EFFECT OF PH ON WATER HOLDING CAPACITY OF

MEAT

BY

FOOD ENGINEERING STUDENT

GROUP 5

DEPARTMENT OF FOOD ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, KWARA, STATE.

SEPTEMBER, 2012.
DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BRIDGE OVER RIVER OGUN

BY

OLAOGUN, ISAIAH OLANIYI

2007/1/26302EC

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,

MINNA, NIGER STATE.

SEPTEMBER, 2012.

ii
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report work was solely carried out by the group members in the

department of food engineering under the supervision of Engr. duniya. All information

utilized and their sources have been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references

provided.

Signature ………………………. Date …………………..

Olajide jamiu
Group leader

iii
 CERTIFICATION

This report entitled “Effect of Ph on Water Holding Capacity of Meat” by food

engineering student (GROUP 5 ) meets the regulations governing the requirement of

food engineering practical in the Department of Food Engineering, University of Ilorin,

and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.

……………………………………… ……………………………
Engr. Duniya Date
(Supervisor)

…………………………………. ……………………………...
Olajide jamiu Date.
(Group Leader )

…………………………………. ……………………………
Abdulkareem Ahmed date

( assistant group leader )

iv
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty God t who has been my strength and my sufficient. It

is equally dedicated the group members for their encouragement, support and

understanding during the period of the studies.

v
 ABSTRACT

This report covers the analysis of the effect of ph on water holding capacity of meat in

relations to the tenderness, palatability, texture and spoilage.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents Pages

Title page ii

Declaration iii

Certification iv

Dedication v

Acknowledgement vi

Abstract viii

Table of Contents ix

List of tables xv

List of plates xvi

Abbreviations and Symbols xvii

CHAPTER 1

Introduction 1

1.1 General Introduction 1

1.2 Aim and Objective 2

vii
1.2.1 Aim 2

1.2.2 Objectives 2

1.3 Site Visit 2

1.4 Problem Statement 4

1.5 Scope of Study 4

CHAPTER 2

Literature Review 5

2.1 Historical Background 5

2.2.0 Type of Bridges 6

2.2.1 Beam Bridges 7

2.2.2 Cantilever Bridges 7

2.2.3 Arch Bridges 7

2.2.4 Suspension Bridges 8

2.2.5 Cable Stayed Bridges 8

2.2.6 Truss Bridges 9

2.2.7 Movable Bridges 9

2.2.8 Double decked Bridges 9

viii
2.2.9 Floating Bridges 10

2.2.10 Combination Bridges 10

2.3 Recent Face of Bridge Design 10

2.4 Introduction to steel in bridge construction 11

2.5 Component of Bridge 12

2.5.1 Abutment 12

2.5.2 Beam Girders 12

2.5.3 Piers 12

2.5.4 Bridge Deck 12

2.5.5 Bridge Bearing 12

CHAPTER 3

Method and Materials 13

3.1 Introduction 13

3.2 Design Standards and Specifications 13

3.3 Traffic Loadings 14

3.3.1 Specification of Number of National Lanes 14

3.4 Method of Analysis 15

ix
3.5 Hydrologic Analysis 15

3.5.1 Runoff (storm water) 15

3.6 Hydraulic Analysis 18

3.7 The Superstructure 18

3.7.1 Loads on Superstructure 20

3.7.2 Traditional Minimum Depths for constant Depth Superstructure 21

3.7.3 Limiting Computed Deflection 22

3.8 Abutment and Foundation 23

3.8.1 Scoring Depth Determination 23

3.8.2 Afflux (or back water) 24

CHAPTER FOUR

Analysis and calculations 25

4.1 Design information 25

4.2 Bridge Deck Analysis 28

4.2.1 Deck Design 34

4.2.2 Bending reinforcement 35

4.2.3 Deflection check 36

4.2.4 Shear check 37

4.3 longitudinal Steel Beams 39

x
4.3.1 Span Girder 41

4.3.2 Longitudinal steel beam section 44

4.3.3 Ultimate Limit State Design 44

4.3.4 Serviceability Limit State 46

4.3.5 Slenderness of the Beam 46

4.3.6 Expansion Joint 47

4.3.7 Shear Connectors 48

4.4 design of piers 50

4.4.1 Capping beam (cross beam) 50

4.4.2 Design for Bending reinforcement 52

4.4.3 Shear reinforcement 52

4.4.4 Pier column 53

4.5 Foundation 54

4.5.1 Check for Shear Stress 56

4.5.2 Bending Moment, Deflection and Shear Forces 56

4.5.3 Bending reinforcement 58

4.5.4 Final Check on Shear 59

4.6 Approach Slab 60

4.6.1 Slab Loadings 60

4.6.2 Bending reinforcement 61

4.6.3 Check for Shear 62

xi
4.6.4 Check for Deflection 62

4.7 Parapet wall 63

4.8 Abutment 64

4.8.1 Loadings 65

4.8.2 Bearing 66

4.8.3 Backfill and Surcharge load 68

4.8.4 Check for Stability of the abutment 69

4.8.5 Bearing Pressure 70

4.8.6 Abutment wall 71

4.8.7 Base design 73

4.8.8 Curtain wall 77

4.8.9 Analysis and Design of wingwall 79

4.8.9.1 Check for Sliding 81

4.8.9.2 Check for Overturning 82

4.8.9.3 Bending Reinforcement 83

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and Recommendation 85

5.1 Conclusion 85

5.1 Recommendations 86

References 88

Appendices

xii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLES PAGES

Table 3.0 Rainfall constant 18

Table 3.1 Guide for choosing bridge section 20

Table 3.2 Relevant clause for loading 21

Table 4.2 Moment distribution 32b

Table 4.8.1 Load from the deck 65

Table 4.8.4.1 Restoring effect 69

Table 4.8.4.2 Overturning effect 70

Table 4.8.7.1 Restoring effect 73

Table 4.8.7.2 Overturning effect 74

Table 4.8.9 Horizontal force due to earth fill 80

xiii
 LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1.1 existing hand rail 2

Plate 1.2 the existing carriage way 2

Plate 1.3 the bridge abutment 3

xiv