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Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice
Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice
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REVIEW ARTICLE
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Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice Orient Journal of Medicine Jul-Dec 2012Vol 24 [3-4]
consequences, and could lead to significant The aim of this review is to provide an
morbidities.1,2,3,4,5 Their reported incidence is overview of these emergencies that present in
not clear, with reports of common occurrence dental practice, highlight the basic emergency
by some while others insist that they are medications and equipment that should be
uncommon or under-reported.1,4,5,6 present in a dental clinic, outline the
prevention and management of such
Medical emergencies occurring in dental
emergencies, describe the specific response to
practice can be alarming and the keys to
some of the more common ones and make
minimizing these alarms include thorough
recommendations for training and
history and general examination of the
preparedness for handling medical
patient, and having a good working
emergencies.
knowledge of how to manage them, should
they arise.7 Studies show that less than 50% of TYPES OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
practising dentists had previous knowledge a) Sudden Loss of Consciousness: This is
of basic life support (BLS) and/or judged usually caused by fainting, acute
themselves capable of diagnosing the possible hypoglycaemia, myocardial infarction,
cause(s) of emergencies during a dental visit. cardiac arrest, anaphylactic shock, stroke,
In fact, available evidence suggests that many adrenal shock and circulatory collapse
dentists on graduation do not feel competent secondary to corticosteroid therapy.
in managing medical emergencies, while b) Acute Chest Pain: This is usually as a
some feel insecure in doing so; a problem result of angina pectoris and myocardial
requiring an improved undergraduate infarction.
training.4,8,9,10,11 The most common c) Difficulty in Breathing: This may be from
justification given for this lack of knowledge acute asthmatic attack, anaphylactic
and/or skill were: lack of training and update shock, foreign body obstruction,
after primary qualification; and lack of bronchospasm, and laryngospasm.
learning and training during the d) Seizure: This could be an isolated event or
undergraduate program. 6 from epilepsy and other causes of
impairment of consciousness.
The emergencies that can occur vary from the
e) Others: Local anaesthetic toxicity
minor conditions such as the common
(overdose), haemorrhage, drug
fainting spell to the life-threatening ones such
reaction/interaction, trauma, psychiatric
as cardiac arrest or anaphylaxis.12These
emergencies, thyroid storm, insulin shock
emergencies are most likely to occur during
and hyperventilation syndrome.
and after local anaesthesia, primarily during
tooth extraction and endodontic treatment.
Anecdotal evidence from general hospitals in
Though most of these complications are mild,
Anambra State suggest that the most
about one-tenths are considered to be serious
commonly occurring medical emergency is
and nearly half of the patients are known to
syncope and this is similar to findings in
have some underlying disease, the most
Lagos, Nigeria, Fiji Islands, Jerusalem is Israel
common of them being
and Germany.8,3,15,1It, however, contrasts with
cardiovascular.13Prevention of these
a Brazilian study which found the most
emergencies and preparation for management
common emergency in dental practice to be
entail an adequate patient evaluation, staff
pre-syncope, with syncope rated as the sixth
training and retraining and availability of
most common.6 This evidence further
appropriate medications and equipment in
exposed the non-preparedness to handle
the dental clinics.12,14
medical emergencies similar to findings
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Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice Orient Journal of Medicine Jul-Dec 2012Vol 24 [3-4]
elsewhere, which is unhealthy for the practice short duration of action, usually 5-10minutes,
and calls for improvement.4,8,9,10,11 when given intravenously. However, it may
be associated with high risks if given to a
BASIC MEDICATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
patient with ischemic heart disease.
The essential drugs which should be part of
the emergency kit in every dental practice in For emergency purposes, it is available in two
addition to oral carbohydrates which are formulations: as 1:1,000 which equals 1mg per
considered essential include:12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20, 21, ml, for intramuscular, including intralingual,
22,23,24,25,26 injections, and 1:10,000, which equals 1 mg
per 10 mL for intravenous injection. Initial
1. Essential Drugs
dose for the management of anaphylaxis is 0.3
a) Oxygen
to 0.5 mg intramuscularly or 0.1 mg
This is indicated for every emergency except
intravenously. These doses should be
in hyper-ventilation syndrome. Oxygen is
repeated as necessary until resolution of the
delivered with a clear full face mask for the
event. Similar doses should be considered in
spontaneously breathing patient and a bag-
asthmatic bronchospasm which is
valve-mask device for the apnoeic patient.
unresponsive to a beta-2 agonist, such as
Therefore, whenever possible, with the
albuterol or salbutamol. The dose in cardiac
exception of the patient who is
arrest is 1mg intravenously.
hyperventilating, oxygen should be
administered. For the management of a c) Nitroglycerin
medical emergency it should not be withheld This drug is indicated in acute angina or
from the patient with chronic obstructive lung myocardial infarction. It is characterized by a
disease, even though the patient may be rapid onset of action. For emergency
dependent on low oxygen levels to breathe if purposes it is available as sublingual tablets
they are chronic carbon dioxide retainers. or a sublingual spray.
Short term administration of oxygen to get
d) Antihistamines
them through the emergency should not
An antihistamine is indicated for the
depress their drive to breathe.
management of allergic reactions. Whereas
If the patient is conscious, or unconscious and mild non-life threatening allergic reactions
still spontaneously breathing, oxygen should may be managed by oral administration, life-
be delivered at a flow rate of 6-10litres per threatening reactions necessitate parenteral
minute which is appropriate for most adults, administration of either diphenhydramine or
and if the patient is unconscious and apnoeic, chlorpheniramine.
a flow rate of 10-15liters per minute will
e) Salbutamol
suffice. A positive pressure device may be
This is a selective beta-2 agonist. Salbutamol
used in adults, provided that the flow rate
is the first choice drug for bronchospasm. By
does not exceed 35liters per minute.
inhalation it provides selective
b) Adrenaline bronchodilation with minimal systemic
This is the drug of choice for the emergency cardiovascular effects. It has peak effect in 30-
treatment of anaphylaxis, and also for asthma 60minutesandduration of 4-6hours.
which does not respond to the drug of first
f) Aspirin
choice, albuterol or salbutamol. Adrenaline is
Aspirin is a more newly recognized life-
also indicated for the management of cardiac
saving drug. It has been shown to reduce
arrest, but in the dental setting, it may not
overall mortality from acute myocardial
likely be given, since intravenous access may
infarction. The purpose of its administration
not be available. It has a very rapid onset and
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Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice Orient Journal of Medicine Jul-Dec 2012Vol 24 [3-4]
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Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice Orient Journal of Medicine Jul-Dec 2012Vol 24 [3-4]
Resuscitation (CPR) with a small amount of recommended that the DRSABC basic
additional training.16,24,25 sequential steps for all emergency situations
be invoked. These steps are to ensure an
PREVENTION OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
adequate delivery of oxygenated blood to the
Most practicing dentists have faced a medical
brain prior to the delivery of definitive care
emergency in their practice but often overlook
(DRSABC):12,14
effective preventive measures. The proper
i. D = Check for Danger.
and accurate assessment of a patient,
Ensure your safety and then safety of
including an evaluation of history and
patient. The patient/victim may need to
physical examination of the patient, patient's
be moved.
previous medical and surgical history, in
ii. R = Assess Responsiveness
order to make informed decisions about
The most important assessment that
treatment options, are all essential and
decides much of your following actions is
paramount in the prevention of
a simple tap or shake and a command
emergencies.27
“Are you okay?” This will quickly tell you
Secondly, all staff in dental practice should whether the person’s life is in immediate
have appropriate training: dental danger. A casualty who can respond with
practitioners, dental surgery assistants, a few words has an airway, can breath
receptionists and other cadres,, inclusive. A and has a circulation. A person who is
team approach to the management of medical unresponsive may have none and is at
emergencies should be developed. Protocols risk of aspiration and airway obstruction.
should be put in place so that all members of Keep in mind a simple assessment of level
staff know their roles in the management of of consciousness (AVPU)
emergency situations. The dental team should A-alert
regularly practice drills within the dental V-response to verbal stimulus
practice setting.14 All dentists should be P-response to pain
competent in basic life support (BLS) U-unresponsive
resuscitation. That is, they should be able to iii. S= Send or Shout for Help
assess breathing and circulation and to carry Shout for or send an assistant for help
out effective expired air resuscitation (EAR) (colleague, nearby hospital, Airtel medical
and Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if helpline, 911). Ask them to seek, then
required. They should also encourage their return and confirm that help is on the
staff to attend courses on basic resuscitation way.
and run practice drills with surgery staff. A iv. A = Check the Airway for Obstruction
wall poster can assist in retention of learnt Open the airway by head tilt and chin lift.
techniques.12 If the casualty is a victim of trauma, then
the cervical spine may need to be
MANAGEMENT OF MEDICAL protected so, use jaw thrust to open the
EMERGENCIES12,14,26,28,29 airway and hold the head to keep the
A) General Response
head and neck still and in alignment with
When an emergency is immediately life-
the rest of the body and apply a rigid neck
threatening such as complete laryngeal
collar or an improvised one, whichever is
obstruction, cardiac arrest associated with
available. Finger sweep may clear airway
acute myocardial infarction, or bronchospasm
of blood clot, denture or other causes of
associated with anaphylaxis, there is no time
obstruction.
to delay; an immediate diagnosis must be
made and definitive treatment initiated. It is
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Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice Orient Journal of Medicine Jul-Dec 2012Vol 24 [3-4]
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Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice Orient Journal of Medicine Jul-Dec 2012Vol 24 [3-4]
left or right arms, jaw, or neck. There may abdominal thrusts (Heimlich) should be
be nausea or vomiting, a sense of done.
impending doom, restlessness and Unconscious obstruction: Commence
shortness of breath, pallor with cold CPR with finger sweep between each
sweaty skin. Associated pump failure cycle. It is important to consider
leads to hypotension, raised venous cricothryoidotomy if there is no air entry
pressure, tachycardia and possibly, at all.
pulmonary oedema.
vi. Epilepsy
Management
In a major seizure there is a sudden spasm
Reassure the victim, keep warm, sit up if
of muscles producing rigidity (tonic
breathless, but lay flat if faint. Give
phase). Jerking movements of the head,
glyceryl trinitrate tablets to chew or spray,
arms and legs may occur (clonic), then
under the tongue, and repeat in 5minutes;
unconsciousness, with noisy or spasmodic
if pain is unrelieved, activate emergency
breathing, excessive salivation and
medical service. Give high flow oxygen by
urinary incontinence. Status epilepticus
face mask, and 300mg aspirin chewed or
occurs when a convulsion lasts longer
sucked if there is no allergy.
than 30minutes or when a tonic-clonic
seizure occurs repeatedly.
iv. Cardiac Arrest
Management
This usually presents with a collapse, and
Remove dangerous objects from the
there is no respiration or pulse.
mouth and around the patient e.g. dental
Management
cart. Loosen tight clothing, avoid
Commence CPR and activate avenues to
restraining the patient or forcing open the
get help. In the first instance begin with
mouth and do not insert any object into
Basic Life Support until AED arrives then
the mouth. Turn the victim into a stable
move to the AED algorithm.
side position (recovery position) as soon
v. Foreign Body – Upper Airway as the seizure stops, open and maintain a
Obstruction clear airway and avoid aspiration. Check
Severe or complete upper airway for breathing and if absent, follow the
obstruction due to a foreign body rapidly guidelines for collapse. Allow the victim
progresses to unconsciousness and to sleep under supervision at the end of
cardiac arrest within minutes and the seizure and on recovery, reassure.
presents with distress, choking, coughing Paraldehyde or diazepam injections could
and cessation of breathing. be administered to break the seizures.
Management Transfer to hospital under the following
Partial obstruction: Encourage the patient conditions:
to cough up or spit out. If there is poor air a)First fit b) tonic phase lasts longer than
entry, increasing high pitched stridor or 5minutes c) repeat seizure d) any post-
respiratory distress, manage as for seizure respiratory difficulty e) patient
complete airway obstruction. has suffered an injury and f) post-seizure
Complete obstruction: The victim cannot confusion greater than 5minutes.
speak, breathe or cough. If he is in the
dental chair sit him up, turn patient side vii. Hyperventilation
on in chair. Support the chest with one Prolonged rapid deep breathing often in
hand and deliver five sharp back blows very anxious patients can lead to
between the shoulder blades with the heel profound metabolic changes that may
of the other hand. If back blows fail, five
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Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice Orient Journal of Medicine Jul-Dec 2012Vol 24 [3-4]
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