Applied

Chemistry

OIL AND LUBRICANTS

Submitted To:
Sir Mehmood Akhtar
Submitted By:
Muhammad Bilal Ahmed
Registration No: 14 –me-177
LUBRICANTS:

DEFINITION:

“A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in

mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the
surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces,
transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces”

Lubricity:
The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity.

Properties:

A good lubricant generally possesses the following characteristics:

 high boiling point and low freezing point (in order to stay liquid within a
wide range of temperature)
 high viscosity index
 thermal stability
 hydraulic stability
 demulsibility
 corrosion prevention
 high resistance to oxidation.

Formulation:
Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions,
called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic
liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefins, esters, silicones, fluorocarbons and
many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced
friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to
corrosion and oxidation, aging or contamination, etc.Non-liquid lubricants
include grease, powders (dry graphite, PTFE, molybdenum disulfide, tungsten
disulfide, etc.), PTFE tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry
lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide also
offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350 °C) higher than liquid and oil-
based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low
friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several
hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is
still many years away due to their physically unstable nature.

ADDITIVES:

A large number of additives are used to impart performance characteristics

to the lubricants. The main families of additives are:

Antioxidants

Detergents

Anti-wear

Metal deactivators

Corrosion inhibitors, Rust inhibitors

Friction modifiers

Extreme Pressure

Anti-foaming agents

Viscosity index improvers

Demulsifying/Emulsifying

TYPES
Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base oil plus a variety of additives to
impart desirable characteristics. Although generally lubricants are based on one type of
base oil, mixtures of the base oils also are used to meet performance requirements.

Base oil groups:

Mineral oil term is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from crude oil.

Bio lubricants made from vegetable oils and other renewable sources:

These are primarily triglyceride esters derived from plants and animals. For lubricant base
oil use the vegetable derived materials are preferred. Common ones include high
oleic canola oil, castor oil, palm oil, sunflower seed oil and rapeseed oilfrom vegetable,
and Tall oil from tree sources

Solid lubricants:

PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is typically used as a coating layer on

Inorganic solids: Graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten
disulfide are examples of materials that can be used as solid lubricants, often to very
high temperature

Metal/alloy: Metal alloys, composites and pure metals can be used as grease additives
or the sole constituents of sliding surfaces and bearings. Cadmium and Gold are used for
plating surfaces which gives them good corrosion resistance and sliding
properties, Lead, Tin, Zinc alloys and various Bronze alloys are used as sliding bearings, or
their powder can be used to lubricate sliding surfaces alone

Aqueous lubrication
Aqueous lubrication is of interest in a number of technological applications. Strongly
hydrated brush polymers such as PEG can act as lubricants at liquid solid interfaces.[

Applications

Lubricants perform the following key functions:

 Keep moving parts apart

 Reduce friction
 Transfer heat
 Carry away contaminants & debris
 Transmit power
 Protect against wear
 Prevent corrosion
 Seal for gases
 Stop the risk of smoke and fire of objects
 Prevent rust.
OILS:

An oil is any neutral, nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient
temperatures and is both hydrophobic (immiscible with water, literally "water fearing")
and lipophilic (miscible with other oils, literally "fat loving")

Types

Organic oils:
Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and
other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific
term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils
produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals.
Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins,
waxes (class of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common
temperatures) and alkaloids.

Mineral oils
Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively
termed petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy.
Crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials, such
as zooplankton and algae, which geochemicalprocesses convert into
oil.[8] The name "mineral oil" is a misnomer, in that minerals are not the source
of the oil—ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic.
Applications:

Cooking
Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and also fats, are used for various
purposes in cooking and food preparation. Oils are also used for flavoring
and for modifying the texture of foods (e.g. Stir Fry).
Cosmetics
Oils are applied to hair to give it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and
roughness and to stabilize the hair to promote growth
Religion
Oil has been used throughout history as a religious medium. It is often
considered a spiritually purifying agent and is used for anointing purposes
Painting
Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as a supporting
medium for paints.
Heat transfer
Oils are used as coolants in oil cooling, for instance in electric transformers.
Heat transfer oils are used both as coolants(see oil cooling), for heating (e.g.
in oil heaters) and in other applications of heat transfer
Lubrication
Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances.
This makes them useful as lubricants for various engineering purposes. Mineral
oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils
are. Whale oilis preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not
evaporate, leaving dust
Fuel
Some oils burn in liquid or aerosol form, generating light, and heat which can
be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or
mechanical work

Chemical feedstock
Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of
component hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are the refined components of
crude oil and the chemical products made from them. They are used
as detergents, fertilizers, medicines, paints, plastics,synthetic fibers,
and synthetic rubber.