2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing,Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)

A Novel Technique for Congestion Management in

Transmission System by Real Power Flow Control
Surya R N.Janarthanan S.Balamurugan
Department of Electrical and Electronics Department of Electrical and Electronics Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita School of
Engineering, Coimbatore Engineering, Coimbatore Engineering, Coimbatore
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Amrita University, India Amrita University, India Amrita University, India
suryar90@gmail.com n_janarthanan@cb.amrita.edu s_balamurugan@cb.amrita.edu

Abstract— As the demand on power system increases the
transmission system is forced to operate beyond its transfer
capability resulting in congestion. It may cause cascaded outages,
voltage instability etc which in turn affect the system security and
reliability. So congestion management becomes crucial for the
efficient power transfer in the power system. This paper deals
with a method for congestion management by real power flow
control using TCSC.The power injection required to relieve
congestion is calculated based on DC power flow equations.
Optimal location of TCSC is obtained by sensitivity based
approach. A control algorithm is developed for congestion
management by real power flow control using reactance
compensation and is tested on a 5 bus system.
Keywords—Congestionmanagement;TCSC;Optimal placement;DC
power flow equations.
I. INTRODUCTION
The transmission lines in power system are forced to operate
near to its limit due to the day to day increase in power
demand resulting in congestion. The transmission line
congestion leads to cascade outages, voltage instability etc
which will adversely affect the power system security and
reliability. Available transfer capability needs to be utilized in
a better way so that congestion doesn’t occur in any of the
transmission line. So congestion management plays an
important role for the safe and reliable operation of today’s
transmission system. The different techniques used for
congestion management include cost-free techniques and non
cost-free techniques. Changing the network structure, use of
transformer and series FACT devices are the cost-free
methods adopted for congestion management. The Non cost-
free techniques adopted for congestion management are
generation rescheduling, load curtailment options[1].Among
these methods FACT devices has an added advantage of
improving the loadability of the transmission line by series
compensation[2-4].Usage of FACT device such as Thyristor-
controlled series capacitor (TCSC) helps to attain flexible and
smooth line reactance control with much quicker response
compared to other control devices [5-6].
Optimal Placement of FACTS device plays a significant role
in congestion management which is based on dynamic-static
performance of the today’s power system. In [7] and [8]
genetic algorithm and differential algorithm based
optimization method is used for optimal position identification
of the TCSC. Sensitivity based methods are generally adopted
for the identification of optimal position of FACT devices
which in turn enhance the operation of the power system. In
[9] and [10] real power flow sensitivity index and total system
reactive power loss sensitivity index is used for the
identification of optimal position for TCPAR. In [11] single
contingency criterion based approach has been used for the
static security enhancement of the transmission system.
Congestion management in a deregulated electricity market by
optimizing FACTS device location using sensitivity factor
method has been proposed in [12].
So far attempt has not been made by the researchers to remove
congestion using sensitivity matrix .This paper deals with
congestion management using reactance compensation. The
amount of reactance compensation for removing congestion is
calculated using sensitivity matrix. The power injection
equivalent of this reactance compensation is calculated using
DC power flow equations. Reactance compensation is
implemented using TCSC. Optimal location for TCSC has
been found based on sensitivity analysis. A real power flow
control algorithm using reactance compensation has been
developed for congestion management.
Section 2 describes the method of congestion management by
reactance compensation. Section 3 illustrates the algorithm
developed for congestion management. Section 4 details the
implementation of proposed algorithm in the 5 bus system and
the section 5 details the conclusion.
II. CONGESTION MANAGEMENT BY REAL POWER FLOW
CONTROL
The real power flow control plays a significant role in
relieving congestion in order to ensure reliable and secure d

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 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing,Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)

power supply .Power flow between two buses shown in fig .1 B.INJECTION MODEL FOR TCSC
of a lossless transmission line is given by equation (1)[11]. Fig 3 shows a transmission line model with TCSC attached
between i and bus j .The TCSC is depicted as a static
reactance during steady state which is represented as –jxc.So
the effective impedance of the line becomes
Zij1 rij  j ( xij  xc )

Fig.1.Two bus system

i j sin G ij
VV
Pij (1)
Fig.3.Transmission line model with TCSC
X net
Pij represents real power flow between bus i and bus j The net admittance of the branch with TCSC is calculated as:
respectively, Vi∟δi represent the complex voltage at bus i and 1
Yij1 Gij1  jBij1 (5)
Vj∟δj represents the complex voltage at bus j, Xnet represents Zij1
net effective line reactance offered by line 1 and 2 and δij
represents the bus angle difference. From (1) it is clear that rij   xij  xc 
Where, Gij1 , Bij1
the power flow in a line can be managed by changing bus
rij 2   xij  xc  rij 2   xij  xc 
2 2

voltages, bus angles and the net effective reactance offered by

the line. The real power flow management by line reactance
variation is realized by providing series compensation. The
series compensation will enhance the transmission capacity,
system stability which is provided through TCSC[4].
The real power flow between buses i and j with TCSC is given
by Pij1 and Pji1 which is calculated as:
(6)

A.STATIC DESIGNING OF TCSC (7)

A transmission line model with two buses i and j is
represented in fig.2. Gij and Bij represents real and imaginary
part of branch admittance Yij.[5]
The real power flow variation in the above transmission line
model due to static capacitance is depicted as a transmission
line model without static capacitance with injected power at
both ends of the line as given in fig.4 i.e the effect of static
series capacitance is in the form of power injection .The power
injection is represented as.Pisand Pjs .

Fig.2.Transmission line model

Z ij rij  jxij Represents the branch impedance between bus

Fig.4. Power injection model for TCSC
i and bus j and then the branch admittance is given by:
1 The injected power at buses i and j is calculated using
Yij Gij  jBij (2) equations (2)-(6) .The power injection P is and Pjs is calculated
Zij
using equation (8) and (9).
rij  jxij (8)
Gij , Bij
rij  xij
2 2
rij 2  xij 2
The real power flow between bus i to bus j is calculated as:
(3)
Where G ij G i  G j represents the bus angle difference .Then
the real power flow between bus j to bus i is calculated as:
(9)
(4) Where ,

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 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing,Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)

'Gij Gij  Gij1 (10) maximum limit by TCSC and Plm (max) represents the
maximum power flow limit of the congested line.
'Bij Bij  Bij1 (11)
E.COMPUTATION OF REACTANCE COMPENSATION
The power injection due to TCSC calculated in the section C
C.OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF TCSC is converted into equivalent reactance(xc) using equations (7)
The optimal position for TCSC placement is found out by real and (8).For a lossless transmission line r ij=0, substituting the
power flow reduction method [10].This method is based on value of rij in equations (10) and (11)
real power flow sensitivity with respect to the xc. uij represents
real power flow sensitivity with respect to xc .The uij is 'Gij 0 (16)
computed using equation (12). xc
'Bij (17)
( x  xij xc )
2
ij

On substituting value of 'Gij and 'Bij in equations (8) and

(12) (9)
Pjs (18)
'Bij
i j sin  G ij 
VV
According to real power flow reduction method the
transmission line with highest negative uij value is selected for
TCSC placement Equivalent reactance (xc) is calculated by solving equation
(17) and (18).
D.COMPUTATION OF POWER INJECTION
The power injection due to TCSC is calculated using DC III. ALGORITHM FOR CONGESTION
power flow calculations[13]. The power flow through line m MANAGEMENT BY REAL POWER FLOW CONTROL
can be computed as:
N
Plm ¦S
n 1
P
mn n (13) In this section algorithm developed for congestion
management by real power control through optimal placement
Where,m =branch number which varies from 0 to b of TCSC is presented. The flow chart for this algorithm is
B=total no of branches shown in figure 5.
N=total number of buses
n=bus number which varies from 0 to N Step1:Get the generator data, line data and maximum
Pn=nodal power injection at nth bus compensation data
Smn=sensitivity matrix which relates line flow with Step 2:Calculate the maximum loading limit of each
power injection of order B u N transmission line
Step 3:Calculate B1,A and B matrix
S mn B1 AB 1 (14) Step 4:Calculate Smn matrix using equation (14)
Where, Step 5:Perform DC load flow analysis using DC power flow
B1= line admittance matrix of dimension B u B equation (13)
A=branch node incidence matrix of dimension B u N Step 6:If the line flow >maximum loading limit then go to 7th
B= imaginary part of nodal admittance matrix of dimension step else go to step 11
NuN Step 7:Determine the optimal location for TCSC using
equation(12)
When the power flow in a line exceeds its maximum limit[14] Step 8:Calculate the power injection due to TCSC using
congestion is said to have occurred. In order to make the equation(15)
power flow within its limit TCSC is used .According to Step 9:Convert the calculated power injection in step 8 to
injection model of TCSC the effect of TCSC will be in the equivalent reactance using equations (17) and (18)
form of power injection. This power injection required to Step 10:update the line data with calculated reactance in step 9
make the power flow within the limit is calculated using then go to step 3
equation (15) by setting power flow in the congested line to its Step 11:end
maximum limit
N
Plm (max) ¦S
n 1
mn n P  Pis  Pjs (15)

Where, Pis and Pjs represents the extra power injections

required to make power flow in the congested line to its

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 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing,Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)

Fig.6. 5 bus system

Table no .I. 5 bus system line data

Branch Branch Reactance Admittance Maximum

number (ohms) 1 loading
y limit
jx (MW)
(mho)
1 1-2 .1 -10j 100
2 2-3 .2 -5j 50
3 5-4 .5 -2j 50
4 3-4 .25 -4j 50
5 1-5 .25 -4j 100
6 5-2 .25 -4j 50
7 5-3 .4 -2.5j 50
The nodal power injection (Pn) of each bus in IEEE 5 bus
system is calculated by taking difference of generation and
demand which are as follows :
ª P1 º ª125.9 º
«P » « 105 »
« 2» « » (19)
« P3 » « 35 »
« » « »
« P4 » « 16 »
«P » «¬ 24 »¼
¬ 5¼
The nodal admittance matrix (y) is calculated using the
Fig.5.Flow chart for congestion management by equation (20)
real power flow control ªY  Y  Y12 0 0  Y15 º
« 12 15 »
« Y Y12  Y23  Y52  Y23 0  Y52 »
« 12 »
Y « 0  Y23 Y23  Y34  Y53  Y34  Y53 » (20)
« »
0 0  Y34 Y34  Y54  Y54
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS « »
« Y  Y52  Y53  Y54 Y15  Y52  Y53  Y54 »
¬ 15 ¼
The algorithm developed in the above section is tested on a 5
bus system represented in fig.6 using the 5 bus system line The B matrix for IEEE 5 bus system is obtained by
data given in the table no. I. substituting the values of line admittances from table 1 in the
equation (21).
ª 14 10 0 0 4 º
« 10  19 5 0 4 »»
« (21)
B «0 5 11.5 4 2.5 »
« »
«0 0 4 6 2 »
«¬ 4 4 2.5 2  12.5»¼

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 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing,Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)

The entries of the branch node incidence matrix (A) will be 1 , These power flow values are then compared with the
-1 and 0 depending upon the power flow direction. If the maximum loading limit of each line given in table 1 and it was
direction of the power flow in a branch is towards the node found that the line 1(Pl1)power flow is exceeding its maximum
the entry will be -1, if it is away from the node the entry will loading limit indicating congestion in the line 1.This
be 1 and if the branch is not connected to the node the entry congestion in line 1 is relived by optimal placement of TCSC
will be 0.The A matrix for 5 bus system sis given by The location for TCSC is found out by calculating uij value
equation(22). each line using equation(12). The uij values for 5 bus system
ª1 1 0 0 0 º are as given below:
«0 »
« 1 1 0 0 » ªu12 º ª -.94 º
«0 0 0 1 1 » (22) «u » «-.166 »
« »
A «0 0 1 1 0 » « 23 » « »
«1 0 0 0 1 » «u54 » «-.1419» (26)
« » «u »
«0  1 0 0 1 » «-.008 »
«0 0 1 0 1 » « 34 » «-.220 »
¬ ¼
«u15 » « »
The B1 matrix is a diagonal matrix composing of line
«u » «-.146 »
admittances. The B1 matrix for 5 bus system is given by
« 52 » «¬-.174 »¼
equation (23) «¬u53 »¼
ªY12 0 0 0 0 0 0 º
« » From equation (26) line 1 has the highest negative uij value so
«0 Y23 0 0 0 0 0 » TCSC has to be placed in line 1[10].
«0 0 Y 0 0 0 0 » The power injections due to TCSC are calculated using
« 54 »
B1 «0 0 0 Y34 0 0 0 » equation (27) which are as follows:
«0 0 0 0 Y 0 0 » ª100 º
« 15 » ª.5136  .2911  .1538  .0941 .0254 º
«0 0 0 0 0 Y52 0 » (23) «Pl 2 » «.2326 .3013  .3691  .2257 .0609 » ª125.9  P1s º
« » «Pl 3 » «.1017 .0778  .0368  .3041 .1614 » «105  P1s »
«¬0 0 0 0 0 0 Y53 »¼ «Pl 4 » «.0983 .1222  .2368  .4959 .0386 » u «35 » (27)
ª10 0 0 0 0 0 0 º «Pl 5 » «.2864 .0911  .0462  .1059  .2254
» «16 »
« 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 » «P » «.0810  .2076  .0153 .0683 .2355 «
» ¬ 24 »¼
« »
« 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 » «Pl 6 » ¬.0657 .0209  .1941  .0702 .1777 ¼
« 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 »
¬ l7 ¼
« 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 »
« » Where P1s and –P1s represents the power injection due to
« 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 »
TCSC at buses 1 and 2 respectively. By solving equation (27)
«¬ 0 0 0 0 0 0  2.5»
¼ P1s is equal to -2.83.Equivalent reactance (xc) is calculated
The Smn matrix for 5 bus system is calculated using equation from power injection using equations (17) and (18). The
(14) ,i.e by multiplying equation(22),equation(23) and inverse equivalent reactance is .011pu.With this equivalent reactance
of equation (21). line data is updated and Smn new matrix is calculated .
ª.5136  .2911  .1538  .0941 .0254 º ª.5009  .2839  .1500  .0917 .0248 º
«.2326 .3013  .3691  .2257 .0609 » «.2281 .3038
« »  .3677  .2249 .0607 »
«.1017 .0778  .0368  .3041 .1614 » « »
(24) «.1033 .0769  .0373  .3044 .1615 »
S mn «.0983 .1222  .2368  .4959 .0386 »
«.2864 .0911  .0462  .1059  .2254 » S
mn ( new)
«.0963 .1231  .2373  .4956 .0385 » (28)
« » «.2991 .0839  .0500  .1083  .2248 »
«.0810  .2076  .0153 .0683 .2355 » « »
«¬.0657 .0209  .1941  .0702 .1777 ¼» «.0727  .2123  .0178 .0668 .2359 »
DC load flow analysis is performed with this S mn matrix and «¬.0686 .0192  .1950  .0707 .1778 »¼
the flow of power through each line (Plm) is found to be as Updated sensitivity matrix is then used for performing DC
given below: load flow analysis. The power flow through each branch is
ª Pl1 º ª 102.7256º represented by equation (29)
«P » « » ª Pl1 º ª100.00 º
« l 2 » « 15.6414» «P » «14.7470 »
« Pl 3 » « 14.6630» . « l2 » « »
« P » « 0.1170 » (25) « Pl 3 » «14.9741 »
«P » «0.1941 »
« l4 » « » « l4 » (29)
« Pl 5 » « 24.3944» «26.9377 »
« Pl 5 » « »
« P » « 16.6958» «P » «18.3447 »
« l6 » « « l6 » «¬18.8389 »¼
»
«¬ Pl 7 »¼ ¬ 18.2556¼ «¬ Pl 7 »¼

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 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing,Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)

From this power flow values it is found that the power flow is [12] Naresh Acharya and N. Mithulananthan, “Locating series FACTS
reduced to 100MW in line 1. Thus the congestion in the line 1 devices for congestion management in deregulated electricity markets,”
Electric power Systems Research, vol.77, pp. 352-360, March 2007
has been relieved.
[13] Xi-Fan Wang ,Yonghua Song , Malcolm Irving, “Modern power system
analysis”volume:1,issue:2
V. CONCLUSION
[14] S. Balamurugan, N. Janarthanan and K. R. M. V. Chandrakala,
"Laboratory model to teach Surge Impedance Loading," 2016 Biennial
This paper presents a real power flow control method for International Conference on Power and Energy Systems: Towards
congestion management in transmission lines. The real power Sustainable Energy (PESTSE), Bangalore, 2016, pp. 1-4.
flow control is realized by reactance compensation using
TCSC. In this paper reactance compensation of the TCSC is
modeled as a power injection equivalent. This power injection
by TCSC is calculated based on DC power flow calculations.
The optimal position for TCSC is calculated based on real
power flow reduction method. A real power flow control
algorithm using reactance compensation for congestion
management is developed .This algorithm is implemented on a
5 bus system and is found to be effective in removing
congestion.

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