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BBC Assignment
BBC Assignment
SEMESTER: 1ST
DATA FAX.
The first fax machines were very primitive and they lacked many of the capabilities
you see today .Still, as you ,ll see the technology was impressive for the time period
It started with Scottish inventor Alexander Bain . A few years removed from
inventing the electric clock, he was ready for his next endeavor, He used elements
from the clock to assist in his invention of the fax machine ( specially the movement
of two pendulums for line _by _line Message scanning). Patented the fax invention
on may-27-1843 , and faxing finally came into existence .
However , that was just beginning .
Evolution of fax
Several inventor would improve on Bain’s maychine over the next have century.
Fredrick bakewell and Giovanni made arguably the bigggest improvements.
Once they were through with it (Around 1865s), people could send images over
telegraph lines .
This is even more impressive when you consider that workable telephone
would not be invented for the next 11 years !
Growing through competition. Without study and consistent within the fax
industry, Fax may not be where it is today.
There seemed to always be different types of fax machines and different inventor
,competing with each other through out the decades.
There was Shelford in 1880s who made it possible to scan two dimensional
originals without manual plotting or drawing .Then Elisha Grey in 1888s who made
it possible for users to send signatures over long distances.
The innovation continued in 1924s when radio corporation of America (RCA) which
led to the first picture transmitted through radio fax .
In that same year, At & T transmitted the first color fax.
Fax grows in popularity and usage.
All of this competition and innovation led to the following developments in fax :
The ability to wirelessly send images
The ability to send fax over radio signal
The ability to scan and transmit and 3D data.
Banks like western Union began using radio fax receivers regularly , and the US
army even transmitted its first photograph via fax to Puerto in 1960s!
But the biggest development was till yet to come…
Xerox invents the first commercial fax machine .
This machine could be connected to telephone line and transmit later –sized
documents in 6 minutes.
This set the standard for fax , made it less expensive , increased its popularity and
usage .
The internet:
The world largest network of computer network got its original name from US
military arm that funded it.: Arpanet was for the advance Research Project
Agency . Back in 1969s when Arpanet was created ,it connected five sites: UCLA,
Stanford, UC Santa Barba , the University of Utah and BBN. In 1983s ,The US
Defence Department spun-off MILNIT ,which was the part of Arpanet thar
carried unclassified military communications. Arpanet was renamed the internet
in 1984 ,when it linked 1,000 hosts at university and corporate labels. MILNET
was later renamed the defence data network and finaly NIPRNET , for Non-
classified IP Network. Internet users top 1 billion. internet usage has exploded
since 1995, when researchers first started tracking this statistics.
Although estiimates vary from the internet having 1 billion to 1.5 billion users,
everyone agrees that the Net has room for growth as worldwide population top
billion .
That leaves more than 4 billion people around the world without internet access
today.
Internet traffic keeps tracking.Experts quibble how much traffic is on internet and
how fast its growing on .Is it growing at 50% to 60% a year? Or 100% a year. But
there,s no question that the figure has exploded since 1974s, when daily traffic
on the internet surpassed 3 million packets.
First measured in terabytes and petabytes , scientist say the future points to
monthly traffic volumes in the exabytes ,wich is 10 to the 18 th power bytes .
Whatever you call it , that’s a lot of packets!
Security threats rise aalong with usage .Back in 1988,The Morse Worm was the
first major attack on the internet , disablling 10% of the internet’s 60000 host
computers.
Today hundreds of more sinister attacks are aimed at internet users each
day.Indeed the US Computer emergency readiness team (US CERT) stops the
counting the number of security incidents reports it received in 2004 because
attacks against internet connected systems had become so commonplace that it
felt this figure was getting too big to track.
(ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network).
In the past ,the phone network consisted of an interconnection of wires that
directly connected telephone users via an analog-based system. His system was
very inefficient because it did not work well for long distance connections and
was very prone to noise . In the 1960s, the telephone company began converting
this system to a packet based , digital switching network.
Today nearly all voice switching in the US is digital, however the customer
connection to the switching office is primary still analog.
ISDN is a system of digital telephone connection that enables data to be
transmitted simutaneously end to end . This technologyhas been available from
more than a decade and is designed to enable faster , cleare communications
for small offices and home users . It camr about us the standard system began
its migration from an analog format to digital ISDN format.
HISTORY:
The concept of ISDN was introduce in 1972.
The concept was based on moving an analog to digital conversion equipment
onto the customers premises to enable voice and data services to be sent
through a single line. Telephone companies voice and data services to be sent
through a single line . Telephone companies also began using a new kind of
digital communication link between each central office .AT1 link could carry
64kb/s voice channels, and it used the same amount of copper wires as only two
analog voice calls .Through the 1970s ,the telephone companies continued to
upgrade this switching offices. They began rolling out T1 links directly to the
customers to provide high speed access. The need for efficient solution was
greater than ever.
IN the early 1990s, an effort was begun to establish a standard implementation
of ISDN standard was defined by the industry so that the users would not have to
know the type of switch they were connected to in order to buy equipment and
software compatible with it.
Because some major offices switches were incompatible with this standard .
Some major telephone companies had trouble switching to the N1 standard .
This cause a number of problems in trying to communicate between these
nonstandard and everyone else . Eventually all the systems were brought upto
standard. A set of core services were define in all basic rate interface of the N1
standard .The services include data call services voice call services ,call
forwarding and call waiting .
Most devices today conform to the N1 standard .
A more comprehensive standardization initiative , National ISDN2 was recently
adopted . Now several major manufacturers of networking equipment’s have
become involved to help set the standard and make ISDN a more economical
solution. The NI2 standard has two goals ,first one to standardize the primary
rate interface as N1 did for BRI and to simplify the identification process. Untill
this point , PRIs were mainly vendor-dependent, wich made it difficult to
interconnect them.
Furthermore, a standard was created for NI-2 for identifires .Basic rate
interface (BRI).Consists of two 64kb/s B channels and one 16 kb/s D channel ,for
a total of 144kb/s. With BRI only 128kb/s is use for data tranfer , while the
remaining 16kb/s is use for signaling information.
BRIs were designed to enable customers to use their existing wiring . Because this
provide a low cost solution for the customers. Its most basic type service intended
for small business or home use.
Online banking has opened doors for all the customers to operate beyond the
boundries.
It allows people to carry out their banking transactions by using safe website
functioned by their repective banks.
Evolution of E banking.
The story of technolgy in banking started with the use of punched cards
matchines like Acounting matchines.
The use of technology , at that time was limited to keeping books of the bank.
It further developed with the birth of online real time system and vast
improvement in telecommunication system during late 1970s and 1980s
It resulted in the revolution of banking .
Through convenience bamking , the bank is carried to be doorstep of the
customers . The 1990s saw the birth of ditributed computing technologies and
relational data base management system . The bank industry was simply waiting
for these technologies . Now with the ditributed technologies one could configure
the dedicated matchines called fron end matchine for customer service and risk
controlwhile communication in the batch mode without hampering the reponse
time on the front end matchine.
You can facilitate payment of electicity and telephone bills , mobile phone credit
card and insurance premiumbill as each bank has tie ups with various utility
companies service providers and insurance companies across the country .
T o pay your bills you must complete one time regitrationfor each bill , you can
also setup vertical instructions online to pay your bill.
Generally bank is not charging the customers for online bill payment.
Change were carried out by election of Pakistan in 1965 for the process of the
voters registration to hold the nationwide 1965 peresidential election. In
1969_70, the amendments in the PIS programe continued by the
election comission of Pakistan supervised the 1970 general election.
Also passwords and pins are too weak in terms of security . Moreover , pins or
passwords are hard to remember by most people. In recent study performed on
Canadians revealed that they tend to forget their pins or passwords and leave
any authentications online unfinished. Security checks are boring and tiresome in
all the facilities .
To automate this process, Japan use favial recognition gates in one their airport
that automatiocally scans passerby as they go through the gate and match it
with the stored images.
Many airports now use iris scan as well. Even the upcoming Olympic going to be
held in Japan deployed the same fac ial recognition technology to scan their
staff, media representatives, and athletes , as reported by Japan times.
Just recently on the Ukrainian Border, the country established a biometric border
migration.
These technologies save time , creat less hassle,reduce staff costs and maintain
maximum efficiency . Such one tool created to help boarder control forces is
SecuredPass that allows biometric enrollment of travellers .
Its central system that connects the whole country covring all the airports , docks
passports or mannual face matching when one’s own body becomes the
ultimate password.
Online shopping.
It first began way back in 1979 when Michael Aldrich used Teletext , a two way
message service wich revolutionized business.
In 1981 he saw the finrst business trasaction with Thomson holidays from the Uk.
1982 Mintel ( an online service accessible by phone lines) was used to make online
purchases, book train tickets, chats check stock prices etc .
In 1984 the first ever shopper buys online at a Tescos store.
After this it jumps farwards to 1990 and Tim Berners Lee created the first browser
and web services.
In 1991 the internet became commercialized and saw the birth of e-commerce.
Amazone started selling books online and pierre omidyr founded e-bay .
In both companies are now the go to places for everything for sale online
throughout the world .
Over the nnext few years , after witnessing the potential of a few online stores
Many competitors and alternatives were created .
In 1997 saw the emergence of comparison sites and shortly after in 1998 Paypal
was founded .
In subsequent years ,online commerce and shopping has become the norm and
we cannot comprehend what the World would look like without it .
Although the number of online sales, products and services has exploded , nothing
fundamental has changed much.
With the passage of time slowely and steadely telecommunication change the
world, today eacvh and everything you could buy and sale online .
Business connectivity
Business connectivity is define as the way your organization talk to the wider
world.It could be your employees, so people to people , it could be the way your
systems connect to the systems of other companies or finally it could be the sum
of your data links.
o Video conferencing.
Video conferencing as we enjoy it today is carried through the internet and
telephone networks ,but it got its start in television.
The man who first demonstrated a working television, John logie Baid, also
poineered the first attempts to creat a two way visual medium in the 1920s and
30s. Despite his efforts and those of the german postal services wich eventually
employedd him, video conferencing technolgy of the era never progressed
beyond AT & Ts first crude video call between new York and Washington, DC in
1927. That call produced little more thana asilhouetteon even the largest
screens.
While AT and Ts Bell labs experiments peal what video conferencing could offer
at the 1964 World’s fair . The picture phone worked by camera to take pictures
every couple of second’s and then relaying those images over regular phone line
Video coferencing today owes its reach and powes to the incredible growth
of the internet over the past 20 years and the internet is really really really big
,every second there are 3.2 billion people are using the internet , generating 1
zetta byte of traffic wich is equal to 36000 years of high definition video.
VPN.
For as long as the internet has existed, there has been a need for protocols to
keep data private and secure. The history of VPN (virtual private network)
technology dates back to 1996, when a Microsoft employee developed the
peer-to-peer tunneling protocol, or PPTP. Effectively the precursor to modern
VPNs, PPTP creates a more secure and private connection between a
computer and the internet.
As the internet took off, demand for more sophisticated security systems
arose. Anti-virus and related software could be effective at preventing
damage at the end-user level, but what was really needed was to improve the
security of the connection itself. That’s where VPNs came in.
A VPN is a private connection over the internet. It’s a broad term that
encompasses several different protocols, which will be explained in detail
later. What they all have in common is the ability to connect remotely to a
private network over a public connection.
greater control and protection over their networks, and to allow them to
better utilize their communications infrastructure by strategically
interconnecting low-level TDM streams.
At this time, digital cross-connects were mostly used for grooming network
traffic, which at the time meant switching traffic between circuits. Digital
cross-connects allowed carriers to reroute traffic quickly and cost-effectively.
Switching Networks.
Today, we’ll take a look at some of the top trends you can expect to see in
2017 regarding network infrastructure and equipment. Consider it a snapshot of what
the year 2017 will hold for businesses involved in network installations.
By preparing and planning ahead, you’ll be all set to position yourself as an invaluable
resource during the fast-paced times ahead.
Expanding and improving networks is your primary responsibility to clients. But at the
end of the day, you also need to be able to advocate for them, and advise them on their
most effective course of action.
With that said, let’s get down to brass tacks and cover the trends as we head into 2017.
Despite the name, Smart Switches aren’t necessarily the smartest solution for many
installations.devices. In fact, Smart Switches have been around for a while. The
differences between Smart/Web-Smart (S/WS) Switches and Managed Switches come
down to nuanced performance.First and foremost, S/WS Switches don’t offer the full
range functionality that’s available in Managed L2 Switches.
S/WS Switches do allow the user to configure link speeds, duplex and view certain
statistics of the Ethernet interface but this hardly scratches the surface of the
customizability one finds in managed switches.Managed L2 Switches allow the user to
become far more precise in their configuration needs by allowing changes to just about
every setting related to layer 2 of the OSI model. VLAN, trunking, and access control lists
are just a few of the features that are available from a managed L2 Switch.
If S/WS Switches were knives, they’d be butter knives. They’ll get the job done sure, but
they’re not particularly versatile. The Managed L2 Switch however, would be a swiss
army knife.
PoE features can be added to both smart and managed switches. PoE S/WS Switches and
Managed L2 Switches allow the user to control PoE output or enable/disable PoE directly
from the interface.
PoE Switches are becoming more and more common since they reduce clutter. The
added benefit is that you will NOT need to install (or hire an electrician to install) an
outlet at remote locations to power Ethernet.The race continues. Ethernet switches are
providing higher and higher Gbps rates with the new 802.3bz release [not yet available
commercially].
Let’s look at some of the most important questions surrounding this topic.Ethernet
speeds will always be a hot topic. As of yet, it’s been unclear exactly when the network
installation industry should step away from 10/100Mb standard and lean towards
1000Mb instead.The official commercial release of 802. Switch manufacturers should be
fine at this point, as the market and demand for 10/100/1000 is still very high. Pushing
to anything faster is all well and good, but current-gen devices will not be able to take
advantage of speeds greater than 1000Mbps.
Access networks.
How wireless networks has transformed with increase demand of bandwidth and data rate.
Network architecture has been changed significantly based on bandwidth and data rate
demands. LAN architectures have remained essentially unchanged since the late 1990s, so why
change LAN architectures now? Apart from ensuring a future-ready network that can support
the direction of technology and applications growth, there are financial advantages to a
wireless LAN. The installation of fibre in both the vertical and the horizontal has the potential to
lower installation cost when compared to traditional cable designs, which has fibre in the riser
but copper in the horizontal. For example, the cost of installing a wireless LAN with fibre in both
pathways is significantly less than the traditional architecture.
In addition to the financial advantages, the installation time of a wireless LAN architecture can
be reduced by as much as one-third when compared to traditional cable, and fewer support
costs, such as reducing space. Fewer and smaller intermediate distribution frames (IDFs) create
an overall smaller footprint, which opens up more physical space and therefore more cost
savings.
While cost and conveniences – along with the ultimate long-term benefits – play an important
factor in the decision-making process, the transition to a wireless LAN offers immediate
benefits. The scalability of the architecture makes it possible to meet various degrees of network
needs, and offers increased LAN bandwidth that is particularly crucial for MACs and edge
devices. With fewer ports exposed, the connectivity is more secure than current cabling
architectures.
Wireless Networking
Best Environment :
These benefits and capabilities, however, are not exclusive to a certain type of environment; the
move away from end-to-end copper in the horizontal and toward composite cable, made up of
fibre and copper, fits a range of facilities. Hospitals, large venues such as convention centres and
stadiums, hospitality, school campuses, various office spaces, and research labs can all benefit –
and should.
Benefits to the end-user:
Collaboration across all fronts, especially in today’s digital age, is foundational to most business
successes. At Sullivan Park in particular, collaboration is achieved through electronic lab
notebooks and interactive video. Having all wireless access is a necessary requirement.
Within this video environment is high-speed, high-definition video control systems and high-
performance computing modelling and simulation, which require dormant network capacity
demand. The facility itself is a complex environment with both new and legacy lab systems,
research equipment of all kinds, and sensitive and critical control systems. The LAN architecture
needs to be able to support all aspects of different needs, and enable a range of technologies
from varying generations.
Analogue mobile phones first appeared in the early 1980s, and were used for voice calls only
(imagine that!). Second-generation (2G) digital mobiles made their debut a decade later with
GSM, offering text messaging (SMS) as the 'killer application' on top of voice services, becoming
the dominant technology worldwide. A roughly 10-year cycle has continued ever since, with
each generation adding more data bandwidth and therefore enabling a richer set of services:
around the turn of the millennium, 3G (UMTS or CDMA 2000) offered data rates of around
1Mbps and could be described as 'mobile broadband', while 2010 saw 4G (LTE) reaching
100Mbps.
Of course, as in any evolutionary process, there have been intermediate stages: GPRS and EDGE
were '2.5G' packet-switching technologies that made internet connections possible, for
example, while HSPA and HSPA+ brought '3.5G' data rates up to 2Mbps. More recently, '4.5G'
LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced Pro have paved the way from 4G to 5G, taking data rates up
to 1Gbps.
We are now on the cusp of the 5G era, with standards, spectrum allocation, network
infrastructure, chipsets and devices all moving into place around the world
All new services available that has been discussed in first question shows that the last decade
data rate and bandwidth was unable to fulfill the current services . that’s why the mobile or
wireless services has gone to 5 generation to achieve that bandwidth. To stick to future
requirements the 5G has designed with smaller cells to use low power for data communication,
and each cell has less customers that each customer get highest available bandwidth.
Q.NO# 4:
HOW DO YOU FORECAST THE FUTURE BANDWIDTH AND DATA REQUIREMENTS IN TELECOM
NETWORKS.
Bandwidth requirement prediction is an important part of network design and service planning.
The natural way of predicting bandwidth requirement for existing network is to analyze the past
trends and apply appropriate mathematical model to predict for the future.
The rapid growth in the use of the Internet has led to huge and increasing demand for
bandwidth, both international and domestic. Ensuring sufficient bandwidth in their network
from core to the customer premises has been the constant challenge for network operators and
service providers.
timely and accurate prediction of bandwidth is very helpful to plan the network
resources, expansion and upgrades on time so that bottlenecks and QoS degradations are
avoided.
This, in turn, is crucial for operators to attract, retain and regain customers. Hence, proper
network traffic prediction is very useful for operators in initial planning as well as later on for
upgrades and optimizations.
During the last few decades, the pervasive evolution of telecommunications transformed
not only technologies, networks, services and applications, but also structure of the
telecom sector players. Earlier, the sector was characterized by state-owned national
companies in monopolistic situation. We have recently witnessed deployment of a
competitive environment, withdrawal of the state ownership, emergence of new service
providers, transnational service providers and service providers' alliances, and the
continuous rearrangement of their ownership structure. The telecom sector thus globally
kept evolving during the 20th century in terms of technology, business and regulatory
aspects.B
we observe an overall slow adoption pattern of broadband, reasons for which are not part of
this report. However, statistics for last three years reveal an astonishing growth of broadband
subscription in metropolitan areas. Broadband has started to receive popularity as the demand
for a high speed Internet connection is increasing between businesses and residential
consumers. The country could be rated among the economies where almost all technological
versions of broadband are being offered. Wired broadband in shape of xDSL, HFC, and FTTx over
GPON whereas wireless broadband in form of WiMax and EVDO are among these technological
versions. Mobile broadband through GPRS and EDGE is also being offered but is not part of this
survey study.