KONGUENGI

NEERI
NGCOL
LEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGI
NEERI
NG

1
4MEC1
1– ENGI
NEERI
NGDRAWI
NG
UNI
T-I

PROJ
ECTI
ONOFPOI
NTS,L
INESANDPL
ANES

1
. St
atet
hea
ssu
mpt
ion
sma
dei
nor
tho
gra
phi
cpr
oje
cti
on.

a
.Th
eobs
erv
erv
iewst
heo
bje
ctf
romat
heo
ret
ica
ll
yin
fin
itedi
st
anc
e.

b. T
her
ayso
fli
ghtf
romt
heo
bse
rve
r’se
yesa
repa
ral
le
ltoo
nea
not
her
.

c
.Th
era
yso
fsi
ghtme
ett
hepr
inc
ipa
lpl
ane
sor
tho
gon
all
y.

2.Se
con
dan
dfo
urt
han
glepr
oje
cti
onsa
ren
otpr
efe
rre
d.Wh
y?

Bot
hth et
opandfro
ntvi
ewsobt
ain
edbysec
ondandfour
thang
lepr
ojec
tio
nme tho
dsl
i
e
o
nonesi
deo fth
ere
fere
nceli
neXY.Inseco
nda
nglepr
oje
cti
on,bo
thtopandfrontv
iews
a
ppe
araboveXY.

3.Wh
ata
repr
oje
cti
on,pr
oje
cto
ran
dpl
aneo
fpr
oje
cti
on?

 Pr
oje
cti
onisanima
geo fa
nobj
ectt
hro
wnf
orwa
rdo
ntoapl
anebyme
anso
fst
rai
ght
l
in
escal
ledvi
sua
lrays
.

 Pr
oje
cto
rsa r
etheli
nesdr
awnfro
me ac
ha ndeve
rypoi
ntofth
e Object
.Th
esel
i
nes
ar
e pe r
pendi
cul
artoth
epla
neo fpr
oje
ctio
n&pa r
all
elt
oe ac
hot
her
.

 Pl
aneo
fpr
oje
cti
on(POP)i
sth
epl
aneo
nwh
ichi
mag
eisdr
awn
.

4.Di
ff
ere
nti
atef
ir
sta
ndt
hir
dan
glepr
oje
cti
on.

 Obje
ctisplace
dinf
ir
sta
ndt
hir
dqu
adr
anti
nfi
rs
tan
dth
irda
ngl
epr
oje
cti
on
re
spect
ive
ly.

 Obj
ectisinbetwe
enpla
neofpr oj
ect
iona
ndobs
erve
rinfi
rs
ta n
glepro
ject
ion
,
wher
easinthi
rdangl
eproj
ect
ion
,pl a
neofpr
oje
cti
onisi
nbetweenobj
ectand
obs
erve
r.

 Infir
sta ngl
e pr
oje
cti
on,Pla
n (Top Vi
ew) i
s be
lowt he Ele
vat
ion (Fr
ont
Vi
ew).Ri
ghtsi
devi
ewiso nt
helef
tofel
eva
tio
nandLefts
idevi
e wisontheri
ght
oft
hee l
eva
tio
n.
  Inthi
rda ng
le pr
oje
cti
on, Pla
n (Top Vi
ew) i
sabovethe El
eva
tio
n (Fr
ont
Vi
ew).
Rig
hts i
devi
ewisonth eri
ghto
ffrontv
iew(e
lev
ati
on)andLef
ts i
dev
iew
i
sonthele
ftoftheel
evat
ion
.

5.Wh
ati
sor
tho
gra
phi
cpr
oje
cti
ona
ndwh
yiti
sca
ll
eds
o?

Anor
thogr
aphi
cproj
ect
ioni
scal
le
dsobecaus
eproj
ect
orsdr
awnfromth
eco
rne
rsofano
bje
ct
ar
epara
ll
eltoeac
ho th
erandpe
rpen
dic
ula
rtoth
eplaneofpro
jec
tio
n(HPorVP).

6. Wh
ati
sdi
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
eno
rth
ogr
aph
ica
ndpi
ct
ori
alv
iews
?

Orthogr
aphi
cproje
cti
onisc ommonl
yu se
dbe caus
eitg i
ves100% detai
l
so fano bje
ctby
drawi
ngdiff
eren
tv i
ewse .
g.Eleva
tio
n,Pl a
n,sidevie
ws,s e
cti
onvi
ewsauxi
li
aryviewsetc
.
Itis2-D,wh e
reasPictor
ialvi
ewsa re3-D a nddo n’
tg i
veful
ldetai
ls
.Ye spi c
tor
ial
proje
cti
onc a
nbeu nder
stoodbyal aymane as
il
y,bu torth
ogr
aphi
cpr o
jec
tio
nc anbe
unders
toodbyanengine
ero rcon
cernedperso
no nl
y.

7. De
fin
epo
int
,li
ne,pl
ane&s
oli
d.

 Poi
nt-i
tisageo
met
ri
cale
nti
tywh
ichi
sdime
nsio
nles
s.Wec
ann
otg
ivedi
men
sio
ntoa
po
int
.Itiskn
ownas0-D(ze
rodi
mens
ion
)enti
ty.

 L
ine-ali
nei
sshor
tes
tdi
st
anc
ebe
twe
ent
wopo
int
s.I
tisag
eome
tri
cale
nti
tywh
ichi
s
1
-D(le
ngtho
nly
).

 Pl
ane
-iti
sag
eome
tri
cale
nti
tywh
ichi
s2-D(l
eng
thxbr
eadt
h)o
rha
vea
reao
nly
.

 Sol
id-i
tisageome
tri
cale
nti
tywh
ichi
s3-D(l
eng
thxbr
eadt
hxh
eig
ht)o
rha
vea
de
fini
tevol
ume

8.L
isto
utT
heCo
nte
ntso
fTi
tl
eBl
ock
.

T
het
it
lebl
ocks
hou
ldc
ont
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfo
rma
tio
n:

Na
meo
fth
ein
sti
tut
ion

T
itl
eofdr
awi
ng

Na
me,Br
anc
h,s
ect
iona
ndRo
lln
o.o
fth
est
ude
nt

T
ypeo
fsc
aleu
sed

Dr
awi
ngn
umbe
r

T
ypeo
fsy
mbo
lfo
rth
eme
tho
dofpr
oje
cti
on

9.Whataret
hesta
nda
rds
ize
sofdr
awi
ngs
hee
tsa
cco
rdi
ngt
oI.
S.I
.an
dwh
ichi
ssu
ita
blef
or
dr
awin
gwork?
 T
hes
tan
dar
dsi
zeo
fsh
eet
sac
cor
din
gtoI
.S.
I.a
re:

A0(1
189X841
)mm

A1(841X594)mm 

A2(594X420)mm

A3(420X297)mm

A4(297X21
0)mma
nd 
A5(21
0X1
48)mm.

Dr
awi
ngs
heeto
fsiz
e594X420i.e
.A2s i
zeisge
ner
all
yus
edbye
ngi
nee
rin
g
s
tude
ntsa
siti
sve
ryh
andyandeas
yfo
rdr
awi
ngwor
kincla
ss.

1
0.De
fin
eEn
gin
eer
ingDr
awi
ng.Wh
yDr
awi
ngI
sCa
ll
edUn
ive
rsa
lLa
ngu
ageOfEn
gin
eer
s?

Engi
nee
rin
gdrawingisag r
aphi
callan
guageo fane ng
inee
rtoc on
veyone’side
asmo st
eff
e c
tiv
ely,eas
il
y,conve
nie
ntl
ya n
dwi t
hh i
ghspeed.SoEn gin
eeri
ngdrawi
ngisas ta
rti
ngpoint
ofa lle n
gin
eeri
ng br
anchessucha sMe ch
anical
,Pr oduc
tio
n,Ci v
il
,Elect
ric
al,Elect
roni
cs,
Compu t
ers c
ien
ce,Chemica
le t
c. 
Itisspoken,read,andwr i
tte
ni nit
so wnwa y
.En g
inee
rin
g
drawin
gh asitsowng ra
mma rintermsofpro j
ect
ions
,c onve
nti
onalrepr
ese
ntat
ions
,typeso f
li
nes,abbrev
iat
ion
s,symbol
sa n
dv ar
iou
sgeome t
ri
cc on
stru
cti
ons.

1
1.Wh
ati
sca
ll
eda
sdi
men
sio
nin
g?Na
met
hev
ari
ousa
rra
nge
men
tso
fdi
men
sio
nin
g.

Indi
cat
ingthes
ize
softh
efeat
ure
softh
eo bj
ectan
dothe
rdet
ail
sesse
nti
alfori
ts
c
onst
ruc
tio
na ndfunct
iononadra
wingbytheu
seo fli
nes
,nume
ral
s,s
ymbols
,andn o
tesis
c
all
eddimens
ion
ing
.

Ar
ran
geme
ntso
fdi
men
sio
nin
g:

a
. Ch
aindi
men
sio
nin
g.

b. Pa
ral
le
ldi
men
sio
nin
g.

c
. Co
mbi
neddi
men
sio
nin
g.

1
2.Wr
it
edi
ff
ere
ntpo
sit
ion
sofal
i
newi
thr
espe
ctt
oHPa
ndVP.

Pa
ral
le
ltobo
thpl
ane
sHPa
ndVP

Pe
rpe
ndi
cul
art
oon
epl
anea
ndpa
ral
le
ltoo
the
r

Pa
ral
le
ltoo
nepl
anea
ndi
ncl
i
nedt
oot
her

I
ncl
i
nedt
obo
tht
hepl
ane
sHPa
ndVP.

1
3.Wh
ati
str
uel
eng
th?
 I
fthel
eng
thoft
hevi
ewo ft
hel
i
nei
seq
ualt
oth
eac
tua
lle
ngt
hoft
hel
i
ne,t
hent
hat
l
eng
thi
scal
le
dtr
uel
engt
h.

1
4.Al
i
nei
spa
ral
le
ltobo
thHPa
ndVP.Wh
atwi
l
lbei
tst
ruel
eng
the
qua
lto
?

T
ruel
eng
thwi
l
lbee
qua
ltot
opv
iewl
eng
tho
rfr
ontv
iewl
eng
th.

1
5.Namethemet
hodsoffi
ndi
ngthetruel
eng
tha
ndt
ruei
ncl
i
nat
ion
sofas
tra
igh
tli
newi
thHPo
r
VPfro
mi t
sort
hogr
aph
icproj
ect
ion
s.

 Ro
tat
ingl
i
neme
tho
d

 T
rape
zoi
dalme
tho
d

 Au
xil
i
arypl
aneme
tho
d

1
6.De
fin
eth
etr
aceo
fal
i
ne.

Whe
nal i
neisi
ncl
i
nedtoaref
ere
ncepl
ane
,itwi
llme
etthatpl
ane
,produc
edi
f
n
ece
ssa
ry.T
hepo
inta
twhi
chth
eli
neo
rli
nepro
duc
edmee
tst
hepl
anei
scal
le
ditst
rac
es.

Ho
riz
ont
alt
rac
es:
-Iti
sth
epo
into
fin
ter
sec
tio
noft
hel
i
neo
rli
nepr
odu
cedwi
thHP.

Ve
rti
calt
rac
es:
-Iti
sth
epo
into
fin
ter
sec
tio
noft
hel
i
neo
rli
nepr
odu
cedwi
thVP.

1
7.Atwh
atc
ondi
ti
onal
i
nea
ppe
arsl
i
keapo
inti
nor
tho
gra
phi
cpr
oje
cti
on?

I
fastra
igh
tli
nei
spe
rpe
ndi
cul
art
oVP,t
heni
twi
l
lappe
ara
sapo
intwh
env
iewe
d
f
romf
ront

I
fast
rai
ghtl
i
nei
spe
rpe
ndi
cul
art
oHP,t
heni
twi
l
lappe
ara
sapo
intwh
eni
tisv
iewe
d
f
romt
op.

1
8.Wh
ati
sch
ang
eofpo
sit
ionme
tho
d?

Ort
hog
raphi
cpr
ojecti
onofapl anes
urf
acein
cli
nedtooneref
ere
ncepla
nea r
edra
wnby
ch
angi
ngthepo
siti
ono fthepla
nesurf
acefr
oms i
mplepos
it
iontoth
er eq
uir
edposi
ti
on
i
ntwostag
esknownast h
ec ha
ngeofposi
ti
onmethod.

1
9.Wh
ati
sme
antbyAI
Pan
dAVP?

AI
P:-Au
xil
i
aryi
ncl
i
nedpl
anei
sana
uxi
l
iar
y pe
rpe
ndi
cul
art
oVPa
ndi
ncl
i
nedt
oHP.

AVP:
-Au
xil
i
aryv
ert
ica
lpl
anei
sana
uxi
l
iar
ypl
anepe
rpe
ndi
cul
art
oHPa
ndi
ncl
i
nedt
o
VP.
 UNI
T-I
I

PROJ
ECTI
ONOFSOL
IDS

1
. Cl
ass
if
yso
li
ds.

 Po
lyh
edr
a

 So
li
dso
fre
vol
uti
on

 Fr
ust
uma
ndt
run
cat
eds
oli
ds

2.De
finepolyhedron.
As ol
idwh ichisbo undedbypl anesurfaces.Itc anbes ubdi vi
dedintot hre
et y
pes:
 Re gul
a rpo lyhedra
 Pr isms
 Py r
ami ds
3.Whatdoy oume an
tbys o l
idsofr evoluti
on?
Ifapl anes urfacei srevolveda bouto neofi t
se dges,theso l
idgenerat
e discal
led
sol
idso frevolution.Ex ampl e
s:-c yli
nders,cones,s phere
se tc.
.
4.Whatisar egularpolyhedr on?
Apo lyhedroni sama nysideds oli
df igur
eb oun
de dbyo nlypl an
es urf
a c
eso rfaces
.I f
al
lt hef ace
so ft hepo ly
hedr onhavet hes ames i
z eands hape,itistermeda sar eg
ular
polyhedron.
5.Di
ff
erenti
atef rust
uma ndt runcateds oli
ds.
Frust
u m:-
Whenapy ramido rac oneisc utbyac uttin
gpl an
epa rall
eltoitsbase,remove
thetoppo r
tion.T her emainingpo rt
ionthuso btainediscall
e dthefrust
um.
Truncatedsolids:-
Whenas olidisc utbyac utt
ingpla neincli
nedtoi t
sba se,removetheto p
porti
on .Ther ema ini
ngpo rtionthuso btai
nedi sca l
ledastruncatedsoli
ds.
6.Gi
vetherulesf oras olidbe ingsuspe ndedfromac o
rner.
 Wh enas olidiss uspendedf r
e el
ya bouta nypoint
,th epointofs us
pensi
ona nd
t
hepo into fc ente
ro fg ravi
tyGo fthes oli
dwi l
lbei nav ert
icalli
neinthe
f
rontv iew.
 Ce nt
reo fg rav
ityGl ieso nthea xi
so fsy mme t
ryanda tah eigh
to f¼ t hofthe
al
ti
tudeo fthes ol
idf romi t
sba sef orpyramida ndc one.
 Gl i
esa tth emid-po intoft h
ea xisforpr isma n
dc yli
nder.
7.WhatisCentero fg r
a vit
y ?
Thepo intatwh i
cht hee nti
rewe ighto fabo dyma ybec ons
ideredasc oncent
rat
eds o
 th
atifs u
ppo r
teda tthispo i
ntt hebo dywo uldr emaininequil
ibri
umina nyposit
ion.
8.De fi
nepri
sma ndpy ramid.
Pri
sm:-I tisapo l
y hedronh avi
ngt woe qu
alr egularpolygon
spa ral
lelt
oe achother
conn
ectedbyr ec t
an gularplanes.
Pyra
mids:-I tisapo lyhedronc onsisti
ngo fapl anef ig
ureasi t
sbasea ndan umberof
l
atera
lf ace
so ft r
iangu l
ars hape.
9.Wh atisthedif
ferenceb etweenr ightan do bli
ques oli
ds ?
Inar i
ghtsoli
d ,thea x i
sispe rpendiculartoitsba se.Ina nobliq
ues ol
i
dt heaxisis
i
ncli
nedtoi t
sba se.
10.Defi
nethefol
lowingterms :1.T e
trahedron2. Octahedron.
Tet
rahedron:
-I tisas oli
dh avingf ourfaceso fe qualequi
la
teraltr
iangl
es.
Octa
hedron:-I tisar egularpo l
yhe dronbo undedbye i
ghtequalequi
late
raltri
angle
s.
11.Ide
nti
fythenumbe rofc orners,t r
iangularf acesande dgesinat et
rahedron.
Numbero fcorners-4
Numbero ftri
an gul
a rfaces-4
Numbero fedg es-6
12.Sta
tethetopa ndfrontv i
e wso fav erticalc yl
in
dero f55mmdi a
me t
e rand65mma l
ti
tude
Topviewisac i
rcleo f55mmdi ame te
r.T hef rontvi
e wisar ect
angl
eo fwidth55mm
andheight65mm.
 UNIT-I
II
SECTIONOFSOLI
DS

1. Defi
nesecti
o ni
ng.
Thei maginarypr ocesso fc u
ttingo rsectio
ningt heobjectiscall
eds ecti
oni
ng.
2.Wh atdoy oume antbys ectionalv i
ew?
Itist hedr awings howingt hatpa rto ft heo bjectwh i
chi sbe tweent heplaneo f
projecti
ona ndt hes ecti
onpl a ne.Itma ybee i
theras ecti
onalf r
ontv i
ewo rs ec
tio
nal
topv ie
w.
3.Wh atdoy oume antbyt rues hapeo fs ecti
on?Wh ati stheneedf ortrueshape?
Ifas o
lidissec ti
onedbyas e ct
ionplanea ndi tisproject
edt oapl aneparall
eltoit,
thes hapeo fthes ectiono btainedwillbee xactlythesectio
ne xposedbyt hesecti
on
plane.T hi
ss hapei sc al
leda st rueshapeo fs ecti
on.Itisde t
erminedtoo btai
nthe
actualshapeo ft hec uts urf
a ceo ftheo bje
c t
.
4.Wh atisappa rentshapeo fs ection?
Ifthes ecti
onpl anei sinc l
in
e dt othepl aneo fprojec
tion,theshapeo btai
nedwillnot
bet het r
ues hape.Su chas ha peisc al
leda pparentshapeo fsecti
on.
5.Me nti
onthet ypeso fse cti
onpl anes.
Sectionplanepe r
pe ndicul
art oHPa ndpa ralleltoVP
Sectionplanepe r
pe ndicul
art oVPa ndpa ralleltoHP
Sectionplanepe r
pe ndicul
art oVPa ndi ncl
inedt oHP
Sectionplanepe r
pe ndicul
art oHPa ndi ncl
inedt oVP
Sectionplanepe r
pe ndicul
art obo thHPa ndVP.
6.Wh atdoy ouu nderstandbyt rues hapeo fs e
cti
o n?
Sectioni
nga no bjecti sthepr o c
esso fcu t
ti
n gitwithani magi
na r
yc ut
tingplan
ea nd
showingt heinteri
orde t
ailso ftheo bje
c t.
7.St a
tethepu rposeo fse ct
ioningas oli
d.
Thepu rposeo fs ecti
on i
ngas o l
i
di stodr awmo redetai
lsifano bjec
t,wh i
chh as
i
ntricateshapea ndmo r
ei nvisi
bleinnerde t
a i
ls.Addit
iono fsecti
onaldrawingenhances
theu sefu
lnesso fth edr awinga tthet i
meo fma chi
neassembly.
8.Ho wdoy ouo btainthet rues hapeo fs ecti
ono fas o l
idwh enthec ut
ti
n gplaneisincl
inedtoHP
orVP?
Thet rueshapeo fsec t
iono fas ol
idiso btai
n edbyv i
ewingitpe r
pendicul
artot hecut
surf
a cea nddra wingt hepr ojecti
ono fthes ecti
ono nana uxil
i
a r
yplan eparal
leltothe
cuts ur
face.
9.As oli
dc y
linderiss t
a n
di ngv ert
icalo nHP.I tiscutbyas ecti
onpl aneperpendicu
lartoVPa n
d
i
ncli
nedtoHP.Na met het rues hapeo ft hesectio
n.
 Ell
ipse.
1
0.Whenwi
llyougett het
rueshapeofsect
ioninth
et opview?
Wh enthes e
cti
onplaneispar
all
eltoHP,thet r
ueshapeofsect
ionwi
llbeobt
ain
edin
thetopv i
ew.
1
1.Na
met h
et ru
es hapeobta
ined,whenaconeiscutbyapl an
epa r
all
eltooneofit
sgener
ato
rs.
Parabola
1
2.Whati
stheshapeo fthecutsur
faceofspher
ewh e
ni ti
sc u
tbyas ect
ionpl
ane?
Cir
c l
e

UNI
T-I
V

DEVEL
OPMENTOFSURFACES

1
. Wh
atd
oyo
ume
antbyde
vel
opme
nto
fsu
rfa
ces
?

Devel
opmento
fs u
rface
sofanobj
ectmeansth
er o
lli
ngoru
nfoldi
ngofa
lls
urf
acesof
th
eo bj
ectonaplane.Lay
outo
fonl
yside
so ftheobje
ctwi
tho
utitst
oporbot
tomis
cal
le
dl a
ter
alsur
face
s.

2.Na
met
heme
tho
dsf
ord
eve
lopme
nto
fsu
rfa
ces
.

Pa
ral
le
lli
neme
tho
d

Ra
dia
lli
nede
vel
opme
nt

Appr
oxi
mat
ede
vel
opme
nt

T
ria
ngu
lat
ionde
vel
opme
nt

3.Na
met
hes
oli
dswh
oses
urf
ace
sar
ede
vel
ope
dus
ingpa
ral
le
lli
neme
tho
d.

L
ate
rals
urf
ace
sofc
ube
s,pr
is
msa
ndc
yli
nde
rs.

4.Wh
ati
sth
esh
apeo
fth
ede
vel
opme
nto
fth
ela
ter
als
urf
ace
sofac
one
?

T
hedev
elo
pme
ntofla
ter
als
urf
aceo
fac
onei
sas
ect
oro
fra
diu
seq
ualt
oth
esl
ant
l
eng
thoft
heco
ne.

Ra
diuso
fba s
ecir
cle
An
gleϴ= x360ᶱ
Tru
eslan
tleng
th

5.St
atet
heu
nde
rly
ingpr
inc
ipl
eina
llt
heme
tho
dso
fde
vel
opme
nto
fla
ter
als
urf
ace
s.

Allt
heedgesint
hedevel
opme
nts
howt
hea
ctu
all
eng
tho
fth
eco
rre
spo
ndi
nge
dge
son
th
eo bj
ectbei
ngdev
elo
ped.
6.Spe
cif
yan
yth
reea
rea
sofa
ppl
i
cat
ion
sofde
vel
opme
nto
fsu
rfa
cesi
nen
gin
eer
ing
.

 I
nsh
eetme
talwo
rkt
ofa
bri
cat
efu
nne
ls,du
cts
,ch
imn
eys
,ho
ppe
rse
tc.

 Fo
rth
efa
bri
cat
iono
fau
tomo
bil
ebo
dy,f
ora
irc
raf
tan
dsh
ipc
ons
tru
cti
ona
nd

 T
ofi
ndt
hes
hor
tes
tdi
st
anc
ebe
twe
ent
wopo
int
sofa
nobj
ect
.

7.I
ndr
awi
ngt
hede
vel
opme
nto
fobj
ect
s,o
nlyt
ruel
eng
thsa
reu
sed
.Wh
y?

De
vel
opmen
tsofobj
ect
sareus
edtofa
bric
ateo
bje
ctst
other
equi
redsi
zeands
hape
.
He
ncetheac
tua
lsi
zesort
ruel
eng
thsar
eu s
edi
ndrawi
ngt
hedev
elopme
nts
.

8.Whati
sthes
hapeo
fth
eco
mpl
etede
vel
opme
nto
fas
qua
repy
rami
dofba
ses
ide
’a’a
nds
lan
t
l
eng
th‘l’
?

T
hedevel
opmentofthel
ate
rals
urf
ace
softhesqu
arepyr
ami
dconsi
st
so f4equ
al
i
sos
cel
estri
ang
lesofbas
eside’
a’andsl
antl
eng
th‘l’
.Thebas
eisshownasasqu
are
o
fside‘a
’.

UNI
T-I
V

I
SOMETRI
CPROJ
ECTI
ONANDPERSPECTI
VEPROJ
ECTI
ON

1
. Wh
ati
sis
ome
tri
cpr
oje
cti
on

I
tisapi
cto
ria
lproj
ect
ioninwhi
cht
hre
edi
mens
ion
sofaso
li
dar
eno
ton
lys
howni
n
o
nevi
ew,butals
othei
rdimen
sio
nsc
anbemea
sure
dfro
mit
.

2.Wh
ati
sis
ome
tri
cax
is.
 Alli
somet
ricdr
awin
gsa recon
stru
ctedal
ongorinrel
ati
ontothei
somet
ri
ca xi
s.The
hei
ghtoftheobj
ectisme a
sur
eda l
ongtheve
rti
call
i
nes.Thewi
dthanddepthofthe
objec
taremeasu
reda l
ongthe30de gr
eeanglet
otheh or
iz
ont
alpl
ane.Theis
o me
tri
c
axesare120degre
esf r
ome achoth
er.

3.Me
nti
ont
heu
seo
fis
ome
tri
csc
ale
.

I
somet
ri
cproj
ect
ionisd
rawi
ngusi
ngis
omet
ri
csc
ale
,wh
ichc
onv
ert
str
uel
eng
thsi
nto
i
some
tri
cle
ngt
hswh i
charef
ore
shor
ten
ed.

4.Di
ff
ere
nti
atei
some
tri
cvi
ewa
ndi
some
ricpr
oje
cti
on

I
some
tri
cvi
ew I
some
tri
cpr
oje
cti
on

I
tisdr
awnt
oac
tua
lsc
ale I
tisdr
awnt
ois
ome
tri
csc
ale

Whenli
nesar
edrawnpar
all
elt
ois
ome
tri
c Whenli
nesar
edrawnpar
all
eltois
ometr
ic
ax
is,t
hetru
elen
gthsar
elai
doff ax
is,t
helen
gthsa
refor
eshor
tene
dt o
0.82ti
mestheact
uall
engt
hs.

5.Dr
awt
hei
some
tri
cpr
oje
cti
ono
fac
yli
nde
rofdi
ame
ter50mm.

6.De
fin
eth
ete
rm:St
ret
ch-o
utl
i
nes
.

Stre
tch-ou
tli
nesaretwoparal
lelli
nesdra
wnfromt h
ef r
ontvi
ewoftheobj
ectan
d
separ
atedbyadist
anc
ee q
ua lt
ot hehei
ghtofth
eo bje
ctbei
ngdev
elo
ped.Le
ngthof
th
es tr
etc
h-outli
nesi
sequaltotheperi
met
erofthesol
id.

7.Wh
ata
ret
heme
tho
dso
fdr
awi
ngt
hei
some
tri
cpr
oje
cti
ono
fac
irc
le?

Me
tho
dso
fpo
int
s

Fo
urc
ent
reme
tho
d.
8.Whati
sth
er at
ioo
fis
ome
tri
cle
ngt
htot
ruel
eng
th?Sh
owh
owt
hei
some
tri
cle
ngt
hofa33mm
l
in
eisobt
ain
ed?

Rati
oo fis
ometr
icle
ngt
ht ot
ruel
eng
thi
s0.
82a
pprox
ima
tel
y.I
somet
ri
cle
ngt
ho fa
33mml i
neiseq
ualto0.82X33mm=27mm.Thi
scanbeobt
ain
edbyco
nst
ruc
tin
g
i
sometr
icscal
e.

9.St
atea
nyt
hre
eappl
i
cat
ion
sofi
some
tri
cpr
oje
cti
on.

 T
o draw the pi
cto
rialvi
ews o
fsma
ll ma
chi
nec
ompo
nen
tsf
or be
tte
r
u
nde
rst
andi
ngofit
ss h
ape.

 T
opr epa
readver
ti
sementh
oar
ding
s,cat
alo
gueso
rbr
och
ure
sofpr
odu
ctsl
i
ke
f
urn
itu
re’s
,in
str
uments
,aut
omobi
l
es,e
tc.
,a nd

 T
ode
sig
nan
dde
vel
opn
ewc
ompo
nen
tso
rimpr
ovet
hee
xis
ti
ngo
ne.

1
0.Me
nti
ona
nyt
hre
eimpo
rta
ntc
har
act
eri
st
icso
fis
ome
tri
cpr
oje
cti
on.

 T
hee
dge
sth
atfo
rm 90 ᶱwi
theac
ho th
erino
rth
ogr
aph
icpr
oje
cti
oni
ncl
ude
1
20ᶱwi
the
achot
heri
nis
ome
tri
cproj
ect
ion
.

 T
heedgesfor
mings
oli
dri
ghta
ngl
esa
ree
qua
ll
yin
cli
nedt
oVP.He
nce
,th
eya
re
f
ore
sho
rten
ede q
ual
ly
.

 Sq
uar
efa
cesa
ppe
ara
seq
ualr
hombu
sesi
nis
ome
tri
cpr
oje
cti
on.

1
1.Wh
ata
ret
hel
i
mit
ati
onso
fis
ome
tri
cpr
oje
cti
on?

 Dr
awi
ngi
some
tri
cpr o
jec
tio
nre
qui
resmo
res
kil
lan
dco
nsu
mesmo
ret
imet
o
pr
epa
ret
hedr
awing
.

 Hi
dde
nli
nesa
rec
are
ful
lya
voi
dedf
orbe
tte
rvi
sua
li
zat
iono
fobj
ect
.

 Is
ometr
icpro
jec
tio
nisu
sef
ult
odr a
wth
epi
cto
ria
lvi
ewso
fsma
llo
bje
ctsl
i
ke
mach
ineco
mponent
sofs
mal
lsi
zes
.

1
2.Wh
endoy
ouu
sebo
xme
tho
dini
some
tri
cpr
oje
cti
on?

I
ti susedforso
li
dslikecubeandpri
sm,t
hati
s,whe
nt hei
ncl
i
nededge
scanbe
r
epres
entedbynon-i
somet
ri
clin
eslyi
ngini
some
tri
cpl
ane
so rhavi
ngt
hei
ren
dsin
i
somet
ricpl
ane
s.

1
3.St
atet
hepr
inc
ipl
efo
llo
wedi
nth
ebo
xme
tho
dofdr
awi
ngi
some
tri
cpr
oje
cti
on.

I
nth
eboxmet
hod,t
heobj
ecti
sencl
ose
dinabox.Thei
somet
ri
cproj
ect
ionofth
ebox
i
sdr
awn
.Theendsoft
henon-is
ometri
cli
nesr
epr
esen
tin
gthein
cli
nededg
e soft
he
 o
bjec
ta r
ef i
xedbyme
asu
rin
g-o
fft
hedi
st
anc
esa
lon
gth
eedg
eso
fth
ebo
xsh
own
i
somet
ri
cal
ly
.

1
4.Wh
ati
spe
rspe
cti
vepr
oje
cti
on?

I
tist
hegra
phi
cre
pres
enta
tio
nofa
nobj
ecto
nas
ing
lepl
anec
all
edpi
ctu
repl
anea
sit
a
ppea
rst
oa no
bse
rve
r..

1
5.Gi
vet
hea
ppl
i
cat
ion
sofpe
rspe
cti
vepr
oje
cti
on.

Astheph ot
ogr
aphicrepr
esent
ati
on,itisexte
nsi
vel
yu s
edbya rch
ite
ctst
oshowth
e
appear
anceofpropos
edbu i
ldi
ngs,byd r
aft
ersforil
lu
str
ati
onsofh u
gemach
ine
ryor
equi
pmentandal
sobya rt
is
tsforprodu
cin
gadvert
is
ementdra
wing
s.

1
6.Na
met
heme
tho
dsu
sedi
npe
rspe
cti
vepr
oje
cti
on.

Vi
sua
lra
yme
tho
d

Va
nis
hin
gpo
intme
tho
d.

1
7.L
istt
hef
act
orsi
nfl
uen
cin
gth
esi
zea
ndpo
sit
iono
fpe
rspe
cti
vepr
oje
cti
on.

Po
sit
iono
fth
eobj
ect

He
igh
toft
hee
yea
bov
eth
egr
oun
dpl
ane

Di
st
anc
eoft
hee
yef
romt
hepi
ctu
repl
ane

1
8.Co
mpa
rei
some
tri
can
dpe
rspe
cti
vepr
oje
cti
on.

 Bo
thg
ivepi
cto
ria
ldr
awi
ngs

 Pers
pec
tiv
eproj
ect
ion
sg i
veph
oto
gra
phi
cvi
ewsa
nda
ret
her
efo
remo
rer
eal
i
sti
c
th
aniso
me t
ri
cproj
ect
ion
s

 Is
ometr
ic pr
oje
cti
onis mores
uit
abl
efo
rsma
llo
bje
ctsa
nd pe
rspe
cti
ve
pr
oje
cti
onforla
rgeobj
ect
s.

1
9.L
isto
utt
hei
mpo
rta
ntt
ermsu
sedi
npe
rspe
cti
vepr
oje
cti
on

St
ati
onpo
int
,Gr
oun
dli
ne,Ce
ntr
alpl
ane
,Gr
oun
dpl
anea
ndpi
ctu
repl
ane
.

20.
Whe
nwi
l
lth
esi
zeo
fth
epe
rspe
cti
vebeg
rea
tert
hant
hato
fth
eobj
ect
?

Whent
heobj
ecti
spo
sit
ione
di nfr
ontoft
hepi
ctu
repl
ane
,th
esi
zeo
fth
epe
rspe
cti
ve
wi
l
lbegre
ate
rtha
ntha
to ftheobj
ect
.