Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Unit 1Lesson 1 3. Social Change- the study of changes in the society and culture
Etnicity- it is a condition in which a social group belongs to a
common national or cultural tradition.
Cultural Identity- this refers to the identity or feeling of belonging
to a group.
Sex- it is the biological or physical characteristics of human
whether a male or a female (e.g. having a penis, vagina, beard, or
breasts etc), genes and hormones.
Gender- it is the personal traits and social roles of the human
either masculine or feminine.
Identity Crisis- a person who does not accept or understand their
sexuality or unable to understand their status.
Unit 1Lesson 2:
Significance of Studying Culture, Society and Politics
To develops our understanding, knowledge, skills, values and
attitudes to achieving social and cultural literacy.
To increase our knowledge and understanding and would give us
to impetus to change
To have clear understanding about society, culture and politics
To equipped with informed and responsible values and attitudes
Reflection on the Following Phenomena
A. Food Taboos
is a prohibition against consuming foods.
ex. every Holy Week, during and after pregnancy, menstrual
periods or breast feeding
Some Dishes that Filipinos Consider as Taboo
Any dish that have a dog or cat meat by the virtue of R.A. no. 8485;
the law prohibiting the use of the dog and cat meat.
Any meat of animals considered as endangered.
Any food that violates human dignity because they are not
anymore acceptable for human consumption by public opinion.
ex. botcha and pagpag
B. The Istambay Phenomenon
A person who does not have work and who usually hang-outs on
street corners.
A person who spends his time unprofitably
C. Political Dynasty
refers to families whose members are engaged in politics have
been in the Philippine political structure since time past
ex. Anti-Dynasty Bill
D. Philippine Elections
- The President, Vice- President and the senators are elected on
a national or popular elections serves for a six-year term
- The members of the House of Representatives and the local
government officials are elected for a term of three years and are
eligible for re-elections
Major Social Changes in the 21st Century
The 21st century has been characterized by the dynamic
interaction between the advancing technology and the
improvement of economy and society.
Hence, it has been said that the main driving force is technology.
Technology is altering our society and changing our lives and may
results to a change in the culture.
Texting Technology
Text messaging or simply texting can be done by composing and
sending electronic messages from one person to another using
mobile phones or fixed or portable devices over a phone network.
SMS- Short Message Service
MMS- Multi-Media Messages
Selfie Phenomenon
Selfie has been defined as s self-portrait photograph, normally
shot with a digital camera phone held in the hand or braced by a
selfie stick.
Selfie
Unit 1Lesson 4
Sociology
deals with the study of society and focused on all kinds of social
interactions, social relationships, social organization, structure and
process.
Anthropology
describe and explain human variation or the observe similarities
and differences in people through time and across space.
Political Science
deals with the study of the state and government as well as the
theory and practice of politics.
Areas of Sociology
1. Social Organization- study the social groups, social
institutions, social stratification, mobility, ethnic relations and
bureaucracy.
2. Social Psychology- tackles human behavior as a result of
group life, personality formation, social attitude and collective
behaviour.
and the factors resulting from such change.
4. Social Organization and Disorganization- study the
emergence of societies, their structural formation and the ways
they are strengthened.
5. Human Ecology- studies the behavior of a given population
and its relationship to present social institutions.
6. Population- concerned with population size, composition,
change and quality and on how they influence the economic,
political and social systems.
7. Sociological Theory and Method- is concerned with the
application of the results of sociological studies to solve various
human problems.
The Major Branches of Anthropology
1. Cultural Anthropology- primarily based on cultural
understanding gained through actual experiences or participant
observations of the human population
2. Physical Anthropology- deals with the biological and
behavioral aspects of human beings.
3. Archaeology- study both the ancient and recent past of humans
through the material remains such as artifacts, fossils and bone
fragments.
4. Linguistic Anthropology- studies the relations between
language and culture in relation to human biology, human
reasoning and human language.
5. Applied Anthropology- deals with the application of
anthropological facts, perspectives, theories and procedures in
identifying, assessing and solving social problems
Major Subdivisions of Political Science
1. Political Theory- focuses on the ideas of classical thinkers
such as Aristotle, Niccolo Machiavelli, Cicero and Plato among
others.
2. Comparative Politics- deals with the incisive evaluation and
comparison of the doctrines of various constitutions, of political
actors, legislature and other allied fields.
3. Public Administration- focuses on the implementation of
government policies, and the principles governing civil servants
working in the government.
4. International Relations- delve on nation-states interactions
including intergovernmental and transnational organizations
5. Law- governs the relationships between individuals and the
government
6. Political Methodology- focuses on the quantitative methods
used in the study of politics combining Statistics, Mathematics and
formal theory
Unit 2 Lesson 1
Definition of Society
Is a group of people interacting with each other and having a
common culture; sharing common territory and having common
aspirations.
Theories on Human Society
Plato
“The Republic”; laid his standards for an ideal society ruled by
philosopher-kings assisted by equally and intellectually gifted
guardians
Aristotle
“The Politics”; states that man is self-sufficient and that those who
are unable to live in society and have no needs in life must be
either a “beast” or a “gods”.
St. Augustine
“Tale of the Two Cities”; he describe society’s ultimate pilgrimage
towards the kingdom of God which is closely identified with the
church, the community that worshipped God.
Sir Thomas More
“Utopia”; refers to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose political
system he described.
Types of Society
A. Pre-industrial Societies
Hunting and Gathering
the main method of production is the collection of wild plants and
the hunting of wild animals on a daily basis.
they do not establish permanent villages nor have a variety of
artifacts
2. Pastoral Society
the members of a pastoral society depend on domesticated herd
of animals to meet their need for food
pastoralist move their herds from one pasture to another.
3. Horticultural Society
they have learned how to raise fruits and vegetables grown in
garden plots that have them their main source of food.
some groups practice the slash-and-burn method or the kaingin
method
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 Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
they make use of human labor and simple tools to cultivate the
land for one or more seasons.
4. Agrarian Society
they use applied agricultural technological advances to cultivate
crops over a large area.
increases in food supplies creates greater surplus of food resulted
in trading and greater degrees of social stratification appeared.
5.Feudal Society
based on ownership of the land
vassals under feudalism were bound for military protection in
exchange of food, crops, craft, homage, and other services to the
landowners.
B. Industrial Society
relies heavily on machines powered by fuel in the production of
goods become dramatically increased and efficient.
they have been produces a greater surplus before, hence, the
surplus was not just agricultural goods but also manufactured
goods.
C. Post-Industrial Society
dominated by information, services and high technology
Advance industrial societies are shifting towards an increase in
service sectors over manufacturing and production.
D. Modern Societies
characterized by mass production of all essential products
money; as a medium of exchange, trade and commerce have
become more efficient; and money becomes the most valued
entity in these type of society.
Unit 2 Lesson 2
Culture
is a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts,
morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society.
refers to all that man has made for himself through time,
material or non-material, still useful or not anymore, all to provide
benefits for his society.
Characteristic of Culture
Culture is learned
the acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that
enable men to become active members of their communities is
called enculturation.
Culture is transmitted
Cultural transmission is the process through which cultural
elements, ( in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral
scripts), are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.
Culture is adaptive
adaptation is the process of change in response to a new
environment set by man.
Culture is symbolic
symbols must be understood by all to be an effective tool of
communication to allow people to develop complex thoughts and
exchange thoughts to others.
Main Types of Culture
Material Cultures- deals with the physical culture, a tangible and
concrete objects produced by man in the process of social
development.
Ex. technology, artifacts, relics, fossils
Non-Material Culture- deal with the collective ideas which holds
the society and shape individuals as they interact within society.
Ex. values, norms, beliefs, tradition, customs
Elements of Non-material Culture
A. Beliefs are man’s perception about the reality of things and are
sheared ideas about how the world and his environment operate.
B. Values refer to the broad preferences of person on the
appropriate courses of action or decision he has to take. A
reflection of a person’s sense of right and wrong.
Norms are the society’s standard of morality, conduct, propriety,
ethics and legality.
Folkways are fairly weak forms of norms, whose violation is
generally not considered serious within a particular culture.
Ideas comprise man’s concepts of his physical, social and cultural
world as manifested in people’s beliefs and values.
Knowledge these are the facts and beliefs that people accumulate
over time.
Perspectives/Approaches in the Study of Culture and Society
Symbolic Interactionism- is a theoretical perspective that
examines the way participants in the organization choose and
agree on the meaning of symbols.
Functionalism- is a school of thought that presupposes the
interdependency and contributes to the total functioning of every
aspect of society. Primarily helps the society to become more
meaningful and productive.
Conflict- conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have
conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against
one another. This constant competition between groups forms the
basis for the ever-changing nature of society.
Dramaturgical perspective- is an interactionist perspective that
analyses human behavior in much the same way that a person
would analyse the presentation of a play to the audience.
Ethnomethodology- is a socio-cultural perspective which
emphasizes the process of interaction that uses interpersonal
techniques to create situational impressions and the importance of
perceptions of consensus among actors.
Unit 2 Lesson 3
Social Institution
a social structure and social mechanism that promotes social order
and cooperation and governs the behavior of its member.
Aspects of Culture
Art- the expression or application of human creative skill and
imagination and the manifestation of the person’s creative instinct.
Language- a system of communication used by a particular
society. It is the most important tool of verbal communication.
Food- is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support
for the body.
Government- refers to the aggregate of persons or groups of
persons exercising control and authority in the society.
Costume- is the distinctive style of dress of an individual or group
that reflects their class, gender, profession, ethnicity or nationality.
Religion- unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred
things but often contains moral code governing the proper conduct
of human affairs.
Education- the process of teaching and learning; a social process
wherein an individual is socialized and learns culture.
Unit 2 Lesson 4
The Primary Causes of Cultural Similarities
A. Biological Similarities
this means that all people in the world have the same biological
needs
Ex. food , clothing, shelter and health care
B. Necessary Prerequisites for Social Being
society must fulfil some requirements in order to function
Ex. replacing members, teaching new members to participate, the
need to have a participation in production and distribution.
C. Psychic Unity of Mankind
all human beings are alike in having similar ranges of emotion
Ex. love, security, language
Ethnocentrism
feeling of superiority towards one’s own group over other groups.
This one-sided vision often results in failing to adequately
understand cultures that are different from one’s own and in value
judgements of preference and thought of superiority of one’s in-
group.
Cultural Relativism
this is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values and practices
of a culture from the viewpoint of the culture itself.
It was practiced to avoid cultural bias, as well as to avoid looking
arrogance another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.
Why we need to preserve the Filipino Culture?
Unit 3 Lesson 1
ANTHROPOLOGY
deals with the study of the origin, evolution, and development of
the of the human species is concerned with all peoples
everywhere, from those alive today, back to those who lived in the
remote past.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
is the branch that deals with the biological origins and evolution of
man and the variations of the human species and their physical
characteristics including the study of different races.
Types of Dating Methods
1. The Relative Dating
a type of dating where in an artifact or human remains that cannot
be determined is measured in comparison with the date of
others determined already.
2. The Absolute Dating
is when the dating is more precise considering that it can be
narrowed to a bracket of within a few years.
A. RadioCarbon Dating Method (Wiiliard F. Libby)
is based on measuring the radioactive carbon or Carbon 14 (an
unstable radioactive isotope of normal carbon) that absorb daily
from environment and atmosphere.
B. Potassium Argon K-AR Dating
is radiometric dating method based on measurement of the
product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K40)
that breaks into Aron (AR40) a gas.
C. Uranium-Series Dating
is the most accurate and reliable procedure at present. It is done
through a Radiogenic Isotope Facility.
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 Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Geology
Is the science that comprises the study of solid Earth, its rock
composition and the processes of changes. Geologic time tells
that the earth began 6 billion years ago.
Paleontology
is the scientific study of life in the past Geologic periods . It deals
with the life forms known from fossils
Charles Darwin
His years of studies pointed out the thought of evolution of species
through change and occurs through process of natural election.
Origin of Species (1859)
The Evolution of Man from the Theory of Natural Selection
The Primates – monkeys, apes
- As time passed some of the most primitive primates have
become more developed monkeys, some became apes, and some
developed human-like features.
Miocene Hominoids
Was a period of environmental conditions highly favorable to the
arboreal primate, with a mild climate, moist and wetter than at
present.
The Miocene Hominoids
Dryopithecus
The first of the fossils of the great apes to be discovered. It has a
large brain and could stand like a chimpanzee.
Pliopithecus
Its skeleton and teeth suggest that they are the ancient relatives
of the gibbons and also of the siamangas.
Gigantopithecus
The largest known primate.
Oreopithecus
Was directly related to Dryophitecus. It was bipedal but not in the
likes of the Australophitecus who were bipeds also.
Silvapthecus (Ramapithecus)
It is a genus of extinct primate with fossil remains as old 8.5 t0 12.5
million years and lived in the Miocene.
The Pliocene Hominids
The hominids close relatives of humans .
The australophithecus is an extinct genus of hominids that has
evolved in eastern Africa aroud 4 million years.
The Pliocene Hominids
Australopithecus Afarensis: Lucy
Is an extinct hominid that lived between 2.9 to 3.9 million yrs.
The fossil “Lucy” found by Donald Johanson is the most complete
and oldest hominid dated 3.2 m years old,
The oldest hominid found.
Australopithecus Africanus
It was the South african counterpart of the A. Aferensis and was
given the name, “The south ape of Africa”.
Human like posture.
Australopithecus Robustus
First discovered in 1983 . It is bigger, bulkier, more muscular and
had a larger molar teeth than africanus.
Australopithecus Boises
It is also called as the “Nutracker Man” because its face and cheek
are so massive.
it is considered the first hominid to use stone tools.
The Rise of the Homo
The Homo’s
Homo Habilis
Is believed to be the first of the “great Ape”type creatures to have
evelved into “Homo” (Man)
Homo Habilis meaning “Handy Man” because he made tools.
Homo-Erectus
Or “Upright man” is believed to be the first creature to stand fully
upright.
He was believed to be the first to use fire.
Their fossils forund in Africa
Homo-Sapiens
The ability to make use of symbols such as used in language and
writing.
Early Homo-Sapiens used simple technology.
Their tools were in the form of chipped stones which points were
sharpened to be used as simple knives for cutting.
Unit 3 Lesson 2
Early Human and their Culture
Human are cultural beings.
Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
- Were nomadic, invented the first simple tools, learn how to make
and use fire, lived in clans and developed oral language and
created “cave art”.
Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)
- develop agriculture, domesticated animals, used advanced
tools, made pottery and developed weaving skills.
Bronze Age
- Bronze was a combination of copper and tin; more harder and
longer lasting than the stone and copper predecessor.
Unit 3 Lesson 3
Democratization
This refers to a concept that encapsulates the expansion of a set
of related political ideals with different intellectual vintages that
gain public prominence during the emergence of capitalist
modernity.
Unit 4 Lesson 1
ENCULTURATION- is a process by which individuals acquire the
knowledge, skills, attitude, and value that enable them to become
functioning members of society.
SOCIALIZATION- is a process whereby the individual’s behavior
is modified to conform to the expectation of a certain group.
NORMS- are standards of behavior which tell whether an action is
right or wrong. It also represents the standardized generalization
concerning expected modes of behavior.
SOCIAL VALUES- are cultural standards that indicate the general
good deemed desirable for organized social life.
STATUS - refers to one’s position or place in a social group.
● ascribed- status that is assigned to an individual from birth.
● achieved- acquires either by choice or by force or through
some form of competition or individual efforts.
ROLES- functional and dynamic aspect of the status.
FORMS OF ROLES
ROLE AS EXPECTATION- refers to the rights, duties, and
obligations of a certain individual.
ROLE AS PERFORMANCE- refers how individual actually
behaves.
ROLE CONFLICT- when an individual encounters conflicting
demands from his two or more statuses.
ROLE SET- refers to the individual’s list of performances towards
the variety of others.
Unit 4 Lesson 2
Deviance - is defined as the recognized violation of cultural norms.
Deviancy must not be identified or constructed in as always
negative.
Labeling- The labeling theory of deviant behavior suggests that
what defines deviance is the action of others or by the actors
themselves.
Value Conflict - The theory holds that acts are considered criminal
or deviant because they are at variance with a group’s values.
1. CONFORMIST- is a person who accepts both the societal
goals and the approved means to reach them.
2. INNOVATOR- is a person who seeks to achieve goals by
means that are not approved by the society.
3. RITUALIST- is a person who follows the norms to the letter but
reject or abandon the hope of achieving societal goals.
4. RETREATIST- is a person who rejects both the societal goals
and institutionalized means to achieve them.
5. REBEL- is a person who rejects both the societal goals and the
means to achieve them; instead he substitutes them with new
goals and new means to achieve them.