Agro Food Processing Facilities

Doc. Title : WORK INSTRUCTIONS FOR LAB

Doc. #: FSMS/PRD/AFPF/06B Rev. # 00
Issue Date: 20th June, 2010

Procedure for Solution Formation

1. Standard Solution

Most of the Chemical analysis made in the laboratory is quantitative in nature. Many of these are
made by the volumetric method in which a sample it titrated to an end point with an indicator
using a solution of known strength. Such a solution is referred to as a standard solution. By the
amount of standard solution used in the titration, the strength of the standard solution and the
sample size, the percentage of the constituent in the sample can be calculated.

a) Most Common Volumetric analysis

Acidimetry and alkalimetry reactions which involve the titration of acids with bases and its vice
versa. For example: Acidity and Alkalinity tests.

b) Kinds of standard solution

i. Percentage Solution

This is a solution in which a definite weight of solute is dissolved in a solution to make

100 ml.
For example; we have 5 gram of NaCl in 500 ml of distilled water,
SO,
500 ml distilled water contains = 5 gram NaCl
1 ml ---------------------------------- = 5/500
100ml ------------------------------- = 5/500 X 100
=1%
ii. Molar
A molar solution contains 1 gram molecular weight of solute per liter of solvent.
OR

A solution which contains one mole of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.
For example; NaCl
Molecular weight = 23+35.5 = 58.50 gram = One mole of NaCl

So,
When 58.50 gram of NaCl is dissolved in 1000 ml, it is called one molar NaCl solution.

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 Agro Food Processing Facilities

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Doc. Title WORK INSTRUCTIONS FOR LAB
Doc. #: FSMS/PRD/AFPF/06B Rev. # 00
Issue Date: 20th June, 2010

iii. Molal
A molal solution contains 1 gram molecular weight of solute per liter of solvent.
OR
A solution which contains one mole of solute dissolved in one kg of solution.
For example; NaCl
Molecular weight = 23+35.5 = 58.50 gram = One mole of NaCl
So,
When 58.50 gram of NaCl is dissolved in 1000 gram, it is called one molal NaCl
solution.

iv. Normal
A normal solution contains 1 gram equivalent weight of solute per liter of solvent.

How to determine Equivalent weight?

Eq. wt = Molecular weight

No. of replaceable hydrogen
e.g. NaOH, molecular weight = 40, No. of replaceable hydrogen = 1
So, Eq. wt of NaOH = Molecular weight
No. of replaceable hydrogen
= 40
1
Eq.wt of NaOH = 40
So, to make one normal solution of NaOH, we have to take 40 gram of NaOH and dissolve in
1000 ml distilled water.
OR
Equivalent weight is ascertained by dividing the molecular weight of a solute with its valency
For example; molecular weight of H2SO4 is 98 gram and its valency is 2.
SO,
Equivalent weight of H2SO4 = 98/2 = 49 gram
Hence, to obtain one normal solution of H2SO4, we have to dissolve 49 gram into 1000 ml of
distilled water.
Elaboration of normality is ascertained more consciously by the following example;

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 Agro Food Processing Facilities

Doc. Title: WORK INSTRUCTIONS FOR LAB

Doc. #: FSMS/PRD/AFPF/06B Rev. # 00
Issue Date: 20th June, 2010

 Preparation of 250 ml 0.1 N H2SO4 solution.

First of all we will calculate the equivalent weight of H2SO4.

Equivalent wt of H2SO4 = 49 gram

It means

4.9 gram of H2SO4 is required / dissolved in 1000 ml H2O to get 1N H2SO4. (1N)

OR

0.49 gram H2SO4 is required / dissolved in 100 ml H2O. (1N)

So, from this we can calculate;

100 ml required H2SO4 = 0.49 gram

1 ml ------------------------ = 0.49 / 100

250 ml -------------------- = 0.49 / 100 X 250 = 1.225 gram H2SO4

But we take weight of H2SO4, then we will have to consider the specific gravity of the acid. So,
we will proceed as follow;

1.84 gram of H2SO4 = 1 ml

1 gram ---------------- = 1 / 1.84

1.225 ----------------- = 1 / 1.84 X 1.225 = 0.665 ml

If sulphuric acid is 100% pure then we will take 0.665 ml in some quantity of distilled water in a
flask and then make the volume up to 250 ml to get 0.1 N H2SO4 solution.

But if it is not 100% pure, then we will proceed as follow;

Suppose specific gravity of sulphuric acid is 98%;

98 ml is obtained from = 100 ml

1 ml ---------------------- = 1 / 100

0.665 ml --------------- = 1 / 100 X 0.665 = 0.678 ml

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 Agro Food Processing Facilities

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Doc. Title WORK INSTRUCTIONS FOR LAB
Doc. #: FSMS/PRD/AFPF/06B Rev. # 00
Issue Date: 20th June, 2010

Actually this amount is used to get 250 ml o.1 N H2SO4. But as we know H2SO4 is hygroscopic
(absorb moisture from the air), so we take some more amount and make 250 ml H2SO4 solution.

For ascertaining and confirming the normality of H2SO4, we will titrate it against Na2CO3 using
methyl red as indicator.

Suppose,
Volume of Na2CO3 = 5 ml
Normality of Na2CO3 = 0.1
Volume of H2SO4 used = 4.5 ml
Normality =?
Na2CO3 = H2SO4
N1V1 = N2V2
0.1 x 5 = N2 x 4.5
N2 = 0.1 x 5 / 4.5 = 0.11
It means normality of prepared is more than 0.1. SO, we dilute it by using the formula;
N2V2 = N3V3
0.11 x V2 = 0.1 x 250
V2 = 0.1 x 250 / 0.11
V2 = 227.27
It means
We will take 227.27 ml of prepared H2SO4 solution and add 22.73 ml distilled water to get 250
ml 0.1 N H2SO4 solution.

c) Relationship of Normal solution

In a volumetric reaction, volume of solution of a given normality will exactly react with the same
volume of another solution of the same normality. Hence 10 ml of 1N HCl or 1N H2SO4 will
exactly react with 10 ml of 1N NaOH. Thus normal solutions put different chemical compounds
on the same reactive basis

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 Agro Food Processing Facilities

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Doc. Title WORK INSTRUCTIONS FOR LAB
Doc. #: FSMS/PRD/AFPF/06B Rev. # 00
Issue Date: 20th June, 2010

d) Primary Standards
In order to make standard solution we need a reference point to standardize against. For this we
use primary standards.

Characteristics of primary standards

 Easy to obtain, purify and dry, preferably at 100-150 ⁰C without change in composition,
therefore, it can have no water of crystallization.
 Non-hygroscopic and not altered by O2 or CO2 of the air during weighing.
 High equivalent weight to reduce weighing error.
I. How to make a primary standard solution:
 It should first be dried at 100-150 ⁰C in an atmospheric oven at least for 24 hours.
 Then cooled in a desicator to room temperature.
 Then weigh it quickly and transferred to the volumetric flask.
 The weighted amount should be dissolved in and made to volume with boiled distilled
water.

Examples:

For standardizing acids:

 Thallous Carbonate-Ti2CO3- MW = 468.79

 Sodium Carbonate-Na2CO3-MW = 106

For standardizing Basis:

 Potasium Acid Pthalate-KHC8-MW = 204.22

 Oxalic Acid-C2O4H2. 2 H2O = 126

II. Calculation for standardization:

Normality of unknown solution = A X B / C

Where,

A = Milliliter of primary standards used

B = Normality of primary standards

C = Milliliter of unknown

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