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Exercise 4: Exact Solutions of Navier-Stokes Equations Example 1: Adimensional Form of Governing Equations
Exercise 4: Exact Solutions of Navier-Stokes Equations Example 1: Adimensional Form of Governing Equations
ū = 0 on x2 + y 2 = a2 ū → (U, 0) as x2 + y 2 → ∞.
∂ a ∂
Note that the scaling x̄0 = x̄/a implies ∇0 = a∇ and t0 = tU/a gives 0 = .
∂t U ∂t
Change to dimensionless variables
U 2 ∂ ū0 U2 0 ρU 2 0 0 νU 0 2 0
0
+ (ū · ∇0 )ū0 = − ∇ p + 2 ∇ ū
a ∂t a ρa a
and divide by U 2 /a
νU
∂ ū0 2
+ (ū0 · ∇0 )ū0 = −∇0 p0 + a2
U2
∇0 ū0
∂t0 a
|{z}
1
Re
U2
inertial forces Ua
The Reynolds number is Re = a = =
νU viscous forces ν
a2
∂ ū0 1 02 0
0
+ (ū0 · ∇0 )ū0 = −∇0 p0 + ∇ ū
∂t Re
The continuity condition is simply
U 0 0
∇ · ū = 0 ⇒ ∇ · ū = 0 ⇒ ∇0 · ū0 = 0 .
a
The boundary conditions are non-dimensionalised as follows:
2 2 2 2
ū = 0 on x2 + y 2 = a2 ⇒ U ū0 = 0 on a2 x0 + a2 y 0 = a2 ⇒ ū0 = 0 on x0 + y 0 = 1.
2 2
ū → (U, 0, 0) as x2 + y 2 → ∞ ⇒ U ū0 → (U, 0, 0) as a2 x0 + a2 y 0 → ∞ ⇒
2 2
ū0 → (1, 0, 0) as x0 + y 0 → ∞
A solution to this problem will depend on x̄0 , Re and t0 only. The solution is thus the same for a specific Re
independently of the individual values of U , a and ν.
1
Example 2: vorticity and deformation
Show that the net viscous force per unit volume is proportional to the spatial derivative of vorticity, i.e.
∂τij ∂ωk
= −µεijk
∂xj ∂xj
and discuss its implication for flows with uniform vorticity (as in solid-body rotation).
2
∂ 2 uj ∂ 2 ui
∂τij ∂ ∂ui ∂uj ∂ ui
=µ + =µ + =µ
∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
∂ 2 um ∂ 2 um
∂ωk ∂ ∂um
−µεijk = −µεijk εklm = −µεkij εklm = −µ(δil δjm − δim δjl ) =
∂xj ∂xj ∂xl ∂xj xl ∂xj xl
2
∂ 2 ui ∂ 2 ui
∂ uj
−µ − =µ
∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj
Thus
∂τij ∂ωk
= −µεijk
∂xj ∂xj
The net viscous force vanishes when the vorticity is uniform, since no deformation exists.
u2θ
∂ur 1 ∂p 2 ur 2 ∂uθ
+ (ū · ∇)ur − =− + ν ∇ ur − 2 − 2
∂t r ρ ∂r r r ∂θ
∂uθ ur uθ 1 ∂p 2 2 ∂ur uθ
+ (ū · ∇)uθ + =− + ν ∇ uθ + 2 − 2
∂t r ρ r ∂θ r ∂θ r
∂uz 1 ∂p
+ (ū · ∇)uz = − + ν∇2 uz
∂t ρ ∂z
1 ∂ 1 ∂uθ ∂uz
(r ur ) + + =0.
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
2
∂p ∂p
We know that = 0 and = 0 and can directly see that ur = uθ = 0 satisfys the two first equations.
∂θ ∂r
From the continuity equation we get
∂uz
=0 ⇒ uz = uz (r, θ) only.
∂z
Considering a steady flow we get from the axial component of the Navier-Stokes equations
∂uz ∂uz 1
(ū · ∇)uz = uz ⇒ uz = P + ν∇2 uz .
∂z ∂z ρ
∂uz
But we know that = 0 from the continuity equation. We get
∂z
1 ∂ ∂uz P ∂ ∂uz P
∇2 uz = (r )=− ⇒ (r )=− r
r ∂r ∂r µ ∂r ∂r µ
Integrate once in r gives
∂uz P 2 ∂uz P c1
r =− r + c1 ⇒ =− r+ ,
∂r 2µ ∂r 2µ r
and integrating again we get
P 2
uz = − r + c1 ln(r) + c2 using the boundary conditions uz (r = 0) < ∞ ⇒ c1 = 0 .
4µ
P a2
We also have uz = 0 at r = a and this gives c2 = and we finally get
4µ
P 2
uz = (a − r2 ) .
4µ
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X
Make the ansatz ū1 = [u1 (y), 0, 0] and ū2 = [u2 (y), 0, 0]. The continuity equation
∂u ∂v ∂v
+ =0 gives = 0 ⇒ v = c and the boundary condition at y = 0 give v = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂y
3
• Layer 1:
1 ∂p1
N–S · ēy : 0 = − − g cos(α) ⇒ p1 = −ρg cos(α)y + f1 (x)
ρ ∂y
1 0 d2 u1 0
N–S · ēx : 0 = − f1 (x) + ν1 2 + g sin(α) ⇒ f1 (x) = c1
ρ dy
• Layer 2:
1 ∂p2
N–S · ēy : 0 = − − g cos(α) ⇒ p2 = −ρg cos(α)y + f2 (x)
ρ ∂y
1 0 d2 u2 0
N–S · ēx : 0 = − f2 (x) + ν2 2 + g sin(α) ⇒ f2 (x) = c2
ρ dy
The pressure at the free surface y = h1 + h2 is p0 :
0
p0 = −ρg cos(α)(h1 + h2 ) + f2 (x) ⇒ f2 = p0 + ρg(h1 + h2 ) cos(α) ⇒ f2 = 0
d2 u1
0 = ν1 + g sin(α) (1)
dy 2
d2 u2
0 = ν2 + g sin(α) (2)
dy 2
And four boundary conditions:
4
This gives us the velocities:
g 2 g
u1 (y) = − y sin(α) + (h1 + h2 ) sin(α)y
2 ν1 ν1
g sin(α) 1
u1 (y) = (h1 + h2 )y − y 2
ν1 2
2
g sin(α) 2 g sin(α) h1 1 1
u2 (y) = − y + (h1 + h2 )y + g sin(α) − (h1 + h2 )h1 −
2 ν2 ν2 2 ν2 ν1
2
g sin(α) 1 h 1 1
u2 (y) = (h1 + h2 )y − y 2 + g sin(α) 1 − (h1 + h2 )h1 −
ν2 2 2 ν2 ν1
The velocity in layer 1 does depend on h2 but not on the viscosity in layer 2. This is because the depth
is important for the tangential stress boundary condition at the interface, unlike the viscosity. There is no
acceleration of the upper layer and thus the tangential stress must be equal to the gravitational force on the
upper layer which depends on h2 but not on ν2 .
Extra Material
Plane Couette Flow
Consider the flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid between two parallel plates located at y = 0 and y = h. The
upper plane is moving with velocity U . Calculate the flow field.
∂2u ∂u
=0 ⇒ =A ⇒ u = Ay + B .
∂y 2 ∂y
With the boundary conditions
we finally obtain
Uy
u(y) = .
h
5
Plane Poiseuille Flow (Channel Flow)
Consider the flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid between two solid boundaries at y = ±h driven by a constant
pressure gradient ∇p = [−P, 0, 0]. Show that
P 2
u= (h − y 2 ), v = w = 0.
2µ
Navier-Stokes equations:
∂ ū + (ū · ∇)ū = − 1 ∇p + ν∇2 ū
∂t ρ
∇ · ū = 0.
Boundary conditions:
ū(y = ±h) = 0
∂ ū
• We are considering stationary flow and thus = 0.
∂t
• The constant pressure gradient implies ū = ū(y). Changes of ū in x, z would require a changing pressure
gradient in x, z.
∂v
• The continuity equation ∇ · ū reduces to = 0. The boundary condition v(y = ±h) = 0 then implies
∂y
v = 0.
Consider the spanwise (z) component of the Navier-Stokes equations:
∂w ∂2w
v =ν 2 ⇒ w = c1 y + c2
|{z} ∂y ∂y
=0
The boundary conditions w(y = −h) = w(y = h) = 0 imply c1 = c2 = 0 and thus w = 0. We can conclude
that ū = [u(y), 0, 0].