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PGT316 Lecture 6
PGT316 Lecture 6
Lecture 6:
Wireless Data Network
2
Contents
• WLAN: Overview, Concepts and IEEE 802.11 Standard
• WPAN (ZigBee, Bluetooth, Infrared, UWB, and WUSB):
Overview, Concepts and IEEE 802.15 Standard
• WiMAX: Overview, Concepts and IEEE 802.16 Standard
• GPS: Overview and Concepts
• M2M and V2V: Overview and Concepts
• IoT LPWAN (LoRa, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and Cat-M1): Overview
and Concepts
3
Global Wireless Standard
range/cost
Wireless WAN < 15 KM
4
Global Wireless Standard (cont.)
7
Wireless LAN Topologies
Server/Modem
PC/Laptop
Wireless
Router
PC/Laptop
PC/Laptop
Server/Modem PC/Laptop
PC/Laptop
Server/Modem PC/Laptop
Wireless
Router PC/Laptop Wireless
Router
Repeater
PC/Laptop
PC/Laptop PC/Laptop PC/Laptop
PC/Laptop PC/Laptop
8
IEEE 802.11 Concepts
• The IEEE 802.11 specifications are wireless standards
that specify an "over-the-air" interface between a
wireless client and a base station or access point, as
well as among wireless clients.
• The IEEE 802.11 standards can be compared to the IEEE
802.3 standard for Ethernet for wired LANs.
• The IEEE 802.11 specifications address both the
Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC)
layers and are tailored to resolve compatibility issues
between manufacturers of WLAN equipment.
• Currently managed under the IEEE 802.11 Working
Group.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11 9
IEEE 802.11 Concepts (cont.)
• Similar to IEEE 802.3 networks, WLANs are to provide
high data transfer rate in small geographical areas.
• Reasons for WLAN rather than Ethernet:
1. System setup cost: wiring.
2. Building environment and limitations.
3. Operational environment e.g. temporary networking facility.
4. Mobility.
• Despite wireless transmission medium, user expectation
is similar to that of Ethernet.
• However, wireless medium is very much volatile and
unpredictable than wired medium.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet 10
IEEE 802.3 Concepts
• IEEE 802.3 is a working group and a collection of Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards produced by the working
group defining the physical layer and data link layer's media access
control (MAC) of wired Ethernet.
• This is generally a local area network (LAN) technology with some
wide area network (WAN) applications.
• Physical connections are made between nodes and/or infrastructure
devices (hubs, switches, routers) by various types of copper or fiber
cable.
• IEEE 802.3 also defines LAN access method using CSMA/CD.
• One of the latest is Ethernet standard is IEEE 802.3cd released in
December 2018: Media Access Control (MAC) Parameters for 50
Gbps and Physical Layers and Management Parameters for 50, 100,
and 200 Gbps operation.
11
IEEE 802.11 Aspects Covered
Committees tasked
by WG to
IEEE 802.11 Study investigate interest
Groups of placing
something in the
standard
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 Standing
Working Group Committees & Ad-
Hoc Groups
Committees tasked
IEEE 802.11 Task by WG as authors
Groups of the Standard or
amendments.
13
IEEE 802.11 Working Groups (cont.)
WLAN 802.11a,
802.11p 27 Mbps, 54 Mbps,
10 Mhz, BW, OFDM,
5.9 GHz - (Wireless 5 GHz
Access for vehicular
Environment(
WAVE/DSRC))
802.11n
600 Mbps
with 4x4
MIMO,
20/40 MHz 802.11g
Wireless Gigabit 802.11ad BW, 2.4 or 802.11ac 54 Mbps
- Very High 5 GHz – Very high OFDM,
(WiGig) throughput, throughput 2.4Ghz
60 GHz (<6GHz)
Upper-layer
protocols
Logical Link
Data Link Control (LLC)
Layer Medium Access
Control (MAC) Wireless
LAN
Physical Functions
Layer
16
Wireless LAN Architecture: Data Link Layer
Medium Access
Control (MAC) Layer
18
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance
Random delay
19
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance (cont.)
20
Data Link Layer: Logical Link Control
(LLC) Layer
21
IEEE802 Protocol Layers vs. OSI
Reference Model
OSI Reference Model LLC service access
point (LSAP)
Application
TCP/IP
Presentation IEEE802 protocol
Transport stack TCP
Network Internet (802.1) IP
22
IEEE802.11 WLAN vs. IEEE802.3 Ethernet
• Both uses the same higher layer protocol (from LLC layer
onwards)
• IEEE802.11 uses CSMA/CA while IEEE802.3 uses CSMA/CD
• IEEE802.11: destination address is not equal to destination
location
• IEEE802.3 : destination address is equal to physical location
• IEEE802.11 being wireless is more exposed to environment
effects
• IEEE802.11, user can move from one location to another
(mobility)
• IEEE802.11, stations are not always connected (power
management)
• IEEE802.11 is subjected to “hidden node problem”
23
IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN Architecture
STA 6
Distributed AP STA 4
System
(usually STA 5
AP Ethernet)
Basic
STA 1 Service Set
STA 3
STA 2
STA 1
STA 3
STA 2
Distributed
System
27
Wireless LAN Topologies: Extended
Service Set (ESS)
3
STA Extended
Made up of more 2
Basic Service Set Service Set
than one BSS
network
28
Wireless LAN Topologies: Independent
Basic Service Set (IBSS) Network
Station 2
Station 1 Ad-hoc
Network
29
Ad-Hoc vs. Infrastructure Networking Modes
STA 3 AP
Not Allowed
STA 1 STA 2 STA 2 STA 2
30
IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer Standards
802.11 Year Freq BW Data Rate MIMO Mod Indoor Outdoor
(GHz) (MHz) (Mbps) (meter) (meter)
31
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power
• Direct sequence spread Spectral
Density
spectrum signal is Narrowband
generated by mixing the user data
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
signal (pseudo-random Direct
sequence). sequence
spread signal
• Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
mixing the received signal
with an identical, accurately Freq
timed pseudo-random Direct Sequence Spread
sequence. Spectrum
32
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (cont.)
Transmit
Source
Modulator DSSS
Information Signal
Carrier Code
Generator
33
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (cont.)
1
Data
–1 Signal
Code
–1 Signal
1
Data Signal X
Code Signal
–1
34
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Receiver
Received
Demodulator
DSSS
signal Data
Carrier
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Received
codes
codes
–1 –1
1 1
codes
Local
codes
–1 Local –1
User data
1 1
User data
–1 –1
User data = “1” User data = “?”
36
What Is OFDM?
37
OFDM: Basic Concepts
38
Why OFDM? Motivation for OFDM
Advantages of OFDM :
• More robust against multipath propagation effects
• Less sensitive to timing errors A way to deal with
• Higher spectral efficiency
• Higher efficient use of bandwidth
• Lesser utilization of hardware
Rx
Tx
39
Motivation for OFDM: Higher Spectral
Efficiency
40
IEEE 802.11a PHY: Overview
• PHY layer of WLANs with orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) and radio frequency aimed for the 5.15–
5.25, 5.25–5.35, and 5.725–5.825 GHz unlicensed national
information structure (U-NII) bands
• The WLAN system provides data payload communication
capabilities of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbit/s.
• The support of transmitting and receiving at data rates of 6, 12,
and 24 Mbit/s is mandatory.
• The system uses 52 subcarriers that are modulated using
binary or quadrature phase shift keying (BPSK/QPSK), 16-
quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), or 64-QAM.
• Forward error correction coding (convolution coding) is used
with a coding rate of 1/2, 2/3, or 3/4.
41
IEEE 802.11a PHY
Pilot tone
42
IEEE 802.11b PHY: Overview
• Operates at the ISM frequency band which is 2.4 GHz –
2.4835 GHz in USA and Europe.
• The frequency band is divided into 14 partially overlapping
channels each 22 MHz wide.
• All devices within the same BSS (basic service set) use the same
channel.
• The chip rate over the radio interface is 11 MHz. Supported
transmission rates in are 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, and
11 Mbps.
• 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps rates are obtained using direct-sequence
spread spectrum (DSSS) as specified in IEEE 802.11.
• 5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps rate are obtained using complementary
code keying (CCK) modulation
43
CCK Modulation: 802.11 b
Form of Spread Spectrum Modulation
44
802.11b Spread Spectrum Concepts
5.5 Mbit/Sec and 11 Mbit/Sec
d2,d3 1 of 4 DQPSK
4 Bits In 8 Complex
8-chip sequence Rotate
d0-d3 Chips Out
d0,d1 Selector
d2-d7 1 of 64 DQPSK
8 Bits In 8 Complex
8-chip sequence Rotate
d0-d7 Chips Out
Selector
d0,d1
45
IEEE 802.11g: Overview
• It uses OFDM (from 802.11a) and CCK (from 802.11b) as the
mandatory modulation schemes with 24 Mbps as the maximum data
rate). Also provides optional higher data rates of 36, 48, & 54 Mbps.
• The 802.11g standard defines several rate extensions, as part of the
Extended Rate PHY (ERP) specification, to the PHY for the Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) implementation.
• The 802.11g PHY specification includes four sets of modulation
schemes ERP–DSSS/CCK (Mandatory), ERP–OFDM (Mandatory),
ERP–PBCC (Optional), and DSSS–OFDM (Optional).
• The initial 802.11 standard (IEEE Std. 802.11–1999) defines a long
preamble PLCP framing and later in standard (IEEE Std. 802.11b,
1999) a short (optional) preamble for the PPDU w as defined;
however in the 802.11g standard the short preamble PPDU capability
has been defined as mandatory.
46
IEEE 802.11n: Overview
• The 802.11n standard, ratified in 2009, includes multiple-
input multiple-output (MIMO), 40 MHz channels in the
PHY layer, and frame aggregation in the MAC layer.
• High-throughput (Greenfield) mode, non-HT (legacy)
mode, and HT mixed mode are the three operating modes
of 802.11n.
• 802.11n delivers higher speed, up to 600 Mbps, which is
more than 10 times the throughput of 802.11a/g.
47
IEEE 802.11n PHY: Overview
• Legacy Mode: In the legacy mode, frames are transmitted
in the legacy 802.11a/g OFDM format.
Legacy Mode
48
IEEE 802.11n PHY: Overview (cont.)
• Mixed Mode: In the Mixed Mode, packets are transmitted
with a preamble compatible with the legacy 802.11a/g.
• The legacy Short Training Sequence, the legacy Long
Training sequence, and the legacy signal description are
transmitted so they can be decoded by legacy 802.11a/g
devices.
• The rest of the packet has a new MIMO training sequence
format.
Mixed Mode
L-STF L-LTF L-SIG
2 OFDM 2 OFDM 1 OFDM HT-SIG HT-STF HT-LTFs DATA
Symbols Symbols Symbol
50
IEEE 802.11ac: Overview
• An extension of 802.11n, will provide a very high throughput (VHT) of
1 Gigbit/sec and only run on 5 GHz bands, as there is not enough
spectrum available at 2.4 GHz for this level of performance.
• Like previous standards, 802.11ac builds on similar strategies of
wider RF bandwidth (up to 160 MHz), higher order modulation types
(up to 256 QAM), and more MIMO spatial streams (up to 8) to
increase data rates over existing 802.11n products.
• The 11ac standard finalization is anticipated in late 2013, with final
802.11 working group approval in early 2014.
• In-Stat (Jan. 2012): Expect nearly 500 million 802.11ac devices by
2015, including 184 million notebooks and 165 million smartphones
• 802.11ac products announced by Quantenna, Broadcom, Redpine,
Trendnet. Broadcom is marketing 802.11ac as “5G WiFi”
(www.5gwifi.org).
51
Review of 802.11n: Basis for 802.11ac
52
Changes and Enhancements for 802.11ac
• Wider channels
• Higher-order modulation
• More spatial streams and antennas (up to 8)
• Multi-user MIMO
53
Multiple Antenna Techniques in 802.11ac
MIMO (2×2) NEW!
MISO
Multi-User MIMO
Tx0 Rx0
Tx0
Rx MISO 4 streams, 3 users
Tx1 Rx1
Tx1
Rx0
Tx0
Tx0 Spatial Division Multiplexing
Rx1
Spatial Expansion Rx (direct mapping)
(Transmit Diversity) Tx1 Rx
Tx1
MIMO (4×2)
Rx
SIMO Space-Time Block Coding
(STBC) Tx0 Multiuser MIMO
Rx0
Rx Rx0
Downlink only
Rx1 Up to 4 users
Tx1
Rx1 Up to 4 streams/user
Total 8 streams max
55
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN):
Concept
• WPAN – convey information over short distances among
a private-intimate group of participant devices.
• Connection made through a WPAN involves little or no
infrastructure or direct connectivity to the world outside
the link.
• Allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive solutions to be
implemented for a wide range of devices.
• Connectivity with fixed, portable, and moving devices
within or entering personal operating space (POS).
56
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN):
Concept (cont.)
Range of up to 10 m
Home
appliances
control &
monitoring
Personal Personal
gadgets gadgets
Office
Sensors for
Sensors for
equipment Av appliances
security
security
Personal
gadgets
PC &
Av appliances laptops
57
WPAN vs. WLAN
58
WPAN vs. WLAN: Power Level and Coverage
WLAN WPAN
• Portable / quasi-static • More mobile
• Usually uses power supply • Powered by batteries
• About 100 m coverage • About 10 m coverage
• Trx power: 100 mW or more • Trx power: approx. 1 mW
• Requires setting-up • Ad-hoc connectivity
• No low-power operating mode • Low-power operating mode
59
WPAN vs. WLAN: Control of Medium
WLAN WPAN
• Data transmission for • Data transmission for
applications requiring best applications with stringent
effort service bandwidth requirements
• Distributed control for multiple • Central control mechanism
access to regulate transmission
• Mainly contention based • Master-slave relationship,
access scheme time-multiplexed slotted sys.
• Operate in home, office and • Operate in personal
industrial environment operating space
60
WPAN vs. WLAN: Lifespan of Network
WLAN WPAN
•Network exists even all member •Network dissolved when
terminals left master quits
•No implied / inherent life span •Finite life span – ceases when
•Deployment setting up and no longer needed
tearing down •Fast ad-hoc setting up of
network connections
61
IEEE 802.11, .15 .16 Standards
Smart
Laptop
Phone
Tablet
PC
Home
Theater Mouse
Game
Controller
Wireless Personal Network (WPAN)
Video Laptop
• UWB IEEE 802.15.3a Recorder
• Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1.1a Smart
• ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 Digital Phone
Keyboard Camera
62
ZigBee
• ZigBee is a specification for high level communication
protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on an
IEEE 802 standard for personal area networks.
• Applications include wireless light switches, electrical
meters with in-home-displays and other consumer or
industrial equipment that requires short-range wireless
transfer of data at relatively low rates.
• It is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other
WPANs, such as Bluetooth by which it is targeted at radio-
frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate,
long battery life, and secure networking.
63
ZigBee Application
• Operates in the industrial,
scientific and medical (ISM) radio
bands; 868 MHz in Europe,
915 MHz in the USA and Smoke
detector
Australia, and 2.4 GHz in most
jurisdictions worldwide. Data Temperatur
ZigBee
e sensor
rates vary from 20 to 900 kbps. Coordinato
r
65
Bluetooth Application
Synchronisation
Cordless headset to
of portable
phone connection
devices with
desktop PC
Computer to mouse
printer to video
camera Updating navigation
equipment from
computer route plan
66
Bluetooth vs. Infrared
67
Bluetooth Network Architecture
Piconet M S
• Temporary network
• Each Bluetooth device may S
operate as either master or slave
• One device serving as master and S
one or more devices serving as
slaves in Piconet S
M
• A frequency-hopping channel S
based on the address of the
master defines each Piconet S
• Master coordinates the Piconet S
and slaves follow the master
S
• Up to 8 active devices
68
WLAN vs. Bluetooth
Bluetooth and 802.11 Usage Scenarios
Data/Voice Cable
Access Replacement
Points
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
Access Wireless
Point
WCDMA
Bluetooth Bluetooth
Ad Hoc
Networking
69
Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
• It is a technology for transmitting information spread over
a large bandwidth (>500 MHz) that should, in theory and
under the right circumstances, be able to share spectrum
with other users.
• Regulatory settings of FCC in United States are intended
to provide an efficient use of scarce radio bandwidth
while enabling both high data rate "personal area
network" (PAN) wireless connectivity and longer-range,
low data rate applications as well as radar and imaging
systems.
70
MB-OFDM UWB vs. DS-UWB
Signal
Band Group 1 Band Group 2 Band Group 3 Band Group 4 Band Group 5
Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Freq
3432 3960 4488 5016 5544 6072 6600 7128 7856 8184 8712 9240 9768 10296
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
Low Mid High Low Mid High Low Mid High Low Mid High Low Mid
MB-OFDM UWB
Signal Signal
GHz GHz
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DS-UWB
71
Wireless Universal Serial Bus (WUSB)
• A short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio
communication protocol created by the Wireless USB
Promoter Group.
• It is based on the WiMedia Alliance's Ultra-WideBand
(MB-OFDM UWB) common radio platform, which is
capable of sending 480 Mbit/s at distances up to 3 meters
and 110 Mbit/s at up to 10 meters.
• It was designed to operate in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz
frequency range, although local regulatory policies may
restrict the legal operating range for any given country.
• It is used in game controllers, printers, scanners, digital
cameras, portable media players, hard disk drives and
flash drives.
72
Various Comparisons
ZigBee 802.11 Bluetooth UWB (Ultra Wireless IR Wireless
(Wi-Fi) Wide Band) USB
Data Rate 20, 40, and 11 & 54 1 Mbits/s 100-500 62.5 Kbits/s 20-40 Kbits/s,
250 Kbits/s Mbits/sec Mbits/s 115 Kbits/s,
4 & 16 Mbits/s
Range 10-100 50-100 10 meters <10 meters 10 meters <10 meters
meters meters (LOS)
Networking Ad-hoc, peer Point to hub Ad-hoc, very Point to point Point to Point to point
Topology to peer, star, small point
or mesh networks
Operating 868 MHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 3.1-10.6 GHz 2.4 GHz 800-900 nm
Frequency (Europe) and 5 GHz
900-928
MHz (NA),
2.4 GHz
(worldwide)
73
Various Comparisons (cont.)
ZigBee 802.11 Bluetooth UWB Wireless IR Wireless
(Wi-Fi) USB
Complexity Low High High Medium Low Low
(Device &
application)
Power Very low (low High Medium Low Low Low
Consumption power is main
(Battery life) goal)
Other Devices can Device Device
Information join an existing connection connection
network in requires 3-5 requires up to
under 30ms seconds 10 seconds
Typical Industrial Wireless LAN Wireless Streaming PC Remote
Applications control, sensor connectivity, connectivity video, home peripheral controls, PC,
networks, broadband between entertainment connection PDA, phone,
building Internet devices such applications laptop links
automation, access as phones,
home control & PDA, laptops,
automation, headsets
toys, games
74
Wide Area Network (WAN) WiMAX
WiMAX = Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
How WiMAX Works
• WiMAX networks Internet
Backbone
– broadband wireless
networks that are
based on the IEEE
802.16 standard.
• This technology WiMAX
IEEE802.16
promises ISP Network
Transmitter
– High speed of
broadband service:
75 Mbps.
– Wireless rather than Home LAN
wired access.
– Broad Coverage:
50 km.
75
WiMAX System
Transport
Access Switching Switching Access
Legacy Public Switched
Telephone Networks (PSTN)
Softswitch
(Switching)
WiMAX Phone WiMAX Phone
IP transport
WiMAX Base WiMAX Base
Station (Access) Station (Acess)
WiMAX as PSTN and cell phone bypass
TVoIP Server
IP transport
WiMAX Base WiMAX Base TV or video
TV or video Station (Access) Station (Access) Monitor
monitor WiMAX as cable or satellite TV bypass
78
IEEE 802.16: Frequency Bands
10 – 66 GHz licensed bands
• Provides a physical environment where, due to the short
wavelength, line-of-sight (LOS) is required and
multipath is negligible.
• Channel bandwidths of 25 MHz to 28 MHz are typical.
• With raw data rates in excess of 120 Mb/s, this
environment is well suited for point-to-multipoint (PMP)
access serving applications from small office / home
office (SOHO) through medium to large office
applications.
• The single-carrier modulation air interface specified
in IEEE802.16-2004 for 10 – 66 GHz is known as the
“WirelessMAN-SC” air interface.
79
IEEE 802.16: Frequency Bands
Frequencies below 11 GHz
• Provides a physical environment where, due to the
longer wavelength, LOS is not necessary and
multipath may be significant.
• The ability to support near-LOS and non-LOS (NLOS)
scenarios requires additional PHY functionality, such
as the support of advanced power management
techniques, interference mitigation/coexistence, and
multiple antennas.
• Additional MAC features such as mesh topology and
automatic repeat request (ARQ) are introduced.
80
IEEE 802.16: Frequency Bands
License-exempt frequencies below 11 GHz (5 – 6 GHz)
• The physical environment is similar to that of the
licensed bands (below 11 GHz) in the same frequency
range.
• However, the license-exempt nature introduces additional
interference and co-existence issues, whereas
regulatory constraints limit the allowed radiated
power.
• Additionally, the PHY and MAC introduce mechanisms
such as dynamic frequency selection (DFS) to detect
and avoid interference.
81
IEEE 802.16: Frequency Bands (2 to 6 GHz)
82
WiMAX System: General Features
• Subsystems:
– A WiMAX tower (base station)
– similar in concept to a cell-phone tower — A single WiMAX tower
can provide coverage to a very large area as big as
~8,000 square km.
• A WiMAX client terminal
– The terminal receiver and antenna could be a small box or
Personal Computer Memory card, or they could be built into a
laptop the way WiFi access is today
• Frequency bands (GHz): 2 to 11 and 10 to 66 (licensed and
unlicensed bands)
• IEEE 802.16 standards define both MAC and PHY layer and
allows multiple PHY layer specifications
83
Basic Data on IEEE 802.16 Standards
802.16 802.16-2004 802.16e-2005
Status Completed Dec 2001 Completed Jun 2004 Completed Dec 2005
Frequency band 10-66 GHz 2-11 GHz 2-11 GHz for fixed, 2-6 GHz for
mobile applications
Transmission Single carrier only Single carrier, 256 OFDM Single carrier, 256 OFDM or
scheme or 2048 OFDM scalable OFDM with 128, 512,
1024 or 2048 sub-carrier
Modulation QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
Channel BW 20, 25, 28 MHz 1.75, 3.5, 7, 14, 1.25, 5, 1.75, 3.5, 7, 14, 1.25, 5, 10, 15,
10, 15, 8.75 MHz 8.75 MHz
WiMAX None 256 – OFDM as Fixed Scalable OFDMA as Mobile
Implementation WiMax WiMax
Source : www.wimax.com
84
Fixed vs. Mobile WiMAX
Fixed Mobile
Access type Fixed and nomadic Mobile, portable, nomadic and fixed
Devices Outdoor and indoor subscriber units Laptop and PDA cards and modules
Devices Laptop and PDA cards and Stand-alone subscriber units for fixed
modules access
Mobile data devices (phones, MP3
players, Ultra Mobile PCs, game consoles,
other Consumer electronic devices)
Standard IEEE 802.16-2004 IEEE 802.16-2004
Release 1.0
IEEE 802.16e-2005
Channel size range 3.5, 7, 10 MHz (approved profiles) 5, 7, 8.75, 10 MHz (approved profiles)
85
Comparison of Mobile Internet Access
Methods
86
GPS Overview
• The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation system that was developed by the U.S. Department
of Defense (DoD) in the early 1970s.
• Initially, GPS was developed as a military system to fulfill U.S.
military needs. However, it was later made available to civilians,
and is now a dual-use system that can be accessed by both
military and civilian users.
• GPS provides continuous positioning and timing information,
anywhere in the world under any weather conditions. Because
it serves an unlimited number of users as well as being used
for security reasons, GPS is a one-way-ranging (passive)
system. That is, users can only receive the satellite signals.
87
GPS Overview (cont.)
• GPS consists, nominally, of a constellation of 24 operational
satellites. This constellation, known as the initial operational
capability (IOC), was completed in July 1993.
• GPS satellites are arranged so that four satellites are placed in
each of six orbital planes. With this constellation, four to ten
GPS satellites will be visible anywhere in the world, if an
elevation angle of 10° is considered.
• Only four satellites are needed to provide the positioning, or
location information.
88
GPS Overview (cont.)
• GPS satellite orbits are nearly circular (an elliptical shape
with a maximum eccentricity is about 0.01), with an
inclination of about 55° to the equator.
• The semi-major axis of a GPS orbit is about 26,560 km
(the satellite altitude of about 20,200 km above the Earth’s
surface)
• The corresponding GPS orbital period is about 12 sidereal
hours (~11 hours, 58 minutes).
• GPS consists of three segments: the space segment, the
control segment, and the user segment.
89
GPS Segments
Every GPS Satellite transmits a signal Space Segment (24-satellite constellation)
which consists of 2 component
• 2 sine waves (carrier frequencies)
• 2 digital codes
• A navigation message Download
Download Download
Upload (L-band)
(L-band) Upload (L-band)
(S-band) (S-band)
Upload
(S-band)
Upload
Download (S-band)
(L-band)
GPS receiver aided
GPS receiver aided
Control Segment
User Segment
90
GPS Segments (cont.)
• The navigation message contains, along with other
information, the coordinates (the location) of the
satellites as a function of time.
• The transmitted signals are controlled by highly accurate
atomic clocks onboard the satellites.
• The control segment of the GPS system consists of a
worldwide network of tracking stations, with a master
control station (MCS) located in the United States at
Colorado Springs, Colorado.
91
GPS Segments (cont.)
• The primary task of the operational control segment is
tracking the GPS satellites in order to determine and
predict satellite locations, system integrity, behaviour of
the satellite atomic clocks, atmospheric data, the satellite
almanac, and other considerations.
• This information is then packed and uploaded into the
GPS satellites through the S-band link.
• The user segment includes all military and civilian users.
• With a GPS receiver connected to a GPS antenna, a user
can receive the GPS signals, which can be used to
determine his or her position anywhere in the world.
92
M2M Wireless Technology
• Machine-To-Machine (M2M):
o Machine (sensor/actuator that is monitoring/actuating
in uplink/downlink).
o To (network to operate end-to-end communication).
o Machine (device that is processing gathered
information).
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M2M Networks
• Wired (Ethernet, optics, etc.) dedicated cabling between sensor –
gateway:
o pros: very reliable, very high rates, small delay, secure
o cons: expensive to roll out, not scalable, no mobility.
• Wireless: Capillary (WLAN, BLE, ZigBee, etc.):
o pros: cheap to roll out, generally scalable, low power
o cons: short range, low rates, weaker security, interference, lack
of universal infrastructure/coverage.
• Cellular (3G/GSM/GPRS, 4G/LTE, 5G, WiMax, etc):
o pros: excellent coverage, mobility, roaming, generally secure,
infrastructure
o cons: expensive, not cheap to maintain, not power efficient,
delays.
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M2M Novelty
• Number of devices to support:
o Interconnection
o Coverage
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Design for Capillary M2M
• Each node typically consists of these basic elements:
o Sensor
o Radio chip
o Microcontroller
o Energy supply
• Targets:
o Low – cost
o Low – complexity
o Small – size
o Low – energy
• Problems:
o Different vendors (characteristics, inoperability between
devices)
o Interference, fading
o MAC protocols were designed for humans
o Scalability
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V2V Communication
• Vehicle-To-Vehicle (V2V) wireless technology
allows connected vehicles to communicate with one
another, as well as the infrastructure around them
and alert motorists of road conditions.
• Drivers can be alerted to dangerous road
conditions, possible collisions, and hazardous
curves using vehicle systems based on Dedicated
Short Range Communications (DSRC).
• DSRC is a technology similar to Wi-Fi and
connected vehicles could also “talk” or provide the
driver with information regarding tolls, work zones,
traffic signals, and school zones, giving relief to
delays and other surprises that motorists face.
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V2V Communication
• Wireless connectivity allows cars to be continuously
aware of each other so when one car brakes
suddenly cars several yards behind the vehicle get
a safety warning before they get too close.
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V2V Communication
• Connected vehicles can help to mitigate crashes on
busy urban streets.
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Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)
Long Range
Low Power
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LoRa System
Node
Gateway
Node Network Application
Server Server
Node
Gateway
Node
LoRA 4G/Ethernet TCP/IP 4G/WiFi
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LoRa System
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LoRa System
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Sigfox
• Sigfox is a French global network operator founded in 2009
that builds wireless networks to connect low-power objects,
such as electricity meters and smartwatches, which need
to be continuously on and emitting small amounts of data.
• Sigfox employs the differential binary phase-shift keying
(DBPSK) and the Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK)
that enables communication using the ISM radio band,
which uses 868 MHz in Europe and 902 MHz in the US.
• As of October 2018, the Sigfox IoT network has covered a
total of 4.2 million square kilometres in a total of 50
countries and is on track to reach 60 countries by the end
of 2018.
• Sigfox has partnered with a number of firms in the LPWAN
industry such as Texas Instruments, Silicon Labs and ON
Semiconductor.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigfox 107
Narrowband IoT
• Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is a LPWAN radio technology
standard developed by 3GPP to enable a wide range of
cellular devices and services.
• The specification was frozen in 3GPP Release 13 (LTE
Advanced Pro), in June 2016.
• Other 3GPP IoT technologies include eMTC (enhanced
Machine-Type Communication) and EC-GSM-IoT.
• NB-IoT focuses specifically on indoor coverage, low
cost, long battery life, and high connection density.
• NB-IoT uses a subset of the LTE standard, but limits the
bandwidth to a single narrow-band of 200 kHz.
• It uses OFDM modulation for downlink communication
and SC-FDMA for uplink communications.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowband_IoT
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Cat-M1
• Category-M1 (Cat-M1) is a technology that functions
on a 1.4 MHz (reduced from 20 MHz) spectrum, has
a transmit power of 20 dBm, and provides average
upload speeds between 200 Kbps and 400 Kbps.
• This technology can extend battery life, potentially
by up to 10 years.
• There are several advantages Cat-M1 is bringing to
IoT, such as coverage, security, variety, and
efficiency.
https://ubidots.com/blog/what-cat-m1-means-for-iot/
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Cat-M1 vs. NB-IoT
Parameter CAT-M1 NB-IoT
Peak Data Rate 375 Kbps (HD-FDD), 1 Mbps ~50 Kbps for HD-FDD (not decided yet in
(FDD) 3GPP)
UL Transmit Power 23 dBm 20 dBm 23 dBm, lower power under discussion
https://www.iot-now.com/2016/06/21/48833-cat-m1-vs-nb-iot-examining-
the-real-differences/
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References
• Paul Bedell, “Wireless Crash Course”, McGraw-
Hill/Osborne, 2nd Edition
• Agilent Technologies, “Introduction to 802.11ac WLAN
Technology and Testing”, 2012
• Agilent Technologies, “Testing Next Generation WLAN”,
Application Note, 2012
• Agilent Technologies, “Bluetooth Measurement
Fundamentals”, Application Note, 2006
• Agilent Technologies, “Mobile WiMAX Workshop -
802.16e-2005 OFDMA“, 2006
• Wikipedia
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