FEE 532: Electrical Power Systems IIB

Power System Stability Studies – Part II

i). Multi-machine System;

ii). Power-angle Equation (Revisited);
iii). Synchronizing Power Coefficients
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Noted the following:

i). Power is (usually) generated by synchronous generators that operate in

synchronism with the rest of the system;

ii). A generator is synchronized with a bus when both of them have same
frequency, voltage and phase sequence;

iii). Disturbances in a system are inevitable and can be small or large;

iv). Power system stability is the capability of a power system, when

subjected to any disturbances, to return to its steady-state condition without
affecting synchronism.

v). Stability Studies: steady-state, dynamic and transient.

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v).

Steady state stability limit of a system refers to the

maximum amount of power that is permissible through
the system without loss of its steady state stability.

Steady state
stability limit
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vi).

Stable
Unstable

The rotor angle comes back

to a steady state value after The rotor angle envelope
undergoing oscillations with keeps increasing
decreasing magnitude [Stable] [Unstable]
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vii).
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The equation is called the swing equation, the fundamental equation

which governs the rotational dynamics of the synchronous machine in
stability studies.
 Swing Equation: Further Considerations

One-machine system, Multi-machine

use individual system, use
machine rating common base
(Smach) as base (Ssystem)

In a stability study of a power system with many

synchronous machines only one MVA base common to all
parts of the system can be chosen.
 Swing Equation: Further Considerations (cont’d)

Problem
 Swing Equation: Coherent Machines
Consider two machines in a power plant with the following swing
equations:

Coherent machines

The two can be combined into a single equivalent machine – just as if their
rotors were mechanically coupled and only one swing equation can be
written for them

This single equation can be solved to represent plant

dynamics.
 Swing Equation: Coherent Machines (cont’d)

Justify this point

Question: what if it is a pair of non-

coherent machines in a system?

See Next
 Swing Equation: Non-coherent Machines
Subtracting one from the other gives:
 Swing Equation: Further Considerations (cont’d)

The equivalent inertia and weighted input and out powers are defined by:
The Power-angle Equation

Steady-state
(equilibrium point)

δ
The angle, δ , is
called Load or
Power or Torque
angle.
On no load, δ = 0
How are δm and δ related?
The Power-angle Equation
The Power-angle Equation
The Power-angle Equation
The Power-angle Equation
The Power-angle Equation

Swing equation
for machine
 The Power-angle Equation

Problem
 The Power-angle Equation

See Stevenson
Solution
The Power-angle Equation
The Power-angle Equation
The Power-angle Equation

After Fault Clearance

Pre-Fault
During Fault
 Synchronizing Power Coefficients

Consider
Synchronizing Power Coefficients
Synchronizing Power Coefficients
 Synchronizing Power Coefficients

We can then have:

Synchronizing Power Coefficients
Synchronizing Power Coefficients
 Synchronizing Power Coefficients

Problem