Chapter 12

Operational Amplifiers
Lect. 3

Dr. Sherif Kishk

Review of previous lecture
† We covered the following
„ Input offset voltage
„ Input bias current and offset current.
„ Output voltage and current limits.
„ Finite CMRR.

Dr. Sherif Kishk

This lecture
† Frequency response and bandwidth of
OpAmps
† Slew rate.

Dr. Sherif Kishk

Frequency response and bandwidth
of OpAmps
† What do we mean by frequency
response?
„ It studies how the OpAmp output
changes with respect to the input signal
frequency.
„ Bandwidth is the frequency range at
which the output is more than (Maximum
output/√2).

Dr. Sherif Kishk

Frequency response and bandwidth
of OpAmps
† Why it happens
„ Due to internal capacitance of the
OpAmp components.
† How to model it?
„ Mostly we model OpAmp as single pole
device
† How it affect our design?
„ We as the frequency in the OpAmp
model.
Dr. Sherif Kishk
 Frequency response and bandwidth
of OpAmps
† Single pole Opamp
Ao wB wT
A( s ) = =
s + wB s + wB
† Total output is defined as

Ao is the open loop gain at DC

wB is the open loop BW
wT is the unity gain BW

Dr. Sherif Kishk

 Frequency response and bandwidth
of OpAmps
A - 3 dB
dB
80 20 log |A | o

60

- 20 dB/decade
At high frequencies (w>>wB)
40

ω
Ao wB wT B

A( jw) = = 20

w w
0
3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10
Radian Frequency (Log Scale)

Figure 12.40 - Voltage gain vs. frequency for an

operational amplifier

Dr. Sherif Kishk

Gain Bandwidth product (GBW)
† It means that the product of the
amplifier gain and BW has a fixed
upper bound wT

Dr. Sherif Kishk

Frequency response of non-
inverting amplifier
A R1
AV = β=
1 + Aβ R1 + R2 As gain increases
BW decreases
A( s )
AV =
1 + A( s ) β
Ao wB Ao
s + wB 1 + Ao β A ( 0)
= = = V
Aw s s
1+ o B β 1+ 1+
s + wB (1 + Ao β )wB wH

wH = (1 + Ao β )wB =
(1 + Ao β )wT =
wT
Ao AV (0)
GBW = AV (0) wH = wT

Dr. Sherif Kishk

Frequency response of non-
inverting amplifier
A
dB
80 Ao

60

Aβ > 1
Aβ = 1
40
1
β
A (j ω )
V Aβ < 1
20 ω
H
ωt

ω
0
3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10
Radian Frequency (Log Scale)
F igu r e 1 2 . 4 1 - G r a p h ic a l in t e r p r e t a t ion of op e r a t ion a l a m p lifie r w it h fe e d b a c k

Dr. Sherif Kishk

Amplifier comparison
T a b l e 1 2 . 5 - In v e r t i n g & N o n - In v e r t i n g A m p l i fi e r F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e
C o m p a r is o n

R1
β = N o n - In v e r t i n g In v e r t i n g A m p l i fi e r
R1 + R 2 A m p l i fi e r

R2 R2
D c G a in A V(0 ) = 1 + A V(0 ) = −
R1 R1

1 1
F eedba ck F a ct or β = β =
A V (0 ) 1 + A V (0 )

B a n d w id t h fB = βf t fB = βf t

R IC R ID (1 + Aβ) R1
In p u t R e s i s t a n c e
RO RO
O u t p u t R e s is t a n c e 1 + Aβ 1 + Aβ
Dr. Sherif Kishk
Frequency response of cascade
amplifiers

R
2
R4
R
6
+ R
1
+ v
o1 R
...
3 v
v + o2 R5
s +
+ v
oN
-
-

Av=Av1Av2….Avn Generally cascading will reduce overall BW

Dr. Sherif Kishk

Identical stages
N
⎡ ⎤
⎢ A ( 0) ⎥
Av ( s ) = ⎢ v1 ⎥
⎢1 + s ⎥
⎢⎣ wH ⎥⎦
Av (0) = Av1 (0) N
1
wH = wH 1 2 N
−1

Dr. Sherif Kishk

Slew rate SR
† Due to the internal capacitances of
the OpAmp there is no enough
current to charge all of them at the
same time if the output has high
frequency.
† It is measured in V/us
† Usually it has a value of .1 to 10 V/us

Dr. Sherif Kishk

SR
† For sinusoidal signal vo=Vmsinwt
† dvo/dt|max=Vmw
† SR should be greater than Vmw

Dr. Sherif Kishk

SR
15V

Sine Wave Input

Slew Rate
Limited Output

0V

-15V
0s 200us 400us 600us
V(1) V(3)
Time

Dr. Sherif Kishk