ate,
underi tsjuri
sdicti
on, orcarri
edoutunderi t
s
controlanywher e.

2.EachSt at
ePar t
yt ot
heTr eatyundertakesnottoprovide:(
a)sourceorspecialfi
ssi
onabl
e
mat er
ial
,or(b)equipmentormat erial
especial
lydesignedorpreparedfortheprocessi
ng,
useorpr oducti
onofspecialfissi
onablemat er
ial
,toanynon-nuclear
-weaponSt at
efor
peacefulpurposes,unl
essthesour ceorspecialfi
ssi
onabl emateri
alshal
lbesubjecttothe
safeguardsrequir
edbyt hi
sAr ti
cle.

3.Thesaf eguardsrequi
redbyt hisAr t
icleshallbeimpl ementedi namannerdesi gnedt o
compl ywithArti
cleIVofthisTreat y,
andt oav oidhamper i
ngt heeconomi cortechnological
developmentoft heParti
esori nternati
onalco- operationinthef i
eldofpeacefulnuclear
acti
viti
es,incl
udingthei
nt ernat
ionalexchangeofnucl earmater i
alandequipmentf orthe
processing,useorproduct i
onofnucl earmat erialf
orpeacef ul purposesinaccordancewi t
h
theprovisi
onsoft hi
sArticleandt heprinci
pleofsaf eguardi
ngsetf or
thinthePreambl eof
theTreaty.

4.Non- nucl
ear-
weaponSt atesPartytotheTreatyshal lconcl
udeagr eement swi t
hthe
InternationalAtomi cEner gyAgencyt omeetther equirementsoft hi
sAr ti
cleeither
i
ndi viduall
yortoget herwithot herStat
esinaccordancewi ththeStatuteoft heInter
nat
ional
At omi cEnergyAgency .Negot i
ati
onofsuchagr eement sshallcommencewi t
hin180day s
from t heorigi
nal ent r
yi nt
of orceofthisTreat
y.ForSt atesdepositi
ngt hei
rinstrumentsof
ratif
icationoraccessi onaf terthe180-dayperi
od,negot iat
ionofsuchagr eement sshall
commencenotl atert hant hedateofsuchdeposi t.Suchagr eementsshal lenterint
oforce
notlat erthaneight eenmont hsaft
erthedateofiniti
ationofnegot i
ations.

Measuresimpl
ement
edundert
hel
egal
aut
hor
it
yal
readyexi
sti
ngi
ncompr
ehensi
ve
saf
eguardsagr
eement
s

1)Agencycol lectionofenv ironment alsampl esatanypl acewher eAgencyi nspect orshave

access; andsampl eanal ysi
satt heI AEACl eanLabor atoryand/oratqual if
iedl aboratori
esi n
MemberSt at es.
2)Agencyuseofunat tendedandr emot emoni t
oringofmov ement sofnucl earmat eriali
n
faci
liti
esandt het ransmi ssionofaut hent i
cat edandencr yptedsaf eguar ds-relevantdat ato
theAgency .
3)Agencyuse, toagr eaterext entthanpr ev i
ously ,
ofunannouncedi nspect ionswi thinthe
routi
nei nspect i
onr egi me.
4)Pr ovi
sionofenhancedt rainingf orAgencyi nspectorsandsaf eguardsst affandf orSt at
e
personnel responsi bl ef orsaf eguardsi mpl ement ati
on.
5)Closerco- oper at i
onbet weent heAgencyandSt ateandregional systemsf oraccount i
ng
forandcont rol ofnucl earmat erialinSt ates
6)Enhancedev aluat ionbyt heAgencyofi nformat i
onder i
vedfrom St ates’decl arations,
Agencyv er
ificat i
onact ivi
ti
esandawi der angeofopensour ces.
7)Statepr ov isionofi nf ormat ionabout , andAgencyi nspectoraccesst o, allpar tsofaSt ate'
s
nuclearfuel cy cle, from ur anium mi nest onucl earwast eandanyot herlocat ionwher e
nuclearmat erialint endedf ornon- nuclearusesi spresent.
8)Statepr ov isionofi nf ormat ionon, andAgencyshor t
-noti
ceaccesst o, al
l buildi
ngsona
sit
e.
9)Statepr ov isionofinformat ionabout ,andAgencyi nspectoraccesst o, aState'snucl ear
fuelcycleR&Dact ivi
ti
esnoti nv olvingnucl earmat eri
al.
10)Statepr ov i
sionofinformat i
onont hemanuf actureandexpor tofsensi t
ivenucl ear-
rel
atedequi pmentandmat erial,andAgencyi nspectoraccesst omanuf acturingandi mport
l
ocat i
onsi nt heSt ate.
11)Agencycol l
ecti
onofenv ironment al sampl esatlocationsbey ondthosepr ovidedf or
undersaf eguar dsagreement s.
12)Stateaccept anceofstreaml inedpr ocedur esforAgencyi nspectordesi gnat i
onandof
requir
ementf ormul ti
pleentryv isas( validforatleastoney ear)forinspect ors.
13)Agencyr i
ghtt ousei nt
ernat ional lyest abli
shedcommuni cationssy stems, including
satell
i
tesy stemsandot herf ormsoft elecommuni cation.
14)Wi dear eaenv ir
onment al sampl ing,af terBoardappr ovalofsuchsampl i
ngand
consultationswi ththeStateconcer ned.
15)Rev isedst andardi
zedt extandmodi fi
edel i
gibi
li
tycriter
iaf ortheSmal lQuant it
ies
Protocol.

PARTI
II
:AgendaDept
h
-TheI
nter
nat
ional
Nucl
earFuel
BankAndOt
herMul
ti
lat
eral
Appr
oaches-
Anappr oacht hatar guabl ytackl est hei ssuemor eati tsr oot st hansaf eguar dsdoi sto
transferpar t sofnat ional nucl earf uel cy cl
esi ntomul t
ilateral cont rol.Mul ti
lateral
appr oachest ot henucl earf uel cy clehav ebeendebat edsi ncet he1970s, butwi thout
produci nganyt angibleresul t
s.Ther easoni ngbehi ndmul ti
lat er al appr oachesi scompel li
ng:
i
fguar anteescanbegi vent ost at est hatnucl earfuel suppl yismai ntainedf ort hei rpower
reactor sev enwhent heyar esuddenl ycutof ffrom suppl iesduet oachangei npol iti
cal or
commer cial circumst ances, thesest at eswoul dloseanyi ncent iv et obui l
dt hei rown
enrichmentorr epr ocessingf aci li
ties.Suchguar antees, l
iket heest abl i
shmentofa
mul ti
lateral nucl earfuelbank, woul dbeabl etocopewi tht hecont inuingexpansi onof
nuclearener gyandi twoul dal sost rengt hent henon- prolifer ationr egi me.
Mul ti
lateral appr oachescoul dcomei nsev eral phases.Thef i
r stshor tt erm st epcoul dbet o
assur ef uelsuppl yforpowerr eact ors, suchasbycr eat i
ngamul ti
later al fuel bank.Fur ther
l
ongt erm phasescoul dinvolv eput t
ingexi sti
ngnat ional enr i
chmentandr epr ocessi ng
facil
iti
esundermul til
ateral oper ation.Thi swoul dmakenat i
onswhodonothav eindi genous
suppl yofur ani um t obecomecompl etel ydependentont hei nt er nat i
onal communi tyf or
nuclearpowergener ati
onandhenceensur eagr eaterlev el oft ranspar encyi nt ermsuseof
i
mpor tedur ani um.Twel vesuchpr oposal shav ebeenbr oughtf or war dbyt hei nt ernat i
onal
communi tyinr ecenty ears.Yett hepr oposal thathasadv ancedi nnegot i
at i
onst hemosti s
thatoft heNucl earThr eatInitiative( NTI )
,ani ndependentt hink- tank.I tenv isagest he
creationofaLEUst ockpilet odi ssuadest atest oinv estint hei rownnucl earf uel cy cle.
22
Thef undi ngt argetof$150mi ll
i
onhasbeenmeti nMar ch2009andt hust hispr ojectseems
verypr omi sing.Amongt hest atest hathav et akenini t
iati
v eandsubmi ttedpr oposal sfor
mul ti
lateralizingt hef uelcyclear eAust ria,France, Ger many , Japan, theNet her l
ands, Russia,
theUni t
edKi ngdom andt heUni tedSt atesofAmer ica.
Alongsidethe2006I AEAGeneralConference, aSpecial Eventonmulti
l
at er
alappr oachesto
thefuelcyclewashel danditwasattendedbydel egatesfrom 61MemberSt ates.Theai m
wast oidentif
ythestrengt
hsandweaknessesoft hepr oposalst
hatwer eont heflooratthat
ti
me; i
twasnott heaimtodecideonanypar t
icularproposal.TheSpecialEventdiscussed
i
mpor tantissuessuchassupplyconditional
ity,whatki ndoffuelshoul
dbeassur edbyt he
fuelbankandwhatt hepossi
blerol
esf ortheAgencycoul dbe.

Undert heI
AEASt at
ue,theAgencyhasexper ienceinprovi
dingnuclearfuelcy clerelated
servi
cesandt heAgencyseesi t
selfreadytof aci
li
tat
eandmangemul ti
l
ateral appr oaches.
Problemswi t
hsuchappr oachesaret hatstat esmaycomeundert heimpr essiont hatt hey
needt osur
rendersomeoft heirnati
onal sov erei
gntytoamul ti
l
ateralorganization, ev
en
thoughcarewast akenatthe2006Speci alEv enttocommuni catethatamul tilateral
approachisnotaimedatunder miningt herightofast atet
omakei tsowndeci sions
regardi
ngitsfuel
cycle.

Anot herimpor tantmul til

ater al eff
or tfornon- prol i
fer ationanddisarmamenti st he
Int
er nati
onal Commi ssi ononNucl earNon- proliferat i
onandDi sar mament( ICNND)whi chi sa
j
ointi ni
ti
ativ
eoft heAust r
al i
anandJapanesegov er nment s.TheCommi ssi oni sco- chai red
byf ormerAust r
alianf oreignmi nisterGar ethEv ansandf ormerJapanesef or eignmi nister
Yor i
koKawaguchi .Keygoal sf ort heCommi ssioni ncl udeundertaki
ngpr epar at orywor kfor
theNucl earNon- Prol
ifer ationTr eatyRev i
ewConf er encei n2010, i
ncludingshapi ngagl obal
consensusi nt hel ead- upt ot heRev i
ewConf erence.Theyhav ecomeoutwi thar epor tti
tled
“Eli
mi nati
ngNucl earThr eat s–APr act i
cal Agendaf orGl obal
Policymaker s”whi chpr ovidesagoodi nsightonwhatt hemainpr oblemsar e,from wher et he
threatsariseandwhatcanbedonebot hinpol i
cyandact i
on.Theconf l
i
ctbet weenI r anand
othercount ri
esr egar dingI ran’ snucl earpol icy,ledt oRussi acomi ngint hespot li
ght.I n
Nov ember2005, withanai mt oconv i
nceI rant ocont ainthei
rnuclearenr ichmentpr ogr am
Russi a’
sFor eignMi nist erSer geyLav r
ovpr oposedaj ointownershipofaur anium
enrichmentv enture.Byt hispr oposal ,
Irancoul dhav eusedRussi anf aci
litiest oenr ichi ts
uranium toLEUi nor dert opoweri tspowerpl ants.Thi ssetthebal lr
olli
ngf ort heI UECort he
Int
er nati
onal Uranium Enr ichmentCent reint heRussi angov er
nmentci r
cl es.

Althoughi nit
ial
l
yenv i
sionedasabi l
ateralrelat
ionbet weenRussi aandI r
an,Moscow’s
assuredf uelsupplyproposal quickl
ygrewt oamul ti
later al
nucl
earfuelcycleent
erpri
se.As
thef i
rstpil
otproject,
theIUECi nAngar skwasest abli
shedbet weenRussi aandKazakhst an.
Thepr ojectaimedatpr ovidi
ng“ accesst ouranium enr ichmenttointer
estedpart
ieswithout
transferri
ngthesensi t
ivetechnologyorr estri
cti
ngdev elopmentofnationalnucl
earfuel
cy cl
epr ogrammes. ”TheIUECf ollowsanopenj ointstockmodel wit
htheI AEAasan
obser versoast oensureindependencef rom theindependentgov er
nmentbudget s.

Inordertoef fectivelyfunction, t
herehast obet rustandconf i
dencei ntheintegrityofthe
assuredsuppl yagr eementbet ween" supplier"and" r
ecipient"states.The"recipient"states
facether i
skofhav i
ngapol i
ticaldecisionby" supplier"statescut t
ingoffsuppl yofnucl ear
fuelforthe"recipient's"powerr eactors.Russiahowev ercont entedthat,"t
hemai nassur ance
thattheiniti
ativeshoul dpr ov i
deisthatacount r ycompl y
ingwi thitsnon-proli
feration
commi t
ment smustbesur et hat,whatevert heturnofev ent s,whateverchangest akeplace
i
nt heinternational si
tuati
on, i
twillr
ecei v
et heser vi
cesguar anteedtoi t
."
Thekeyobj ectiveof
IUECi stheprov isi
onofguar anteedur anium enr i
chmentser vi
cest oitsshareholder st
hr ough
guaranteedaccesst oenrichmentandconv ersioncapacitiesofal lRussianent erpri
ses.

I
tisatt
hisj
unct
uret
hatt
her
oleoft
heI
AEAasaf
aci
l
itat
orbet
weennucl
earsuppl
i
ersand
recei verscomesbacki ntof ocus.I nt hecont extoft heagr eementonset t
ingupt heI UECas
wel lasi nresponset ot heI AEADi rectorGener al
’si niti
ati
veonassur ancesofsuppl yof
nucl earfuel ,
Russi apr oposedcr eat i
ngaguar anteedr eserveofl owenr ichedur ani um (LEU)
i
nJune2007.
ThisLEUGuar anteedReser vewoul dbecont roll
edbyt heIAEAandcoul dbeusedbyi ts
MemberSt atesthatf indt hemsel vesunabl et opr ocur eLEUf rom theopenmar ketf or
politicalreasons.Atpr esent ,Ukrai neandAr meni ahav ejoinedt heI UECAgr eement .
Followi ngtheI AEA’ sappr oval oft heLEUGuar anteedReser veiniti
ati
ve,aguar ant eedr eser
ve
waspl acedundert heI UECst oragef acili
tyinAngar ski nNov ember2010andi naugur atedi
n
December2010af tert hef i
rstIAEAi nspection.Af tercompl et
ionofal lfor
mal pr ocedur esthe
agr eementent eredi ntof orceon3Febr uary2011.Fr om thatdat eon,theLEUr eser vein
Angar skhasbeenav ailableforI AEAMemberSt ates.Russi anst atenuclearener gycompany
ROSATOM sai dthati thadcompl etedar r
angement sf orthef uel st
oreinthev aul toft he
Internat i
onal Enri
chmentCent reatAngar sk.I twi l
lbemanagedundert heauspi cesoft he
IAEA.

Theest ablishmentoft henuclearbankhasel i

citedresponsesf rom theinternational
communi ty.TheEUHi ghRepresentati
vef orFor eignAf f
airsandSecur i
t yPolicyCat herine
Ashtonsai di n2010: "Foll
owingt hecreationoft heLEUr eserveintheRussi anf eder ati
oni n
coll
abor ati
onwi t
ht heIAEA,today '
sresoluti
onconst it
utest hefi
rstdecisiononanassur ance
schemeunderdi rectcontroloftheIAEA. "Int hesamey ear,WorldNucl earAssoci at
ion
dir
ectorgener alandf ormerUSAmbassadort ot heIAEAJohnRi tchsaid,"Anymechani sm
thattrul
yf orti
fiesthenuclearnon- prol
ifer
ationsy st
em war rant
ssuppor t
,bothf rom t he
nuclearindust ryandf rom government swor ldwi de,
"butnot edthat"no-onehasy etexplained
ascenar iowher eacount r
yisdeni edfuel byot hergov er
nment sev enthoughi ti
smeet ingits
commi t
ment s-andt henturnstot hesamegov ernmentstosuppl ythef uelthrought he
IAEA."

Theconceptoft henucl earbank, workstoensur et hatindigenousnucl earcapabi l

it
iesare
notdev elopedt herebyel i
mi natingther i
skofdual -
use.Ther ef or
e, byr emov ingtheneedt o
possessenr ichmentt echnol ogy ,
anucl earbankact sasadet errentt onucl earproli
ferati
on.
Sincet heAcheson- Lil
ienthalRepor tandt heAt omsf orSpeechpr oposal theneedt ohav ea
commoni nternati
onal bodyoragencycont r
oll
inggl obalnucl earsuppl i
esandal l
ocatingthe
samet ocount ri
est opur suepeacef ulendshasbeenont het able.Howev er
, i
tisonlyinthe
Russianf uel bankundert heJSC- IUEAt hatsuchani deal hasseenpr acticalimplement ati
on.
Althoughef fortsint hepasthav ebeenmadet owar dst hi
sr egard, onlyRussi aseemst ohave
reachedsuchanext entofon- groundsuccess.Thepr oposal toest ablishaguar anteed
reserveofl owenr ichedur ani
um i nAngar skast hef i
rststepmechani sm ofguar anteedfuel
supplieswasout li
nedi ntheCommuni cationoft hePer manentMi ssionsoft heRussian
Federat i
onandt heUni tedSt atesofAmer icaregardingaJoi ntSt atementonMul t
il
ateral
NuclearFuel Assurances.

TheRussi anfuelbankasofNov ember2010, announcedthatithadestabli

sheda120t onne
stockpi
leofLEU.Theenr ichmentlevel
srangedfrom 2percentt o4.95percentandt he
expensesf orcr
eatingandmai nt
aini
ngthereservewerebornebyt heRussi
anFederation.
Thisstockpil
eisavailabl
etoanyIAEAmembercount ryi
nlinewi ththepri
nci
plesoftheNPT
andnotpossessi ngreactorsofi
tsown.Thedeci si
ononther eleaseofamat eri
alf
rom t he
LEUReser veistobemadebyt heDirect
orGeneraloftheIAEA.

Theadv ant
agesofbei
ngamemberoftheIUECandpart
ici
pat
inginthenucl
earbankas
proposedbytheRussi
anFeder
ati
oni
ncludes–guar
ant
eedsupplyofgoodsandservi
ces
t
herebyincr
easingenergysecuri
ty,
diversi
fi
cati
onofsuppli
esandopt i
mum logisti
cs,all
r
ightsofajoi
ntst ockcompanyshareholderandmostsigni
fi
cant
ly,part
ici
pati
oni nan
i
nter
nati
onalprojectwithamissi
ont oreduceri
sksofsensi
tiv
etechnologyprol
iferat
ion.

Howev er ,theissuest i
ll
remai nsashowt ochangesi nthepol
iticalenv i
ronmentwoul d
i
mpactsuppl i
er-r
eceiverrelati
ons.Thisconcer nisext r
emelylegiti
mat eespeciall
ywhenseen
agai
nstt hebackdr opoft he1979I rani
anRev olut
ionwhencount ri
essuchasGer many ,
Russia, China,US,FranceandUkr ainestalledtheirvari
oussuppl i
esneededt omai ntai
nIr an’s
nucl
earpowerpl ants.Apar tfr
om this,t
hereanumberofquest ionst hatconcernsa
multi
later i
ali
zedNucl earFuel CycleandaNucl earfuelbankregar dingtheaccessofmat erial
fr
om suchappr oachesf orNonNPTst atesorNonNPTNSGst ates.NSG, herereferstot he
NuclearSuppl iersGr oup, whichismul t
inationalbodyconcernedwi threducingnuclear
prol
i
f erationbycont roll
ingt heexportandr e-t
ransferofmaterialsthatmaybeappl i
cablet o
nucl
earweapondev elopmentandbyi mpr ov i
ngsafeguardsandpr otecti
ononexi sti
ng
mater i
als.
-
Dual
UseTechnol
ogy
-
Dual uset echnologyast het erm suggest si sanyt echnol ogywhi chcanser v ebot hpeacef ul
andmi li
tar ypurposes.TheEur opeanCommi ssi on, TradeTopi csdef i
nesdual usegoodsas,
“product sandt echnol ogiesnor mal l
yusedf orci vilianpur posesbutwhi chmayhav emi l
itary
appl i
cations. ”Dual technol ogyhasbeenpr ev alenti nt hei nter national scenar iosi ncet he
SecondWor ldWarwhenGer manyconv er tedi tsabi l
it
yt omakepr ecisionwi nd- upt oysto
produceshel l
sandbombf uses.Si ncet hen, atv ariousmoment sinhi story ,epochal
adv ancement sintechnol ogyhav ecomebur denedwi tht het hr eatofbei ngusedf orv i
olent
purposes.Thi sholdst ruef ort henucl eart echnol ogyaswel l.Thepossi bili
tyofusi ngnucl ear
ener gyf orciv i
li
anpur posespar ticularlyi nt heener gyandmedi calsect ormakest he
prospect i
v eofacqui ringt hecapaci tyofdev elopi ngnucl eart echnol ogyal ucr ativei deaf or
manycount ri
es.Howev er ,aspr edi ctedbymanyr ealistt heor ists,thedev elopmentofsucha
capaci tybyonenat ioncr eat esadomi noef fecti nt hei nt ernat ional arenasi mpl ybecauseof
thel atentmi l
it
arypot ent i
al inciv i
liannucl eart echnol ogy .Thi si sbestexempl if
iedasi nt he
caseofBr azilandAr gent ina, I
sr ael andI ranandNor thandSout hKor ea. Thel atentmi li
tary
possi bil
itiesofnucl eart echnol ogyar i
seasar esul toft heenr ichmentpr ocessi tunder goes
toser v
eev encivil
ianneeds.Ther ear etwopat hway sf ornucl earenr i
chment —Ur ani um
PathwayandPl utonium Pat hway .Nat ur al Ur anium cont ains0. 72per centur ani um- 235and
99.275per centurani um- 238aswel lasat inyf ract ionofur ani um- 234.Enr ichmenti sthe
processt hati sunder takent oincr easet heper cent ageofUr ani um- 235.Weapongr ade
urani um isasubsetoft hel argerHi ghlyenr ichedur ani um ( HEU)cat egor y .Itcont ainsmor e
than90percentUr ani um- 235.Lowenr i
chedur ani um ( LEU)i susedf orf uel i
ngr eact orsbut
notf orpower ingbombsandcont ainsmor et han0. 72percentbutl esst han20percent
urani um- 235.Thest ickypoi nti nt hesi tuat i
oni st hatt hesameenr ichmentt echnol ogycanbe
usedt omakeHEUorLEU.

InthecaseofPl utonium Pat hway,plutonium- 239i stheisotoper equiredt ofuelbombs.

Nucl earreactor
spr oducet hisisotopewhenur anium-238int hef uel mi xtureabsorbs
neutr ons.Thereprocessingpr ocessi nvolvesanumberofphy sical andchemi calreacti
ons
toext ractpl
utonium.Cur rently
, t
hePUREXt echniquei stheonl ycommer ci
all
yav ail
abl
e
reprocessingmechani sm.Howev er,thePUREXr eprocessingtechni quesepar atesthe
plutonium from thehighlyradioactivefissionpr oducts.Thef i
ssi onpr oduct sactuall
yprovide
alethal barr
ieragainstthet heftofunshi el
dedspentf uelcontaini ngpl utonium.Once
separ ated,t
hisfuelneedst obeguar dedasanucl earweaponi tself,asi tisdir
ectlyusablein
suchaweapon.
TheUr anium Pat hwayposesar i
skofdual useofnucl eartechnol ogyf rom thegov er
nment s
ofcount ri
eswhichpossesssucht echnology.Si ncethesamepr ocesscanbeusedt o
producebot hHEUandLEU, theent i
reresponsi bil
it
yofensur i
ngt hattheLEUt echnologyis
notmi susedtopr oduceHEUr eli
esonasy st
em ofsel f-moni t
oring.Theur anium enri
chment
processusescent r
if
uget echnology.Acent r
ifugeenr ichmentpl antcanbedesi gnedt oall
ow
theoper ator
soft heplanttoaltertheconnect i
onssoast oi ntensif
ytheenr ichmentpr ocess
from LEUt oHEU.Ther ef
ore,aLEUenr ichmentpl antisasl eepingnucl earexpl osivemat eri
al
factor
y .Countri
eswhi chcomeundert hepur viewoft heI AEAandhav esi gnedt heNPTt hus
havet hepotential t
or evealonlytheLEUenr i
chmentpl antsandi ntheabsenceofan
i
nspect orcarryoutHEUenr i
chmentpr ocesses.Thi shasbeenpr evi
ousl ybeent hecausef or
doubtov erSouthKor eaandI ran.

ThePl ut
onium pathwayhoweverrai
sestheequally(i
fnotmore)importanti
ssueofnucl
ear
capabili
ti
esgetti
ngintothehandsofnon-stat
eactors.Whil
estatesar
eboundbysome
extenttocert
ainregulat
ionsbythesigni
ngofint
ernati
onalagreement
sandbycomi ngunder
thescannerofregulator
yagencies,
non-stat
eactorsfacenosuchqualmst her
eby
i
ntensifyi
ngthethreatposedbythem ift
heypossessnuclearcapaci
ty.
-
Rol
eofNucl
earWeaponFr
eeZones-

Regionalnuclearweaponf reezones( NWFZs)ar eineffectinLatinAmer i

caandt he
Cari
bbean( TreatyofTlatelolco),theSout hPaci fi
c(TreatyofRar atonga),andSout heastAsi a
(Tr
eat yofBangkok) .Atreatyest abli
shinganNWFZhasbeennegot iatedforAfri
ca( Treatyof
Peli
ndaba),buthasnoty etent eredintofor cebecauset herequirednumberofr atif
icationsis
l
acking.Asdi scussedear l
ier,protocolsonnon- useofnuclearweaponsr ati
fi
edbyt heNPT
nucl
earweaponst atesar einef f
ectf ortheLat i
nAmer i
canandSout hPaci fi
cNWFZs.They
havebeennegot i
atedfort heSout heastAsi aandAfri
canNWFZs.I nt hecaseoft he
SoutheastAsi aNWFZ, theirent r
yi nt
of orcehasbeendel ayedbyt heobj ecti
onofnucl ear
weaponst atestothezone’ sappl i
cati
ont obardepl oymentort ranspor tofnuclearweapons
i
next ensi
ver egi
onal waters.Ef f
ortscont inuetocompl etenegot i
ationsonanNWFZf or
CentralAsi
a.

TheNWFZsi ngener alpr

ohibitthemanuf actur
e, product
ion,possession,testing,acqui
sit
ion,
receipt,anddepl oymentofnucl earweaponswi thinthezone.Theyt hereforest andasan
i
mpor t
antr einforcementtot heNPT, applyingt
omostoft heGlobalSouth.TheNWFZsal so
hav etheef fectofbar r
ingdepl oymentbyt henuclearweaponst ates,thereforepr ecl
udi
ng
arrangement sliketheonebet weenNATOandt heUni tedStatesinwhi chU. S.nuclearbombs
aredepl oyedi nNATOcount ries.Theyalsocontributetoconfidence-buil
dingandconsensus
i
nt her egion.

Forexample,t
heTreatyofTl
atel
olcopr
ovidedl
everageaddi
ti
onalt
otheNPTf
orper
suadi
ng
Brazi
landArgent
inatoabandontheopti
onofnuclearweapons.

-
TheI
nter
nat
ional
Cour
tofJust
iceadv
isor
yopi
nion-
The1996adv i
soryopinionoftheInt er
national CourtofJust iceonnucl earweaponswas
provi
dedinresponset otheUnitedNat ionsGener alAssembl y ,
whi chaskedt heCour tto
addressthequestion:“
Isthethreatoruseofnucl earweaponsper mitt
edi nany
ci
rcumstanceunderi nt
ernati
onal l
aw? ”Inpar agraph2Foft he“ disposit
if”set t
ingforthi
t s
answerstotheGener alAssembl y
,theCour tunani mouslyhel d:“Thereexi stsanobl i
gationto
pursueingoodf ai
thandbr i
ngtoaconcl usionnegot iat
ionsl eadingt onucl eardisarmament
i
nal li
tsaspectsunderstri
ctandef fecti
vei nt
ernat i
onalcont rol.
”TheI nternationalCourtof
Justi
ce(ICJ)isthejudi
cialbr
anch, sixt
hor ganoft heUN, andt hehi ghestcour tinthewor ld
ongener al quest i
onsofi nter nat i
onal l
aw.Endor sedbyev eryj udgeont heCour t,
its
statementoft hedisarmamentobl i
gationisnowt heaut horitati
v einter
pr etati
onofAr ti
cleVI
oftheNPT, andi sper hapst hemosti mportantr esultoft hecase.I tsimpor tanceis
under li
nedbyt hefactt hati twasnotr equiredbyt herequestoft heGener alAssembl yfor
clari
ficationoft helegal stat usoft hreatoruseofnucl earweapons, butr atherwaspr oduced
ont heCour t'sowni niti
ative.I nt heCour t'
sv iew, eli
minationofnucl earweaponsi stheonly
adequat er esponset othedi l
emmasandr i
sksposedbyt henucl earage.Ofspeci al
signifi
cancei sthehol dingt hatAr ti
cleVIrequi resst at
est oachi evenucl eardisarmament
throughgoodf ait
hnegot iati
on.Tal kingisnotenough; thet alkmustl eadt oact i
on.Also
i
mpor tantist hattheCour tdel inkedt heobl i
gat i
ont oachi ev enucl eardisar mamentf r
om the
object i
veofcompr ehensi vedemi l
itari
zati
on( “
gener alandcompl etedisar mament ”
).Nuclear
weaponst atescannol ongerpl ausiblyrel
yont her ati
onal ethatel iminationofnucl ear
weaponsmustawai tcompr ehensi veglobal disar mament .Alsosi gnifi
canti stheclear
i
mpl icationt hattheobl igationappl iestoall states,notonl yt hosewhoar epar tytotheNPT,
thusbi ndingt henucl ear-armed, non-NPTpar tyst at
esI ndia,Israel,andPaki st
an.

-
Thr
eatorUseofNucl
earWeaponsandi
tsI
ll
egal
i
ty-

Atthispoi ntoftime,9countri
esholdthepossessi
ont
oat
otal
numberofmor
ethan16,
000
nuclearweapons–
1. UnitedStatesofAmer i
ca
2. UnitedKingdom
3. RussianFeder ati
on
4. People’sRepubl i
cofChina
5. FrenchRepubl ic
6. Democr aticPeople’
sRepubli
cofKorea
7. Pakistan
8. I
srael
9. Republ i
cofIndia

Manyoft hecount r
ieswi thsmal l
ernuclearar
senals,suchasI ndi aandPaki stan,
areact i
vel
y
engagedi nr egional confli
cts,makingthepossibil
i
tyofr egionalnucl earwaraconcer n.North
Kor eai l
li
citl
yacqui rednucl earweapons, andothercount r
ies,i
ncludi ngIranandSy r
ia,have
violatedt hei
rnucl earsaf eguardscommi t
mentsandar esuspect edofcov ertl
ypursuing
nucl earweaponscapabi l
it
ies.
Meanwhi l
e,theUni tedSt atesofAmer icaandRussi anFeder at
ion, holdthel ar
gestnumberof
wor ld’snuclearweapons, andatt heprecoldwarer aitstockedupt o93%oft hewor l
d’s
nucl earweapons.
Initsadv i
soryopi nion,theInternati
onalCourtofJusticealsoconcl udedt hat
"t
het hreatoruseofnucl earweaponswoul dgenerall
ybecont raryt ot herulesof
i
nt ernational l
awappl i
cablei narmedconf l
ict
,andinpar ti
cularthepr i
nciplesandrulesof
humani tari
anl aw."

TheI
CJanal
ysedt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
orst
osuppor
ttheabov
econcl
usi
on–

1. Nuclearweaponshav e"uniquechar acteri

sti
cs,
"incl
uding"t
heirdestructi
vecapacit
y,
thei
rcapacit
yt ocauseunt oldhumansuf f
ering,andthei
rabili
tytocausedamaget o
generati
onstocome; "their"destructi
vepowercannotbecont ainedineitherspaceort i
me;"
anuclearexplosi
on" r
eleasesnotonl yi
mmensequant i
ti
esofheatandener gy,butalso
powerfulandprolongedr adiati
on,"which" woul daff
ectheal
th,agri
cult
ure,naturalr
esources
anddemogr aphyov erav erywidear ea,"and" hasthepotenti
al t
odamaget hefutur
e
envi
ronment,foodandmar
ineecosy
stem,
andt
ocausegenet
icdef
ect
sandi
l
lnessi
nfut
ure
generat
ions;
"

2. “Thecar dinalpr i
nci
plescont ai
nedi nthetextsconstit
uti
ngt hefabricofhumani tari
an
l
awar ethef ol
lowi ng.Thef i
rstisaimedatt heprotect
ionofthecivil
ianpopul at
ionand
civi
l
ianobjectsandest abli
shest hedist
inctionbetweencombat antsandnon- combat ants;
Statesmustnev ermakeci vil
ianstheobj ectofattackandmustconsequent l
ynev eruse
weaponst hatarei ncapableofdi sti
nguishingbetweenci v
il
ianandmi l
it
arytargets.According
tothesecondpr inciple,iti
spr ohi
bit
edt ocauseunnecessar ysuf f
eringtocombat ants:i
tis
accordi
nglyprohibi t
edt ouseweaponscausi ngthem suchhar m oruselesslyaggr av
ating
thei
rsufferi
ng.Inappl icati
onoft hatsecondpr inci
ple,St
atesdonothav eunlimitedfreedom
ofchoiceofmeansi ntheweaponst heyuse. ”

3. Sel
f-
defensewar r
ants"
onl
ymeasur
eswhi
char
epr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hear
medat
tack
andnecessar
yt orespondtoit
"

4. Theenvi
ronment"representsthel
ivi
ngspace,
thequali
tyofl
if
eandt hever
yhealt
hof
humanbei ngs,i
ncludi
nggener ati
onsunborn,
"and"St
atesmusttakeenvi
ronmental
considerat
ionsi
ntoaccountwhenassessi ngwhatisnecessar
yandproport
ionat
einthe
pursuitofl
egit
imatemili
taryobjecti
ves"

5. Thenuclearweaponst at
esfai
l
edt odemonstrat
ethatanyuseofnucl
earweapons,
i
ncludi
nga"clean"useinvolv
ing"lowyi
eld"weapons,
couldcomplywit
hlegal
requi
rements
oravoi
dcatastr
ophicescalati
on.

PARTI
V:SUMMARY
I
ftheabov
econt
enthast
obesummar
isedi
nbr
ief
,itt
alksabout
:

1.Non-
prol
i
fer
ati
ont
reat
yandi
tsl
egal
i
ty

2.Whatar
eIAEASaf
eguar
dsandi
tsuse?

3.Howcannucl
earr
esour
cesbeused?

4.Vi
olat
ionbyDPRKandI
ran

Thoughthebackgr
oundgui
dehasbeenmadev erydet
ail
edbuti
fyoufeel
thebackground
gui
deislongandnotunder
standabl
e,we’
drequestyoutogothr
utheabovepoi
ntersin
det
ailonyourownalongwi
ththefol
lowi
ngtopics:

1.RecentNucl
earWeaponTest
sbyDPRK

2.NSGGui
del
i
nesandi
tsi
mpl
i
cat
ion

3.NPTr
evi
ewconf
erence

4.Whathappeneddur
ingt
heCubanMi
ssi
l
eCr
isi
s

I
fyougothrut
heabovet
opicsindet
ail
s,al
ongwi
thy
ourf
orei
gnpol
i
cy,
you’
l
lbeabl
eto
gui
dethecommit
teev
eryeasil
y.

PARTV:
Quest
ionst
obeconsi
der
ed
1.Whati
syourcount
ry’
sst
andt
owar
dst
hecur
rentnon-
prol
i
fer
ati
onr
egi
me(
NPT,
CSAand
AP)
?

2.Isi
tnecessaryf
ort
henonNPTNucl
earWeaponsStatesbebroughtunderthenon-
prol
if
erat
ionregi
mesothatt
heNonNucl
earWeaponStatescanbesafeguarded?

3.I
stheNPTcompl et
eordoesi
thav
efl
aws?Whati
sthepol
i
cyofeachst
ateov
ert
heuseof
Nucl
earweapons?

4.Cannonpr
oli
fer
ati
onandt
hecur
rentagendaathandbei
nter
li
nked?Howorhownot
?

5.Whatist
helegal
it
yofthet
hreatofuseofnucl
earweapons?I
sitsuf
fi
cientt
ohol
dback
anynat
ionfr
om it
suse?

6.Whati
sthemosteffecti
veandaccept
ablewayf
ormulti
-l
ater
ali
zi
ngthenucl
earfuel
cycl
e?
Doesmult
i-
lat
eral
i
zingthefuel
cycl
eprotectt
hei
nter
est
sofNonNucl earWeaponStat
es?

7.Consi
der
inginter
nationalskepti
cism t
owar
dsacompr ehensi
vemulti
lat
eraldat
abaseof
nucl
earmater
ialspart
icular
lyfrom t
henon-weaponsst
ates,howfeasi
blei
st hi
sapproach?

8.Cant
heDual
UseTechnol
ogybebr
oughti
ntoquest
ionwhi
l
etal
ki
ngoft
hreat
s?