MANUAL FOR AGROHYDROLOGY

AND

ENGINEERING DESIGN

FOR SMALL WATER IMPOUNDING

PROJECT (SWIP)

Department of Agriculture
BUREAU OF SOILS AND
WATER MANAGEMENT
Diliman, Quezon City
March 1997
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1. ESTIMATION OF RUN-OFF and DERIVATION OF INFLOW HYDROGRAPH

1

1.1 Establishment of Project Data 1

1.2 Estimation of Basin Lag Time and Time Concentration 1
1.3 Computation for Rainfall Depth 2
1.4 Rainfall Increments Determination 2
1.5 Rearrangement of Rainfall Pattern 3
1.6 Derivation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph 8
1.7 Convolution of Equation for Flood Hydrograph 9

2. FIELD WATER BALANCE COMPUTATION 10

2.1 Establishment of Cropping Pattern and Cropping Calendar 10

2.2 Computation of 80% Dependable Rainfall 10
2.3 Crop Coefficient and Crop Rooting Depth 11
2.4 Percolation Loss 11
2.5 Soil Water Holding Capacity 14
2.6 Actual Evapotranspiration 14
2.7 Change in Storage 14
2.8 Initial Storage 14
2.9 Estimation of Water Storage at End of Decade 14
2.10 Irrigation Efficiency 15

3. ESTIMATION OF 10-DAY RESERVOIR INFLOW 16

3.1 Estimation of 10-Day Inflow for Region I, II, & IV 16

3.2 Estimation of 10-Day Inflow for Other Regions 16

4. ANNEXES

A. Philippine Water Resources Region 24

B. Climate Map of the Philippines 25
C. Monthly Distribution of Potential Evapotranspiration
of Selected Places in the Philippines 27
D. Planting Calendar 28
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. PAGE NO.

1 Regression Coefficients of the Rainfall Intensity-Duration

Frequency Curve for Different Locations 4

2 Soil Groups for Estimation of Watershed Index W. 6

3 Antecedent Moisture Condition for Estimation

of Water Index W. 6

4 Values of Watershed Index W. 6

5 Adjustment of Watershed Index W for Antecedent Moisture Condition

7

6 Recommended Retention Rate for Hydrologic Soil Groups 8

7 T/Tp versus q/qp for Dimensionless Hydrograph 9

8 Percolation for Different Soil Types 12

9 S W H C of Different Soil Textural Class 15

10 Regional Run-off Coefficient and % Monthly Baseflow

Distribution 17
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Rearrangement of Rainfall Increments 5

2 Water Management Scheme and Crop Depending Variables

for Field Water Balance for Irrigated Wetland Rice. 12

3 Crop Depending Variables for Field Water balance

of Irrigated Corn. 12

4 Crop Depending Variables for Field Water balance

of Irrigated Mungo. 13

5 Crop Depending Variables for Field Water balance

of Irrigated Tomato. 13

6 Crop Depending Variables for Field Water balance

of Irrigated Peanut. 14
 AGROHYDROLOGIC STUDIES AND ANALYSES

There are 3 general computations to be considered in the study. These are as follows:

1. Estimation of Run-off and Derivation of Inflow Hydrograph (25 yrs.)

2. Field Water Balance Computation
3. Reservoir Inflow Computation

1. ESTIMATION OF RUN-OFF AND DERIVATION OF INFLOW

HYDROGRAPH

This would require the following data and inputs to be taken from the project site. These are
topographic map soil and land capability mp or report, land use/vegetation map or report and
rainfall intensities. The following arranged procedures would be helpful in deriving the inflow
hydrograph.

1.1 Establishment of the Project Data

a. Drainage Area, A, in sq. km.

b. Mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge, L.
c. Mainstream from outlet to point nearest basin centroid, Lc.
d. Total fall (elevation difference) from highest ridge to outlet, H, in meter.
e. Watershed gradient,

f. Soil type of watershed (dominant) to determine the soil group the

identified soil type in the watershed belong to.
g. Watershed cover/land use.

1.2. Estimation of Basin Lag Time, TL and time of Concentration TC using Method, and
Snyder’s Method (revised), Time to peak, Tp and peak runoff, qp.
a. Compute for unadjusted TL

(TL in hours)

Where: L = mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge, in miles

LC = mainstream length from outlet to the nearest basin centroid.
Y = watershed gradient
a = 0.38
Ct = coefficient with values (Linsley’s):
1.2 for mountatins drainage area
0.72 for foothill drainage area
0.35 for valley drainage area
b. Adjust estimate of TL
Adjusted TL (for ∆D = 0.4 ≠ )

Adjusted TL = TL + ¼ (∆D - )

1
 c. Compute time of concentration, TC, in hours.
TC = TL / 0.70

d. Compute the time to peak, Tp using

Tp = ½ ∆D + TL (adjusted)
Where: ∆D = time duration of one inch of excess rainfall (USDA SCS)
suggested values of ∆D as 0.5 hr. (or 0.40 hr.) where Tc < 3; 1 hr.
where 3<Tc<6:1/5 Tc where Tc>6.
e. Compute the Peak rate of Runoff, qp, in cms/mm excess rainfall:

qp =

Where:
A = drainage area, sq. km.
TL = time lag (adjusted), hr.
qp = cms/mm

1.3 Compute for rainfall Depth P for different duration D, utilizing equation:
P = iD where
i = rainfall intensity computed using Rainfall Intensity Duration, Frequency
Curve for different location in the Philippines (Table 1).
Gen. Equation :

D = Duration

The tabulation of rainfall depth Pi versus Duration Di is thus:

Duration, Rainfall Intensity Rainfall Depth

Seq. No. D, Hr I, min/hr. P, mm
1 D1 = ∆D 1 P1
2 D2 = 2D1 2 P2
4 D3 = 3D1 3 P3

n Dn = 2Dn n Pn

1.4 Obtain rainfall increments ∆Pi and rearranged them according to three maximization
patterns:

1. Peak ∆P1 at middle time position, i = n/2

2. Peak ∆P1 at 1/3 time position, i = n/3
3. Peak ∆P1 at 2/3 time position, i= 2n/3 + 1

The sequences for peak at the different positions mentioned are shown in figure I.

Considering that the highest qp is usually computed or obtained from the 2/3 time position pattern,
the hydrograph to be derived will utilize this pattern without anymore working the other 2 patterns
for comparison, thus tabulation would only be as follows:
2
 Rainfall Increments Rearranged Rainfall Increments
APi, mm in 2/3 Position of peak pi
________________________________________________________________________
Seq. No.
1. ∆P1 = P1 ∆P14
2. ∆P2 = P2 - P1 ∆P13
3. ∆P3 = P3 – P2 ∆P12
4. ∆P4 = P4 – P3 ∆P10
5. ∆P5 = P5 – P4 ∆P9
6. ∆P6 = P6 – P5 ∆P7
7. ∆P7 = P7 – P6 ∆P6
8. ∆P8 = P8 – P7 ∆P5
9. ∆P9 = P9 – P8 ∆P3
10. ∆P10 = P10 – P9 ∆P2
11. ∆P11 = P11 – P10 ∆P1
12. ∆P12 = P12 – P11 ∆P4
13. ∆P13 = P13 – P12 ∆P8
14. ∆P14 = P14 – P13 ∆P11
15. ∆P15 = P15 – P14 ∆P15

This rainfall-increment pattern is subjected to estimation of losses in the next step for the determination of
rainfall excess amounts.

1.5 For the rearranged rainfall pattern considered,

-Apply the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Method to obtain Initial Abstraction, Ia:
Ia = 0.2s
Where: Ia = initial abstraction, in inches
s = 1000 – 10
W
= maximum potential difference between rainfall and runoff, in inches
W = watershed index, also called the runoff curve number N or CN
= function of soil group, antecedent moisture condition (AMC), and land use
cover in the watershed

- Refer to Table 2 (Soil Group), Table 3 (Antecedent Moisture Conditions, Table 4 Value of W for
different land uses/covers, assuming AMC II) and Table 5 (Adjustments of W for AMC I and AMC
III).

- The computed initial abstraction Ia is subtracted from the rainfall over the necessary initial number
of time increment until Ia is satisfied.

- After subtracting Ia, a uniform retention rate f is applied in succeeding time increments so that
retention depth subtracted each time from a rainfall increments is at most equal to f AP, Applicable
values are given in Table 6.

3
 TABLE 1 Regression Coefficients if the Rainfall intensity, f (mm/hr) – Duration, t (hr)
Frequency, T Curve for Different Locations: General Equation: i = aTC
(t+b)d
REGION STATION/LOCATION a b c d R

1 Vigan, Ilocos Sur 47.295 0.20 0.2710 0.577 0.9882

Baguio City 51.414 - 0.2337 0.343 0.9800
Laoag City 60.676 0.30 0.2370 0.554 0.9944
2 Tuguegarao, Cagayan 47.263 0.40 0.2290 0.598 0.9949
Aparri, Cagayan 53.503 0.20 0.2780 0.610 0.9916
3 San Agustin, Arayat,
Pampanga 48.749 0.40 0.2330 0.690 0.9973
Sta. Cruz, Pampanga 41.687 0.85 0.2220 0.611 0.9976
Dagupan, Pangasinan 53.665 0.10 0.1340 0.575 0.9959
Matalava, Lingayen 0.890 0.10 0.2220 0.611 0.9973
Iba, Zamabales 51.960 0.80 0.2020 0.448 0.9951
Cabanatuan City 62.961 0.20 0.1395 0.754 0.9950
Cansinala, Apalit,
Pampanga 36.597 - 0.2280 0.568 0.9962
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija 43.209 0.10 0.2150 0.487 0.9942
4 Infanta, Quezon 67.327 0.30 0.2010 0.617 0.9867
Calapan, Mondoro Or. 54.846 0.30 0.2460 0.768 0.9969
MIA 46.863 0.10 0.1940 0.609 0.9979
Pot Area, Manila 58.798 0.20 0.1980 0.679 0.9981
Tayabas, Quezon 39.710 - 0.1320 0.461 0.9912
Casiguran, Quezon 77.587 0.70 0.2380 0.717 0.9849
Alabat, Quezon 55.424 0.20 0.2310 0.491 0.9880
Ambalong, Tanauan,
Batangas 41.351 - 0.2310 0.511 0.9620
Angono, Rizal 62.314 0.70 0.1910 0.630 0.9934
5 Daet, Camarines Norte 44.553 - 0.2240 0.570 0.9971
Legaspi, City 55.836 0.20 0.2480 0.591 0.9958
Virac, Catanduanes 49.052 0.20 0.2480 0.591 0.9958
6 Iloilo City 44.390 0.15 0.2040 0.670 0.9970
7 Cebu Airport 59.330 0.40 0.2400 0.812 0.9956
Dumaguete City 100.821 1.00 0.2370 1.057 0.9963
8 Borongan, Eastern
Samar 51.622 0.10 0.1680 0.581 0.9972
UEP, Catarman, Samar 61.889 0.40 0.2300 0.681 0.9905
Catbalogan, Samar 51.105 0.10 0.2020 0.620 0.9948
Tacloban, Leyte 39.661 0.10 0.1660 0.629 0.9968
9 Zamboanga City 48.571 0.30 0.2090 0.803 0.9973
10 Cagayan de Oro 78.621 0.50 0.1950 0.954 0.9992
Surigao City 61.486 0.60 0.2520 0.602 0.9901
Binatuan, Surigao
del Sur 57.433 0.10 0.1340 0.577 0.9932
11 Davao City 81.959 0.50 0.1740 0.945 0.9986

Note:

If b - Ø the resulting rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curves are straight lines (plotted on log, log chart).

4
5
TABLE 2: Soil Groups for Estimation of Watershed Index W

Soil Group Description of Soil Characteristics

A Soils having very low runoff potential,

For Example, deep sands with little silt or clay.
B Light soils under/or well structured soils having above
Average infiltration when thoroughly melted.
For example, light sandy loams, silty loams.
C Medium soils and shallow soils having below-average
Infiltration when thoroughly melted. For example,
clay loams.
D Soils having high runoff potential. For example,
heavy soils, particularly days of high swelling
capacity, and very shallow soils underlain by
dense clay horizons.

TABLE 3: Antecedent Moisture Conditions for Estimation of Watershed Index W

Antecedent Moisture Condition Rain in pervious 5 days

(AMC) Dormant Season Growing Season

I less than 0.5 in. lass than 1.4 in.

II 0.5 – 1.1 in. 1.4 to 2.1 in.
III more than 1.1 in. more than 2.1 in.

TABLE 4: Values of Watershed Index W

(Assuming Antecedent Moisture Condition II)

Farming Hydrologic SOIL GROUP

Land Use or Cover
Treatment Condition A B C D
Native pasture - Poor 70 80 85 90
or grassland - Fair 50 70 80 85
Good 40 60 75 80
Timbered Areas - Poor 45 65 75 85
Fair 35 60 75 80
Good 25 55 70 75
Improved Permanent
Good 30 60 70 80
pastures
Rotation pastures Straightrow Poor 65 75 85 90
Good 60 70 80 85
Contoured Poor 65 75 80 85
Good 55 70 80 85
Crop Straightrow Poor 65 75 85 90
Good 70 80 85 90
Contoured Poor 70 80 85 90
Good 65 75 80 85
Fallow - - 80 85 90 95

6
(Table 4 Con’t)
 The meaning of the terms listed under the heading “Hydrologic Condition” are as follow:

a. Native pastures: Pastures in poor condition is sparse, heavily grazed pastures with less than half the
total watershed area under plant cover. Pasture in fair condition is moderately grazed and with between half
and three-quarters of the catchment under plant cover. Pasture in good condition is lightly grazed and with
more than three-quarters of the catchment area under plant cover.

b. Timbered areas: Poor areas are sparsely timbered and heavily grazed with no undergrowth. Fair areas are
moderately grazed, with some undergrowth. Good areas are densely timbered and ungrazed, with
considerable undergrowth.

c. Improved permanent pastures: Densely sown permanent legume pastures subject to careful grazing
management are considered to be in good hydrologic condition.

d. Rotation pastures: Dense, moderately grazed pastures used as part of a well planned, crop-pasture-fallow
rotation are considered to be in good hydrologic condition. Sparse, overgrazed or “opportunity” pastures
are considered to be poor condition.

e. Crops: Good hydrologic condition refers to crops which form a part of a well planned and managed crop-
pasture-follow rotation. Poor hydrologic condition refers to crops managed according to a simple crop-
follow-rotation.

TABLE 5: Adjustment of Watershed index W for Antecedent moisture Condition

Corresponding Value of W for:

AMC = II AMC = I AMC = III
100 100 100
95 87 99
90 80 98
85 70 97
80 65 95
75 60 90
70 50 90
65 45 85
60 40 80
55 35 75
50 30 70
45 25 65
40 20 60
35 20 55
30 15 50
25 10 45

7
TABLE 6: Recommended Retention Rate for Hydrologic Soil Group (USBR)

Hydrologic Soil Group Retention Rate, inches/hour

A 0.4
B 0.24
C 0.12
D 0.04
1.6 Derive the synthetic unit hydrograph, using T/Tp versus q/qp for dimensionless hydrograph
(Table 7)

-interpolate from the values of Table 7 the selected values of discharge ratios q/qp for values of time
ratio equal to

T/Tp = ∆D , 2∆D , 3∆D etc.

TP TP TP
Until q/qp is less than 0.001

-Compute the ordinate of Synthetic Unit hydrograph as follows:

Ui = (q/qp) i qp
Where: Ui = ordinate of synthetic unit hydrograph in cms/mm (i= 1, 2, 3 . . . )
q/qp I = interpolated value of q/qp from smooth dimensionless hydrograph.
qp = Computed peak rate of runoff in cms/mm

-Obtain correction factor k for synthetic unit hydrograph

K = 3.6 Σ U1 ∆D (Dimensionless and ideally close to 1:
A D in hours; A in sq. km.)

-Correct to ordinate Ui ( i = 1, 2, 3 . . . )
Uu (Corrected Ui) = original Ui
K

-To check, K should be equal to one when using the same formula:
K = 3.6 Σ U1 ∆D
A

-In tabulated form we will have:

Seq. No. Time Dimensionless Hydrograph Unit Hydrograph Cms/mm

i T, hr T/Tp q/qp Ui = (q/qp) i qp Uu = Ui/ki

1 ∆D ∆D/Tp Values (q/qp)1 qp Uu1

2 2∆D 2∆DTp interpolated (q/qp)2 qp Uu2
3 3∆D 3∆D/Tp From (q/qp)3 qp
4 4∆D 4∆D/Tp Table 7 (q/qp)4 qp

n n∆D n∆D/Tp (q/qp)n qp Uu n

Σ Ui Σ Uu

8
TABLE 7: T/Tp versus q/qp for dimensionless hydrograph

Time Ratio Disch. Ratio Time Ratio Disch. Ratio

T/Tp q/qp T/Tp q/qp

0 0 1.5 0.66
0.1 0.015 1.6 0.56
0.2 0.175 1.8 0.42
0.3 0.16 2 0.32
0.4 0.28 2.2 0.24
0.5 0.43 2.4 0.18
0.6 0.6 2.6 0.13
0.7 0.77 2.8 0.098
0.8 0.89 3 0.075
0.9 0.97 3.5 0.036
1 1 4 0.018
1.1 0.98 4.5 0.009
1.2 0.92 5 0.004
1.3 0.84 Infinity 0
1.4 0.75

1.7 To the rearrange pattern of excess rainfall, apply the synthetic unit hydrograph Qi ( i = 1, 2, 3 . . . )
according to the convolution equations:

Q1 = U1 E1
Q2 = U1 E2 + U2 E1
Q3 = U1 E3 + U2 E2 + U3 E1
Q4 = U1 E4 + U2 E3 + U3 E2 + U4 E1
etc.

9
 2. FIELD WATER BALANCE COMPUTATION

Establish the best cropping pattern and cropping calendar with the following objectives:
a) minimum irrigation requirements; b) maximum annual production; c) optimum growing
conditions for the given crop and growing stages: d) grow paddy rice during wet season when water
abundant and irrigation is minimal.

Fill the column for the rainfall (rain) with 80% dependability computed using the two parameter log-
normal distribution and the average potential evapotranspiration (PET). To compute for 80% dependable for a
given site the following procedures are to be considered:

a. Collect 10-day rainfall data, defined as the sums of daily rainfall over each defined 10-
day period and arrange them as follows:

Year
Std.
Month Decade 1 2 3 . . . N Mean Dev.
Jan. 1 - - - . . . - - -
2 - - - . . . - - -
3 - - - . . . - - -
Feb. 4 - - - . . . - - -
5 - - - . . . - - -
6 - - - . . . - - -
Dec. 34 - - - . . . - - -
35 - - - . . . - - -
36 - - - . . . - - -

b. Compute the mean of 10 – day rainfall for all decades

K = 1, 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

N
XK = 1 Σ XKi
N i =1
Where XK = mean of 10 – day rainfall in decade K
XKi = 10 – day rainfall data in decade K and year 1
N = number of recorded observation in decade K in years.
c. Compute the standard deviation of 10 – day rainfall for decades
K = 1, 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
__
SK = 1 Σ (XKi - X )2
N-1 i=1

Where SK = standard deviation of 10 – day rainfall in decade K

d. Compute the coefficient of variation of 10 – day rainfall for all decades K = 1, 2, 3, ….36

10 Where ZK = coefficient variation

e. Compute the standard normal deviation corresponding to
an axceedance probability, p of 80 %, tp, for p = 80% tp = -0.831
 f. Compute the frequency factor for all decades K 1, 2, 3. . . . 36

Where: B = Ln ( 1 + Z2 )
KK = frequency factor in decade K

g. Compute the 10 – day rainfall at 80% dependability for all decades

_
RK = XK + SK KK

Where: RK = 10 – day rainfall at 80% dependability

h. Tabulate the results as follows:

Month Decade XK SK ZK KK RK

Jan. 1 - - - - -
2 - - - - -
3 - - - - -
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Dec. 34 - - - - -
35 - - - - -
36 - - - - -

Mean 80% dep or 10 – day rainfall

at project site =

Fill- up the crop-coefficients (kc) and crop-rooting depth columns according to the establishment
of cropping calendar and crop growing stages. Refer to Figures 2 to 6. For wetland rice, the crop
coefficient at all stages can be assumed equal to one (1).

Make a reasonable assumption for probable percolation losses (mm/day) or refer to Table 8.

11
TABLE 8: Percolation For Different Soil Types

Clay --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.25 mm / day

Silty Clay --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.50 mm / day
Clay Loam-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.75 mm / day
Silty Clay Loam-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.75 mm / day
Sandy Clay Loam------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.0 mm / day
Sandy Loam------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.0 mm / day

Figure 2: Water Management Scheme & Crop Depending Variables Used In Field Balance
Computation For Irrigated Wetland Rice

Rainfall Land Land Crop in the Field

Collecting Period Soaking Preparation (100 Days)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Maximum water
depth in paddy, 200 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 10 0
mm
Minimum water
10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0 0
depth, mm
Optimum water
100 65 65 50 50 50 50 50 45 45 45 0 0
depth, mm

FIGURE 3 Crop Depending Variables For Field Water Balance For Irrigated Corn

Rainfall
Crop in the Field
Collection
& (110 Days)
Land Preparation
LP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

LP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Crop Coefficient 0.65 0.65 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.75 0.5
Rooting Depth
(mm) 100 200 300 450 600 700 775 825 875 900 900

12
FIGURE 4 Crop Depending Variables Used in the Field Water Balance For Irrigated Mungo

Rainfall Collection
 & Crop in the Field
Land Preparation (80 Days)
LP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

LP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Crop Coefficient 0.35 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.85 0.77 0.7
Rooting Depth 80 150 230 300 300 300 300 300

FIGURE 5 Crop Depending Variables Used in the Field Water Balance for Irrigated Tomato

Rainfall Collection
& Crop in the Field
Land Preparation (80 Days)
LP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

LP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Crop Coefficient 0.35 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.85 0.77 0.7
Rooting Depth (mm) 80 100 300 400 500 600 700 700

13
FIGURE 6 Crop Depending Variables for the Field Water Balance for Irrigated Peanut

Rainfall Collection
& Crop in the Field
 Land Preparation (100 Days)
LP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

LP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Crop Coefficient 0.40 0.70 0.70 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.55
Rooting Depth
(mm) 80 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 600

2.5 Make a reasonable assumption of soil water capacities WHC in volume percentage of soils used
for upland crops. (10% - 20%).
Refer to Table 9.

2.6 Actual evapotranspiration (AET) is equal to

AET = PET x KC

2.7 Change in storage (ΔSTOR) is equal to

STOR = RAIN - AET - PERCO - for paddy rice
STOR = RAIN - AET for upland crops.

2.8 Initial Storage (INIT) is estimated using the following formula

INIT = (Raini + Raini – 1) (0.70) for paddy rice
INIT = (Raini + Raini – 1) (0.50) for upland crops

2.9 Estimate the water storage (STOR) at the end of a given decade:
STORi = STORi – 1 + ΔSTOR
If STORi > allowable max storage
Then DRAINAGE = STORi – allowable max storage
STORi = allowable max storage
IRRIGATION = Ø. Ø
If STORi < allowable minimum storage
Then IRRIGATION = Optimum Storage – STORi
STORi = Optimum Storage
Drainage = Ø. Ø
ELSE
IRRIGATION = Ø. Ø
DRAINAGE = Ø. Ø

14

Note: For upland crops, allowable min. soil moisture storage is usually assumed to 50% of soil
water holding capacities in the root zone, that is 0.54 (WHC) (ROODEP). Do not irrigate
during the last two decade of a given period.
2.10 Use an irrigation efficiency if 51% for paddy rice (lowland) and 54% for upland crops to the
estimated net crop irrigation to get an estimate of system irrigation requirements.

TABLE 9 Soil Water Holding Capacities of Different Soil Textural Classes:

Total Available Moisture

Soil Texture Pv =Pw As
Volume%
Sandy 8
(6-10)
Sandy Loam 12
(9-15)
Loam 17
(14-20)
Clay Loam 19
(16-22)
Silty Clay 21
(18-23)
Clay 23
(20-25)

15
3. ESTIMATION OF 10 – DAY RESERVOIR INFLOW

3.1 For Regions I, III, IV, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, 10 – day reservoir inflow are estimated
as follows:
a. DQj = RCj . Pj
 Where:
DQj = direct runoff in decade j (mm)
RCj = runoff coefficient in decade j, equal to estimated mean monthly
runoff coefficient
Pj = 80% dependable rainfall

b. 10 – day Baseflow
BFj = F .Qj – 1
Where:
BFj = baseflow in decade j (mm)
F = 10 – day reservoir factor
= 0.002 + 0.026 (D.A.) where DA is drainage area in sq. km. (This
regression equation analysis of several small watersheds <100 km 2
In the country).
Qj – 1 = Total runoff (or inflow) in the previous decade (j-j), mm

c. 10 – day Reservoir Inflow

Qj = DQj + BFj
Where:
Qj = reservoir inflow in decade j (mm)
DQj = direct runoff in decade j (mm)
BFj = baseflow in decade j (mm)

3.2 For the other regions in the country which are predominantly characterized by indistinct, short, or no dry
season with more or less continuous rainfall, 10 – day reservoir inflow are estimated as follows:
a. 10 – day Direct Runoff
DQj = RCj . Pj
Where:
DQj = direct runoff in decade j (mm)
RCj = runoff coefficient in decade j, equal to estimated monthly runoff
coefficients
Pj = mean 10 – day rainfall in decade j (mm)

b. Annual Baseflow
BF = a + b . DA
Where:
BF = annual baseflow
a.b. = regression factor for the region where the project is located
(Table 10)
D.A . = Drainage Area, (sq. km.)

c. 10 – day Baseflow
Qj = DQj + BFj
Where: Qj = reservoir inflow in decade j (mm)
DQj = direct runoff in decade j (mm)
BFj = baseflow in decade j (mm)

16
TABLE 10 Regional Run – off Coefficient and % Monthly Baseflow Distribution:

Region 1

Month Run - off Coefficient, RC

 Jan. 0.25
Feb. 0.05
Mar. 0.03
Apr. 0.03
May 0.17
June 0.37
July 0.64
Aug. 0.67
Sept. 0.75
Oct. 0.75
Nov. 0.61
Dec. 0.25

Region 2

Month %Baseflow Run - off Coefficient, RC

Jan. 8.76 0.17

Feb. 7.91 0.17
Mar. 7.22 0.08
Apr. 7.05 0.08
May 6.7 0
June 6.42 0.17
July 7.39 0.2
Aug. 8.18 0.34
Sept. 9.37 0.4
Oct. 10.43 0.41
Nov. 10.84 0.44
Dec. 9.72 0.37

Linear Curve Fit : BF = a + b (D.A)

a = 286.021 b = -9.72 x 10-1 R = 0.74

17
Region 3

Month Run - off Coefficient, RC

Jan. 0.45
 Feb. 0.08
Mar. 0
Apr. 0
May 0.24
June 0.34
July 0.58
Aug. 0.7
Sept. 0.75
Oct. 0.7
Nov. 0.4
Dec. 0.5

Region 4

Month Run - off Coefficient, RC

Jan. 0.45
Feb. 0.44
Mar. 0.19
Apr. 0
May 0
June 0.19
July 0.19
Aug. 0.26
Sept. 0.33
Oct. 0.47
Nov. 0.57
Dec. 0.5

Region 5

Month %Baseflow Run - off Coefficient, RC

Jan. 9.17 0.5
Feb. 8.69 0.38
Mar. 8.28 0.3
Apr. 7.91 0.25
May 7.64 0.1
June 7.66 0.08
July 7.86 0.15
Aug. 8.08 0.15
Sept. 8.31 0.15
Oct. 8.53 0.35
Nov. 8.79 0.39
Dec. 9.07 0.47

Linear Curve Fit : BF = a + b (D.A)

a = 2, 057.31 b = 18.28 R = 0.87

18
Region 6

Month %Baseflow Run - off Coefficient, RC

 Jan. 8.06 0.39
Feb. 8.1 0.19
Mar. 7.96 0.16
Apr. 8.1 0.16
May 8.26 0.16
June 8.45 0.18
July 8.66 0.44
Aug. 8.73 0.44
Sept. 8.6 0.33
Oct. 8.47 0.49
Nov. 8.37 0.39
Dec. 8.21 0.39

Linear Curve Fit : BF = a + b (D.A)

a = 1, 043.65 b = 8.221 R = 0.695

Region 7

Month %Baseflow Run - off Coefficient, RC

Jan. 8.23 0.26

Feb. 8.07 0.15
Mar. 8.09 0.1
Apr. 8.22 0
May 8.23 0.09
June 8.35 0.15
July 8.47 0.3
Aug. 8.66 0.3
Sept. 8.57 0.3
Oct. 8.45 0.3
Nov. 8.37 0.3
Dec. 8.29 0.26

Linear Curve Fit : BF = a + b (D.A)

a = 1, 055.85 b = 11.80 R = 0.766

19
Region 8

Month %Baseflow Run - off Coefficient, RC

 Jan. 9.1 0.38
Feb. 8.8 0.28
Mar. 8.6 0.25
Apr. 8.3 0
May 8.1 0.14
June 7.9 0.22
July 7.7 0.3
Aug. 7.6 0.34
Sept. 7.7 0.34
Oct. 7.9 0.51
Nov. 8.4 0.7
Dec. 9 0.7

Linear Curve Fit : BF = a + b (D.A)

a = 12.52 b = 14.051 R = 0.872

Region 9

Month %Baseflow Run - off Coefficient, RC

Jan. 8.53 0.3

Feb. 8.33 0.22
Mar. 8.16 0.08
Apr. 7.94 0
May 8 0
June 8.13 0.07
July 8.19 0.14
Aug. 8.32 0.14
Sept. 8.42 0.14
Oct. 8.53 0.24
Nov. 8.66 0.24
Dec. 8.76 0.3

Linear Curve Fit : BF = a + b (D.A)

a = 1, 164.37 b = 30.36 R = 0.999

20
Region 10

Month %Baseflow Run - off Coefficient, RC

 Jan. 8.51 0.49
Feb. 8.43 0.4
Mar. 8.36 0.37
Apr. 8.29 0.32
May 8.21 0.15
June 8.16 0.15
July 8.21 0.15
Aug. 8.27 0.24
Sept. 8.3 0.24
Oct. 8.34 0.28
Nov. 8.4 0.25
Dec. 8.49 0.52

Linear Curve Fit : BF = a + b (D.A)

a = 2, 119.90 b = 6.09 R = 0.562

Region 11

Month %Baseflow Run - off Coefficient, RC

Jan. 8.42 0.17

Feb. 8.38 0
Mar. 8.35 0
Apr. 8.31 0
May 8.3 0.12
June 8.25 0.12
July 8.27 0.29
Aug. 8.3 0.29
Sept. 8.32 0.26
Oct. 8.34 0.26
Nov. 8.37 0.23
Dec. 8.39 0.22

Linear Curve Fit : BF = a + b (D.A)

a = 152.608 b = 7.53 R = 0.751

21
Region 12

Month %Baseflow Run - off Coefficient, RC

 Jan. 8.13 0.21
Feb. 7.99 0.12
Mar. 8.03 0
Apr. 8.13 0.13
May 8.24 0.25
June 8.39 0.35
July 8.54 0.44
Aug. 8.69 0.45
Sept. 8.66 0.45
Oct. 8.53 0.45
Nov. 8.4 0.21
Dec. 8.26 0.21

Linear Curve Fit : BF = a + b (D.A)

a = 1, 751.61 b = -4.018 R = 0.915

22
23
ANNEX A – I PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCE REGIONS

Water Resources Region No. 1 – ILOCOS

Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Benguet, La Union and part of Mt. Province.
Predominant Climate : Type I

Water Resources Region No. 2 – CAGAYAN VALLEY

Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya, Quirino and parts of Mt. Province, Kalinga-Apayao, Ifugao and Quezon.
Predominant Climate : Type III

Water Resources Region No. 3 – CETRAL LUZON

Nueva Ecija, Pamapanga, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Bulacan, ZamabaleS, Bataan and portions of Benguet and Aurora
Province.
Predominant Climate : Type I

Water Resources Region No. 4 – SOUTHERN TAGALOG

Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon and Metropolitan Manila in Luzon, and the island provinces of
Marinduque, Mindoro, Romblon, and Palawan.
Predominant Climate : Type I

Water Resources Region No. 5 – BICOL

Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon in the South-eastern Peninsula of Luzon and the inslands
of Catanduanes and Masbate.
Predominant Climate : Type II and Type III and Type IV

Water Resources Region No. 6 – WESTERN VISAYAS

Negros Occidental, the sub-province of Guimaras, and the island of Panay which consist of the provinces of Aklan,
Antique, Capiz and Iloilo.
Predominant Climate : Type I and Type III

Water Resources Region No. 7 – CENTRAL VISAYAS

Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Negros Oriental
Predominant Cliamate : Type III

Water Resources Region No. 8 – EASTERN VISAYAS

Samar and Leyte Islands.
Predominant Climate : Type IV

Water Resources Region No. 9 – SOUTHWESTERN MINDANAO

Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga del Norte together with Sulu Archipelago.
Predominant Climate : Type III and Type IV

Water Resources Region No. 10 – NORTHERN MINDANAO

Agusan del Norte, Misamis Oriental and part of Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon and Lanao del Norte.
Predominant Climate : Type II

Water Resources Region No. 11 – SOUTHEASTERN MINDANAO

Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental and Surigao del Sur and South Cotabato provinces.
Predominant Climate : Type II and Type IV

Water Resources Region No. 12 – SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Bikidnon, North Cotabato, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat and South Cotabato.
Predominant Climate : Type III and Type IV

24
25
26
27
 PLANTING CALENDAR

PLANTING CALENDAR FOR TYPE I CLIMATE

TWO PRONOUNCED SEASONS : DRY from November to April
WET during the rest of the year
All the provinces of the western part of the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros,
and Palawan are covered in Type I.

CROP PERIOD CROP PERIOD

Rice:
Lowland June - September Muskmelon November - January
October - December Okra May - June
Palagad January - February October - December
Upand April - June Patola May - June
October - January
Corn: Squash May - June
Dry season Ocrober - January October - December
Rainy season May - June Tomato October - January
Upo October - January
Peanut: Watermelon November - January
Dry season November - January
Rainy season May - June Root:
Camote(Sweet May - June
Beans: Potato) December - February
Batao May - June Gabi May - June
Bountiful Bean May - June Ginger May - June
October - December Raddish October - December
Cowpea May - June Sinkamas October - December
October - November Tugue May - June
Cadios May - June Ubi May - June
Mungo July - September Cassava May - June
November - February October - December
Patani May - June
October - January Others:
Seguidillas May - June Garlic October - December
Sitao May - June Onion October - December
November - February Sweet Pepper May - June
Soybean May - June September - December
Condol May - June
Vegetables: October - December
Leafy: Chayote May - June
Cabbage October - December October - December
Cauliflower October - February Spinach October - November
Celery October - February Sweet Peas October - December
Lettuce August - January Carrot October - December
Mustard August - January Potato(Irish) October - December
Pechay October - December Talinum May - June
October - December
Fruit: Kutchai October - December
Ampalaya May - July Arrowroot May - June
October - January Tapilan May - June
Cucumber May - June September - October
September - December Beets October - January
Eggplant May - June Jute May - June
September - February Endive September - October
Melon October - January Snap Bean October - December

28
 PLANTING CALENDAR
PLANTING CALENDAR FOR TYPE 2 CLIMATE
NO DRY SEASON with a very PRONOUNCED MAXIMUM RAINFALL from November to
January. The areas covered are Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Eastern part of Albay, the Eastern and
Northern parts of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, a great portion of the Eastern part of Quezon,
the Eastern part of Leyte and a large portion of Eastern Mindanao.

CROP PERIOD CROP PERIOD

Rice: Fruit:
Lowland October - December Ampalaya June - August
Palagad May - July November - Febraury
Upand June - August Condol January - March
September - November Cucumber March - April
Eggplant January - April
Corn: August - September
Dry season March - May Melon(ordinary) March - June
Rainy season January - February Muskmelon March - June
August - September Okra Whole year
Patola March - September
Peanut: Squash Whole year
Dry season Janury - Febraury Tomato January - April
August - September August - September
Rainy season May - June Upo November - March
Watermelon January - March
Beans: Root:
Batao Febraury - April Camote Year Round
Cowpea or Kibal January March Carrot March - April
May - July Cassava Year Round
November - December Gabi Year Round
Cadios Febraury - March Ginger Year Round
Bountiful Bean January - May Raddish November - December
Mungo Febraury - June March - May
Patani(climbing) January - May Ubi Year Round
Seguidillas Febraury - April
Sitao May - June Others:
Soybean January - March Irish Potato February - March
Tapilan January - March Endive December - March
August October Onion December - March
Garlic November - December
Vegetables: Sinkamas October - November
Leafy: Sweet Pepper February - March
Cabbage January - March August - September
Celery January - March Chayote February - March
Kutchai March - July Arrowroot June - September
Lettuce March - June Beet January - March
Pechay January - March Peas February - March
Cauliflower January - March Jute January - March
Mustard January - March Talinum June - July
Spinach January - March November - December

29
PLANTING CALENDAR
PLANTING CALENDAR FOR TYPE 3 CLIMATE
Seasons are not pronounced, relatively DRY from November to April and WET during the rest of
the year. This type of climate covers the Western part of Cagayan(Luzon), Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya,
the Eastern portion of the Mountain Province, Southern Quezon, the Bondoc Peninsula, Masbate,
Romblon, Northeast Panay, Eastern Negros, Central and Southern Cebu, part of Northern Mindanao,
and most of Eastern Palawan.
CROP PERIOD CROP PERIOD
Rice:
Lowland June - August Mustard May - July
Palagad November - January October - December
Upand April - June Pechay May - June
October - December
Corn: Spinach May - June
Dry season October - December October - December
Rainy season April - June
Third Crop December - February Fruit:
Ampalaya May - June
Peanut: November - December
Dry season September October Chayote May - June
Rainy season April - June November - January
Third Crop December - January Cucumber May - June
October - January
Beans: Eggplant May - June
Batao May - June November - January
Bountiful Bean May - June Melon(ordinary) May - June
November - January October - January
Cowpea or Kibal May - June Muskmelon November - January
November - December Okra May - July
Kadios May - June October - December
October - November Patola May - July
Mungo December - January October - January
September - October Squash May - June
Patani May - June October - December
(climbing) November - December Sweet Pepper May - June
Seguidillas May - June October - December
Sitao May - June Tomato October - January
November - January Upo April - May
Soybean May - June October - January
October - December Condol June - July
Tapilan May - June November - January
November - December Watermelon October - January
Peas April June
November - January Root:
Vegetables: Sweet Potato April - June
Leafy: November - January
Cabbage April - June Carrot October - December
October - December Gabi May - July
Cauliflower October - December October December
Celery May - July Garlic October December
October - December Ginger October December
Lettuce April - May November - December
October - December Irish Potato October - December
 PLANTING CALENDAR
PLANTING CALENDAR FOR TYPE 4 CLIMATE
RAINFALL more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.
The areas covered by Type 4 climate are Batanes Province, Northeastern Luzon, Western Camarines
Norte and Camarines Sur, Albay, Eastern Mindoro, Marinduque, Western Leyte, Northern Negros,
and most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Mindanao.
CROP PERIOD CROP PERIOD
Rice:
Lowland May - July Lettuce May - June
August - October January - February
Palagad November - January Mustard June - July
Upand April - June September - January
Corn: Pechay May - July
Dry season September - November November - January
Rainy season April - June Spinach April - May
Third Crop November - February Fruit:
Ampalaya May - June
Peanut: September - January
Dry season September - November Chayote May - June
Rainy season May - June November - December
Third Crop November - February May - June
Beans: October - December
Batao May - June Cucumber June - July
Bountiful Bean May - June October - December
October - December Eggplant June - July
Cowpea or Kibal May - June November - January
October - December Melon November - January
Kadios May - July Muskmelon November - January
Mungo May - June Okra June - July
November - January September - October
Patani May - June January - February
November - January Patola May - June
Seguidillas May - June December - January
Sitao May - June Squash May - June
October - January November - January
Soybean May - June Sweet Pepper May - June
November - January September - January
Tapilan May - June Tomato May - June
November - December October - January
Peas June - July Upo May - June
December - January October - January
Vegetables: Watermelon April - May
Leafy: November - January
Cabbage June - September Root:
October - January Camote May - June
Cauliflower April - July September - November
September - January Carrot May - June
Celery June - July November - January
January - Febraury Gabi June - September
Kutchai June - July January - February
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Title Page

1.0 GENERAL 1

2.0 DAM 1
2.1 Determination of Dam Height 1
2.1.1 Dead or Inactive Storage 1
2.1.2 Active Storage 3
2.1.3 Flood Surcharge 3
2.1.4 Freeboard 6
2.1.5 Outline of Dam Height Computation 7
2.2 Dam Crest Width 7
2.3 Selection of Type of Earth Dam 7
2.3.1 Homogeneous/ Modified Homogeneous Type 7
2.3.2 Zoned Embankment Type 9
2.4 Embankment Slopes 11
2.5 Seepage Through Earth Embankment 13
2.5.1 Seepage Line 13
2.5.2 Position of Seepage Line 13
2.5.3 Quantity of Seepage 13
2.5.4 Filter Design 21
2.6 Embankment Slope Protection 22
2.6.1 Upstream Slope 22
2.6.2 Downstream Slope 23
Section Title Page

3.0 SPILLWAY 24
3.1 General 24
3.2 Spillway Type and Alignment 24
3.3 Spillway Hydraulics 24
3.3.1 Control Section 25
3.3.2 Discharge Channel 25
3.3.3 Terminal Section 31
3.4 Structural Requirements 40

4.0 OUTLET WORKS 43

4.1 General 43
4.2 Specific Type and Physical Arrangement 43
4.3 Outlet Works Hydraulics 44
4.3.1 Section of Design Discharge Head Combination 44
4.3.2 Sizing of Discharge Pipe 44
4.3.3 Sizing of Impact Type Dissipator 48
4.4 Structural Design Considerations 48

5.0 IRRIGATION WORKS 51

5.1 General 51
5.2 Canal Layout and Profile 51
5.3 Canal Hydraulics 51
5.3.1 Slide Slopes 51
5.3.2 Permissible Velocity 52
5.3.3 Applicable Formula for Sizing of Canal 52
5.3.4 Freeboard 53
5.4 Design of Canal Structures 53

Appendix I General Design Criteria for Canal Structures 55

 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1 Outline of Dam Height and Dam Crest 8

2 Embankment Slopes for Homogeneous Dams 14

3 Embankment Slopes for Zoned Dams 15

4 Permissible Velocities for Non-Cohesive Soils 27

5 Permissible Velocities for Grassed Channel 28

6 Outline of USBR Basin Computations Format 46

7 Cantilever Retaining Wall Parameters 41

8 Discharge Pipe Computations Format 46

9 Impact Type Stilling Basin Computations Format 50

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1 Reservoir Storage Allocations 2

2 Reservoir Operation Studies Format and Flow Chart 4
3 Flood Routing Format and Flow Chart 5
4 Modified Homogeneous Dam Sections 10
5 Size of Impervious Core of Zoned Dam 12
6 Slope Stability Chart No. 1 16
7 Slope Stability Chart No. 2 17
8 Slope Stability Chart No. 3 18
9a Elements of Seepage Line 19
9b Diagrams for Determining ∆a and a 20
10 Flow Profile Along Spillway 30
11 Unsubmerged Deflector Bucket 32
12 Type IV USBR Basin 33
13 Type III USBR Basin 34
14 Type II USBR Basin 35
15 Hydraulic Jump Nomograph
(Stilling basin Depth Vs Hydraulic Head
for Various Channel Losses) 39
16 Typical Chute and Stilling Basin Section 42
17 Typical Outlet Works System 45
18 Impact Type Energy Dissipator 49
19 Types of Irrigation Canal Layout 54
 ENGINNERING DESIGN

1.0 GENERAL

For the Water Impounding Component of the Rainfed Project, the earth embankment dam type
(homogeneous or zoned type) is considered to be more cost effective over concrete or other types of dam.
The dam embankment volumes, consisting of natural earth materials, are relatively small and are available
at or in the vicinity of the project site. These materials are soil and rock in their many varied forms.

Included in this section are the procedures, criteria and assumptions used in the design of a small
earth dam and its appurtenances.

Also included in the later part of this section are the procedures, criteria and assumptions in the
design of irrigation works consisting of canals and canal structures as well as access roads to complete the
coverage on the physical structural component of the project.

In the procedures and assumptions that follow, it is assumed that dam location, necessary site
investigations as well as prerequisites studies on geology, hydrology, etc., have already been undertaken.

2.0 DAM

2.1 Determination of dam Height

In general, the height of the dam is determined on the basis of the following vertical
space requirements in the reservoir.

a. Dead or Inactive Storage Space

b. Active Storage Space
c. Flood Surcharge
d. Freeboard
e. Settlement

Space allocations of each of the above items are illustrated in Figure 1.

2.1.1 Dead or Inactive Storage

The number of years for sediment to fill up the dead storage space plus about 20% of the
live storage is termed as the expected “economic life” of the project. This time magnitude is an agency
policy decision.

1
2
 Unless amended later, sediment volume shall be computed on the basis of 25 years of
accumulation in the reservoir. This volume shall be allocated in the dead storage space as shown in Figure
1.

2.1.2 Active Storage

The active storage is allocated primarily for irrigation purposes. This space is determined from
reservoir operation studies.

Reservoir operation study basically “water accounting”. No clear-cut formula is involved but the
basic principle is to optimize reservoir to meet water requirement.

The study involves trial runs for different hectareage of service area until maximum area is
attained with minimum reservoir spill or shortage.

Among the data and assumptions needed to undertake the reservoir operation study are the
following:

a. Reservoir inflow
b. Reservoir evaporation loss
c. Water requirements
d. Reservoir area-capacity-elevation curves.
e. Reservoir elevation at the end of the operation must be equal to the starting elevation.

Items a, b and c are obtained from the results of Hydrologic Studies. Item d is derived from a
reservoir topographic map.

Shown in Figure 2 are the typical format and detailed flow chart for reservoir operation studies.

2.1.3 Flood Surcharge

Flood surcharge space is allocated for the design flood.

Maximum surcharge height is the difference between maximum and normal water surface. It is
dependent on three factors namely;

a. Spillway size opening.

b. Reservoir capacity-elevation relationship.
c. Magnitude and shape of the inflow hydrograph.

Flood surcharge height is estimated by flood routing.

3
4

5
There are a number of methods for flood routing but the basic formula is:

I=O+S ----------------------------------------- 1

Where; I = inflow volume

O = outflow volume
S = change in storage

A simple and expedient method of flood routing is by arithmetic trial and error.
Shown in Figure 3 are format and detailed flowchart for such method.

In this all other methods of flood routing, it is assumed that all outlets are fully closed and all
discharges are allowed to pass only over the spillway. Moreover, water surface in the reservoir is at
normal level at the start of the flood.

The data required to undertake flood routing computations are the following:

a. Hydrograph of inflow design flood.

b. Reservoir capacity-elevation curve.
c. Spillway rating curve or equation given by the following formula for a broad-
crested weir:

Q = CLH3/2 ------------------------------------------ 2

Where: Q = discharge over the spillway

C = weir coefficient; 1.704 metric
H = surcharge height
L = spillway width
2.1.4 Freeboard

Freeboard space is provided against wave splash along the upstream face of the dam, which may
coincide with occurrence of the design flood as well as embankment settlement. It is estimated
by the following formula:

For vertical wall

Fb1 = --------------------3
Fb2 = 2% to 5 % of dam height ------------------------------------------- 4
Fb = Fb1 + Fb2 ------------------------------------------------------------------5

Where: F b1= freeboard due to wave run-up, m

F = reservoir effective fetch, km
V = wind velocity, km/hr
Fb2 = freeboard due to embankment settlement, m
Fb = total freeboard, m