Internal Displacement in India: Causes, Protection and Dilemmas

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 3

Accountability India and the Guiding Principles

Conclusions

&OHDUO\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVQHHGD
Internal displacement in
IORXULVKLQJSULYDWHVHFWRULIWKH\DUHWR
SDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\,WLV
DOVRFOHDUWKDWPXFKRIILFLDODLGLVSUR
India: causes, protection
PRWLQJWKHLQWHUHVWVRIPDMRUFRPSDQLHV
EDVHGLQLQGXVWULDOL]HGFRXQWULHVZKLOH
and dilemmas
GRLQJOLWWOHHLWKHUWRHQFRXUDJHWKH
HPHUJHQFHRIORFDOHQWUHSUHQHXUVDEOHWR
FRPSHWHLQZRUOGPDUNHWVRUWRSURPRWH
by Mahendra P Lama
WKHULJKWVRIWKRVHDIIHFWHGE\VXFKSUR
MHFWV$VWKH:RUOG%DQN*URXSSODFHV

$
LQFUHDVLQJHPSKDVLVRQLWVSDUWQHUVKLS OWKRXJK,QGLDKDVEHHQSURQHWR L 6LQFHLQGHSHQGHQFHQRUWKHDVW,QGLD
ZLWKWKHSULYDWHVHFWRULWUHPDLQVWREH YLROHQFHLWKDVJHQHUDWHGIHZ KDVZLWQHVVHGWZRPDMRUDUPHGFRQIOLFWV
VHHQZKHWKHUUHFHQWUHIRUPXODWLRQRI UHIXJHHV+RZHYHUZDUFRQIOLFW WKH1DJDPRYHPHQWSULPDULO\OHGE\WKH
RSHUDWLRQDOSROLFLHVEDQNSURFHGXUHVDQG KXPDQULJKWVDEXVHVDQGIRUFHGUHORFD 1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVW&RXQFLORI1DJDODQG
JRRGSUDFWLFHVUHJDUGLQJLQYROXQWDU\ WLRQKDYHFUHDWHGDKLJKOHYHORILQWHUQDO DQGWKH$VVDPPRYHPHQWOHGE\WKH$OO
UHVHWWOHPHQWL[ZLOOLQFOXGHVFRSHIRU GLVSODFHPHQW(VWLPDWLQJWKHQXPEHURI $VVDP6WXGHQWV8QLRQDQGQRZODUJHO\
FRPSODLQWVIURPDIIHFWHGFRPPXQLWLHV ,'3VLQ,QGLDLVSUREOHPDWLF5HJXODU WDNHQRYHUE\WKHH[WUHPLVW8QLWHG
PRQLWRULQJLVQRWSRVVLEOHLQVXFKD /LEHUDWLRQ)URQWRI$VVDP7KHYLROHQFH
7KHDGRSWLRQRIYROXQWDU\FRGHVRIFRQ KXJHFRXQWU\ZKLFKODFNVDFHQWUDO DQGUHWDOLDWRU\UHVSRQVHVIURPWKHJRY
GXFWE\VXFKOHDGLQJFRPSDQLHVDV%3 DXWKRULW\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUFRRUGLQDWLQJ HUQPHQWDQGRWKHUIRUFHVRSSRVHG WRWKH
$PRFRDQG6KHOOLVQRWHQRXJK GDWDIURPFHQWUDODQGVWDWHJRYHUQ VHFHVVLRQLVWVFRQWLQXHWRJHQHUDWHD
(QYLURQPHQWDOLVWVDUHFDOOLQJIRUD PHQWV7KHQDWXUHIUHTXHQF\DQGH[WHQW VWHDG\IORZRIGLVSODFHGSHRSOH
¶GHYHORSPHQWVFUHHQ·WRHQVXUHWKDWWKH RIWKHFDXVHVRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWLQ
:RUOG%DQN·V,QWHUQDWLRQDO)LQDQFH ,QGLDDUHVRYDU\LQJWKDWLWZRXOGEHD LL ,Q.DVKPLU·V¶ZDU·EHWZHHQVWDWH
&RPPLWWHH·VSURMHFWVSURPRWHJURZWK KHUFXOHDQWDVNWRPRQLWRUDQGUHFRUG IRUFHVDQGPLOLWDQWVWKHNLOOLQJRI
WKDWLV¶SURSRRU·DQGVWULFWO\FRQIRUPV WKHP3ROLWLFDOVHQVLWLYLWLHVDWVWDWHOHYHO .DVKPLUL3DQGLWVE\IXQGDPHQWDOLVW
WRDLGJXLGHOLQHV(XURSHDQ1*2VKDYH SUHYHQWUHOHDVHRIGDWDRQWKHH[DFW VHFHVVLRQLVWJURXSVWKHZLGHVSUHDG
VXJJHVWHGWKDWH[SRUWFUHGLWVDQGFRQ DQDUFK\FUHDWHGE\SROLWLFDOLQVWDELOLW\
QDWXUHDQGH[WHQWRIGLVSODFHPHQW
WUDFWVSDLGIRURXWRIRYHUVHDVDLG DQGWKHFRQWLQXRXVYLRODWLRQRIIXQGD
EXGJHWVVKRXOGEHGHSHQGHQWRQSULYDWH PHQWDOKXPDQULJKWVE\ERWKWKHVWDWH
7KHUHLVWKXVKXJHYDULDWLRQLQHVWLPDWHV
FRPSDQLHVSXEOLFO\DGRSWLQJWKHUHYLVHG DQGPLOLWDQWJURXSVKDYHOHGWRODUJH
RIWKHQXPEHUVRI,'3VLQ,QGLD7KHODW
2(&'*XLGHOLQHVIRU0XOWLQDWLRQDO VFDOHGLVSODFHPHQWPDLQO\RI.DVKPLUL
HVW:RUOG5HIXJHH6XUYH\ SXWWKHWRWDO
&RUSRUDWLRQV 3DQGLWV HVWLPDWHGDW WR
QXPEHURI,'3VLQ,QGLDDVWKH
-DPPXDQGFLWLHVOLNH'HOKL'HVSLWHWKH
,QGLDQ6RFLDO,QVWLWXWHLQ'HOKLDQGWKH
3DWULFLD)HHQH\LVDUHVHDUFKDVVRFL HOHFWLRQDQGUHVWRUDWLRQRIDSRSXODU
*OREDO,'33URMHFWSODFHLWDWPLO
DWHRIWKH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH JRYHUQPHQWLQWKRVHGLVSODFHG
OLRQ
DQGD6HQLRU3ROLF\$GYLVRUIRU KDYHQRWEHHQDEOHWRUHWXUQGXHWRWKH
2[IDP*%+HUFXUUHQWUHVHDUFK FRQWLQXLQJUHDOLW\RIVSRUDGLFPDVVDFUHV
7KHPDMRULW\RIFDVHVLQZKLFKSHRSOH
IRFXVHVRQWKHVRFLDOLPSOLFDWLRQVRI LQ.DVKPLU$OWKRXJKFRQGLWLRQVDUH
KDYHEHHQIRUFHGWRIOHHWKHLUKRPHVDUH
WKHSULYDWL]DWLRQRI=DPELD·VVWDWH PLVHUDEOHWKHGLVSODFHGILQGWKDWFDPSV
WKHFRQVHTXHQFHRIJRYHUQPHQWSXUVXLW RIIHUEHWWHUHPSOR\PHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHV
RZQHGFRSSHUPLQHV
RISROLWLFDOJRDOVDQGGHYHORSPHQW HGXFDWLRQDQGVHFXULW\
(PDLOSIHHQH\#R[IDPRUJXN
REMHFWLYHV'HYHORSPHQWLQGXFHGGLVSODFH
6HHZZZXQJOREDOFRPSDFWFRP PHQWKDVRYHUZKHOPLQJO\GRPLQDWHGWKH ,, ,GHQWLW\EDVHGDXWRQRP\PRYHPHQWV
6HHWKHSDJHVRIWKH5HVHWWOHPHQW7KHPDWLF7HDP ,'3VFHQDULRLQ,QGLD$ORQJVLGH
RQWKH:RUOG%DQNZHEVLWHZZZZRUOGEDQNRUJ
6HHZZZLUQRUJSURJUDPVUHYLHZVXEPLVVLRQV
GHYHORSPHQWLQGXFHGGLVSODFHPHQWQHZ ,GHQWLW\EDVHGDXWRQRP\PRYHPHQWV
VKWPO FDXVDOIDFWRUVDUHIDVWHPHUJLQJ8QOLNH KDYHDOVROHGWRYLROHQFHDQGGLVSODFH
)RUGHWDLOVVHHZZZZRUOGEDQNRUJSLFVSLG
WKHJOREDOVFHQDULRLQWKHFROGZDUGD\V PHQW7KLVKDVKDSSHQHGLQ3XQMDEDQG
WGW[W
2[IDP*%'UDIW5HSRUWRQ5HVHWWOHPHQWLQWKH ZKHUHSRSXODWLRQGLVSODFHPHQWVZHUH PRUHUHFHQWO\LQWKH%RGR$XWRQRPRXV
,)&.RQNROD0LQLQJ3URMHFW=DPELD-XQH PRVWIUHTXHQWO\FDXVHGE\DUPHGFRQ &RXQFLODUHDRIZHVWHUQ$VVDP
5RELQ3DOPHU3DWULFLD)HHQH\DQG0LFKHOR
+DQVXQJXOH¶/DQG7HQXUH,QVHFXULW\RQ=DPELD·V IOLFWVIXHOOHGE\ELJSRZHUULYDOU\LQ6RXWK ¶&OHDQVLQJ·RIQRQ%RGRFRPPXQLWLHVE\
&RSSHUEHOW·UHSRUWIRU2[IDP*%LQ=DPELD $VLDWKHVRFDOOHGSRVWFROGZDU¶GHVWUXF WKH%RGRVWKURXJKSOXQGHUDUVRQPDV
'HFHPEHU
WXUHGFRQIOLFWV·RU¶ORZLQWHQVLW\ZDUV· VDFUHDQGSHUVHFXWLRQKDVIRUFHGDODUJH
7KHSDUWO\SULYDWL]HG%ULWLVK&RPPRQZHDOWK
'HYHORSPHQW&RUSRUDWLRQWKH86FUHGLWDJHQF\WKH KDYHJHQHUDWHGGLVSODFHPHQWIRUDORQJ QXPEHURIQRQ%RGRVWRIOHH7KH\QRZ
2YHUVHDV3ULYDWH,QYHVWPHQW&RUSRUDWLRQ 23,& DQG WLPH OLYHLQFDPSV
WKH:RUOG%DQN·V0XOWLODWHUDO,QYHVWPHQW*XDUDQWHH
$JHQF\ 0,*$ DUHDOPRVWDORQHLQWKHLUSXEOLFFRP
PLWPHQWWRFRPSO\LQJZLWKVRPHEDVLFGHYHORSPHQW ,Q,QGLDWKHUHDUHIRXUEURDGFDWHJRULHV ,,, /RFDOL]HGYLROHQFH
DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOVWDQGDUGV
RIGLVSODFHPHQW
)RUIXUWKHUGHWDLOVYLVLWWKH,OLVX'DP&DPSDLJQ
ZHEVLWHZZZLOLVXRUJXN ,QWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWKDVDOVRDULVHQ
6HHKWWSZEOQZRUOGEDQNRUJHVVGHVVGQVI , 3ROLWLFDOFDXVHVLQFOXGLQJVHFHVVLRQ IURPFDVWHGLVSXWHV DVLQ%LKDUDQG
IIHFHGHHHEIEHFFHIHG
FDHGFEH"2SHQ'RFXPHQW LVWPRYHPHQWV 8WWDU3UDGHVK UHOLJLRXVIXQGDPHQWDOLVP

24 FORCED MIGRATION review 8


India and the Guiding Principles

DVLQXUEDQULRWVLQ%RPED\ LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHGLVSODFHGDQG SHRSOHDUHGLVSODFHGDQQXDOO\)ORRG


&RLPEDWRUH%KDJDOSXUDQG$OLJDUK DQG SUHSDUDWLRQRIUHVHWWOHPHQWSODQV DIIHFWHGDUHDVVKRWXSIURPDQDYHUDJH
DJJUHVVLYHGHQLDORIUHVLGHQF\DQG RIPLOOLRQKHFWDUHVD\HDULQWKH
HPSOR\PHQWULJKWVWRQRQLQGLJHQRXV 7KHIDFWWKDWGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFWVDUH VWRPLOOLRQKHFWDUHVLQWKHV
JURXSVE\VXSSRUWHUVRIWKH¶VRQRIWKH XVXDOO\ORFDWHGLQUHPRWHYLOODJHVKLOOV *RYHUQPHQWIORRGFRQWUROPHDVXUHV
VRLOSROLF\· DVLQ0HJKDOD\DE\WKH DQGIRUHVWVPHDQVWKDWWKRVHGLVSODFHG PDLQO\FRQVLVWRIGDPVDQGHPEDQN
.KDVLVWXGHQWVDQGLQ$UXQDFKDO WHQGWREHWKHLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHZKR PHQWV2YHUNPRIHPEDQNPHQWV
3UDGHVKDJDLQVWWKH&KDNPDV  KDYHEHHQWKHWUDGLWLRQDODJHQWVRIFRQ KDYHEHHQEXLOWDQQXDOO\VLQFHDQG
VHUYDWLRQ+HUHGLVSODFHPHQWKDVPHDQW ODUJHGDPVZLWKDQDYHUDJHKHLJKW
,9 (QYLURQPHQWDODQGGHYHORSPHQW DORVVRIOLYHOLKRRGKDELWDWDQGDVVHWV RIPHWUHVDQGDERYHKDGEHHQFRQ
LQGXFHGGLVSODFHPHQW VRFLDOGLVUXSWLRQDQGGLVRUGHUDQGVHYHU VWUXFWHGE\PRUHZHUHXQGHU
DQFHIURPDQHFRV\VWHPZKLFKKDG FRQVWUXFWLRQ<HWDOOWKHVHKDYHIDLOHGWR
,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHUDSLGHFRQRPLF VXVWDLQHGWKHP0RVWFULWLFDOO\WKHVH FRQWUROIORRGVDQGLQGHHGGDPVDUHQRZ
JURZWK,QGLDKDVLQYHVWHGLQLQGXVWULDO GLVSODFHPHQWVWKUHDWHQWKHSRRUDQGWKH FLWHGDVDQLPSRUWDQWFDXVHRIIORRGV
SURMHFWVGDPVURDGVPLQHVSRZHU ZHDNZLWKHYHQJUHDWHULPSRYHULVKPHQW ZKLOHHPEDQNPHQWVKDYHGLVUXSWHGWKH
SODQWVDQGQHZFLWLHVZKLFKKDYHEHHQ ,WLVRQO\WKRVHFDVHVRI¶LQYROXQWDU\ QDWXUDO GUDLQDJHV\VWHPLQWKHIORRG
PDGHSRVVLEOHRQO\WKURXJKPDVVLYH UHVHWWOHPHQW·ZKLFKFRPHWRWKHDWWHQ SODLQV
DFTXLVLWLRQRIODQGDQGVXEVHTXHQWGLV WLRQRIVRFLDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDO
SODFHPHQWRISHRSOH$FFRUGLQJWRWKH DFWLYLVWVDQGDUHWKXVKLJKOLJKWHGWKDW ¶1DWXUDO·GLVDVWHUOHGGLVSODFHPHQWLV
ILJXUHVSURYLGHGE\WKH,QGLDQ6RFLDO OHDGWRVRPHPHDVXUHRIVWDWHLQWHUYHQ QHYHUUHFRUGHGDIWHUWKHLQLWLDOGRVHRI
,QVWLWXWHWKHPLOOLRQGHYHORSPHQW WLRQ,QPRVWFDVHVWRWDOGLVSODFHPHQW UHOLHIDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQDVVLVWDQFH2QH
LQGXFHG,'3VLQFOXGHWKRVHGLVSODFHGE\ ZLWKORVVRIKRPHDQGOLYHOLKRRGKDV RIWKHPRVWVHULRXVDVSHFWVRIWKH
GDPV PLOOLRQ PLQHV PLOOLRQ  UHVXOWHG GLVSODFHPHQWEHORQJLQJWRWKLVFDWHJRU\
LQGXVWULDOGHYHORSPHQW PLOOLRQ KDVEHHQWKHIDFWWKDWWKHGLVSODFHPHQW
DQGZLOGOLIHVDQFWXDULHVDQGQDWLRQDO 5HKDELOLWDWLRQSULPDULO\WKHSURFHVVRI KDVEHHQVLOHQWEXWDFXWHDQGIUHTXHQW
SDUNV PLOOLRQ  UHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHOLYHOLKRRGRIGLV
SODFHGSHUVRQVKDVQHYHUEHHQD Institutional responses
Development projects JXLGLQJSULQFLSOHRIWKH/DQG
$FTXLVLWLRQ$FW VWLOOLQXVH ZKLFK ,QGLDKDVQRQDWLRQDOSROLF\DQGOHJDO
'HYHORSPHQWSURMHFWVSDUWLFXODUO\GDPV LQVWHDGHPSKDVLVHVFDVKFRPSHQVDWLRQ LQVWLWXWLRQDOIUDPHZRUNWRGHDOZLWK
KDYHDOZD\VJHQHUDWHGVHULRXVFRQWURYHUV\ IRUORVV7KHJRYHUQPHQWKDVWDNHQWKH HLWKHUUHIXJHHVRU,'3V,QGLDKDVQRW
LQ,QGLDDVWKH\KDYHWHQGHGWREHD ILUPVWDQGWKDWUHKDELOLWDWLRQZRXOGQRW UDWLILHGWKH&RQYHQWLRQDQG
PDMRUVRXUFHRIGLVSODFHPHQWUHODWHG EHDSULPHFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQDFTXLULQJ 3URWRFRODQGGRHVQRWSHUPLW81+&5
FRQIOLFWV(VWLPDWHVRIQDWLRQDOUHVHWWOH ODQGIRU¶SXEOLFSXUSRVH· WKHGHILQLWLRQ DFFHVVWRPRVWUHIXJHHJURXSV,QWKH
PHQWIRUFHGE\GHYHORSPHQWSURMHFWV RIZKLFKKDVQRWEHHQPDGHSXEOLF  DEVHQFHRIDSHUPDQHQWLQVWLWXWLRQDO
VKRZVWKDWGXULQJWKHQXPEHU 7KHJRYHUQPHQWKDVHYHQVRXJKWWRWDNH VWUXFWXUHWRRYHUVHHUHIXJHHLVVXHVWKH
RISHRSOHDIIHFWHGZDVPLOOLRQ DZD\WKHULJKWRIDSSHDOE\WKRVHZKRVH JUDQWLQJRIUHIXJHHVWDWXVKDVEHHQDW
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH&HQWUDO:DWHU&RPP ODQGVWDQGVWREHFRQILVFDWHGE\PDNLQJ WKHGLVFUHWLRQRIWKHSROLWLFDODXWKRULWLHV
LVVLRQRYHUGDPVKDYHEHHQEXLOW WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWWKHRQO\DSSHOODWH 'XHWRDVLPLODUDEVHQFHRIDQDWLRQDO
VLQFHLQGHSHQGHQFHDQGVRPH IRUXP SROLF\RQUHVHWWOHPHQWDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQ
PRUHDUHXQGHUFRQVWUXFWLRQ$QRWKHU RI,'3VWKHUHKDVEHHQRQO\SLHFHPHDO
VWXG\RIODUJHGDPVGRQHE\WKH,QGLDQ *OREDOL]DWLRQKDVEHHQDQRWKHUWKUHDWWR DQGDGKRF LQLWLDWLYHVDWSURMHFWDQG
,QVWLWXWHRI3XEOLF$GPLQLVWUDWLRQFRQ LQGLJHQRXVFRPPXQLWLHVDVSULYDWHFRQ VWDWHOHYHO(YHQWKHODWHVW'UDIW1DWLRQDO
FOXGHGWKDWWKHDYHUDJHQXPEHURISHRSOH JORPHUDWHV LQFOXGLQJIRUHLJQPXOWL 3ROLF\IRU5HKDELOLWDWLRQRI3HUVRQV
GLVSODFHGE\DODUJHGDPLV QDWLRQDOV HQFURDFKXSRQUXUDOODQGV 'LVSODFHGDVD&RQVHTXHQFHRI
KLWKHUWRWKHGRPDLQRIWULEDODQGRWKHU $FTXLVLWLRQRI/DQGSURSRVHGE\WKH
2YHUIDPLOLHVZHUHXSURRWHGDQG LQGLJHQRXVFRPPXQLWLHVWREXLOGWKH 0LQLVWU\RI5XUDO'HYHORSPHQWGRHVQRW
RXVWHGZKHQWKH3RQJ'DPZDVFRQ JRYHUQPHQW·VGHVLUHGLQGXVWULDOLQIUD GHDOZLWKDQ\RWKHUW\SHRIGLVSODFHPHQW
VWUXFWHGQHDUO\\HDUVDJRDQGWKH\ VWUXFWXUH7KHSURSRVHGDPHQGPHQWVWR H[FHSWWKDWDULVLQJIURPODQGDFTXLVL
KDYHVWLOOQRWUHFHLYHGWKHEHQHILWRIDQ\ WKH$FWLIFDUULHGRXWDUHOLNHO\WR WLRQ7KLVGUDIWDOVRWRWDOO\GLVUHJDUGV
SURSHUUHKDELOLWDWLRQPHDVXUHV7KH JHQHUDWHQHZZDYHVRIGLVSODFHPHQWDV WKHSOLJKWDQGLQWHUHVWVRI,'3VRIRWKHU
:RUOG%DQN·V¶3URMHFW&RPSOHWLRQ WKH$FWZLOOWKHQPDNHLWHYHQHDVLHUIRU FDWHJRULHVLQFOXGLQJWKRVHIOHHLQJ
5HSRUW·IRUWKHFRQWURYHUVLDO6DUGDU SULYDWHLQWHUHVWVWRDFTXLUHODQG KXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQVSK\VLFDOYLR
6DURYDUGDPRQWKH1DUPDGD OLNHO\WR OHQFHDQGFRPPXQDODQGRWKHUVRXUFHV
GLVSODFHPLOOLRQSHRSOH KDVFDVWD Natural disaster-induced RIWHQVLRQ
VKDGRZRYHUWKHSURMHFW·VIXWXUH,QGLD·V displacement
XQLPSUHVVLYHWUDFNUHFRUGLQRSHUDWLRQV &UXFLDOO\JRYHUQPHQWDFFRXQWDELOLW\IRU
DQGPDLQWHQDQFHVD\VWKHUHSRUWLV 7KHUHKDVEHHQPDVVLYHDQGUHFXUUHQW WKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIVWDWHLPSRVHGGLV
UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHXQFHUWDLQW\,QGLD GLVSODFHPHQWGXHWRIORRGVF\FORQHV SODFHPHQWKDVEHHQYLUWXDOO\DEVHQW
KDVERUURZHG86PLOOLRQIURPWKH DQGODQGVOLGHV$UHSRUWE\WKH&HQWUH :KLOHWKHVWDWHVKDYHDJJUHVVLYHO\FOD
:RUOG%DQNWREXLOGWKHGDP,Q IRU6FLHQFHDQG(QYLURQPHQW  PRXUHGIRUPRUHEHQHILWVIURPGHYHORS
WKH%DQNFDQFHOOHGSODQVWROHQGPRUH VWDWHVWKDW,QGLDLVWKHPRVWIORRG PHQWSURMHFWVWKH\KDYHFRQVLVWHQWO\
GXHWRWKH,QGLDQJRYHUQPHQW·VIDLOXUH DIIHFWHGFRXQWU\LQWKHZRUOGDIWHU KDJJOHGRYHUWKHLUVKDUHRIUHKDELOLWDWLRQ
WRPHHWHYHQVXFKEDVLFFRQGLWLRQVDV %DQJODGHVKDQGWKDWRYHUPLOOLRQ FRVWVDQGWRWDOO\GLVUHJDUGHGWKHSOLJKW

FORCED MIGRATION review 8 25


India and the Guiding Principles
RIWKRVHGLVSODFHG7KH'UDIW1DWLRQDO ‡ PLQLPL]HQRQHWKQLFFLYLOFRQIOLFWV $VTXRWHGE\5ROL$VWKDQD¶,QYROXQWDU\
5HVHWWOHPHQW6XUYH\RI,QWHUQDWLRQDO([SHULHQFH·
3ROLF\IRU5HKDELOLWDWLRQLVDPXOWL ‡ DYRLGUHSUHVVLYHPHDVXUHVDQGHQVXUH (FRQRPLFDQG3ROLWLFDO:HHNO\%RPED\-XQH
GLPHQVLRQDOUHVSRQVHWRGLVSODFHPHQW WKDWPHDVXUHVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDO S
ZLWKIXOOUHKDELOLWDWLRQFRYHULQJL WKH DFWLRQDUHSUHYHQWLYHUDWKHUWKDQ
,ISDVWGLVSODFHPHQWFDXVHGE\GDPVRULUULJDWLRQ
HQWLUHFRPPXQLW\ ODQGOHVVODERXUHUV DPHOLRUDWLYH SURMHFWVLVH[DPLQHGDOOHVWLPDWHVVKRXOGEHGUDVWLFDO
ODQGKROGHUVKRXVHOHVVKRXVHKROGHUV ‡ FRQVLGHUGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFWVLQWKH O\UHYLVHGXSZDUG$FFRUGLQJWR$UXQGKDWL5R\
DXWKRUDQGPHPEHURIWKH1DUPDGD%DFKDR$QGRODQ
DQGHYHQWKHXQHPSOR\HGDQGWKHIRUHVW ODUJHUSHUVSHFWLYHRIVXVWDLQDEOH
OREE\LQJJURXSWKH$QGKUD3UDGHVK,UULJDWLRQ,,
GZHOOHUV LL WKHLUVRFLRFXOWXUDOFRVWRI GHYHORSPHQWDQGKXPDQQHHGV VFKHPHFODLPHGLWZRXOGGLVSODFHSHRSOH
GLVSODFHPHQWDQGLLL HFRQRPLFGLPHQ ‡ HQVXUHUDSLGUHVHWWOHPHQWDQGUHKDELOL :KHQFRPSOHWHGLWGLVSODFHGSHRSOH7KH
*XMDUDW0HGLXP,UULJDWLRQ,,VFKHPHGLVSODFHG
VLRQVVXFKDVXSJUDGLQJRIVNLOOOHYHOV WDWLRQRIGLVSODFHGSHRSOH SHRSOHLQVWHDGRI7KHUHYLVHGHVWL
DQGWKHDFFXPXODWLRQRISK\VLFDODVVHWV ‡ LPSOHPHQWQDWLRQDOODZVDQGSROLFLHV PDWHRIWKHQXPEHURISHRSOHWREHGLVSODFHGE\WKH
DVZHOODVVRFLDOFDSLWDO7KH'UDIWKRZ WRGHDOZLWKWKHPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO 8SSHU.ULVKQDLUULJDWLRQSURMHFWLQ.DUQDWDNDLV
DJDLQVWLWVLQLWLDOFODLPVRIGLVSODFLQJRQO\
HYHULVVWLOOXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQLQ FKDUDFWHURI,'3JURXSV µWDNHQIURP¶7KH*UHDWHVW&RPPRQ*RRG·
3DUOLDPHQW7KHUHLVQRLQWHUQDWLRQDO 2XWORRN0D\S
DJHQF\WRGHDOZLWKVXFKW\SHVRIGLV 0DKHQGUD3/DPDLV$VVRFLDWH
&HQWUHIRU6FLHQFHDQG(QYLURQPHQW6WDWHRI,QGLD·V
SODFHPHQW81+&5·VPDQGDWHLQWKLV 3URIHVVRUDWWKH6FKRRORI,QWHU (QYLURQPHQW$&LWL]HQV5HSRUW)ORRGV)ORRG3ODLQV
UHJDUGKDVEHHQERWKDGKRFDQGXQV\V QDWLRQDO6WXGLHV-DZDKDUODO1HKUX DQG(QYLURQPHQWDO0\WKV1HZ'HOKL6HHDOVR
UHFHQW,QWHU3UHVV6HUYLFHUHSRUW¶*HUPDQJRYHUQPHQW
WHPDWLF2QO\UHFHQWO\KDV81+&5 8QLYHUVLW\(PDLO]LSF#GHOYVQO UHSRUWEDFNVDQWLGDPDFWLYLVWV·DWZZZRQHZRUOGRUJ
UHGHILQHGLWVPDQGDWHWRDOORZIRUWKH QHWLQ LSVDXJBBKWPO
LQFOXVLRQRI,'3VLQFHUWDLQVLWXDWLRQV
:RUOG5HIXJHH6XUYH\:DVKLQJWRQ:DOWHU 81+&57KH6WDWHRIWKH:RUOG·V5HIXJHHV
ZKHQVXFKSHRSOHDUHSUHVHQWLQRU $+XPDQLWDULDQ$JHQGD 2832[IRUG1RYHPEHU
)HUQDQGHV'LUHFWRURIWKH3URJUDPPHRI7ULEDO
JRLQJEDFNWRWKHVDPHDUHDVDVUHWXUQ 6WXGLHVRIWKH,QGLDQ6RFLDO,QVWLWXWH+DPSWRQ- HG  
LQJUHIXJHHVZKHQWKH\DUHOLYLQJ ,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG3HRSOH$*OREDO6XUYH\ (DUWKVFDQ
3XEOLFDWLRQV/WG/RQGRQ
DORQJVLGHDUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQDQGKDYH
VLPLODUQHHGVIRUSURWHFWLRQDQGDVVLV
WDQFHZKHUHWKHVDPHIDFWRUVKDYHJLYHQ
ULVHWRERWKLQWHUQDODQGH[WHUQDOSRSX
ODWLRQPRYHPHQWVDQGZKHUHWKHUHDUH
Rethinking the Guiding Principles:
JRRGUHDVRQVIRUDGGUHVVLQJWKRVHSURE
OHPVE\PHDQVRIDVLQJOHKXPDQLWDULDQ the case of the Kashmiri Pandits
RSHUDWLRQZKHUHWKHUHLVDSRWHQWLDOIRU
FURVVERUGHUPRYHPHQWDQGZKHUHWKH by K C Saha
SURYLVLRQRIDVVLVWDQFHWRWKHLQWHUQDOO\

7
GLVSODFHGPD\HQDEOHWKHPWRUHPDLQLQ KLVSDSHUFULWLFDOO\H[DPLQHVWKH 3DQGLWVKDGQRRSWLRQEXWWRPRYHRQ
VDIHW\LQWKHLURZQFRXQWU\ XQLYHUVDODSSOLFDELOLW\RIWKH WKHLURZQWRVDIHDUHDV'LVSODFHPHQWZDV
*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO LQHYLWDEOH
Future scenario 'LVSODFHPHQWE\FRQVLGHULQJWKH
7KHUHVHHPVWREHQRLPPHGLDWHVROX GLVSODFHPHQWRI+LQGXVIURPWKH 7KH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO
.DVKPLUYDOOH\LQWKHFRXUVHRIWKHORZ 'LVSODFHPHQWZHUHSUHVHQWHGWRWKH81
WLRQWR,'3LVVXHVLQ,QGLD$PRQJRWKHU
LQWHQVLW\DUPHGFRQIOLFWLQWKH,QGLDQ &RPPLVVLRQRQ+XPDQ5LJKWVLQ
UHDVRQVWKLVFRXOGEHDWWULEXWHGWRL WKH
VWDWHRI-DPPXDQG.DVKPLU - .  E\)UDQFLV'HQJWKH6SHFLDO5HSUHVHQ
LQWULFDFLHVDQGFRPSOH[LWLHVLQYROYHGLQ
WDWLYHRIWKH816HFUHWDU\*HQHUDOIRU
WKHVLWXDWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKWKH\DUH
7KH.DVKPLUL3DQGLWVDUHPLQRULW\ ,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG3HUVRQV7KH\VHW
IRUFHGWROHDYHWKHLUKRPHVLL WKHORZ
+LQGXVLQWKH.DVKPLUYDOOH\,Q RXWWKHULJKWVRI,'3VDQGWKHREOLJD
SULRULW\JLYHQE\ERWKWKHFHQWUDODQG
'HFHPEHUWKH\VWDUWHGOHDYLQJ WLRQVRIVWDWHVWRRIIHUSURWHFWLRQEHIRUH
WKHVWDWHJRYHUQPHQWVWR,'3UHIXJHH
WKHLUKRPHVLQUHVSRQVHWRVHSDUDWLVW LQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWGXULQJVLWXDWLRQV
LVVXHVDQGWKHZLWKGUDZDOV\QGURPH
DQGIXQGDPHQWDOLVWWKUHDWVDQGDWWDFNV RIGLVSODFHPHQWDQGGXULQJSRVWFRQIOLFW
VKRZQE\FLYLOVRFLHW\DQGRWKHULQWHUHVW RQWKHLUKRPHVEXVLQHVVHVDQGWHPSOHV UHWXUQDQGUHLQWHJUDWLRQ 7KH*XLGLQJ
DQGSUHVVXUHJURXSVDQGLLL WKHDEVHQFH ,PSRVLWLRQRIGLUHFWFHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQW 3ULQFLSOHVWKRXJKQRWOHJDOO\ELQGLQJ
RIFOHDUFXWSROLF\DQGQDWLRQDOOHJDO UXOHEHWZHHQDQGGLGQRWEULQJ DUHLQWHQGHGWRVHUYHDVWKHEDVLVIRU
LQVWUXPHQWVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVWRGHDOZLWK DQHQGWRWHUURULVWYLROHQFH%\ GLDORJXHEHWZHHQJRYHUQPHQWVDQG
ERWKSUHDQGSRVWGLVSODFHPHQWVLWXD DSSUR[LPDWHO\.DVKPLUL3DQGLWV RWKHUKXPDQLWDULDQDFWRUV
WLRQV8QOHVVWKH,QGLDQJRYHUQPHQW KDGEHHQGLVSODFHGWR-DPPX'HOKLDQG
VHULRXVO\FRQVLGHUVYDULRXVPHDVXUHVWR HOVHZKHUHZKHUHWKH\VWLOOUHPDLQ 7KH,QGLDQJRYHUQPHQWGRHVQRWUHJDUG
GHDOZLWKWKHFDXVHVGLVSODFHPHQWPD\ WKH.DVKPLUL3DQGLWVDV,'3V,QDSHWL
LQFUHDVHDQGEHFRPHHYHQPRUHFRPSOH[ &RQVLGHULQJWKHVL]HRIWKHWHUURULVWJURXSV WLRQWRWKH1DWLRQDO+XPDQ5LJKWV
DQGWKHLUOHYHORIH[WHUQDODVVLVWDQFHLWLV &RPPLVVLRQLQWKH3DQGLWV
6WDWHUHVSRQVLELOLW\LVSDUDPRXQW KDUGWRVHHKRZWKLVLQWHUQDOGLVSODFH GHPDQGHGWKDWWKHDXWKRULWLHVVKRXOG
0HDVXUHVPXVWEHWDNHQWR PHQWFRXOGKDYHEHHQSUHYHQWHG7KH H[WHQGIDFLOLWLHVDQGULJKWV QRQ
DUJXPHQWWKDWWKH3DQGLWVVKRXOGKDYH UHIRXOHPHQW KXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFH
‡ UHGXFHWKHOHYHORIYLROHQFHDJDLQVW UHPDLQHGLQWKHYDOOH\DQGQRWVXF ULJKWWRVHHNDV\OXPHWF E\YLUWXHRI
QRQFRPEDWDQWVLUUHVSHFWLYHRIWKH FXPEHGWRWKUHDWVRYHUORRNVWKHIDFW WKHLULQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQW7KHSHWLWLRQ
QDWXUHRIWKHFRQIOLFW WKDWODZDQGRUGHUKDGEURNHQGRZQ DOVRGHPDQGHGWKDWWKHJRYHUQPHQW
‡ GHDOZLWKSRWHQWLDODQGRQJRLQJHWKQLF WKHDXWKRULWLHVFRXOGRIIHUOLWWOHSURWHF LPSOHPHQWWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRIWKH
FRQIOLFWV WLRQDQGIHDUZDVDOOSHUYDVLYH7KH 5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH816HFUHWDU\

26 FORCED MIGRATION review 8

You might also like