Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cheese Please Notes PDF
Cheese Please Notes PDF
Cheese Please Notes PDF
Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is a technique that uses electricity to separate out molecules.
In this case we are using electrophoresis to separate proteins on an agarose
gel. Large proteins move slowly through the gel and small proteins move
more quickly, therefore the proteins are separated according to their size.
Proteins
There are many different types of proteins. For example, structural proteins
such as the proteins found in hair and skin, catalytic proteins such as
enzymes and messenger proteins which act as signalling molecules, for
example hormones. Proteins are formed as long chains of amino acids, the
order of the amino acids in the protein is determined by a specific DNA
sequence, or gene.
Protein structure
Proteins do not remain in long amino acid chains (known as the primary
structure). The chemical composition of amino acids in the chain causes
bonds to form between the molecules. This causes the chain of amino acids
to fold and coil, resulting in a protein with a 3D shape. This is called the
tertiary protein structure. In the following practical experiment, one of the
steps involves boiling the proteins in a specific buffer (Laemmli buffer). This
results in the denaturing (or unfolding) of the proteins back to their primary
structure. All proteins of the same size will run to the same part of the
agarose gel. This is what forms the bands.
1. Cause the milk to coagulate (change from a liquid to a solid) into curds.
This can be done by various methods
o by the addition of an acid such as vinegar or lemon juice.
o by the addition of a bacterial culture (which can metabolise
lactose) which produces lactic acid.
o by the addition of rennet, which contains the enzyme rennin.
2. Separate the coagulated curds from the remaining fluid, called whey.
3. Ripen cheese (if required).
4. Eat.
To make soft cheese steps 1 to 3 can take from an hour to a few days, for
hard cheese steps 1 to 3 can take months. This basic method has many
variations and this is what makes cheeses have different flavours and
textures.
The simplest cheeses such as cottage cheese are made this standard way
without any maturing. However some cheeses are matured for different times
at different temperatures to generate different flavours and textures, naturally
occurring micro-organisms play a huge part in this maturing process. Blue
veined cheeses are inoculated with a Penicilium spore which creates a
particular flavour and aroma. Brie and Camembert have their surfaces
inoculated with another type of Penicilium spore, this adds a particular flavour
to the cheese and creates the white skin on the outside of the cheese.
Technical information
Equipment and materials
Preparation of materials
The NCBE kit has detailed instructions for preparation of materials. It can be
helpful to make your agarose gel in advance.
Preparing the 3% agarose gel
1. Weigh out 1.5g of agarose into glass beaker or bottle.
5. Place gel tank on flat surface and fit the 6 toothed comb into the slot at
the end of the gel tank. Ensure comb is pushed all the way down.
6. Pour the molten agarose into the gel tank, 50 cm3 of 3% agarose
should be enough to make up 4 or 5 gels.
NB. The thinner the gel the better you will be able to see your protein bands. Agarose is
very expensive so it pays to be frugal. However make sure you have covered the tips of
the comb otherwise you will have nothing to load your protein sample into.
7. Leave the tank undisturbed for 15 – 20 minutes until the gel sets.
NB. Gels can be made in advance and stored in the plastic bags (containing a little
TB/SDS buffer) in the fridge for up to a week.
Instructions
These instructions are slightly different from the NCBE instructions, it is hoped
that the extra steps will help you get better banding patterns.
NB protein degrades easily through the action of proteases, the cooler you keep your sample
and less time your protein sample sits around the better banding patterns you will get.
Analysis questions:
o Use the protein standard bands to approximate the sizes (in daltons) of
the protein bands in the different cheeses.
o Are there differences in the protein banding patterns (fingerprints)
between the cheeses?
o Can you deduce what specific proteins any of the bands may
represent?
o Hypothesis what any extra band may be caused by?
Possible project titles
Investigate the protein bands from cheeses from different animals. Is it
possible to tell which animal a cheese was made from simply by the protein
bands?
Compare the proteins in soft cheeses to hard cheeses. Are there any
differences? Can these differences be related to the different way these
cheeses are made?
Mature cheeses have a much stronger flavour than mild cheeses. Compare
cheese of different ages. What happens to the proteins as a cheese ripens?
Some cheeses are made by inoculation with a particular mould to add flavour
(e.g. Roquefort is made with Penicillium roqueforti). Compare Blue cheeses
with non blue cheeses. How might a mould effect the proteins in the cheese?
Some cheeses (e.g stilton) are flavoured with walnuts, apricots, blueberries,
ginger etc. Can you detect the presence of these ‘extra’ proteins on the
protein gels?
Resources
The NCBE Protein Power kit can be obtained from:
The National Centre for Biotechnology Education
The Univeristy of Reading
Whiteknights
PO Box 226
Reading
RG6 6AP
Tel: 0118 9873743, Fax: 0118 9750140
Email: NCBE@reading.ac.uk
Web site: www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk
The protein standards can be obtained free from the address below. Send a
large stamped (first class) addressed envelope to:
Aim of Experiment:
Cheese used:
Notes on practical work e.g. did anything go wrong? Did I forget a step?:
Layout of Gel:
Results: