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Characteristics of Life
Characteristics of Life
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn about one particular branch of science, the branch called biology.
Biology is the science of life. Do you know what life is? Can you define it? Do you know the
characteristics of life common to all organisms? Can you describe the characteristics of life that are
shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Look at the duck decoy in Figure 2.1. It looks very similar to a real duck. Of course, real ducks are
living things. What about the decoy duck? It looks like a duck, but it is actually made of wood. The decoy
duck doesn’t have all the characteristics of a living thing. What characteristics set the real ducks apart
from the decoy duck? What are the characteristics of living things?
To be classified as a living thing, an object must have all of the following characteristics:
1. It responds to the environment.
2. It grows and develops.
3. It goes through reproduction: produces offspring (asexually or sexually).
4. It maintains homeostasis.
5. It obtains and uses energy to power all life processes through metabolism
6. It consists of cell(s) that are organized.
7. It has the ability to change over time (evolution).
8. It as a universal genetic code (DNA).
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through cell division and enlargement of cells, development occurs though cell differentiation (cell
becoming different from each other; i.e. some cells become blood cells and others become bone cells)
and specialization (adaptation of a cell to perform a specific function). For example, a plant seed may
look like a lifeless pebble, but under the right conditions it will grow and develop into a plant. Animals
also grow and develop. Look at the animals in Figure 2.2. How will the tadpoles change as they grow and
develop into adult frogs? This process of change is called metamorphosis.
Maintaining Homeostasis
All living things are able to maintain a more-or-less constant internal environment. They keep
things relatively stable on the inside regardless of the conditions around them. The process of
maintaining a stable internal environment is called homeostasis, without homeostasis maintenance an
organism could die. In human beings, homeostatic mechanisms, regulatory mechanisms that contribute
to maintaining a state of equilibrium help us maintain a stable internal body temperature
(thermoregulation), regulate our body’s water content (water regulation), and uptake of nutrients by
our cells. For example, if you go outside when the air temperature is below freezing, your body doesn’t
freeze. Instead, by shivering and other means, it maintains a stable internal temperature.
Homeostasis, or keeping things constant, is not just a characteristic of living things. It also
applies to nature as a whole. Consider the concentration of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen
makes up 21% of the atmosphere, and this concentration is fairly constant. What keeps the
concentration of oxygen constant? The answer is living things. Most living things need oxygen to survive,
and when they breathe, they remove oxygen from the atmosphere. On the other hand, many living
things, including plants, give off oxygen when they make food, and this adds oxygen to the atmosphere.
The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is maintained mainly by the balance between these two
processes. A quick overview of homeostasis can be viewed at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFyt7FJn-UM
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the green plants that use photosynthesis to make their own "food"; energy. Animals and fungi are
heterotrophs (consumers) and capture their food for energy in a variety of ways.
The ability to acquire and use energy is extremely important. Keep in mind without a constant
input of usable energy, organisms would quickly become "disorganized" and die.
Figure 2.3: Human Cells. If you looked Figure 2.4: Onion Cells. If you looked at
at human cells under a microscope, this onion cells under a microscope, this is what
is what you might see. you might see.
Some organisms are made up of only one cell and are called unicellular; others are composed of
two or more cells and are called multicellular. Complex multicellular organisms have levels of
organization as shown in Figure 2.5 below. Organism is the highest level of organization, made up of
organ systems (groups of specialized parts that carry out a certain function in an organism). Organ
systems are made up of organs; structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system.
Organs are made up of tissues; groups of cells that have similar abilities and allow an organ to function.
Tissues are made up of cells; these are covered by a membrane, contain genetic information needed for
replication, and carry out all cell functions. Within cells we find organelles, tiny structures that carry out
functions necessary for a cell to stay alive. Organelles contain biological molecules, chemical compounds
that provide physical structure, fuel movement, organize energy use, and other cellular functions.
Biological molecules are made up of atoms; which are the simplest particle of an element.
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Figure 2.5: Complex levels of organization in multicellular organisms.
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Figure 2.6: This mole uses its star-shaped nose organ to sense food by touch in the dark.
Lesson Summary
Living things are distinguished from nonliving things on the basis of eight characteristics:
response to the environment, growth and development, reproduction, homeostasis, obtains
and use energy (metabolism), cells and organization, ability to change over time (evolution), and
universal genetic code.
All living things detect changes in their environment and respond to them.
Growth is the physical change in an organism’s size and weight, while development is the gene-
directed process by which an organism matures.
Reproduction is the process by which living things give rise to offspring and transmit hereditary
information (coded in DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid). In sexually reproducing organisms hereditary
information recombines from two organisms of the same species, producing genetically
different offspring. In asexually reproducing organisms hereditary information does not come
from different organisms to the offspring, the offspring is genetically identical to the parent.
Maintaining stable internal conditions through homeostatic mechanisms is a matter of life or
death for living organisms.
Metabolic processes are the sum of all chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and
materials from an organism’s environment.
A cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of living things capable of performing all the
activities of life.
Evolution is a change in the characteristics of populations of living things over time; which
creates genetic variations enabling a population to adapt to changes in their environments and
survive.
Living things are based on a universal genetic code.
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