Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Efecto Corona
Efecto Corona
Efecto Corona
SANTANDER
Corona Effect
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN Ü
l Class Outline
l Corona Discharges
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN Ü
l Corona Discharges
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona Discharges
l Corona Discharges (cont.)
This form of discharge is called a corona
discharge and can be observed as a bluish
luminance.
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona Discharges
l Mechanism of corona:
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona Discharges
l Mechanism of Corona formation on a 2
conductor line:
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona Discharges
l Mechanism of Corona formation on a 2
conductor line (cont.):
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona Discharges
l Mechanism of Corona formation on a 2 conductor
line (cont.):
Vc
-Vc
9
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Class Outline
l Corona Discharges
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN Ü
l Factors affecting corona
l Factors affecting corona:
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Factors affecting corona
l Factors affecting corona:
Frequency of the voltage (the higher the
frequency the higher the corona losses)
Contamination
12
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Class Outline
l Corona Discharges
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN Ü
l Corona effect pictures
14
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona effect pictures
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Class Outline
l Corona Discharges
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN Ü
l Effects of Corona on Overhead Lines
l Effects of Corona on Overhead Lines:
n Radio noise – (radio interference and
television interference)
n Energy losses
17
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Effects of Corona on Overhead Lines
l Practical case of insulator damage [Seeing corona
– Veiki] :
n On this power line, outages occurred during
wet foggy weather due to flashovers caused
by a damaged composite insulator.
n The insulator was located at the middle line of
a three-part chain.
n This damaged insulator was removed from the
line and sent to Veiki laboratory where it was
tried to reproduce the mechanism of failure in
dry and wet conditions.
18
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Effects of Corona on Overhead Lines
19
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Effects of Corona on Overhead Lines
l Insulator damage:
t The puncture of the polymer: as
20
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Effects of Corona on Overhead Lines
l Insulator damage: note the carbonization
signs
21
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Effects of Corona on Overhead Lines
l It was found that in dry conditions, flashover
does not occur and corona cannot be seen.
l In wet conditions, however, corona effect was
observed with UV camera before flashover
occurred at the rated voltage.
22
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Effects of Corona on Overhead Lines
l If moisture or high humidity conditions exist,
nitric acids can also be formed that attack
copper and other metals.
23
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Class Outline
l Corona Discharges
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN Ü
l Corona Detection
25
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona Detection
l Ultraviolet radiation cameras:
n They have two video channels:
26
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona Detection
l Ultrasound corona detection:
Corona discharge emits ultrasound at
the source of the problem.
27
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona Detection
l Detection by ultraviolet radiation cameras
28
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona Detection
l Detection by ultraviolet radiation cameras
29
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Class Outline
l Corona Discharges
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN Ü
l Disruptive critical voltage
l Disruptive critical voltage (Vc):
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
Disruptive critical voltage
l Electric field around a cylindrical, long conductor
(review):
Consider a conductor with radius r, in a free space
with permittivity ε0, and with a charge of q+ [C]
per meter uniformly distributed on the surface.
32
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Disruptive critical voltage
l According to Gauss’s law, the total electric flux
leaving a closed surface is equal to the total charge
inside the volume enclosed by the surface:
→ →
ψ E = ∫ D ⋅ d s = Qenc solving
S
Qenc
D=
2π xl
The electric field intensity is:
D Qenc q×l q
E= = = =
33
ε 0 2πε 0 xl 2πε 0 xl 2πε 0 x
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Disruptive critical voltage
l Potential difference: between two outside points
with corresponding distances D1 and D2 from the
conductor center .
It is the work done in moving a unit charge from
D1 to D2 through the electric field produced by
the charge on the conductor
34
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Disruptive critical voltage
l The potential difference is:
D2 D2
→ → q
V12 = ∫ E ⋅d x = ∫ 2πε dx
D1 D1 0 x
q D2
V12 = ln
2πε 0 D1
35
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Disruptive critical voltage
l The electric field at the conductor surface can
be calculated as:
q
E=
2πε 0 r
l The potential difference between the conductor
surface and some point:
q D
V= ln
2πε 0 r
36
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Disruptive critical voltage
l Disruptive critical voltage - Vc can be determined
from F. Peek’s work (1929) as:
n Direct current with EC= 29,8 kV/cm:
D
VC = E C × r × ln
r
n For a.c. three phase systems ([VLLrms]):
3 D
VC LL rms = E C × r × ln
r
37
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Disruptive critical voltage
l This expression should be corrected to consider:
n Changes in air density (temperature and pressure)
3 DMG
VC = E C × r × δr × mt × ms × ln
r
t mt= is the weather factor
= 1 for fair weather
= 0,8 for wet weather
t m = is the conductor surface irregularity factor
s
= 1 for smooth polished solid, cylindrical
conductors
= 0,93 a 0,98 for weathered, solid cylindrical
conductors
38 = 0,83 a 0,87 for weathered stranded conductors
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Visual Critical Voltage
39
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Disruptive critical voltage
Changes in air density: they can be corrected by
the relative air density factor δr:
3, 9211 × p
δr =
273º +t
t: is the site temperature [0]
40
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Disruptive critical voltage
l For bundled conductors:
3 r DMG
VC = E C × × δr × mt × ms × ln
β r
n Where: r (n − 1)
1+
RH
β=
n
Where :
d
RH =
⎛ π ⎞
2sen ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n ⎠
d= is the bundle spacing
41 n= is the number of conductors in a bundle
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Class Outline
l Corona Discharges
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN Ü
l Corona losses
l The movement of ions of both polarities
generated by corona discharges, and
subjected to the applied field around the line
conductors, is the main source of energy
loss.
l Corona losses are generally described in
terms of the energy losses per kilometer of
the line.
l They are generally negligible under fair-
weather conditions but can reach values of
several hundreds of kilowatts per kilometer of
line during foul weather.
43
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona losses
l According to Peek the fair-weather corona loss per
phase or conductor can be calculated from:
1
2
241 ⎛ r ⎞ ⎛Vmax VC ⎞
2
−5 ⎡ kW ⎤
PCorona fase = (f + 25 ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ × 10 ⎢ ⎥
δr ⎝ DMG ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎣ km ⎦
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Corona losses
l For the corona losses calculation, ISA uses a
different approach that it is explained in the guide
and must be used in the homework.
45
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN
l Questions
46
LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN