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Ec6602 Notes Rejinpaul PDF
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Sri Vidya College of Engineering & Technology Course Material (Lecture Notes)
Applications of EBG
In optical domain new highly efficient opto-electronic devices are considered such as very efficient laser diodes micro scale
light circuits, multiplexers or demultiplexers based on inhibition of spontaneous emission, photoluminescence, wave-guiding and
super prism phenomenon. Studies of frequencies occurring for metal photonic crystals have also shown that the frequency can be
controlled and could appear in the microwave region. In the microwave domain, many developments concern the direct control of
the electromagnetic energy and its transmission: mirrors, electromagnetic windows, and radiation pattern control. We find also the
high impedance material of Sieve piper. They proposed their structure as perfect magnetic wall to reduce the leaky waves in antenna
array. The material developed allows the realization of antennas, low loss coplanar lines and compact integrated filter.
Other applications include duplexers and controllable PBG materials. Due to a certain easiness of fabrication in this
frequency domain, the challenge of the electronically controlled photonic crystals has a significant interest. Industrial applications of
these crystals are under development, concern mainly aerospace, and telecom domains.
In addition, surface waves raise the mutual coupling levels in array designs as shown in figure 10, resulting in the blind scanning
angles in phased array systems. The band-gap feature of EBG structures has found useful applications in suppressing the surface
waves in various antenna designs. For example, an EBG structure is used to surround a micro strip antenna to increase the antenna
gain and reduce the back lobe as shown in figure 2. In addition, it is used to replace the quarter-wavelength choke rings in GPS
antenna designs. Many array antennas also integrate EBG structures to reduce the mutual coupling level more over to increase
antenna gain used super-state EBG as shown in figure 3.
Fig. 2. Multipath interference due to surface waves on a normal ground plane (on the left) and the alternative MDEBG layout (on
the right).
Fig 3:EBG substrate for surface wave suppression with low mutual coupling microstrip array.
Fig 4: A high gain resonator antenna design using a woodpile EBG structure.
Advantages of EBG
Utilizing electromagnetic band-gap crystals in a patch antenna with an air gap appears to perform five key functions:
1. Increase operation bandwidth
2. Reduce side-lobe levels
3. Increase front to back (F/B) ratios
4. Increase directivity and consequently gain improvement
5. Harmonic control (suppression of resonance at the harmonic frequencies of the antenna)
Some DRAs :
• Low cost
• Low loss (no conductor loss)
• Small size and light weight
• Reasonable bandwidth (~10% for r ~10)
• Easy of excitation
• High radiation efficiency ( generally > 95%)
Ground z Rectangular
b
Plane a DRA
x
r
d
W1
y l1
Coaxial Conducting
Aperture Strip
a b d l1 W1 r
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
14.3 25.4 26.1 10 1 9.8
4
1
Analytical Solution
f0
c k2 k 2 k 2
2 r
x y z
m n
l
k ,k ,k
x y z
a b 2d
k2 k2 k2 k2
x y z r 0
Numerical Solution
16
Conformal Strip
Z in FFTV(t)
FFTI(t)
Ground Plane
Z Z0
(I)
S11 in
Hy Ez (V) Hy Z in Z 0
Hx
Hx Source occupies only one grid
17
2
z k2i k k 2 (1)
Ground plane zi r 0i
r h i = 1, 2 for f1, f2
kρi & kzi :dielectric wavenumbers along the & z directions
k0i = 2fi/c : wavenumber in air
For k :
1 Jm 'kia
1 Km ' ki ' a r Jm 'kia
1 Km 'ki ' a
k
k
Infinite z i Jm (kia) ki ' Km ki ' a i Jm (kia) ki ' Km ki ' a
dielectric rod
2 2 2 2 2
m (ki ki ' )(ki r ki ' )
4 2
(kiki ') a (2)
r where
2 2
a ki ' (r 1)k0 i ki (3)
y
is the radial wavenumber outside the
x dielectric rod
Jm(x) : Bessel function of the first kind Km(x): modified Bessel function of the second kind.
EC6602- Antenna & Wave Propagation Unit IV Page 41
2 2
Infinite dielectric hkzi 1 r (r 1)k0i kzi
tan k
slab z pi zi
z
f1 : HEM111 mode frequency (lower band) Ground plane
f2 : HEM113 mode frequency (upper band)
r h
h ES 4 1 Ai
4 Di (1)
a i 1
4i Bi f2
f
r r e 1 C
i
EC6602- Antenna & Wave Propagation Unit IV Page 43