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Procedia Computer Science 36 (2014) 93 – 100

Complex Adaptive Systems, Publication 4

Cihan H. Dagli, Editor in Chief
Conference Organized by Missouri University of Science and Technology
2014- Philadelphia, PA

Modeling of Intelligent System Thinking in Complex Adaptive

Systems
Ben Khayuta, Lina Fabrib, Maya Avikhanac *
a
Intelligence Decisions Technologies Systems at IDTS, 106/5 Mezada str., Ashdod 77711, Israel
b
Intelligence Decisions Technologies Systems at IDTS, 106/5 Mezada str., Ashdod 77711, Israel
c
Intelligence Decisions Technologies Systems at IDTS, 106/5 Mezada str., Ashdod 77711, Israel

Abstract

The use of proposed technology of Modeling of Intelligent Systems Thinking in Complex Adaptive systems is oriented on use in
autonomous, intelligent Fuzzy Control and Information Complex Adaptive systems, that operate in real-time, fuzzy conditions,
heterogeneous subject areas and multilingual communications, there the situations are unknown in advance, fuzzy structured and
not clearly regulated. The technology consists in extracting of relevant data, information and knowledge from texts (speech) in
various natural languages, within dissimilar subject areas for implementation of fuzzy control of data, information and knowledge
in light of representing them in knowledge bases and organizing on basis of them the processes of Reasoning and Systems
Thinking under uncertainty and in Fuzzy Environment. The technology is formalized using Fuzzy Logic, Situational Control
theories, Linguistics, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge base technologies and is defined by methods of a) Situational Control of
fuzzy data, information and knowledge, b) Knowledge Representation, Generalization and Explanation, c) Modeling of Fuzzy
Logic Inference, Decision making and Fuzzy Control, d) Intelligent Fuzzy Reasoning and Systems Thinking.
© 2014
© 2014 The
The Authors.
Authors.Published
PublishedbybyElsevier B.V.
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of scientific committee of Missouri University of Science and Technology.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of scientific committee of Missouri University of Science and Technology
Keywords: Adaptive; systems; thinking; intelligent; uncertainty

1. Introduction

The General Systems Theory (GST) [1] is studying the whole system, in order to clarify the principles that can be

* Ben Khayut, Lina Fabri, Maya Avikhana. Tel.: +972-054-454-4610; fax: +972-008-854-4611.
E-mail address: ben_hi@hotmail.com.

1877-0509 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of scientific committee of Missouri University of Science and Technology
doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.09.043
94 Ben Khayut et al. / Procedia Computer Science 36 (2014) 93 – 100

applied to all types of systems at all levels of their nesting in the other systems in terms of their viability in all
subject areas of research, given their interaction with each other in real-time and in Fuzzy Environment, surrounding
them. The studies of Systems Thinking, Generalization of Systems and Systems of System Approach are based on
GST, where each of these systems is a Complex Adaptive System (CAS).
In this regard, the CAS is defined by us as a flexible, self-organized, self-analyzed, self-regulating system,
functioning on the basis of reciprocal feedback with its internal and external components (agents), that are a)
interconnected, b) reacting to internal and external changes and c) behave as a single entity, having a purpose – to
resist, to be survive by synthesizing correct inference and relevant decision on base of Situational Fuzzy Control of
Reasoning and Systems Thinking, used to perform its task as livelihood. Also, CAS is always open, characterized by
a huge number of related and developing components in real-time, with nonlinear and unpredictable in advance their
behavior in situations, which are unknown in advance and wherein the components does not know the state of the
overall system.
Systems Thinking is considered by us as a tool, that detects and predicts the behavior of the system by modeling
the processes of reasoning, strengthens of her current state with aim of her balancing, preventing her collapse,
enhance her stability, viability, integrity, and her interaction with other (also unpredictable) surrounding systems.
Taking in account of the properties and principles of GST [1] and Systems Thinking [2] we propose the
technology of Modeling of Systems Thinking in Autonomous Intelligent Fuzzy Control [3] and Information [4]
Complex Adaptive Systems, functioning under uncertainty and in Fuzzy Environment.
These systems include the following basic set of functionality of interrelated and nested subsets of (Fig. 1)

Conclusions in internal Bases of Data, Information and Knowledge

representation
x,w Parcels RU , A N , K R ( RU , A N )

New
Parcels
RU , AN , UI
K R( RU , A N )
UD UG
u NL
OU IUI L UE UA

H
UR
Conclusions in external U(M,x,w)
representation Intelligent Systems Thinking
Intelligent Reasoning system
Intelligent Fuzzy Logic Inference, Decision Making and Control systems
Knowledge Representation, Generalization and Explanation system
Intelligent Multi-lingual communication system
Intelligent Autonomous Adaptive Systems Thinking Information system

Figure 1. Modeling of Intelligent System Thinking under uncertainty and in Fuzzy Environment

a) Agents:

x IUI L - Intelligent user interface [5] and Dialog control [6]

x U D - Situational Control of data [7], information and knowledge [8], [9], [10]
 Ben Khayut et al. / Procedia Computer Science 36 (2014) 93 – 100 95

x U I - Modeling of fuzzy logic inference [11]

x U G - Generalization and Explanation of knowledge [12]
x U E - Modeling, U A - Planning, U R - Decision-making [13] and Situational Fuzzy Control [3], [7]
x OU - Organizational Object
x H - Human (Robots) [10] and others.
b) Intelligent Autonomous Adaptive Systems:

x Systems Thinking [16], [17]

x Reasoning [16], [17]
x Fuzzy Logic Inference [11], Decision making [3], [13] and Fuzzy Control [6], [7]
x Knowledge Representation, Generalization and Explanation [14], [15], [8], [10], [12]
x Multi-lingual communication [6], [9], [10]
x Information [4] and others.

The traditional methods of Systems Thinking are characterized by: a) lack of situational principle of knowledge
control, b) pre-known scenarios, which are clearly defined in advance, c) no variability of structures and
relationships in the knowledge, d) limited activity of knowledge, e) inability to update of knowledge in accordance
with the changing environment, and others. Given these and other shortcomings we propose a systemic and
linguistic approach to Intelligent Systems Thinking under uncertainty in Fuzzy Environment, using the principles of
Situational Control and Fuzzy Logic theories, Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Knowledge based technology and
others.
The proposed technology is a composite part of the concept of creating an autonomous intelligent Fuzzy Control
[3] and Information systems [4] consisting of the components (agents) [18], [5] which are functioning under
uncertainty in Fuzzy Environment.
There are a lot of interesting ideas, methods and algorithms for Reasoning and Systems Thinking, as example in:

x [16] is described the evolution of Reasoning comprises on the steps of specific situational, conceptual, empirical,
categorical, figuratively situational, visual-creative, symbolic and creative thinking
x [19] is considered the dependence of manganese to the sustainable development of the economy and
infrastructure of cities using the nature intelligent approach of systems thinking and dynamic modeling of the
main factors of industry
x [20] is provided the methodology of thinking like an expert and understanding in the learning process of students
through school-based modeling of examples
x [21] is presented a systems thinking approach to modeling and understanding the factors which have an influence
on the successful uptake of environmental practices in small and medium sized manufacturing companies.

The comparative analysis of these and others works, associated with our work showed, that there is no integrated,
systemic and linguistic approach to the problem of modeling Systems Thinking under uncertainty in Fuzzy
Environment, using the techniques of Situational Control of fuzzy data, information and knowledge, and the
technologies of Fuzzy Logic, Situational Control, Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics and others.
Thus, on the basis of thinking are formed and are bind the concepts, which are related with the appropriate
symbols of language in a particular subject area.
The System Thinking is considered by us as a process of Reasoning, whose modeling process is presented in the
paper.
The scheme of reasoning and methods of modeling, which are shown in [16], as well as models and methods for
managing data, information and knowledge [9], [7], [22], [14], [10], the simulation of fuzzy logic inference [11] and
others were used by us in the proposed technology for the implementation of knowledge representation and
modeling of reasoning in uncertain conditions of Fuzzy Environment [17].
In the paper, we adhere to the concept, where the main objective of Intelligent Systems Thinking is promote the
modeling process of Fuzzy Logic Inference using methods of fuzzy control and actualization of data, information
96 Ben Khayut et al. / Procedia Computer Science 36 (2014) 93 – 100

and knowledge in knowledge bases by using principles of theories GST [1], System Thinking [2], Situational
Control [24], Fuzzy Logic [23], Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge based technologies.
The Reasoning is understood in the paper as a process of gaining new knowledge and parcels (Fig. 1) on basis of
autonomous processes of managing data, information and knowledge, fuzzy logic inference, decision making and
other methods.
In this regard, we propose the technology, which solves the considered problems by involving of methods:

x Reasoning as processes of: a) Knowledge Representation, realized as processes of situational Fuzzy modeling
and Fuzzy Control [7], [18] of data, information and knowledge in Fuzzy Environment, b) Situational Knowledge
Control [3], c) Modeling of Fuzzy Logic Inference [11] and d) Decision making in Fuzzy Environment [13]
x Systems thinking as processes of Reasoning under uncertainty in Fuzzy Environment.

2. Methods

2.1. Reasoning and Systems Thinking.

The reasoning is seen as the process of using existing knowledge to draw conclusions, make predictions, or
construct explanations using deductive, inductive and other methods.
Given the fact that this process should operate in real-time, in conditions of lack of knowledge and under
uncertainty, becomes relevant the following approach of solving this problem by:

x Fuzzy modeling and situational control of relevant data, information and knowledge in real-time
x Planning, decision-making and control knowledge by using deductive, inductive, intuition, wisdom, heuristic and
other methods
x Generalization and explanation of knowledge and reasoning
x Taking into account the impact of Fuzzy Environment on the results of Reasoning and System Thinking
x And so on.

In these circumstances, the problem of reasoning is solved by using principles of GST, CAS and Situational
Control [24], Fuzzy Logic [23], Linguistics, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge based technologies and others.
Thus, the method of Reasoning should be meeting the following guidelines:

x All information about the data, information and knowledge objects of control can be communicated to reasoning
system (control system) as a set of Natural Language (NL) sentences
x The model of control of reasoning stays fundamentally open and never terminated with creation of the final
model
x Description of the process of reasoning control should be possible in the form of NL phrases.

Under these conditions the proposed method of fuzzy modeling and control of reasoning, displays a linguistic
approach to the problem and allows using of inductive, deductive and other methods for solving the problem of
reasoning with using NL in Fuzzy Environment.
For this were used heuristic algorithms, methods of intuition and wisdom [18], which are realized on basis of
models of knowledge modeling (1), (Fig. 1)
K g (R d , R z , R y , Ag ) (1),
rules
R g (Rd , R z , R y ) (2),
h t p
relations R , R , R , facts (simulations)
 Ben Khayut et al. / Procedia Computer Science 36 (2014) 93 – 100 97

A g (G d , G z , G y ) (3),
d z y
and their subsets of accumulation segments G , G , G , extracted from bases of data, information and
knowledge. These models were presented in [11] by the ratio
 A g , K g , (S i , Q m Ÿ Q i , I ) ! (4),
which represents a model of situational control of data, information and knowledge. The ratio

 Ag , K g , P h , (S i , Q m Ÿ Qi , I ) ! (5),
where
Pg (P h , P t , P p , P z ) (6),
are the characteristic (logical) functions of Fuzzy Logic.
The d, z and y respectively, are identifiers of accumulation segments of subject, linguistic, behavioral and others
data, information and knowledge frames.
The h, t, p and z respectively, are the levels of purposeful modeling of fuzzy a) logic inference, b) generalization
and explanation knowledge, c) dialog control, and d) reasoning and thinking, organized with the use of fuzzy
h t p z h t p z
relations R , R , R , R and logical functions P , P , P , P on the set of components (stems, paradigms and
others) of generalized linguistic variables (GLV) (corteges in Data Bases (DB) and Knowledge Bases (KB).
The result of the reference is a multi-dimensional generalized rule – relation R (computational generalized
p g x p g
frame Gi ) with the area of values P : x o L . The Gi is defined on h, t, p and z levels as chain of parcels P ,
where each of which forms the group of coded (computing) values. The values are used by the algorithms of the
systems in inductive, deductive and other methods for solving the problem of fuzzy reasoning and thinking in each
of the considered levels.
g h t p z
Thus, the multi-dimensional relations (generalized rules) R and the values b , b , b , b of
h t p z R
functions P , P , P , P , are mapped by the Reasoning system U , respectively, on the considered levels and
are the result of modeling fuzzy reasoning and thinking in Fuzzy Control system [17].
The process of generalization and explanation of knowledge [12] is considered as a search process for a target
logical function (situation) by reasoning system, which uses for that the processes of systems of modeling a) fuzzy
I G
logic interface U , b) generalization and explanation U , c) control of data, information and knowledge and
D
dialog U , and d) semantic knowledge network of frames.
Consequently, the ration (5) can be represented as
 A g , K g , P h ( P t ), ( S i , Q m Ÿ Q i , I ) ! (7),
which represents a model of modeling of fuzzy logic inference.
The extents of compliance of the numerical and verbal estimates for concepts x from X are determinate by fuzzy
sets
AD { x, P A ( x ) t D A } (8),
and by relations
RD { x, P A ( x ) t D R } (9),
on the mentioned levels of modeling.
Thus, the model of Fuzzy Reasoning and Systems Thinking, which is represented by ratio
P z ( x) › ( P p ( x) š P t ( x) š P h ( x) š Poss(a / aD ) (10),
is a composite rule of reasoning and thinking in the considered Situational Data, Information and Knowledge
z
Control (SDIKC), where the rule P (x ) is interpreted as a desired logic function, which identifies the disjunction
of conjunctions of modulated logic functions
P p ( x), P t ( x), P h ( x) and Poss(a / aD ) (11),
98 Ben Khayut et al. / Procedia Computer Science 36 (2014) 93 – 100

D
Establishing the values of D - level for A (in certain and various distributive lattices L , “nearest” to the top
A z
of the curves P at each of the considered levels of modeling of knowledge), - leads (using P ) to unit all of
“tops” D - slices and to the formation of the resulting fuzzy set of unique (generalized) and relevant data,
information and knowledge.
Similarly, the Dialog Control is based on the ended operations of fuzzy logic inference, generalization of
knowledge and control actions of SDIKC. His model is presented in [6] by ratio
 A g , K g , P z ( P h ( P t ( P p ))), ( S i , Q m Ÿ Q i , I ) ! (12),
where
Pp f ( P h ( P t )), u , x, w) (13),
Thus, the model of Fuzzy Reasoning and Systems Thinking is represented by ratio
 A g , K g , P z ( P h ( P t ( P p ))), ( S i , Q m Ÿ Q i , I ) ! (14),
where
(S i , Q m Ÿ Qi , I ) (15),
determines the elementary act of control in the processes of fuzzy modeling, inference, reasoning and selecting
i
the relevant decision (conclusion), that transforms the control system in the situation S , which characterizes its
i m i
new state Q , after the state Q was shifted to Q .
E A
The U and U (Fig. 1) [3] are implemented the process of modeling and selecting of relevant decisions, using
R
the reasoning processes, realized by means of U .
The Intelligent User Interface ( IUI ) [5] generates the new parcels, serialized into bases of data, information and
knowledge. Those of these parcels, which are relevant to the situation are perceived as decisions on NL and used by
U
Manager for implementation of control action u on organizational object O . The x and w are fuzzy influences of
Fuzzy Environment, where the first of them is accessible for estimation, but the second is not.
IUI L is IUI [5], which interacts with humans and / or systems using the language of communication. This
D I G
interface is connected to U , U and U , which respectively, are systems (agents) of a) control data, information,
knowledge and dialog control, b) fuzzy logic inference, and c) generalization and explanation knowledge.
Thus, the knowledge module analyzes other areas of linguistic variables to take into account the specific aspects
in the style of reasoning.
The Fig. 2 a) and b) represents the processes of reasoning and systems thinking [17] in the a) external and b)
internal levels of modeling of linguistic and domains of knowledge in block of grammatical ambiguity resolution of
stems (paradigms) of input terminological expressions of NL in a bilingual situation of (English – Russian) machine
translation.
For clarity (Fig. 2a) presented fragments of two relational matrices, in each of which the lines define the
' $
fragments of semantic domain of fuzzy sets Aikm , Aikm of the variables and columns, which defines a
' $
multidimensional discrete domains with their definitions xikm , xikm .
' $
Each matrix consists of the fragments of fuzzy relations Rikm , Rikm , which are aggregated, integrated and
organized in relational linguistic and domains bases of data, information and knowledge in the framework of the
generalized fuzzy relation Rikm .
The columns I, J, K, P, L (Fig. 2b) in matrices defines respectively a) the stem and domain of word in the input
language, b) the stem and domain of a word in the output language, c) the conceptual code of stem and domain of a
word, d) the code of right and left combinability of stems and domains.
In this case the (3) will be presented as
A g (..., Gikm
d z
, Gikm y
, Gikm ,...) (16),
and is a model of set of generalized linguistic and domains variables (situations), where a) …,d, z, y,…
respectively, are identifiers of modeled computational frames of data, information and knowledge, b) i, k, m
respectively, are the identifiers of extensional, intentional and transformative levels of modeling and reformatting
d z y
data, information and knowledge, and c) Gikm , Gikm , Gikm are segments of the accumulation of the considered data,
 Ben Khayut et al. / Procedia Computer Science 36 (2014) 93 – 100 99

information and knowledge in the respective bases.

Fragment of semantic domain of fuzzy sets

` ` $ $
A ikm A
ikm A ikm A ikm Fragment of generalized linguistic variables in semantic
network of frames
case transmission
I J K P L I J K P L I
$ $ $ $ 4 $
I J 11 11 K
4
11 P L
11 11 I J 11 11 K 11 P
11 L
11 J ɤɚɪɬɟɪ ɤɨɪɨɛ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɛ
` $
R ikm
I J 21 21 K P L
21 21 21 I J
$
21
$
21 K
$
21 P
$
21
$
L 21
R ikm 02412 02412 17400 02412
K
$
I J K PP1 LL1 I J
$ $
K P
$ $
L P 16
I1 J1 K1 I1 J1 K1 P1 L1 02102 02405 12405 02406 05100
L 16 16 16 16 16 02412
R ikm

Fig. 2. Fuzzy Reasoning and Systems Thinking processes on the (a) external; (b) internal levels of their modeling.

In the last set of rations is defined a generalized logical semantic rule (17), which resolves the lexical ambiguity
in the phrases of NL as
$ $ $ $
IF ( K i1 Pi1 ) AND ( K i1 Li1 ) TO ( I i1 I i q1 ) AND ( I i1 I i q1 ) (17)

The block of resolution of ambiguity that implements the rule (17), is a knowledge module of the intentional level
g d z y
in reasoning system and formally is represented by the ratio K (..., Rikm , Rikm , Rikm ,...) . The result of this block is
fuzzy inference, which constructs the verbal and numerical estimates (parcels), identifying the meaning of phrases,
using input and output of NL. Fig. 1 , Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b describes the process of Reasoning and Systems thinking
respectively in the external and internal levels of their representations with the use of Relational Data Base
Management System.
Application of rule (17) and other operations on the domestic level of input phrases of English language leads to
the semiotic, semantic and pragmatic representation their on the external level of output phrase on Russian
language. Likewise, it works, and vice versa, when the input is Russian and output is English, and this is true in a
multilingual situation in which the meaning of the phrase can be synthesized from a single internal representation of
language into any other language of its existed representation. Similarly, is realized the transformative level of
modeling reasoning and system thinking, and processing of knowledge, using the block of final resolution of lexical
ambiguity in the implementation of machine translation phrases of NL in multilingual situation. Thus, the
knowledge module analyzes other areas of linguistic variables to take into account the specific aspects in the style of
Reasoning and Systems thinking.

3. Conclusions

The proposed methods and technology in this paper are oriented for using Intelligent Systems Thinking in the
intelligent autonomous Fuzzy Control, Information and other Complex Adaptive Systems, operating in fuzzy
environments, under uncertainty and communicating with humans and other systems in different languages, in the
dissimilar domains, where processes, situations and factors of influence on the control object and back a) cannot be
determinate and structured in advance, and b) may be understood relevantly and unambiguously.

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